Post on 28-Sep-2020
Mercantilism
• An economic policy: a country exports more than it imports in order to get rich
• The American colonies provided raw materials to England which helped make the English wealthier.• Lumber, sugar, wool, tobacco, rice, indigo
Trans-Atlantic Trade
• Lumber, sugar, wool, tobacco, rice, indigo, fish, rice, tar, timber to England from the Colonies
• Manufactured goods, rum, and cloth to Africa from England
• Slaves to Americas from Africa
Southern Colonies
• Reason established: economic reasons (gold)
• Impact of location and place: rich soil and long growing season for agriculture, deep rivers for trade
• Relations with Native Americans: bad/difficult
• Economic development: plantation economy which grew rice, tobacco, and indigo
• Private tutors or boarding schools for the wealthy
New England Colonies
• Reason established: religious reasons• Puritans/Massachusetts/intolerance
• Impact of location and place: trade, shipbuilding, fishing/whaling, lumber due to a short growing season and poor, rocky soil
• Relations with Native Americans: bad/difficult
• Supported the development of schools
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
• Reason established: economic reasons
• Impact of location and place: agriculture and trade
• Relations with Native Americans: good
• Supported the development of education
Ethnic Groups in the Colonies• Dutch (Mid-Atlantic)
• Swedish (Mid-Atlantic)
• Finish (Mid-Atlantic)
• German (Pennsylvania)
• Scottish (Appalachian Region)
• Irish (Appalachian Region)
Religious Groups in the Colonies
• Puritans (Massachusetts)
• Quakers (Pennsylvania)
• Catholics (Maryland)
Middle Passage
• transport of African slaves to North America
• Crowded, dangerous slave ships
• Sickness, fear, brutality
• 20% causality rate
Architecture/Agriculture/Foodways from Africa• Sweet potatoes
• Okra
• Watermelon
• Grits
• Rice
• Shotgun house
Colonial Self-Government• House of Burgesses
• governor
• elected legislature
• Town Hall meetings for decision making
• Land ownership in order to vote
Salutary Neglect
• Belief the colonies would be more profitable to England if England left alone
• Leave the colonies alone as long as England is getting rich
Great Awakening
• preachers stressed a personal religious experience in seeking God's salvation
• Christianity spread-more churches
• an increase in tolerance
• a rise in democracy
French and Indian War
• Rivalry between Britain and France over land (the Ohio Valley) in North America
• Native Americans supported the French-fur trade
• The Colonists supported the British
Treaty of Paris, 1763
• Ended the French and Indian War
• France lost all claims to land in North America (except for the city of New Orleans)
Proclamation of 1763
• British told colonists not to move west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with the Native Americans living there
• Colonists ignored
Stamp Act
• a direct tax on every document or newspaper printed
Intolerable Acts
• Passed by the British to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party
• Closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for
• renewed the Quartering Act
• British officials accused of crimes were tried in England
Further unified the colonies to work against the British government.
Sons/Daughters of Liberty
• Protest groups formed in response to the Stamp Act
• “No taxation, without representation"
• violent
• Homespun cloth
• Boycott British goods
Committees of Correspondence
• communicate details of British actions to other colonies
• helped to unify the colonies
Thomas Paine/Common Sense
• Provided a rationale for independence that the common man could understand
• Persuaded colonists who were undecided to support independence
• an island shouldn't rule a continent
• a beast doesn't devour its young
• the satellite revolves around the moon
Declaration of Independence
• Thomas Jefferson, as a part of the Committee of Five
• Influenced by Enlightenment ideas
• Three sections
• Preamble: reasons why the colonists are rebelling
• List of grievances
• Resolution of independence
John Locke’s Social Contract Theory
• All people have natural rights
• Life, liberty, and property
• Government exists to protect these natural rights
• If the government fails to protect these rights, the people can change their government
Diplomacy
• John Adams and Ben Franklin: France, Spain, the Netherlands (Dutch)
• French eventually provide military and financial assistance
• Spain and the Netherlands primarily provided financial assistance
Valley Forge
• Winter 1777-1778
• starvation, disease, no shelter
• George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army
• Professional army trained with help from Baron von Steuben of Prussia & The Marquis de Lafayette of France
• Valley Forge was essential a boot camp to train the American soldiers
Battle of Trenton
• Crossing the Delaware
• Surprise attack that led to a colonial victory over the German mercenaries (Hessians) hired by the British
• Re-energized the Patriots
Saratoga
• Colonial victory after they were able to take the high ground against the British
• Turning point of the War
• French support
Yorktown
• British are trapped on the Peninsula by the French Navy in the water and the Patriot Army behind them
Women, American Indians, and enslaved/freed Blacks
• Women • spies, camp followers who would wash, sew, cook, and act as nurses in the
camps
• Native Americans• Native Americans in the west sided with the British to prevent further
settlement by colonists
• Native Americans in the East split their loyalty between the British and Patriots
• Enslaved and Freed Blacks• Fought with the Patriots
Treaty of Paris, 1783
• Ended the American Revolution
• Established boundaries of the new country • west to the Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes, South to Florida
Articles of Confederation
• First American Government
• More power to state governments to avoid being ruled by a strong central power
• Federal Government had no power to tax, regulate trade, or force states to cooperate
Land Ordinance of 1785
• created a method of organizing and selling land
• Set aside land for schools
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• established a procedure for new states
• no slavery or indentured servitude
Shays’ Rebellion
• farmers rebelled against the government when their farms were about to be foreclosed on
• highlights the disparity between the rich and poor
• demonstrated the weakness of the federal government
Constitution• developed out of the Constitutional Convention who had met to
revise the Articles of Confederation
• Power to the Federal Government to tax and trade
• Federalism: share powers between the states and federal government
• Checks & Balances: three branches
• Limited Government: the gov’t only has as much power as the people give it
Great Compromise
• Established the Legislative Branch
• Senate: equal power among states (made small states happy)
• House of Representatives: based on the size of states' population(made large states happy)
Three-Fifths Compromise
• settled how enslaved people were to be counted for purposes of representation in the House• States could count three-fifths of their slaves when calculating their
population
• Slave trade can continue for 20 years
• Northern states have to return runaway slaves to their owners
Ratification
• Approval
Federalists
• Strong National Government that handle the affairs of the country
Anti-Federalists
• favored strong state governments
• feared the executive branch would take power away from states and rights of individuals
The Federalist Papers
• A series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay
• Purpose was to persuade New York to ratify the Constitution.
Bill of Rights
• Bill of Rights to protect the rights of individuals and states which were not mentioned in the Constitution
Precedents
• An action which is an example for others to follow
• George Washington
• establishment of a cabinet
• only served two terms
• Being called “Mr. President”
• establishing constitutional authority to enforce laws (Whiskey Rebellion)
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Warned about the dangers of political parties
• Avoid foreign alliances, except for trade
Sedition Act
• passed in response to the XYZ Affair
• Anyone who spoke against the government could be arrested
• VA/KY Resolutions nullified it in their states
Election of 1800
• First transfer of power from one political party to another
Louisiana Territory
• France
• New Orleans
• $15 million
• Thomas Jefferson
• Doubled the size of the US
• Lewis and Clark: explore
• Represents an expansion of power of the presidency
War of 1812
• British seizing American ships and sailors (impressment)
• Britain interfered with American shipping
• Britain refused to leave the Great Lakes region
• Unified the nation
• no change in territory
• America's strength is recognized throughout the world
Nationalism
• sense of pride in your nation
Monroe Doctrine
• Told Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and we would stay out of affairs in Europe
• Foreign Policy
Age of Jackson
• Common Man's president
• All adult while males got the right to vote, not just land owners
• increased participation in politics by common men
• Spoils systen
• Indian Removal Act
• Trails of Tears
States’ Rights
• Belief that states have more power than the federal government
• Nullification Crisis: South Carolina, tariffs
• sectionalism
Industrialization
• Shift to a modern industrial and commercial economy
• Shift to factory and machine made goods
• Made possible through improved transportation and harnessing water power
• Began in the North
• Fast moving rivers
• Cheap, unskilled labor in the immigrants
American System
• Henry Clay
• improve the nation's infrastructure (roads, canals, railroads)
• protective tariffs (make imported goods more expensive so people would buy American products)
• National Bank
• Improved the economy and American production
Second Great Awakening
• Revival of religion
• led to reform movements of the early 1800s
Temperance
• end alcohol abuse and the problems associated with it (abuse, poverty)
Public Education
• require all children to attend tax-supported public schools
• Create good citizens, unite society, and prevent crime and poverty
• an educated society would improve democracy and prevent societal problems
Women’s Roles in Reform
• took the role of leader in many of the reform movements
Slavery
• Prohibited in NW Territory
• Eli Whitney/Cotton gin
• Issue as the nation expanded west
Abolitionism
• end slavery
• Frederick Douglass
• Grimke Sisters
• William Lloyd Garrison
• sectionalism
Slave Rebellions
• Led to more harsh restrictions on slaves
• Nat Turner
Missouri Compromise
• Missouri = slave state
• Maine = free state
• remainder of the LA Territory would be divide along the 36'30 line
• maintains the balance of power in the Senate
James Polk
• territorial expansion
• Annexation of Texas
• Oregon Territory
Manifest Destiny
• "obvious" "fate"
• the US would expand from coast to coast
Mexican War
• Mexican Cession
• California, New Mexico
Compromise of 1850
• California = free state
• Utah & New Mexico = popular sovereignty
• tougher Fugitive Slave Law
• Slave Trade = abolished in Washington, D.C.
Popular Sovereignty
• "People decide"
• Rule by the people
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Popular Sovereignty in all new territories
• Two governments established in KS
• Bleeding Kansas; John Brown
• Popular Sovereignty = failure
Scott v. Sanford
• Dred Scott Decision
• Slave taken into a free territory
• Slaves are property and therefore cannot sue
Raid on Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown
• arm slaves
• hanged for treason
• Martyr in the North, Villain in the South
Election of 1860
• Lincoln
• no southern electoral votes
• immediate secession of seven southern states
• Preserve the Union
North-South Disparity
• Railroads
• Population
• Industry-steel
• A cause
• Military leadership
Suspension of habeas corpus
• habeas corpus = anyone arrested must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held
• Southern/Confederate sympathizers
Emancipation Proclamation
• Freed slaves in Rebelling States
• Focus of the War = Abolition of Slavery
Gettysburg Address
• Past, present and the future of the Union
• "Four score and seven years ago..."
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
• Reconstruction of the country
• tone of forgiveness
• "...with malice towards none, with charity for all..."
Ulysses S. Grant
• Union general
• Accepted the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
Robert E. Lee
• Confederate general
• Surrendered at Appomattox
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
• Confederate general
• Died of wounds received by his own troops
William T. Sherman
• Union general
• Vicksburg
• Burning of Atlanta
• "Sherman's March to the Sea"; total war
• Gave the city of Savannah to Lincoln for Christmas
Jefferson Davis
• Confederate President
Fort Sumter
• First shots of the Civil War
Antietam
• Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
• Lee's first attempt to invade the north
• Lincoln "Emancipation Proclamation" following this Union victory
Vicksburg
• Siege
• Union captured the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in half and carrying out one part of the Anaconda Plan
• Along with Gettysburg, the turning point of the War
Gettysburg
• Lee's second attempt to invade the North
• A Confederate victory on Northern soil may convince Great Britain and France to aid the Confederacy
• Three day battle
• bloodiest battle of the War
• Turning point of the War, along Vicksburg
Battle of Atlanta
• Sherman captured the manufacturing and railway center
• Burned to the ground before continuing his march to the sea
• Secured Lincoln's victory in the election in 1864
Presidential Reconstruction
• Lenient plans
• Lincoln: 10% Plan
• Johnson
• Impeached over clashes with Congress; not guilty
• readmit Southern states as quickly as possible
Congressional Reconstruction
• Goal was to punish the south for starting the Civil War
• Radical Republicans
• Southern states had to apply for readmission
• Secure the rights of the newly freed slaves
• Troop's sent to occupy the states and ensure the rights of African Americans
Reconstruction Amendments
• 13, 14, 15
• Free, Citizens, Vote
Lincoln’s Assassination
• John Wilkes Booth
Johnson’s Impeachment
• Johnson was accused of ignoring laws which limited presidential power
• power struggle between Johnson and the Radical Republicans
• acquitted by one vote
Freedmen’s Bureau
• help African Americans transition to freedom
• Help homeless white who had been displaced or lost their property
• food, clothing, jobs, medicine, medical care facilities, education
Equality Resistance
• Black Codes
• KKK
• Jim Crow Laws
Election of 1876
• Disputed electoral votes in four states (FL, LA, OR, SC)
• Compromise of 1877: Hayes would be President, troops would be removed from the South
• Ended Congressional Reconstruction
Big Business
• Steel-Carnegie Steel, railroads
• Oil-John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil
Innovation
• Telegraph-easier to conduct business
• Telephone-instant communication
• Light bulb-factories could run 24 hours a day, illuminated buildings, streets, and neighborhoods
• Connected the country, improved productivity
Railroads
• Connected the country
• More efficient transport of goods
• Transcontinental
• Irish, Chinese immigrants
Labor Unions
• American Federation of Labor
• Workers rights
• 8 hour work day
• better pay
• better conditions
Trusts/Monopolies
• a single managing board over several companies
• a single company that controls an entire industry
Infrastructure
• Canal boon
• Steam engines/boats
• Railroads
Immigration • Eastern and southern Europe, Asia
• Jewish, Catholic
• little English
• Settled in cities with others of the same nationality
• Led to overcrowded cities, and an increase disease and crime
Ellis Island
• Reception center on the East Coast
• health and welfare inspections
Angel Island
• reception center on the West Coast
• Asian immigrants
• health and welfare inspections
Plains Indians
• Clashes with white settlers
• loss of buffalo
• loss of land
• reservations
Farming/Ranching Innovations
• barbed wire
• new innovations made farming easier/more attractive
Muckrakers
• exposed unfair business practices of big business leaders and corruption in politics
• Ida Tarbell
• Upton Sinclair
Hull House
• settlement house
• Jane Addams
• social services: job training, education, childcare
Plessy v. Ferguson
• "Separate but equal"
NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
17th Amendment
• direct election of senators by the people
Initiative
• people place an issue directly on the ballot to be voted on
Referendum
• Legislators place an issue on the ballot to be voted on by the people
Recall
• Removing a public official from office before his term ends
Spanish-American War
• Spanish treated Cubans poorly
• Cuba
• Guam
• Puerto Rico
Philippine-American War
• Annex?
• Emilio Aguinaldo
Imperialism
• raw materials
• natural resources
• new markets
• Naval bases for refueling
• Nationalism
Latin America
• Teddy Roosevelt: Big Stick Diplomacy
• Howard Taft: Dollar Diplomacy
• Woodrow Wilson: Moral Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary
• The U.S. would intervene in Latin American countries in economic crisis to keep European countries out of the area
Panama Canal
• T Roosevelt, Big Stick
• Rebellion from Colombia
• shorter route from the Atlantic to the Pacific
World War I: Neutrality
• isolationism
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• German U-boats attacked any ship
Zimmerman Telegram
• Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico
• American public began supporting war
Domestic
• at home
Great Migration
• Movement of African Americans from the south to Northern cities-Chicago, Detroit
Espionage Act
• "Spy"Act
• cannot pass information that would interfere with US military operations or aid the enemy
• prohibited from speaking out against the government
Eugene Debs
• Socialist
• imprisoned under the Espionage Act for giving an anti-war speech
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• keys to avoiding to future wars
League of Nations
• international peacekeeping organization
• US refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles to avoid becoming entangled in future conflicts
Communism
• Political and Economic system in which the government owns everything
• no private ownership
• dictator
Socialism
• government controls all means of production
Red Scare
• fear of communism
• reaction to the Russian Revolution
Immigration Restriction
• arose from the Red Scare
• nativism
• need to preserve traditional American culture
• anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic
18th Amendment
• outlawed the manufacture, sale or transport of alcohol
19th Amendment
• women's suffrage
Mass Production
• lowered costs
• more product
Advertising/Consumerism
• radio/movies to reach customers
• buy products on credit
Henry Ford
• perfected the assembly line
• mass production of the model T
• weekends for employees
National Culture
• radios/movies
Jazz
• African Americans
• New Orleans
• Louis Armstrong
Harlem Renaissance
• African Americans shared their culture through literature and art
Great Depression
• Time when the economy faltered, unemployment went up, and businesses failed
Overproduction
• Too much product was produced, demand and prices went down
Underconsumption
• Consumers don't buy products
Stock Market Speculation
• Making risky investments in the stock market in hopes that the price of stocks will go up
Stock Market Crash, 1929
• The day the stock prices fell sharply, bringing the whole thing down
Dust Bowl
• Severe drought, over farming, and windstorms created an ecological disaster
• Okies
Hoovervilles
• Shantytowns where the homeless and unemployed lived
New Deal
• FDR's plan to end the Great Depression• Relief
• Recovery
• Reform
Social Security Act
• Second New Deal• Pensions system for retirees, unemployment insurance, insurance for victims
of work-related accidents; aid for poverty-stricken mothers, children, and the disabled
Challenges to the New Deal
• The Right• Too much
• The Left• Not enough
• Huey Long• Share Our Wealth
Eleanor Roosevelt
• FDR's wife• Social crusader
• Women
• African Americans
World War II: Neutrality
• The US would stay out of foreign affairs
• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937
• Neutrality Act of 1939 "Cash & Carry"
Lend-Lease Act
• Allowed nations at war to borrow materials necessary for the war effort
Pearl Harbor
• Japanese attack which brought the US into the war
European Theater
• D-day
• June 6, 1944
• Fall of Berlin
• Soviets
• Difficulty getting supplies: weapons, food, medical
Pacific Theater
• Battle of Midway
• Turning point of the war in the Pacific
• Difficulty getting supplies: food, weapons, medical
Manhattan Project
• Atomic bomb
• Began in New York
• Tested in Los Alamos, NM
Domestic Impact
• Rationing
• Role of Women
• Role of African Americans
• Integrating the military
• Tuskegee Airmen
Mobilization/Conversion
• Turn auto factories into war factories
Internment Camps
• Japanese Americans on the West Coast
• Fear of spying/sabotage
Cold War
• 46 year period following the end of WWII until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991
Containment
• Stop the spread of communism
Marshall Plan
• Rebuild Europe
Truman Doctrine
• Aid any nation fighting against communism.
Korean War
• North Korea & USSR vs. South Korea & US
• 38th parallel
G.I. Bill
• The GI Bill provides educational assistance to servicemembers, veterans, and their dependents
Truman’s Integration Policies
• Executive Order 9981
McCarthyism
• Negative catchword for extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty
• Accusation of being communist
National Interstate and Defense Highway Act
• Building 41K miles of highway
Brown v. Board of Education
• Segregation is illegal
Sputnik
• Soviet satellite
• Increase in funding for math and science education
U.S. in Cuba
• Fidel Castro
• Bay of Pigs
• Cuban Missile Crisis
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Allowed President Johnson to take actions he felt were necessary, including sending troops to Vietnam
Vietnam War
• North v. South
• Tet Offensive
• Anti-war Protests
• War Powers Act
Civil Rights Legislation
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
Great Society
• Medicare
Environmental Protection Agency
National Organization for Women
Kennedy/Nixon Debates
• television
Moon Landing
• televised
Martin Luther King, Jr.
• I Have a Dream
• Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• March on Washington
Cesar Chavez
• Social activist
• Migrant workers
1968
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Robert Kennedy
• Democratic National Convention
Richard Nixon
• Vietnam
• Watergate
Gerald Ford
• Nixon pardon
• Economy
Jimmy Carter
• Camp David Accords
• Iran Hostage Crisis
Ronald Reagan
• Reaganomics• Trickle down Economics
• Collapse of the Soviet Union
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George Bush
Barack Obama
Personal Computer
Internet
Social Media