Table 2-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Organic molecules are found in Organic molecules are found in living things.living things.

The chemistry of carbon accounts The chemistry of carbon accounts for the chemistry of organic for the chemistry of organic molecules.molecules.

Macromolecules (Polymers)Macromolecules (Polymers)

Organic Molecules—carbon Organic Molecules—carbon basedbased

Organic MoleculesOrganic Moleculesmonomer

polymer

Macromolecules Macromolecules (polymers) and (polymers) and

monomers.monomers.PolymerPolymer MonomerMonomer carbohydrate carbohydrate

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides protein amino acidprotein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotidenucleic acid nucleotide

Figure 2-17 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Dehydration Synthesis or Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation ReactionsCondensation Reactions

vsvsHydrolysisHydrolysis

A BOH H+ + H—O—H or H2O

A B

covalent bonds

If the reaction is carried out multiple times you create a polymer!

+ H2O molecules

Condensation

Hydrolysis

Dehydration (condensation) builds. Hydrolysis breaks down.

Figure 2-29 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Table 2-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-32 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

• Generally, C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio Generally, C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH(CH22O)O)nn

• FunctionsFunctions• quick energy and short-term energy quick energy and short-term energy

storage.storage. EX glycogen, starch EX glycogen, starch• Structure. EX. CelluloseStructure. EX. Cellulose

• Polymer=polysaccharides EX. StarchPolymer=polysaccharides EX. Starch• Monomers= monosaccharides EX. Monomers= monosaccharides EX.

glucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE►Based on number of carbonsBased on number of carbons►3C==triose3C==triose►4C==tetrose4C==tetrose►5C==pentose, etc5C==pentose, etc

Structure of GlucoseStructure of Glucose

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Polymerization of Polymerization of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Figure 2-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Figure 2-20 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDESSTARCH

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

LIPIDSLIPIDS►NON-POLAR BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESNON-POLAR BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES►FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

Energy storageEnergy storage: Fats and oils.: Fats and oils. WaterproofingWaterproofing: Waxes and oils: Waxes and oils InsulationInsulation: Fat layers (blubber): Fat layers (blubber) CushioningCushioning: Fat layers (soles of your : Fat layers (soles of your

feet)feet) Regulating metabolismRegulating metabolism: Steroids: Steroids Component of cell membranesComponent of cell membranes: :

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Lipid structure (Triglyceride)Lipid structure (Triglyceride)

► Glycerol Glycerol backbonebackbone

►Fatty acid tailsFatty acid tails►Fats vs oilsFats vs oils

X3

Triglyceride formationTriglyceride formation

H

H-C—OH

H-C—OH

H-C—OH

H

GLYCEROL

O H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H O H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H O H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H

FATTY ACIDS

H

H-C—O

H-C—O

H-C—O

H

O H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H

O H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H O H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H

+ H20

+ 3 H20TRIGLYCERIDE

What type of reaction forms a triglyceride? Dehydration Synthesis

+ H20

+ H20

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsFats

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsFats

Fatty Acids: cis vs. Fatty Acids: cis vs. transtrans

-linolenic acid

Trans -linolenic acid

PhospholipidsPhospholipidsThe major structural component of cell membranes

Phospholipid BehaviorPhospholipid Behavior

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Soaps and EmulsifiersSoaps and Emulsifiers

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids►Polymers: DNA and RNAPolymers: DNA and RNA►Monomers: nucleotidesMonomers: nucleotides►FunctionsFunctions

Information storage and Information storage and transmissiontransmission

ATP is energy currency of cellATP is energy currency of cell

Nucleotide StructureNucleotide Structure

DNA vs RNADNA vs RNA

The Double Helix of DNA-The Double Helix of DNA-Complementary base pairingComplementary base pairing

Adenosine Triphosphate-ATPAdenosine Triphosphate-ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of cells

What do they do?What do they do?StructureStructureAct as Act as enzymesenzymes to speed reactions to speed reactionsServe as carriersServe as carriersAct as antibodiesAct as antibodiesTransporters and channelsTransporters and channels

ProteinsProteins

Proteins --polymers of Proteins --polymers of amino acidsamino acids..

Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds

Proteins--Levels of Organization.Proteins--Levels of Organization.

TERTIARY (3º) STRUCTURE—3DTERTIARY (3º) STRUCTURE—3D► 1º structure and 1º structure and

environmentenvironment► Factors—R-groupsFactors—R-groups

Hydrogen bondingHydrogen bonding Hydrophobic Hydrophobic

interactionsinteractions Ionic (salt) bridgesIonic (salt) bridges Disulfide bondsDisulfide bonds

► Native vs DenaturedNative vs Denatured► REMEMBER: A

PROTEIN’S FUNCTION IS A RESULT OF ITS FORM!!

Levels of Protein Structure—Levels of Protein Structure—Quaternary (4º) StructureQuaternary (4º) Structure

Multiple chains: Multiple chains: interactions of interactions of more than one more than one polypeptide chain polypeptide chain to form the to form the complete, complete, functional protein. functional protein. Ex. Hemoglobin Ex. Hemoglobin and antibodiesand antibodies

►Catalyst?Catalyst? Speeds up reactionSpeeds up reaction

►ProteinsProteinsThe Model:The Model:

Enzymes—Biological Enzymes—Biological CatalystsCatalysts

E+S ES E+P

E=EnzymeS=SubstrateP=Product

Enzymes Lower Energy of Enzymes Lower Energy of ActivationActivation

EA barrier

Reactants

1 Products 2

Enzy

me

Figure 5.5A

Enzymes-- lower the energy Enzymes-- lower the energy barrierbarrier

Enzyme-Substrate Enzyme-Substrate ComplexesComplexes

►Every reaction in a cell requires a Every reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme.specific enzyme.

►Enzymes are named for their substrates:Enzymes are named for their substrates:►SubstrateSubstrate EnzymeEnzyme►Lipid LipaseLipid Lipase►Urea UreaseUrea Urease►Maltose MaltaseMaltose Maltase►Ribonucleic acid RibonucleaseRibonucleic acid Ribonuclease

Cell ChemistryCell Chemistry►Enzymes—involved in almost all Enzymes—involved in almost all

chemical reactions.chemical reactions.►Anabolism—The building Anabolism—The building

reactions. EX. Protein synthesisreactions. EX. Protein synthesis►Catabolism—The breakdown Catabolism—The breakdown

reactions. EX. Protein digestionreactions. EX. Protein digestion►Metabolism—sum of all Metabolism—sum of all

reactionsreactions

Enzyme CofactorsEnzyme Cofactors►CofactorsCofactors ---may be necessary for ---may be necessary for

some enzymes to carry out their some enzymes to carry out their functions. Two types:functions. Two types: Metal ions. EX copper (CuMetal ions. EX copper (Cu+2+2) or ) or

iron (Feiron (Fe+2+2) ) CoenzymesCoenzymes Organic molecules, Organic molecules,

must be present for other must be present for other enzymes to function. EX vitaminsenzymes to function. EX vitamins