Post on 09-Sep-2018
Thomas Dippon
February 2015
Accelerated insight into your design with
Signal Scenario Generator delivering
High Resolution and Wide Bandwidth
M8190A Arbitrary
Waveform Generator
Enhance your reality
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Keysight M8190A Arbitrary Waveform Generator
• Precision AWG with
DAC resolution of:
14 bit up to 8 GSa/s
12 bit up to 12 GSa/s
• Up to 2 GSa Arbitrary Waveform Memory per channel
• Up to 5 GHz bandwidth per channel
• 3 selectable output paths: direct DAC, DC and AC
• SFDR: up to -90 dBc typ. (fout = 100 MHz, 14 bit mode, DC to 3 GHz)
• Harmonic distortion: -72 dBc typ. (fout = 100 MHz, with balun)
• Advanced sequencing scenarios define stepping, looping, and
conditional jumps of waveforms or waveform sequences*)
• 2 markers per channel*) (do not reduce DAC resolution)
2
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High-Precision AWG Example:
3
CW Signal
Single tone
555 MHz
Fs = 7.2 GHz
Spurs: < -90 dBc
(in the range
0 to 1 GHz)
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High-Precision AWG Example:
4
Two-Tone Signal
Two-tone signal
Center 500 MHz
Distance 10 MHz
IMD: -72 dBc
Fs = 7.2 GHz
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High-Precision AWG Example:
5
Multi-Tone Signal
Multi-tone signal with 200
tones,
3 GHz bandwidth
Fs = 7.2 GHz
without amplitude correction
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Amplitude Correction Setup
6
• AWG and spectrum analyzer
are remotely controlled by a PC
running an amplitude correction
routine
• Magnitude of each tone in the
multi-tone signal is measured
and frequency response stored
in a file
• Pre-distorted multi-tone signal
calculated based on
measurement
• Multi-tone and equalization
scripts are available for free
Remote
Control
AWG
PC running multi-tone
and equalization routine
Remote
Control
Spectrum Analyzer
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High-Precision AWG Example:
7
Multi-Tone Signal
Multi-tone signal with 200
tones,
3 GHz bandwidth
Fs = 7.2 GHz
with amplitude
correction
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High-Precision AWG Example:
8
Digital Modulation
Wideband digital
modulation:
QAM16, 1G Sym/s
(~ 4 Gb/s)
Fs = 7.2 GHz
with amplitude correction
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M8190A performance - 5 GHz wide modulation
9
QAM64 IQ modulation spanning 5 GHz
EVM 0.9 %
Wide modulation
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OFDM 10 GHz
10
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High-Precision AWG Example:
11
Pulsed Radar
2 GHz
Pulsed Radar:
Linear Chirp spanning 2 GHz.
Pulse width: 6 ms
Fs = 7.2 GHz,
with amplitude correction
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High-Precision AWG Example:
12
Fast Frequency Switching
Switching between
frequencies in a
2 GHz bandwidth
in less than 500 ps
Fs = 7.2 GHz,
with amplitude correction
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High-Precision AWG Example:
13
Multi-Carrier Signal
50 modulated carriers with
8 MHz carrier spacing
60 dB
Fs = 4.2 GHz
with amplitude correction
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High-Precision AWG example:
14
Multi-level serial data with distortions
Cleansignal
With
sinusoidal
jitter
With jitter
and ISI
Multi-level
serial data with
programmable
- transition times
- jitter
- ISI
- noise
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Phase coherent pulses with sub-picosecond timing resolution
15
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Example: DOA simulation with moving target
16
Simulation:(click to play movie)
Result:(click to play movie)
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Example: Simulate 5 scanning Radar stations
17
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Example: Simulate 5 Radar stations at once
18
Measurement results:(click to play movie)
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Delivering High Resolution and Wide Bandwidth simultaneously
19
Delay
Period / 2 DAC
DAC +
Analog output
Digital data
+ =
time
DAC output
clk
clk
DAC
Resampling
switch
Final DAC
output
time
DAC output
time
DAC output
Delay Period / 2DAC
DAC +
Analog output
Digital data
+ =
time
DAC output
clk
clk
Sample after transient is settled
Shifting and adding 2 DAC’s for more power and area
T
T/2T/2
Patented
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Unique Value - Unique Technology
20
Distributed re-sampling: 90dB (Linearity of resistor)
i1
R
i2i3
ini1 +i2 +i3 …+in
R
i1i2i3
ini1 +i2 +i3 …+in
Single-sampling switch: Linearity 50dB (Linearity of transistor)
Keysight proprietary DAC
Classical Implementations
Patented
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Generate signals in the desired frequency range
21
IQ BB data
generation
I/Q BB data
downloaded to
AWG
Up conversion to
IF / RF IF / RF signal
Software /
Application
Arbitrary Waveform Generator
Mixer with local oscillator and filter
IQ Signal
IF Signal
OR Vector Signal Generator
(up to 2 GHz modulation BW)
Generation of the final signal is made in several steps!
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M8190A AWG - Best Signal Quality
22
Digital Up-Conversion
• Real-time signal processing in
Keysight‘s proprietary ASIC.
Sequence mechansm stays the
same
• Change Waveform parameters such
as frequency, amplitude & phase on
the fly without re-loading new
waveforms
• Better frequency resolution
(< 1 nHz)
• Longer playtime for repetitive
waveforms, optimized setup
Baseband & Up-converted
Up to
– 80 dBc
Frequency
Best signal quality
Parameter
changes
real-time!
M8190A
• 14 bit 8 GSa/s and 12 bit 12 GSa/s mode
• 2 GSa memory for long playtime
• 5 GHz analog bandwidth
• Signals up to 5 – 7 GHz in doublet mode
Click here for animation
Amplitude
Distiortion-
free
Phase
Frequency
Amplitude
Frequency
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency
Parameters
Amplitude
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Comparison Analog vs Digital Up conversion
23
Digital signalAnalog signal
Analog I/Q modulation – Analog I and Q
signals are generated using an AWG.
An I/Q modulator generates the IF or RF signal
Digital up-conversion – I/Q modulation is
performed digitally and in real-time.
The multiplication with a carrier signal is
performed digitally.
Analog I/Q up conversion
causes distortions
I
Q
IF
Best signal qualtiy
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Combine precision AWG with Digital Up Conversion
24
Carrier frequency, phase, amplitude and frequency sweep can be controlled in real time under
sequence control
Sample
Memory
Sequence
Memory
FPGA
Direct
mode
DAC
Digital
Upconversion
mode
Inter-
polator
x3,
x12,
x24 or
x48 Numerically
controlled
oscillator
(DDS engine)Keysight proprietary ASIC
I+Q
data
Complex
multiplier
Frequency
resolution
2 pHz
Phase resolution
0.002 degrees
Sweep Rates from
2 Hz / hour to
40 GHz / µs
Amplitude scaling
in > 20000 steps
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M8190A AWG
25
Create complex signal scenarios - efficiently
Loop 1 time Loop 5200 times Loop 1 time Loop 3567 times
Loop 317 times
Loop 1 time Loop 45 times Loop 1 time Loop 33 times
Loop 5 times
Sequence Scenario
Long playtime and long signal scenarios for highly realistic testing
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Extending the playtime
26
Get more playtime through efficient waveform management
Depending on signal characteristics, savings can be a factor of 1million
Implementation Impact Gain in playtime
Phase coherence
is coming out of
Griffin
No Memory
needed for phase
information
From < 1 s to
seconds
Store only low
sampling IQ data
instead of
sampling IF
Only 1/3 to 1/48
of memory is
needed
From seconds to
minutes
Amplitude and
frequency can be
stored
independent of
wavefrom
W/o DuC store
each wavefrom
Wit DuC store
waveform only
once!
From minutes to
hours
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Streaming for Infinite Playtime
27
Infinite memory: Download waveforms WHILE playing
Reaction on real-time events
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Streaming Configuration
28
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Data Sources Overview
29
RAID
Allogrithmic data
generation
Digitizer
Playtime
Throughput
HDD
SSD
DRAM of
PC
Infinite
Typical
~3 Gbytes/s
Typical
~1 Gbytes/s
Typical
~80 Mbytes/s
Performance depends on
HW and SW algorithm
AWG average download performance up to ~400 Mbyte/s
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Data Compression
30
Exploiting Idle Insertion - Triggered Streaming
Idle Idle Idle
Idle
Trigger Trigger Trigger
Ring buffer inside the AWG
Size configurable (up to 2 GSa). Segmentation
configurable. Allows simultaneous write (PCIe)
and read (DAC) operations
Radar pulses have an ON/OFF ratio of
typically 1:5 ... 1:100
Example: Throughput = 400 Mbytes/s
14 bit DAC resolution + 2 bits for markers
results in 200 MSa/s
200 MSa/s divided by ~2.5 results in 80
MHz continuous modulation BW
ON/OFF ratio of e.g.1:25 results in 25 *
80MHz = 2 GHz bandwidth during the
burst
Pulse 3
Pulse 4
Pulse 5
Pulse 6
Pulse 7
Pulse 8
Already played
Trigger
Trigger
Trigger
Trigger
Trigger
TriggerTrigger
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Data Compression
31
Exploiting Digital up-conversion
Software up-conversionThe sample rate for the AWG is
determined by the IF frequency
and not by the bandwidth of the
signal. In this case one would
need ~2.4 times 2 GHz equal
4800 MSa/s.
Generate a signal with 100 MHz
instantaneous BW and fc = 1.95 GHz
The IQ sample pairs must be generated with 120 MSa/s
in order to generate a signal with 100 MHz bandwidth.
The AWG can operate in interpolation mode 48. This
means the DAC will operate at 48 times 120 MSa/s
equals 5.76 GSa/s. The NCO can be adjusted to generate
a center frequency of 1.95 GHz.
=> 4800 MSa/s / 120 MSa/s / 2 (IQ pairs) = 20
Result: 20 times less streaming throughput is needed when using digital up-conversion
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Phase Coherent Signal Creation
32
Using a Synchronization Module
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Phase Coherent signal Creation for 12 Channels
33
12
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M8192A Synchronization Module - Key specs
34
• Synchronization of up to
6 M8190A modules
(= 12 channels)
• One trigger input can trigger up
to 6 M8190A modules with
deterministic latency
• Skew repeatability of 2 ps
between any two channels –
independent of sample rate
• Skew calibration with 50 fs
delay resolution between any
two channels
• Works across multiple AXIe
chassis Soft Front Panel for configuration
1U AXIe Module
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Phase Coherent Streaming Configuration
35
e.g. 4…8 channels (with 4 external PCs to increase throughput)
See article ,Phase Coherent Signal Creation with up to Twelve Channels with High-Performance Multi-Channel
Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG)’ from Michael May published at IEEE AUTOTESTCON 2013
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Supported Software
36
MHL Compliance TestHDMI Compliance TestSoft Front PanelSignal Studio Multi-Tone
The M8190A can be controlled via SCPI
commands or through IVI drivers
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Enhance your Reality with a Source of Greater Fidelity
37
Breakthrough performance
Up to 80 dBc SFDR , 14 bit vertical resolution
Reliable and repeatable measurements
2 GSa memory for long playtime
Plus Streaming for infinite playtime
5 GHz analog bandwidth and signals up to 5 – 7 GHz frequency
Digital up-conversion for best IF signal quality and longer lasting playtime
Operation with leading software platforms
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Thank you!
Questions?
38
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Additional Information
39
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Optimize the Output to match your application
40
Three Selectable Amplifiers!
*
* AMP option
Eye
measurement
12 GSa/s,
3 Gb/s
~ 7 pspp Jitter
50 ps transition
time
Best
phase
noise: -
110dBc
@10kHz
(typ)
3 GHz
multi tone
8 GSa/s
DAC
- 59 dBm
- 1.0 … + 3.3
Voltage window
Best SFDR, HD &
phase noiseLow jitterHigh bandwidth &
power
Direct DAC
Single-ended or differential
Amplitude 350 mVpp to 700 mVpp
Offset -20mV … +20mV
AC amplifier*
Single-ended
Amplitude (SE) 200 mVpp to 2.0 Vpp
50 mHz to 5 GHz (3 dB) (typ)
DC ampliier*
Single ended or differential
Amplitude (se) 500 mVpp to 1.0 Vpp
Output voltage window
– 1.0 V … + 3.3V
*
5 GHz
2 Vpp (SE)
-3 dB
2 dB
5 GHz
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Different Formats for different Applications
41
Included in M8190A product, no extra option needed!
DNRZ for best SFDR in frequency domain apps
RZ not specified, Return to Zero for differential signals
NRZ for best pulse performance in time domain apps
DOUBLET for desired frequency response in RF apps
Output
Formats:
Doublet
Mode: Uses the first signal image located in the 2nd Nyquist
Shows higher amplitude response (up to 7 dB
compared to DNRZ)
Gives signal @ higher frequency (4 GHz to 8 GHz)
but it gives not more bandwidth!
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Frequency response including sinx/x roll off
42
GHZ
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Lev
el (d
b.)
12 GSa/s NRZ
12 GSa/s doublet
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lev
el (d
B)
8 Gsa/s NRZ
8 Gsa/s doublet
GHzBW defined
through 3 dB
point.
BW goes > 3 /
5 GHZ
BW defined
through 3 dB
point.
BW goes > 3 /
5 GHZ
Sweet Spot
Sweet Spot
Sweet Spot
Sweet Spot
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Signal Generation Setups
43
Differential I/Q signals
RF/IF out
RF/IF out
Marker output
Pulse mod. input
PCIe
PCIe
M8190AE8267D,
Opt. 016
M8190A
Modulation BW up to 2 GHz
RF up to 44 GHz
IF/RF up to 5 GHz
Modulation BW up to
2 * (5 GHz – IF)
IQ Modulation
Direct IF/RF
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Configurations
44
5-slot AXIe chassis
• fits up to 2 M8190As + system
controller + ESM module
• Only a monitor is needed to form
a complete instrument
2-slot AXIe chassis
• Fits one M8190A + ESM module
• Requires PC or Laptop with PCI-
Express interface card to control itESM module (provides PCI-Express connectivity)
ESM module (provides PCI-Express connectivity)
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M8190A Software Structure
45
Firmware
SCPI IVI-COM IVI-C
PCIe
LabView
driver
VISA HiSLIP protocol - or -
raw TCP/IP on Port 5025
or VXI-11 (only Rev. 2 FW)
LabViewMATLABUser
Program
(C++, C#,
.NET)
VISA Address
PXIn::nnn::nnn
VISA Address:
TCPIP0::xxx::hislip0::INSTR or
TCPIP0::xxx::5025::SOCKET
Signal
Studio,
Benchlink
WWC,
etc.
LAN
Can run on the
same or different
PC than firmware
Can run on the
same or different
PC than firmware
Or embedded PC
Remember:
-You can only
communicate
with the M8190A
through the
firmware. Make
sure it is running
and connected to
the hardware…
- The firmware
acts as a LAN
instrument. Do
not attempt to
connect your
user software to
PXIn:nnnn:nnnn
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Ordering Instruction
46
AXIe infrastructure
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M8190A without sequencing
47
• Only a single waveform segment is available
• Waveform segment can be up to 2 GSamples long
Infinite loop
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Sequence
48
• A sequence consists of a list of waveform segments
• Total size of waveform segments can be up to 2 GSamples
• Each segment can be looped up to 232 times
• A sequence can contain up to 512K steps
Loop 1 time Loop 45 times Loop 1 time Loop 33 times
Infinite loop
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Scenario
49
• A scenario consists of a list of sequences
Loop 1 time Loop 5200 times Loop 1 time Loop 3567 times
Loop 317 times
Loop 1 time Loop 45 times Loop 1 time Loop 33 times
Loop 5 times
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Advancement modes
50
• Automatic
– Loop N times, then go to next
segment/sequence (un-conditional)
• Conditional
– Loop until an event occurs, then go to next
segment/sequence
• Repeat
– Loop N times, then wait until an event
occurs before going to the next
segment/sequence
• Stepped
– Same as “Repeat”, but wait for an event on
every loop
Loop N times
Event?
No
Yes
Event?Yes
Loop N timesNo
Yes
Loop N timesNo
Event?
Advancing from one segment/sequence to the next can be…
All transitions are “seamless”. Event can be an external signal or a software command
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Selection of segment/sequence to be generated
51
Selection of segment/sequence can be determined by…
• Pre-defined sequence
– If the order of waveform segments is known
ahead of time, it can be set up as a “sequence”
• Dynamic Control Port
– The dynamic control port on the front panel allows
you to select one of 213 (219) segments/sequences
dynamically at runtime by applying a digital pattern
to the dynamic control port connector
• Software
– Instead of applying a digital pattern to the dynamic control
port, you can also select a segment/sequence using
software by sending a command to the firmware
In all cases, transitions are “seamless” - without any gaps
Loop 1 time Loop 45 times Loop 1 time Loop 33 times
Infinite loop
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Trigger modes
52
All of the previously mentioned cases can be combined with the following
trigger modes. This applies to segments or sequences.
• Continuous
• Triggered– Each edge of the trigger
signal starts the selected
segment/sequence
.
• Gated– Segments are always
completed
Trigger/Gate input
Trigger/Gate input
Output
Output
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…and how does it work internally?
53January 15, 2016
Confidentiality Label
53
Segment #1
Segment #2
Segment #3
1
Waveform Memory
(up to 2 GSamples)
Sequence Memory
(total: 512K steps)
X502
230
2 X5001000
3 XXX534
3 X25
6 X1In this example,
3 sequences
are defined using
a total of 6 steps
Software
Command
Dynamic Control
Port
Multiple steps can
point to the same
segment
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81199A Wideband Waveform Creator (GUI)
54
…drag and drop to create
required composite
waveform in the editor
Create a library of individually
configurable waveform
segments…
Fully parameterized
encoding
Add noise and user-
definable predistortion
(e.g. for uplink
compensation)
Set final sampling
rate to match AWG
Download direct to
AWG or to File
Select waveform
segment format from
(WiHD, WiGig etc.)
54
AGILENT CONFIDENTIAL - Do not share
externally
81199A Wideband Waveform Center
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81199A WiGig / 802.11ad Modulation Analyzer
55
Colour coded composite
constellation display
Detailed tabulation of
numerical results.
Multiple dockable windows, each
independently configurable to
display any mix of...
• Spectrum
• Main Time
• Error Summary
• Decoded Payload Data
• LDPC Codeword Display
• Correlator Output
• Channel Estimation
• IQ Data
• Error Vector Spectrum
• Error Vector Time
• OFDM EVM vs symbol
• OFDM EVM vs subcarrier
• Carrier Tracking
• Phase Error
• Power .vs. Time
Full remote control using
SCPI over
LAN/Telnet/Sockets
Flexible graphing,
including image cut/paste
for easy documentation
AGILENT CONFIDENTIAL - Do not share
externally
81199A Wideband Waveform Center
Page 56
802.11ad
WiGig 1.1 Specification
802.11n
802.11h
802.11ac
802.11a/g
802.11b
W-LAN
WiGig Alliance is focused on
mmWave/60 GHz technologies
Board of Directors
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802.11ad Technology
57
Single Carrier OFDM
For Preamble and Data For Higher Data Rates
Bandwidth 1.76 GHz 1.825 GHz
Modulation p/2-BPSK, p/2-QPSK,16-QAM SQPSK, QPSK,16-QAM, 64-QAM
57 – 66GHz Unlicensed, globally available
7 Gbps Data Rates
Wider channels, enabling higher data rates over short distances (1m – 10m)
First commercial devices expected to be announced at CES in Jan 2012 (covert meetings occurred at CES2011 last January)
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Why New Test Tools for 60 GHz Wireless
58
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Agilent Participation in the WiGig Alliance
59
In the Alliance and Participation in the PlugFest
“Key test instrumentation for the PlugFest is being provided by
Agilent Technologies, the leader in test and measurement and the
only commercial provider of signal creation and modulation analysis
SW and HW solutions for the WiGig Standard.“
From WiGig Alliance Press Release
• Agilent representatives have chaired the WGA Interoperability
Working Group (IWG) for the last two years.
• Agilent exclusively provided the test equipment for the
PlugFest
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Why Digital Up-Conversion in hardware?
60
1. Better RF signal quality when M8190A generates IF instead of I/Q– images and LO are out-of-band – (see slide 3)
2. Don’t need an expensive Vector PSG– Cheaper analog PSG is sufficient in many cases (see slide 4)
3. Better memory utilization – longer playtime– Extends the playtime by several orders of magnitude, depending on the
modulation bandwidth type of signal
– It is much easier to achieve a phase continuous signal – especially in burst waveforms (e.g. Radar). Phase continuity of IF signal is guaranteed without loading multiple copies of the I/Q data in memory
4. Better frequency resolution– E.g. for direct mode, 10k samples, 10 Gsa/s sample rate, the frequency
resolution is 10G/10k = 1 MHz very coarse
– In digital up-conversion mode, the frequency resolution is 10G/2^64 = 1 nHz (!). This is important for simulating Doppler effect in radar apps.
5. It is built into Keysight’s DAC ASIC– Same hardware – just a software license key
– Sequence mechanism stays the same
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Analog vs. Digital Up-Conversion
61
Mixer /
Multiplier
/ LO
Analog I and Q
signals are
generated using
an AWG. An
(analog) I/Q
modulator
generates the IF
or RF signal
AWG or Signal Gen.
D/A
D/A
Memory
Memory
Signal Generator
X
X
+~
90°
Digital signalAnalog signal
In digital I/Q
modulation, the
multiplication with
a carrier signal is
performed
digitally – either
in real-time or in
software
AWG
D/A
X
X
+~
90°
Memory
Memory
X
~
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Comparison of different up-conversion methods
62
Interpolation &
Digital up-
conversion in
DAC ASIC
Software
calculates
I/Q BB data
Up-conver-
sion to IF in
software
Software
calculates
I/Q BB data
Software
calculates
I/Q BB data
I/Q BB data
downloaded to
AWG
Vector PSG with
wideband I/Q
inputs up-
conversion
IF data
downloaded
to AWG
Analog PSG
up-
conversion
I/Q BB data
downloaded
to AWG
Analog PSG
up-
conversion
Analog I/Q up-conversion causes distortions, Vector PSG is expensive
IF in software requires high sample rate eats up memory; poor freq resolution
Digital up-conversion in hardware combines the benefits of both approaches
Low sample rate
High sample rate
High sample rateLow sample rate
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Digital Up-Conversion Block Diagram
63
• In digital up-conversion mode, the sample memory contains I/Q samples
• I/Q samples are fed into the DAC chip at low sample rate and interpolated to DAC
sample rate (I/Q sample rate * interpolation factor = DAC sample rate)
• Numerically Controlled Oscillator can change carrier frequency, phase, amplitude
and perform frequency sweep in real-time under sequencer control
Sample
Memory
Sequence
Memory
FPGA
Direct
mode
DAC
Digital
Upconversion
mode
Inter-
polator
x3,
x12,
x24 or
x48 Numerically
controlled
oscillator
(DDS engine)
Carrier frequency, phase,
amplitude and frequency sweep
in real time under sequence control = Keysight proprietary ASIC
I+Q
data
Complex
multiplier
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Generating Phase Coherent Pulses usingSoftware Up-Conversion vs. DUC
64
Local
Oscillator
Output
Signal
PRI
All pulses are coherent with the LO, but they have different “starting” phases
With Software Up-Conversion, multiple copies of the pulse (at IF) must
be stored. Depending on desired phase resolution up to 120.
Segment #2 IdleSegment #1 Segment #3IdleIdle Segment #4
PW
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Generating Phase Coherent Pulses usingSoftware Up-Conversion vs. DUC
65
Local
Oscillator
Output
Signal
PRI
All pulses are coherent with the LO, but they have different starting phases
With DUC, only a single copy of the pulse in baseband is stored and
repeated via the sequencer.
PW
Segment Idle (same Segment re-used)
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Pulses with Frequency and Amplitude changesusing Software Up-Conversion vs. DUC
66
Local
Oscillator (NCO)
Output
Signal
With DUC, only a single copy of the pulse in baseband is stored and
new center frequencies or amplitudes are programmed via the sequencer
Segment #4Segment #3Segment #2Segment #1
With Software Up-Conversion, multiple copies of the pulse must be stored.
Sequencer
Command: Set Freq#1 Set Freq#2 Set Freq#3 Set Freq#4
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Two ways to generate LFM chirps
67
Local
Oscillator (NCO)
Desired Output Signal
With Software Up-Conversion, the whole segment must be stored (no loops)
Sequencer Command: Start Sweep
I/Q Baseband Waveform:
I/Q Baseband Waveform:
–fm/2 +fm/20
With DUC, a the NCO can perform the sweep, baseband wfm is a constant.
This allows very long sweeps without using up sample memory (using loop)
Local
Oscillator (NCO)
(same Segment looped)
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How does this work internally
68
Segment #1
Segment #2
Segment #3
Play segment#1 100 times
(Flag: next amplitude)
Play segment#2 200 times
(Flag: next freq. & ampl.)
Play segment#3 300 timesAmplitude table
Frequency table
Pointer +1
Pointer +1
Waveform memory
Sequencer memory
To DAC control port
Command: Initialize
pointers
Action table
Command: Start Sweep
Sweep X Y Z
Frequency = F1
Amplitude = A1
Set Phase
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Frequency / phase and amplitude changes -independent of modulation waveform
69
• With IF calculation in software, the
frequency, phase and amplitude of the IF
signal are folded into the modulation
waveform
• With digital up-conversion in hardware, these
parameters can be changed on the fly.
• E.g. in radar applications:
• Pulses with the same “shape” but different
amplitude or frequency are stored only ONCE.
• Amplitude and frequency information is stored
along with sequence information
This approach allows fast changing signals
(GHz pulses) to be combined with slow
changes (e.g. a radar antenna scan at 15
RPM) which would otherwise use up a large
amount of memory
Simulated antenna scan
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An Arbitrary Waveform Generator is the most Versatile Instrument
70
Multi-tone signal with 200 tones,
3 GHz bandwidth, - 59.24 dB
Fast Frequency Switching 2 GHz bw in < 500 ps
Spectral Efficiency
256 QAM 3 Gbaud symbol
rate
2 GHz Chirpcentered at 6 GHz
Serial Data with ISI and Jitter
MHL Sink test
50 modulated carriers with 8 Mhz spacing
Triggered radar pulse
Page
Realistic testing with a source of greater fidelity delivering high resolution and wide bandwidth -simulaneously
71
- 63 dBc, 2 GHz multi tone, DAC - 58.8 dBc, 3 GHz 1000 tones, 8 Gsa/s, DAC
QAM16 spanning 5 GHz
Wide bandwidth for today’s and
tomorrow's applications
- Generate wideband modulations
- Up-convert the IQ data to IF
signals using digital up-
conversion avoiding analog
imperfections
- Precise frequency setting with
digital up-conversion:
1.5 pHz frequency resolution
- Generate signals @ 5 – 7 GHz
frequency in doublet mode
0.9%
EVM
QAM16, 2 GHz modulation @ 6 GHz
1.9%
EVM
14 bit vertical resolution:
Excellent SFDR ensures
that tones stand out from
distortion even with
hundreds of tones
M8190A
- 88 dBc, 555 MHz,12 GSa/s DAC