Macromolecules

SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and

primary functions of the four major categories of biological

macromolecules.

FOUR MAJOR BIOLOGICAL

MACROMOLECULES

1.Carbohydrates

2.Lipids

3.Proteins

4.Nucleic Acids

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Carbohydrates:

Composed of hexagonal rings made of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen

Form long chains

Examples of Carbohydrates:

Glucose, cellulose, sugars, flour, milk, etc

Hexagonal

Ring =

Carb!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Lipids:

Composed of triglycerides that look like the letter E

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Examples of Lipids:

Oils, butter, membranes

E Shape =

Lipid!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Proteins:

Composed of amino acids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

sometimes sulfur

Examples of Proteins:

Meats, steroids, enzymes

Chain =

Protein!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the basic

molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids,

proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Structure of Nucleic Acids:

Composed of nucleotides that consist of one

nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group

Examples of Nucleic Acids:

RNA, DNA

Three parts

in these

shapes =

Protein!!

1. Students will identify and/or describe the

basic molecular structure of carbohydrates,

lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

Remember!

Monomer is a building

block.

Polymer is building blocks

put together.

Ex: An amino acid is the

monomer and the

protein is the polymer.

2. Students will describe the primary functions of

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids

in organisms.

FUNCTIONS

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

• Main source of

energy

• Compose cell

walls in plants

• Insulate and

cushion body

• Steroid

production

• Waterproofing

• Storage of energy

• Make up cellular

membranes

• Structure

• Found in cell

membranes

• Transferring of

genetic

information

• Contain info

to make

proteins

Enzymes

SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that

lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.

Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their

effect on enzyme activity.

1. Students will explain how enzymes speed up the

rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the

reaction’s activation energy.

Enzymes: special proteins that speed up the rate

of a reaction

An enzyme is a CATALYST (a substance that lowers

the activation energy of a reaction)

The activation energy is the minimum amount of

energy needed for a reaction to begin.

2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of

environmental factors on enzyme activity.

Factors that affect enzymes:

Concentration

pH

Temperature

Each enzyme can speed up reactions at certain concentration levels, pH levels, and temperature. When an enzyme is exposed to higher or lower levels or temperature, it will be deactivated or “denatured” and will no longer work to speed up the reaction.

2. Students will identify and/or describe the effect of

environmental factors on enzyme activity.

Properties of Water

SC.912.L.18.12 Discuss the special properties of water that

contribute to Earth’s sustainability as an environment for life:

cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion

upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Hydrogen Bonding: involves a weak interaction where a hydrogen atom bonds with an oxygen atom

Because of hydrogen bonding, water is a polar molecule.

Polarity: the positive (hydrogen end) attracts the negative (oxygen end) of a nearby water molecule

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Cohesion: water sticks to water; the

hydrogen bonds create surface tension

This allows water droplets to form and

insects and leaves to rest on the surface of

the water.

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Adhesion: water sticks to other surfaces

This allows water to move up straws and

stems of plants

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Temperature Moderation: water has the ability to heat up and

cool down slowly because it takes a lot of energy to do so.

This is why the water is cooler than the sand on a hot day at

the beach.

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Expansion Upon Freezing: as water goes from liquid to solid, it become less dense, the molecules form a crystalline structure when they freeze

This is why ice floats in water!

1. Students will explain the properties of

water at a conceptual level.

Universal Solvent: many substances are able to dissolve in

water due to its structure

2. Students will explain how the properties

make water essential for life on Earth.

Think! How do these properties of water allow life on Earth to

be possible?

Record on your outline and be ready to share out!

Scientific Method

SC.912.N.1.1

1. Student will design and/or evaluate a

scientific investigation using evidence of

scientific thinking and/or problem solving.

Photosynthesis

SC.912.L.18.7 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions

of photosynthesis.

1. Students will identify the reactants, products,

and the basic functions of photosynthesis.

Plant cells capture energy from the sun and convert it into food (carbohydrates in the form of glucose – aka sugar).

Plant cells then convert the carbs into energy during cellular respiration.

The ultimate source of energy for all living things is the Sun.

Reactants =

Carbon dioxide,

water, and light

energy

Products =

Glucose and oxygen

OCCURS IN CHLOROPLASTS!

Cellular Respiration

SC.912.L.18.8 Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions

of cellular respiration.

1. Students will identify the reactants, products,

and the basic functions of cellular respiration.

Food molecules are converted to energy.

There are three stages to cellular respiration: glycolysis, citric

acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain.

Reactants =

Glucose and oxygen

Products =

Carbon dioxide, water, energy

OCCURS IN

MITOCHONDRIA

2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic

and anaerobic cellular respiration.

Aerobic Respiration:

Requires the presence of oxygen

Release of energy from the breakdown of glucose (or other

organic compound) In the presence of oxygen

Energy release is used to make ATP, which provides energy for

bodily processes

Takes place in almost all living things

Step two (Krebs Cycle) and step three (ETC) of cellular

respiration are aerobic processes

2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic

and anaerobic cellular respiration.

Anaerobic Respiration:

Occurs in the absence of oxygen

Breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with the

production of a small amount of energy

Produces less energy than aerobic respiration

Often called fermentation

Seen as an adaptation for organisms that live in an environment that lack

oxygen

Step one (glycolysis) of cellular respiration is considered anaerobic, from

there if oxygen is not present the organism will proceed with fermentation in

place of Krebs and ETC

Fermentation:

When cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this process

occurs to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again

Glucose is broken down

There are two types of fermentation:

2. Students will compare and contrast aerobic

and anaerobic cellular respiration.

Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells): Glucose Lactic Acid + ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation (plant cells): Glucose CO2 + Alcohol + 2ATP

Interrelated Nature of Cellular

Respiration & Photosynthesis

SC.912.L.18.9 Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and

cellular respiration.

1. Students will explain how the products of

photosynthesis are used as reactants for cellular

respiration and vice versa.

1. Students will explain how the products of

photosynthesis are used as reactance for

cellular respiration and vice versa.

• Photosynthesis STORES energy

in organic compound

•Cellular Respiration RELEASES

energy from organic

compounds

ATP

SC.912.L.18.10 Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to

energy transfers within a cell.

1. Students will connect the role of ATP to

energy transfers within the cell.

ATP: a molecule that stores and releases the

energy in its bonds when the cell needs it

Removing a phosphate group (P) allows energy to

be released for chemical reactions to occur in the

cell

When the cell has energy, energy is stored in the

phosphate bonds of ATP

• Photosynthesis STORES energy

in ATP

•Cellular Respiration RELEASES

energy from ATP

1. Students will connect the role of ATP to

energy transfers within the cell.