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Malaria in ChildrenPresented by Amanda LarsonMasters of Public Health Student
Public Health 6165Walden UniversityJanuary 20, 2013
Order of PresentationIntroduction of MalariaMode of TransmissionGeographical Distribution Risk Factors Signs & SymptomsDisease BurdenTreatmentMethods of Control & Prevention
INTRODUCTION OF MALARIAThe Centers for Disease Control
Definition
(CDC, 2012)
Mode of TransmissionInfection from
bite of mosquito Only Anopheles
mosquitoes
Danger = dusk to the early morning
Not spread by causal contact
Found in RBCs
Only spread when blood is exchanged
(APHA, 2004) & (CDC, 2012)
Geographical Distribution
(CDC, 2012)
Risk Factors for Malarial Infection
Every 30 seconds, a child somewhere dies of
malaria. Photo Courtesy of The Ifakara Health Research & Development Centre and the Rufiji District Council Health Management Team, Tanzania
(MFI, 2013)
Mortality Risk by Age Group
Figures: Courtesy of World Health Organization. (2003). The African Malaria Report 2003.
Signs & Symptoms
Incubation Period Early Signs & Symptoms
≈ 8 days to 4 weeks
Rarely 8 to 10 months
Figure: Courtesy of Travel Health Matters (APHA, 2004)
Classification Malaria is diagnosed as severe when any of the following
criteria are present, otherwise it is considered uncomplicated:◦ Decreased consciousness◦ Significant weakness such that the person is unable to walk◦ Inability to feed◦ Two or more convulsions◦ Low blood pressure◦ Breathing problems◦ Circulatory shock◦ Kidney failure or blood in the urine◦ Bleeding problems,◦ Pulmonary edema◦ Low blood glucose level◦ Acidosis or high lactate levels◦ A high parasite level in the bloodWorld Health Organization. (2003). The African Malaria Report 2003.
TreatmentThe treatment of malaria
depends on the severity of the disease. ◦Uncomplicated malaria may be
treated with oral antimalarial medications.
◦Severe malaria requires the intravenous administration of antimalarial drugs.
World Health Organization. (2012). World Malaria Report 2012. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/wmr2012_full_report.pdf
Disease Burden
Local Burden International BurdenMalaria:
◦ Increases school absenteeism
◦ Decreases tourism◦ Inhibits foreign
investment◦ Affects crop production◦ Increases hospital
expenditurea
Despite the advances of the past decade, malaria is still one of the five leading causes of child under-five mortality worldwide.b
100 countries report cases of malaria in 2005.
54 countries reported deaths caused by malaria in 2005.
a: World Health Organization. (2012). World Malaria Report 2012. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/wmr2012_full_report.pdf
b: Hartman, A. F. (2013, January 15). World Malaria Report: Are We in Danger of Replicating History? Retrieved from http://blog.msh.org/2013/01/15/world-malaria-report-in-danger-of-replicating-history/
Methods of Control & PreventionLocal community methods:
◦Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)
◦Indoor residual spraying with insecticides (IRS)
◦Vector control by eliminating mosquito breeding sites
◦Intermittent preventative treatment with full dose of antimalarial drug for pregnant women
◦Blood donors should be questioned for history of malaria
American Public Health Association. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manuel (18th ed.). (D. L. Heymann, Ed.).
Methods of Control & Prevention cont.
Personal Protective Measures◦Avoid going out between dusk and
dawn◦Apply insect repellent to exposed
skin◦Use screens over doors and
windows, or close them at night◦Seek medical help if malaria is
suspectedAmerican Public Health Association. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manuel (18th ed.). (D. L. Heymann, Ed.).
Review Learning ObjectivesWhat is Malaria?Mode of TransmissionGeographical Distribution & Risk
FactorsSigns & SymptomsDisease Burden: Internationally &
LocallyTreatmentMethods of Control & Prevention
ADDITIONAL READING SUGGESTIONSThe Malaria Journal
◦http://www.malariajournal.com/Malaria Elimination Group
◦http://www.malariaeliminationgroup.org/index.phpThe American Journal of Tropical Medicine &
Hygiene◦http://www.ajtmh.org/
Understanding Malaria: Fighting an Ancient Scourge◦US Department of Health & Human Services◦ http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/malaria/documents/malaria.pdf
References American Public Health Association. (2004). Control of Communicable
Diseases Manuel (18th ed.). (D. L. Heymann, Ed.). Centers for Disease Control. (2012). Malaria: Frequently Asked
Questions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/faqs.html Centers for Disease Control. (2012). Malaria: Where Malaria Occurs.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html. Hartman, A. F. (2013, January 15). World Malaria Report: Are We in
Danger of Replicating History? Retrieved from http://blog.msh.org/2013/01/15/world-malaria-report-in-danger-of-replicating-history/
Malaria Foundation International. (2013). About Malaria. Retrieved from Malaria Foundation International: http://www.malaria.org/index.php?Itemid=32&id=8&option=com_content&task=section
World Health Organization. (2003). The African Malaria Report 2003. World Health Organization. (2012). World Malaria Report 2012. Retrieved
from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2012/wmr2012_full_report.pdf