Post on 13-Oct-2020
Metal-doped and Water- based Liquid Scintillator for Neutrino Research
Minfang Yeh Neutrino and Nuclear Chemistry
LSC2017, Copenhagen, 05/01-05/2017
What is Neutrino?
• Ghost particle postulated by Pauli in 1930
• An electrically neutral, weakly interacting
elementary subatomic particle with half- integer spin
• A detector uses large (from hundreds to thousands of tonnes)
detection medium, such as water, scintillator, or noble gas,
operated over many years to accumulate statistics
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Sources of Neutrinos
Neutrino probes back to the beginning of universe (asymmetry) and into the solar and supernova system (along with other applications)
Formaggio, J.A. et al. Rev.Mod.Phys. 84 (2012) 1307-1341
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Sources of Neutrinos
Neutrino probes back to the beginning of universe (asymmetry) and into the solar and supernova system (along with other applications)
Formaggio, J.A. et al. Rev.Mod.Phys. 84 (2012) 1307-1341
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Leon M. Lederman Jack Steinberger Melvin Schwartz
1988: for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the
leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino
2002: for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos
1995 (share): for the detection of the neutrino and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics
Raymond Davis Jr. Masatoshi Koshiba
Takaaki Kajita Arthur B. McDonald
2015: for the discovery of neutrino oscillation, which shows that neutrinos have mass
Frederick Reines
Neutrino in Nobel Prize from Discovery to Precision…
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Neutrino Flavors and
Oscillations
Solar (SNO)
Atmospheric (Super-K)
Reactor (KamLAND)
Accelerator (T2K)
Solar (Homestake)
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Change of Neutrino flavors via Oscillations as a function of distance,
energy, and mixing angle
Neutrino Flavors and
Oscillations
Solar (SNO)
Atmospheric (Super-K)
Reactor (KamLAND)
Accelerator (T2K)
Neutrinos are not massless and Evidence of flavor conversion
Solar (Homestake)
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KamLAND
Daya Bay
SNO+
NoVA Borexino
Scintillator is an excellent detection medium for neutrinos in MeV range
Tune scintillator cocktails to meet the needs of various physics
Neutrino Interactions in
Liquid Scintillator
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z solvent WLS
fast and slow components
Scintillation Mechanism
• Stokes shift, timing structure, and C/H density determine the neutrino detector responses
wiki
Stokes shift
fast
slow
Ranucci et al.
Birk’s
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LAB-based
DIN-based
n
n
• PSD to distinguish different particle interactions; i.e. proton recoils from electron-like events
• Select IBD events from cosmogenic fast neutrons and ambient-related gammas;
• Essential for Near-surface Detector • Different scintillators loaded with different metallic
ions for different detector operations
Scintillator key feature Pulse Shape Discrimination
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electrons
neutrons
LSND rejects neutrons by a
factor of 100 at ¼ Cherenkov & ¾ Scintillation light (NIM A388, 149, 1997).
Cerenkov is <5% of scintillation
Separation of Cherenkov from scintillation allows directional cut for particle ID to select/reject events
• Ratio of scintillation light in Cherenkov
• Slow scintillation decay time
• Adequate scintillation yield
Key R&D for future scintillator detectors
Prompt Cherenkov peak
Long scintillation tail
Scintillator key feature Cherenkov/Scintillation Separation
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Scintillator Components
C. Buck and M. Yeh, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 093001 (2016)
Scintillator cocktails of high photon yield, long-term stability, long attenuation length, low toxicity, and high flash point are required
for neutrino detector
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SNO
SNO
A 12-m (dia.) acrylic
vessel containing ~1,000,000 liters of liquid, situated ~2km
underground at Sudbury Mine
Liquid Scintillators
1-phenyl-1-xylyl-ethane (PXE)
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (PC)
Di-isopropylnaphthalene (DIN)
Cyclohexylbenzene (PCH)
Linear alkylbenzene (LAB)
C. Buck and M. Yeh, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 093001 (2016)
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Primary and Secondary
Wave-Length-Shifter C. Buck and M. Yeh, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 093001 (2016)
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Examples of (some) Scintillator Cocktails
Daya Bay (0.1 wt.%) Gd-LS produced in Oct. 2010 (monitored at BNL); property no change over
5 years (Stability) Oct 2015
C. Buck and M. Yeh, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 093001 (2016)
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0
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Cerenkov (e.g. Super-K, SNO)
Scintillator (e.g. SNO+, Daya Bay)
Cherenkov vs Scintillation
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water-like WbLS Oil-like WbLS • Cherenkov and
Scintillation detection
• Metal-loaded LS
0
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Photon/MeV
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m)
Cherenkov (e.g. Super-K, SNO)
Water-based Liquid Scintillator
Scintillator (e.g. SNO+, Daya Bay)
If you always do what you always did, you will always get what you always got. -Albert Einstein
H2O 1%WbLS 10%WbLS LS
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A 50-m WbLS SK-like detector (100ph/MeV) •
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T k+ = 90MeV 20% coverage with 25% QE photocathode
Deep underground >3000 m.w.e. Fast decay at 12ns
WbLS to know • A new detection medium, bridging
scintillator and water Tunable scintillation light from ~pure water to ~organic; capable of Cherenkov and scintillation
•
detection and loading of
hydrophilic element • Environmental friendly with high
f.p. for UG physics
• Cherenkov transition • overlaps with scintillator energy-transfers
will be absorbed and re-emitted to give isotropic light.
• emits at >400nm will propagate through
the detector (directionality).
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WbLS Properties
1%WbLS ~109 op/MeV
L.J. Bignell et al 2015 JINST 10 P12009
NSRL
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WbLS Properties
1%WbLS ~109 op/MeV
L.J. Bignell et al 2015 JINST 10 P12009
NSRL
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See scintillation below Cherenkov
threshold
Metal-doped (Wb)LS for Neutrino Physics and Other Applications
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Reactor
Metal-doped (Wb)LS for Neutrino Physics and Other Applications
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Early Development of M-
doped LS • LENS plays a key role
Indium loaded scintillator for low energy solar neutrino spectroscopy, L. N. Pfeiffer, A. P. Mills, R. S.
Raghavan and E. Chandross, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 63 (1978).
C. Buck and M. Yeh, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 093001 (2016)
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(Selected) LS Exptʼs current operation or under construction
Accelerator neutrino (Gd-LS) Short-baseline reactor neutrino 6 Li-LS
Neutrinoless double beta decay (Te-doped LS)
Dark matter search (Gd-LS) Long-baseline reactor neutrino (pure LS)
Reactor neutrino (i.e. Daya Bay); Gd-LS
…there are more (sorry)…
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A complementary; not competitive scintillation water detector for DUNE
WATCHMAN-II
(DNN)
“the U.S. to host a large water Cherenkov neutrino detector, as
one of three additional high- priority activities, to complement the DUNE liquid argon detector…This approach would be an excellent example of
global cooperation and planning” – P5 (Scenario C)
A future (scintillation) water detector (THEIA)
THEIA
60m
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~20kT WbLS
http://newatlas.com/relics-physics- archaeology-roman-lead/30032/#p246488
(Image: University of Bern)
• Highly motivated by its scientific merits with strong international interests; A ton-
scale NLDBD experiment is recommended with 5-year R&D plan (US)
• Scintillator (SNO+ like) is a low-cost option with capability of deploying in large
mass loaded with high% (>ton) of double-beta decay isotope
Ton-scale 0 experiments (future)
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1. 3-D Imaging TOF-PET •
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Radiation calorimetry 10% Gd- or Pb-doped WbLS University collaborator: U. Chicago PCT Patent submission in 2016
2. WbLS-based “phantom” as a real- time quality assurance device • Intensity-modulated pencil proton
beam therapy (IMPT) in which a tumor can be targeted for radiation while sparing the surrounding healthy tissue
F. Reines
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Medical Application
What can we learn from LS experts?
the best way to predict your future is to create it – Abraham Lincoln
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UC Davis at BNL
UM/CSU/UF/KEK at BNL
• LBNL/UC Berkeley/UC Chicago: Developing facility for WbLS timing and light yield in a cosmic-muon imaging experiment using fast PMTs
• UC Irvine/LLNL: 100-L production for long-arm attenuation measurement
• UC Davis: 10L production for in situ (nanofiltration) circulation study: purification by differentiating molecular sizes (with BNL)
• CSU/TRIUMF: T2K-ND High light yield WbLS with 70% water target
• LBNL/UCB/UCD/LLNL: RAT-PAC software framework for simulation (GEANT4) & reconstruction
• Yale/NIST/LLNL: Li-doped LS
• UM/CSU/BCC: PSD-enhanced Gd-doped LS
• All: New liquid scintillator/fluor/WLS?
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New Liquid Scintillator?
Better and Larger Purification Technique? Nitrogen purging
• Radon removal
• Oxygen quenching
Distillation
• Radioisotope removal
• Colored impurities
Water extraction
• radioisotope removal (e.g. Recrystallization
K in PPO)
Sublimation
• M-BDK, PPO, etc.
Column purification
• Colored organic removal
• Metal removal
Nanofiltration
• U/Th removal from metal-
feedstock (e.g. Gd-H2O)
• WbLS?
• PPO, metal-feedstock (e.g. TeOH 6 )
Major techniques developed by Borexino, KamLAND, SNO+, and JUNO
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Co removal from LS
ONP-supported
• Neutrino research marching to precision era; focusing on CP-violation and Majorana phase Liquid scintillator remains as a main detector medium for neutrino detection Water-based liquid scintillator has continuing to gain the interests from international science communities We would welcome your participation!
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Scintillator Applications (from neutrino view)
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Summary
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Brookhaven National Lab
Neutrino and Nuclear Chemistry Group (PI: Yeh) Neutrino is at exciting stage of precision
measurement • long-range plan for next generation experiments
• BNL is a key institute for several ongoing and future neutrino experiments
A synergetic activity between physics and chemistry divisions
Available resources, from benchtop to ton-scale prototype, are given in next few slides
Contact yeh@bnl.gov for postdoc/RA position
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• An existing facility for water-based and metal-doped liquid scintillator Detector R&D for particle physics applications.
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Operating since 2009: DayaBay, SNO+, LZ, PROSPECT, T2K-ND, JSNS Instrumentation including XRF, LC‐MS, GC‐MS, TFVD, FTIR, UV, Fluorescence emission, light‐yield coincident PMT, 2‐m system, low bkg. Counting…etc. (access to ICP‐MS at SBU and other facilities) A ton-scale liquid production facility is under construction (only at US Res. Inst.)
2
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Liquid Scintillator Development Facility
Simulated cosmic muon in water. Red points are absorbed & reflected photons
No black barrier
With black barrier
Study Cerenkov separation as a function of
LS% in WbLS
Strong university participations (welcome)
1000L (Wb)LS prototype
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A unique ton per batch liquid scintillator production facility at BNL
Prioritized Mission for LZ 17.5-ton radiopure 0.1%Gd-LS (veto) in FY18
Liquid storage warehouse
Scheme for ton-scale production from
purification to synthesis
Storage capacity of tens of tons of scintillator; available for other scintillator applications in FY19
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Ton-scale Scintillator Production Facility