Measurement of NOMeasurement of NO22 Emissions Emissions from Heavy Duty Vehicles/Enginesfrom Heavy Duty Vehicles/Engines

at Environment Canadaat Environment Canada

Emissions Research and Measurement DivisionEnvironment Canada

Presented at IDRACOctober 5, 2004

Outline

• Environment Canada -Emissions Test Facility

• NO2 Sampling and Analysis Methods

• Engine NO2 /NOX Data• Chassis NO2 /NOX Data• Summary/Next Steps

Environment Canada Organization

• Five Regions: Pacific & Yukon, Prairie & Northern, Ontario, Quebec, Atlantic

• Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency

• Meteorological Services of Canada• Human Resources & Service

Innovation• Policy & Communications• Environmental Conservation Service• Environmental Protection Service

Environment Canada Organizationcont’d

• Environmental Protection Service:– Air Pollution Prevention – Pollution Prevention – Risk Management – Strategic Priorities

Environmental Technology Advancement

• Environmental Technology Centre• Emissions Research and Measurement

Division - ERMD

ERMD Programs

• Conformity Program for New Light Duty Vehicles and Certification of New Vehicles and Engines

• Quantifying the emission contribution of a range of mobile sources and stationary sources

• Support the development of technologies, fuels, and strategies to reduce the emissions from transportation

• Providing technical assistance and expertise to government divisions, industry, and other countries

ERMD Test FacilityERMD Test Facility

• 4 Light Duty Chassis Dynamometer Labs• 2 Heavy Duty Chassis Dynamometer Labs • 3 Heavy Duty Engine Dynamometer Labs• Utility Engine Laboratory• Light Duty Evaporative Emissions Enclosure

Environmental Chambers (-5°C to -25°C)• Organic Chemistry Laboratory• Portable Emissions Sampling System

Technology Development & Technology Development & EvaluationsEvaluations

♦ Fuels♦ ULSD, BioD, E-D, H2O

Emulsions, CNG, Alcohols, gasoline reformulations

♦ Emission Controls♦ Diesel Particulate Filters♦ Diesel Oxidation Cat’s♦ EGR, SCR

♦ Diesel-Electric Hybrids &Fuel Cell Buses

Sampling & Analysis Capabilities

• Gaseous Emissions: NDIR, HCLD,HFID• Particulate Matter: Gravimetric, particle

size/count/distribution• Carbonyl compounds: HPLC• Volatile Organic Compounds: GC- FID• Methane and light hydrocarbons, N20: GC• PAH, n-PAH: High Resolution MS• OC/EC: Thermal Optical Transmittance• NH3, Particle Phase SO4, SO2: Ion Chromatography

NO2 Collection Methods

• Chemiluminescent Analyzer Method– NO & NOX dilute exhaust concentrations determined – 2 heated analyzers -California Analytical Model 400-HCLD – Corrected for ambient concentrations and atmospheric

conditions – Continuous collection at higher instrument range

• DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) Cartridge Method*– Reaction of NO2 and DNPH to form 2,4 dinitrophenylazide

(DNPA)– DNPH and DNPA monitored at different wavelengths– Hewlett Packard 1090M Series II & Photo diode array

Reference: ES&T: Tang, Graham et al. “Simultaneous Determination of Carbonyls and NO2 in Exhausts of HDD Trucks and Transit Buses by HPLC Following 2,4DNPH cartridge collection”

NO2/NOX Concentrations from an Urban Transit Bus

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time (seconds)

Exh

aust

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm) /

Spee

d (m

ph)

Dynamometer Speed NOx NO2 Calculated

Comparison of Measured Dilute Exhaust NO2 Concentrations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Cartridge (ppm)

Ana

lyze

r (pp

m)

CRTOriginal EquipmentCNG

Reference: ES&T Tang, Graham et al.

International DT466, MY 20007.6L, inline 6, 237bhp @ 1400 rpm

NOX g/bhp-hr

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

D1 D2 LSD ULSD ULSD_t ED1 ED2 FT

Fuel Type

g/bh

p-hr

Engine Out DOC Ctrap EGR + Ctrap

NO2 g/bhp-hr

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

D1 D2 LSD ULSD ULSD_t ED1 ED2 FT

Fuel Type

g/bh

p-hr

Engine Out DOC Ctrap EGR + Ctrap

Reference: SAE 2004-01-1085

International DT466 % NO2/NOX% NO2 of Total NOX

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

D1 D2 LSD ULSD ULSD_t ED1 ED2 FT

Fuel Type

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Engine Out DOC Ctrap EGR + Ctrap

Reference: SAE 2004-01-1085

DDC Series 50, MY 1996, 8.5L, inline 4, 275 bhp @ 2110 rpm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

No-Aft DOC CDPF 1 CDPF 2

Device

g/bh

p-hr

10 ppm S - NOX 10 ppm S -NO2 80 ppm S - NOX 80 ppm S - NO2

4.9 %

5.1 %

1.3 %

1.0 %

43 %

43 %

43 %

40 %

CAT C11, MY 2004, 11.1L, inline 6, 305 bhp @ 2100 rpm

2.094

2.100

2.127

2.077

2.323

NOXg/bhp-hr

0.003

0.009

0.010

0.007

0.107

NO2g/bhp-hr

0.14

0.43

0.47

0.34

4.61

% NO2

HS 4

HS 3

HS 2

HS 1

CS

Urban Transit Bus NO2/NOX Emissionsover the CBD Cycle (g/mile)

5514.526.427CDPFDDC Series 50Orion V

5312.623.827CDPFDDC Series 50Orion V

203.316.6CNGOEMDDC Series 50 GNew Flyer CLF

153.321.627OEMDDC 6v92Orion V

142.921.127OEMDDC 6v92Orion V

142.820.5247OEMDDC 6v92Orion V

11219CNGOEMDDC Series 50 GNew Flyer CLF

82.126.6247OEMDDC 6v92Orion V

82.025.627OEMDDC 6v92Orion V

81.823.3247OEMDDC Series 50Orion V

83.646.7CNGOEMDDC Series 50 GNew Flyer CLF

81.925.127OEMDDC Series 50Orion V

71.825.627OEMDDC Series 50Orion V

61.625.6247OEMDDC Series 50Orion V

%NO2NO2NOXFuel Sulphur

(ppm)Configura-

tion EngineModel

Reference: SAE 2002-01-0430

Hybrid Bus with Selected Emission Control Devices

05

101520253035404550

ULSD ULSD ULSD ULSD ULSD ULSD ULSD LSD LSD ULSD LSD ULSD

No-Aft No-Aft D 1 D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 4 D 5 D 5

Fuel Type and Device

g/m

ile

NOX (g/mile) NO2 (g/mile) %NO2

71.5

Evolution of Urban Transit Bus NOX

NOX Trend

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1984

1984

1985

1985

1986

1986

1987

1987

1988

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1989

1989

1989

1989

1989

1989

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1992

1993

1998

1998

1998

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

1999

2000

2000

2002

2002

2002

2002

Engine Model Year

NO

X (

g/m

ile)

Summary/Next Steps• Accurate and precise measurement of NOX species is increasingly

important as NOX emissions standards become more stringent • Increases in the % NO2 of NOX have been noted with specific

emission control devices although the total NOX remains unchanged • EC will continue to compare DNPH Cartridge NO2 Method with the

Chemiluminescent NO2 Method• NO2 will be measured for the majority of heavy duty vehicles and

engines tested at EC• N2O is routinely measured to understand contribution from

transportation sources • NH3 measured with in-line raw exhaust analyzer with modified path

length• EC will continue with future research on 2004 CAT C11 and

Cummins ISM engines: complete characterization of emissions, fuels, emission control devices, NO2/NOX comparisons

Additional InformationDo-it-yourself RetrofitsDebbie Rosenblatt

Environment Canada335 River RoadOttawa, ONCanada K1A 0H3

debbie.rosenblatt@ec.gc.ca

http://www.etcentre.org