Many Voices One VisionIndianapolis, Indiana

Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPPIndiana Prevention Resource Center

August 2, 2007

Methamphetamine Problem and Solution

Using theStrategic Prevention Framework

Logic Model

The Indiana Prevention Resource Center is funded, in part, by a contract with the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, financially supported through HHS/Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant.  The IPRC is operated by the Indiana University Department of Applied Health Science and School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation.  It is affiliated with the Department’s Institute of Drug Abuse Prevention.

Outcomes-Based Prevention

Sustainability & Cultural Competence

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, CSAP

Assessment

Evaluate

Strategic PlanImplement evidence-Based PPP

Capacity Building

Meth Strategies

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Community Crime Family services School Healthcare

Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration

Strategies

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Source: http://www.wsnia.org/articles/MethPrevCookbook/METHTRAININGSEG2-2001.pdf

Methamphetamine

Ice / Crystal / Pipe

Crystal

Powder

Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html

Methamphetamine

Bag of Ice / Crystal

Powder

Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html

Methamphetamine

Powder

Powder

Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html

Methamphetamine

How It Is Stored

Source: http://www.wsnia.org/articles/MethPrevCookbook/METHTRAININGSEG2-2001.pdf

Methamphetamine

Administration

Smoking**immediate, intense rush, lasting a few minutes

Injectingimmediate, intense rush, lasting a few minutes

SnortingIn 3-5 min., euphoria, long-lasting high up to 12

hrs.

Oral ingestionIn 15-20 min., euphoria, long-lasting high up to 12

hrs. Source: NIDA, Research Report Series: Methamphetamine Abuse Addiction, 1998:3-4

Cocaine: 10 million regular users Heroin: 15 million regular users Meth: 42 million regular users

Source: World Health Organization, Cited by Richard Rawson (UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, and Pacific South West Addiction Technology Transfer Center), “Meth: A Focus on Women and Children,” Women and Children in Recovery Conference of the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, IN Government Building, April 7, 2005

Prevalence – World Wide UseMethamphetamine

Half-Life

The half-life of cocaine is .5 to 1.5 hours

The half life of meth is 9 to 24 hours

The half-life of smoked cocaine is 1 to 1.5 hours The half life of smoked meth is 11 to 12 hours

Source: Minnesota Department of Health. “Implications of Route of Administration for Cocaine and Methamphetamine for Drug Abuse and Neurobehavioral Sequellae” http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/meth/adminroute.pdf

Consequences of Use

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

addictionbrain damageHIV/STDsweight lossparanoiahallucinationdental damage,fetal effects

Other effects to community: violent crimechild abuse child neglectstrain on child services school personnel strainedhealthcare services strainedlaw enforcementjudicial system

burnsloss of childrenloss of jobloss of marriageimprisonment

Ill effects to addict:

family disintegration

Consequences of Use: Short-term

Dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of pleasure. In addition to other regions, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cells within the ventral segmental area and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.

Short-term Effects:

Rush

Wakefulness

Physical activity

Loss of appetite

Increased respiration

Increased blood pressure

Tremors/convul-sions

Hyperthermia

Source: NIDA Research Report Series: Methamphetamine & Stop_Drugs.org,

Consequences of Use: Long-term Effects

Dependence and addiction psychosis Paranoia Hallucinogens Mood disturbance Repetitive motor activity

StrokeWeight LossTooth damageExtent of brain damage (up to 50% of

dopamine-producing cells in the brain)

Source: NIDA, Research Report Series: Methamphetamine Abuse Addiction, 1998:4

Burns and Scratching

Source: Bill O’Dell, Community Prevention Specialist, West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, “What’s Up with Meth” PowerPoint, 2004

Same Woman

Source: DOJ, DEA, Pseudoephedrine Brochure, Aug. 2003

Damage over time

Source: DOJ, DEA, Pseudoephedrine Brochure, Aug. 2003

Repetitive Action

Source: Michael G. Heavican, U.S. Attorney for District of Nebraska, Photos taken by Lincoln police of persons arrested for meth possession.

1999 2001

Use: Consumption Patterns

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Overall consumption dataInfo about drug being consumed Homemade for self-use Street drug (imported vs. local manufacture) Form of the drug (powder? Ice? ) Manner of consumption (needle? smoked?)

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Use: Consumption Patterns

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Overall consumption dataLocation/context of use:Consumption in risky situations Parties (in homes, private or public) In school In homes with children At work Association with unsafe sex (STDs, HIV)

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Use: Consumption Patterns

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Who is using? Groups to target. Rural / urban / suburban White / Hispanic / African-Americans Heterosexual / homosexual Young adult / older adult / youth Men / women Substance users / polydrug users

Who is using? High-Risk Groups? Pregnant women Youth, college students

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

“There’s no such thing as a typical meth user.” -- recovering meth addict

“Q: Is meth used in combination with other drugs? A: Methamphetamine users are likely also to be users of alcohol, marijuana and cocaine rather than users of drugs like heroin. “

Source: Website page of www.methfreeindiana.org:

http://www.in.gov/cji/drugfree/meth/faq.html accessed 1/20/07.

Consumption Patterns: Impact on Children

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Overall consumption dataInfo about impact upon children Dangers in lab setting Role modeling Risk of physical/emotional neglect/abuse by

parent Risk of abuse by other adults

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Consequences: Drug Endangered Children

Source: Bill O’Dell, Community Prevention Specialist, West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, “What’s Up with Meth” PowerPoint, 2004

Patterns of Use:

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Binge Phase: Physical Abuse – agitated, violent behavior Sexual Abuse – libido increasedNeglect – intensely self-centered

Effects upon Parenting:

Crash Phase:

1. Insomnia2. Intense sleep3. Intense hunger4. Depression

Physical Abuse – violent, easily agitatedSexual Abuse – children unprotected from othersNeglect – no supervision, neglect of child’s needs

Consequences: Drug Endangered Children

Why Children Are More Vulnerable

Shorter, closer to the ground (chemical vapors) Growing and developing rapidly Higher metabolic and respiration rates Developing nervous system (more vulnerable) Different habits, e.g., hand-to-mouth (higher

risk)

Source: Richard Rawson (UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, and Pacific South West Addiction Technology Transfer Center), “Meth: A Focus on Women and Children,” Women and Children in Recovery Conference, IN Government Building, April 7, 2005

Consequences for Children

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.

Meth Use by IN Children, 2006 (IPRC)

Grade Lifetime Annual Current

6th 0.5% 0.3% 0.2%

8th 2% 1.4% 0.9%

10th 3.5% 2.4% 1.2%

12th 5% 3.1% 1.5%

Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006

Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.

Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006

Meth Use by IN Children (%), 2006

Gr

Lifetime Annual Current

IN U.S. IN U.S. IN U.S.

6 0.5 NA 0.3 NA 0.2 NA

8 2 2.7 1.4 1.8 0.9 0.6

10 3.5 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.7

12 5 4.4 3.1 2.5 1.5 0.9

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.

Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006

Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.

Tranquilizer Use by IN Children (%), 2006

Gr

Lifetime Annual Current

IN U.S. IN U.S. IN U.S.

6 0.5 NA 0.3 NA 0.2 NA

8 8.9 4.3 6.8 2.6 4.1 1.3

10 14.3 7.2 10.7 5.2 5.9 2.4

12 14.5 10.3 9.8 6.6 5.3 2.7

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.

Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006

Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.

Italics indicates a statistically significant drop from 2005 to 2006 in Indiana.

Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07. Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.

Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006

Alcohol and Smoking Behaviors (%)

Gr

Binge Drinking Daily Smoking

IN U.S. IN U.S.

6 7 NA 3 NA

8 11 10.9 5.8 4.0

10 19.9 21.9 12.2 7.6

12 27.3+ 26.5 16.9 12.2

Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.

Italics indicates a statistically significant drop from 2005 to 2006 in Indiana.

Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006

Current Drug Use by IN Children (%), 2006

Gr Meth Alcohol Binge Cigarettes Marij Tranq Cocaine

8 0.9 20.9 11 11.6 8.2 4.1 1.1

10 1.2 33 19.9 20.6 14.6 5.9 2.1

12 1.5 42.2 27.3 26.9 17.2 5.3 3.1

http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.

Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006

Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.

Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006

Intervening/Causal Factors

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Community Crime Family services School Healthcare

Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration

Community Availability

Price Local labs, street, retail Social

Social Norms Enforcement

Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Availability of Chemicals: Precursor

Source: http://www.meth-in-douglas.com/meth_info.htm

Ephedrine / Pseudoephedrine

Precursor (pseudoephedrine)

Reagent: e.g., water reactive

metal (lithium, sodium, red

phosphorous, iodine, sodium hydroxide)

Solvent (acetone, alcohol, benzene, camp fuel, chloroform, ethanol, ether, methanol, mineral spirits, paint/lacquer thinner, toulene, xylene)

Glassware and hardware

Source: IN State Police, Clandestine Laboratory Team, 2005

Source: DEA

Availability of Chemicals: Precursor

Keeping Ahead of the Criminals

http://leda.lycaeum.org/index.pl?ID=8731

Keeping Ahead of the Criminals

From Phenylalanine From: ez026264@dale.ucdavis.edu (Speed Raver)

A surprisingly simple synthesis is possible from the amino acid phenylalanine, which is available at health food stores for about $14 for 100 tablets. Phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, which is more or less amphetamine with a COOH where the Ch4 should be at the end of the chain. Thionyl chloride will replace the OH with a Cl, which falls off and is replaced by H when you give it lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, or hydrogen gas and nickel/platinum. If you use hydrogen and metal for that step, you'll ha v e to reduce the carbonyl group with one of the hydrides, so best save time + effort and use them and do both reductions at once. When that carbonyl is reduced, you now have amphetamine. Go back up to that first one I mentioned for upgrading amphetamine into methamphetamine.

http://leda.lycaeum.org/index.pl?ID=8731

Don’t know if this is true. Need to keep ahead of the criminals.

Chemicals: Reagant

Source: http://www.meth-in-douglas.com/meth_info.htm

Red Phospherous

Total lab busts:

6,435

Indiana Prevention Resource Center

Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006

Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006

Total lab busts, 993

Indiana Prevention Resource Center

Source: IN State Police, 2007

Total lab busts, 993 Indiana Prevention Resource Center Source: IN State Police, 2007

Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006

Incomplete Data

Not all labs are found Not all agencies report all seizuresNot all agencies that report to the Indiana

State Police also report to the DEA We have no way to know for other states

what percent of lab seizures are being reported to the DEA

Intervening/Causal Factors

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Community Crime Family services School Healthcare

Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration

Social Values Overachievement Thinness ideal Economic success Letting others set your goals Seeking the ‘high’ Thrill of risk taking

Individual Coping mechanism Peer pressure

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Community Crime Family services School Healthcare

Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration

Community Availability

Price Retail Social

Social Norms Enforcement

Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm

Strategies

Address problems identified and causal factors

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Intervening/Causal Factors

Strategies

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Community Crime Family services School Healthcare

Individual Physical damage Psychological damage Harm loved ones Family disintegration

Community Availability

Price Retail Social

Social Norms Enforcement

Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm Coping Mechanism Peer Pressure

Strategies

Reduce availabilityLegislation/PolicyDye in anhydrous

Awareness campaignsCommunity actionCurricula / programsTrainings – CPS, SchoolProvisions for DECHealthcare workersLaw enforcementSupport Networks

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Strategies

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Strategies

Legislation controlling the sale of ephedrine by retailers (7/05)Meth Law Senate Enrolled Act 444

•Limits amount of purchase•Records names of purchasers•Database to track purchases•Tracking log books

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Source: http://www.in.gov/cji/methfreeindiana/newlaw.html Accessed 1/20/07

Strategies

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Strategies

•IN Drug Endangered Children Response Protocol•IN Drug Endangered Children Comprehensive Care Protocol•Policy and Planning Strategies – lab clean-ups•Enforcement Strategies – highway patrols, campaigns•Precursor Chemical Control Strategies – tags on ammonia tanks•Prevention/Drug Demand Reduction Strategies – education•Property Remediation/Meth Lab Clean-up Strategies – loans•Treatment Strategies – Transition help for reentry from prison

http://www.in.gov/dcs/policies/decresponseprot.html

Strategies

Substance-RelatedConsequences

and Use

Intervening Factors

Strategies

IN Criminal Justice Institute Meth Data RepositoryIndiana Meth Watch Program (CJI)Meth Free Indiana CoalitionMidwest Governors Association Regional Meth SummitGovernor’s Commission for a Drug-Free IndianaStrategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant

Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006

Meth Tip Hotline: 877-855-6384

Prevention Is Prevention

Goal: To delay/reduce/eliminate initiation

Goal: To promote parenting & life skillsGoal: To promote a drug-free lifestyleGoal: To promote positive valuesGoal: To promote healthy communities

Multiple strategies across multiple domains

Thank you so much!

Contact:

Indiana Prevention Resource Center

800 / 346-3077

812 / 855-6776

seitzb@indiana.edu