Memory

Memory Systems Explicit

Intentional recollection Conscious effort Hippocampus involved Ex: remembering

vocabulary for a psych quiz

Implicit Remembering things

you didn’t intend to store

Unconscious processes involved

Unaffected by amnesia, age, or drugs

Cerebellum involved Ex: What did you have

for dinner last night? Ex: Motor skills

Memory Systems Declarative (Endel

Tulving)- factual information handled by hippocampus & areas of the cortex Episodic- personal facts

and experiences Like an autobiography Maybe unique to humans Ex: first day of school

Semantic- general, factual knowledge

Ex: knowing the state capitals

Like an encyclopedia

NonDeclarative/Pro-cedural- actions and skills (muscle memory) Little conscious

awareness Ex: riding a bike Performance decreases

if you think too much Doesn’t decline much Cerebellum and

amygdala

3 Key Processes of Memory

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Encoding- forming a memory codeStorage- maintaining encoded information

over timeRetrieval- recovering information from

memory stores

Encoding Experiment Time! Levels of Processing

Structural Phonemic Semantic (deepest level)

Encoding Techniques Elaboration Visual Imagery Dual Coding Theory- memory is enhanced by

forming semantic and visual codes

Storage Information Processing Theory- incoming

information passes through 2 temporary areas of storage (sensory & short-term) and then is transferred to long-term storage

Sensory Short Term Long Term (working)

Sensory Memory Allows sensation to linger for a brief

moment after stimulus is presented Less than a second Ex: afterimage Experiment with Trigrams!

Practice Round

AGB

TJK

WLP

MIDDLE

TJK

Round 1

MKL

WDC

BGT

BOTTOM

BGT

Round 2

ZXA

QKI

NHY

TOP

ZXA

Round 3

XCV

BHY

OTR

TOP

XCV

Round 4

DWS

VFT

GXC

BOTTOM

GXC

Round 5

FVG

HYU

AVH

MIDDLE

HYU

Round 6

KRG

XDT

WLP

BOTTOM

WLP

Short-term memory (STM) Limited capacity (7-9 items) Limited duration (up to 20 sec.) Rehearsal causes STM to last longer Interference EXPERIMENT! Chunking EXPERIMENT! Serial-Position Effect (primacy/recency)

Long-Term Memory (LTM) Unlimited capacity over long periods of time Flashbulb Memories- vivid & detailed

recollections of momentous events in our life

Schema (prototype)- mental categories about a particular object based on a particular experience Stored info is often organized around schemas

Semantic Network- related concepts are joined closer together

Semantic Network