Transcript of LTE L11 Radio Network Functionalities
NASlide title In CAPITALS 44 pt Slide subtitle 20 pt
L11A Radio Network Functionalities
Slide title In CAPITALS 44 pt Slide subtitle 20 pt
Introduction
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
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Your job in the introduction is to motivate the student for
learning this module and give some planning information like what
the student will be able to do after taking the module and what the
content of the module will be. Furthermore learning is enhanced if
first giving an overview presentation of the topics.
There are 3 main blocks of your presentation. This is the
Introduction in the Prepare for learning block.
Prepare for learning
Summary
Why learn about L11A Radio Network Functionalities
LTE
LTE
LTE
RRC
LTE
SON
ANR
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
This module will help you understand features and functions
supported by Ericsson L11A product.
Also you will understand which licencies are needed in order to
provide high data rates.
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Scope and objectives
Explain Optional features related to Radio Network
Objectives
Scope
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:
List basic and optional features in L10A
Explain basic Radio Network Features such as:
Idle Mode Support,
System Information Broadcast
Explain basic Transport Network Interfaces
S1 Protocol Model
Explain Optional features related to Radio Network such as
Dual anntenna DL Performance
WCDMA Session Continuity – Coverage Triggered
GRAN Session Continuity – Coverage Triggered
Explain Optional Transport Network Features
Support for X2 Interface
Slide title In CAPITALS 44 pt Slide subtitle 20 pt
> Overview
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
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to tell them, tell them and tell them what you told them!!!
(huh!)
Start by giving a 30-60s overview of the module. This will
significantly help the learners to understand the rest of the
module.
Try to include:
Defining the setting. What are we talking about, e.g. Broadband
market is evolving giving operators new opportunities.
Who should care about this? E.g. You (the KAM) need to act on this,
because it gives you new opportunities.
What have happened? E.g. Consumer behaviours/new
technology/standards have made XXX a profitable opportunity for
operators.
Where do they wan’t to be? E.g. You wan’t to be the one guiding the
operators to reap the benefits of these possibilities.
What do they need to do? E.g You need to tell the operators A, B,
C...
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RAN Functionality Products
Clock Source over NTP
CDMA2000
Support for cascading of 3GPP Compatible RET Antennas
Support for 3GPP Compatible TMA
Support for 3GPP Compatible RET
Antennas
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
RAN Functionality Products are divided into LTE Basic Functions and
LTE Optional Functions
Optional Functions are divided into 7 areas:
Radio Performance
Product is scalable on a number of Connected Users.
Please Note: Grey boxes are related to L10 release of the
product
And green are related to L11A. This is only an overview
figure.
Slide title In CAPITALS 44 pt Slide subtitle 20 pt
Lte basic features
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
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The Main topic is included in the Learning part of the module where
you present the topics to learn.
Think of this when sequencing the included topics:
Is there a logical order to present? Chronology, process,
cause->consequence
Start with the simple and build to complex.
Start with the well known (or analogies) and move to the
unknown.
Do not include everything you have to say. Remember that most
learning content is forgotten within a couple of days.
Focus on a few key concepts where you don’t want your audience to
do the wrong thing in their work. Let the details remain on the
intranet, guidelines, documentation etc.
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LTE Basic Features
LTE Basic - Radio
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
LTE Basic is a software package that performs all operations needed
for an LTE Radio Access Network (RAN). It is a large group of
functions assembled into one working system with basic
performance.
LTE Basic can be divided into three main areas:
LTE Basic Radio
Lets´ look at each one of them.
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LTE Basic Features
IDLE MODE SUPPORT
MME
SGW/
PGW
LTE Basic Package for Radio includes
Idle Mode Support that includes all the functions needed by the UE
to access the radio network such as System Information Broadcast
and Paging.
For the UEs in the Connected mode there are functions in the eNB to
support scheduling of the services, power control and link
adaptation.
LTE Basic provides Single Data Radio Bearer Service per user
supporting end user with single non Guaranteed bit rate service
that can be used for carrying best effort type of traffic.
Also included in the basic package is traffic security for radio
interface based on integrity protection and ciphering of the RRC
messages as well as ciphering of the user plane data. In L10 there
is only support for Integrity protection and Ciphering is been
added in L11
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idle mode support
IDLE MODE SUPPORT
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Idle mode support feature provides mechanism to support broadcast
of the system information
And paging messages from the Network side.
UE in idle mode is responsible for monitoring System Information
Change by monitoring Paging. Performing PLMN and Cell
reselection.
UE is also responsible to perform location registration.
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IDLE MODE SUPPORT:
PLMN Selection
Location Registration
The idle mode tasks can be subdivided into four processes:
- PLMN selection;
.
The UE registers its presence, by means of a NAS registration
procedure, in the tracking area of the chosen cell.
As outcome of a successful Location Registration the selected PLMN
becomes the registered PLMN.
If the UE finds a more suitable cell, according to the cell
reselection criteria, it reselects onto that cell and camps on
it.
If the new cell does not belong to at least tracking area to which
the UE is registered, location registration is performed.
If necessary, the UE shall search for higher priority PLMNs at
regular time intervals and search for a suitable cell if another
PLMN has been selected by NAS.
Search of available CSG IDs may be triggered by NAS to support
manual CSG ID selection within the registered PLMN.
If the UE loses coverage of the registered PLMN, either a new PLMN
is selected automatically (automatic mode), or an indication of
which PLMNs are available is given to the user, so that a manual
selection can be made (manual mode).
The purpose of camping on a cell in idle mode is following:
a) It enables the UE to receive system information from the
PLMN.
b) When registered and if the UE wishes to establish an RRC
connection, it can do this by initially accessing the network on
the control channel of the cell on which it is camped.
c) If the PLMN receives a call for the registered UE, it knows (in
most cases) the set of tracking areas in which the UE is camped. It
can then send a "paging" message for the UE on the control channels
of all the cells in this set of tracking areas. The UE will then
receive the paging message because it is tuned to the control
channel of a cell in one of the registered tracking areas and the
UE can respond on that control channel.
d) It enables the UE to receive ETWS notifications.
If the UE is unable to find a suitable cell to camp on, or the USIM
is not inserted, or if the location registration failed it attempts
to camp on a cell irrespective of the PLMN identity, and enters a
"limited service" state in which it can only attempt to make
emergency calls.
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IDLE MODE SUPPORT:
Cell Search Procedure
PSS
SSS
Detection of cell id group (0-167)=> PCI
Detection of MIMO & CP configuration
Possible to read Sys Info
& RS (timing, seq, freq shift)
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The cell search procedure allows the UE to acquire the slot and
frame synchronization and to get the downlink cell ID and cell ID
group associated with the cell. The physical signals involved in
the cell search procedure are the Primary and Secondary
Synchronization Signal (P-SS and S-SS). The procedure is based on
the following steps:
Detection of the carrier frequecy
Detection of the symbol timing
Identification of the cell id – one out of 3 possible
Once cell id is detected next step is to
Detect radio frame timing
Detect Physical Cell Id (PCI) one out of 168
When the terminal has determined the cell ID, frame timing and CP
length, it has to determine the number of transmit antennas used
for PBCH.
That also has to be blindly detected by the UE.
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IDLE MODE Support:
Cell Selection (S-Criterion)
*Pcompensation = max(pMaxServingCell – P;0)
S>0
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The cell selection criterion (the S criterion) is based on the
measured Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) level in the cell,
normalized with respect to the minimum required receive signal
level in the cell and certain compensations.
The cell selection criterion is fulfilled if:
S rxlev > 0
S rxlev = Q rxlevmeas - (Q rxlevmin + Q rxlevminoffset) - P
compensation
The UE obtains the S rxlev value using the following measurements
and parameter values:
Q rxlevmeas Measured RSRP value in the cell (dBm) Q
rxlevmin Required minimum RSRP level in the cell (dBm) Q
rxlevminoffset Offset to Q rxlevmin taken into account in the S
rxlev evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a higher
priority PLMN (not provided in the current release of the LTE
Basic). Default value: 0 (dBm) P compensation Compensation
[max (P EMAX - P UMAX, 0)] if the maximum power according to the UE
capability (P UMAX) is less than the maximum UE power to be used in
the cell (P EMAX). For further information, see the document 3GPP
TS 36.304 .
The configuration parameters to set the cell selection criteria in
the cell are:
qRxLevMin Required minimum RSRP level in the E-UTRA cell.
Corresponds to parameter Q rxlevmin in the document 3GPP TS 36.304
.
pMaxServingCell Maximum UE power to be used in the cell. If absent,
the UE applies the maximum power according to UE capability.
Corresponds to parameter P EMAX in the document 3GPP TS 36.101
.
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Idle Mode Support:
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Once UE has performed cell selection than it is in the state “Camp
Normally”.
State Camp Normaly means that the UE will:
Monitor System Information
Idle mode support:
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The system information is a set of parameters that defines rules
for the UE how to behave while visiting the cell.
The UE shall apply the system information acquisition
procedure:
upon selecting (e.g. upon power on) and upon re-selecting a
cell,
after handover completion,
upon receiving a notification that the system information has
changed,
upon receiving an indication about the presence of an ETWS
notification and
upon exceeding the maximum validity duration
System information is divided into the Master Information Block
(MIB) and a number of System Information Blocks (SIBs). The MIB
includes a limited number of most essential and most frequently
transmitted parameters that are needed to acquire other information
from the cell, and is transmitted on BCH.
SIBs other than System Information Block Type 1 are carried in
System Information (SI) messages and mapping of SIBs to SI messages
is flexibly configurable by scheduling Info List included in System
Information Block Type1.
MIB is sent on the PBCH while SIBs are sent on PDSCH. PDCCH will
indicate that System Information is been transmitted using SI-RNTI
identity.
There is only one SI-RNTI per cell.
In L11A there is support for SIB4, SIB5, SIB6 SIB7 and SIB8
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LTE BASIC: IDLE MODE SUPPORT
Cell Reselection (R-Criteria)
The Cell Reselection process is run when:
When the cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable.
When the UE, in ”camped normally” state, has found a better
neighboring cell than the cell on which it is camping.
When the UE is in limited service state on an acceptable
cell.
When camped on an E-UTRA cell, the UE performs a ranking of
neighboring E-UTRA cells on the same frequency, taking into account
the cells satisfying the cell selection criteria.The cell ranking
is based on the RSRP measurement quantities of the serving cell (Q
meas,s) and the neighboring cells (Q meas,n).
The UE applies the cell ranking criterion R s on the serving cell,
and the cell ranking criterion R n on the intra-frequency
cells:
R s = Q meas,s + Q hyst R n = Q meas,n
Q hyst is a hysteresis value preventing too-frequent reselection
back and forth between cells of nearly equal rank. When a
neighboring cell is ranked as better than the serving cell (that
is, R n > R s) during a time interval T reselectionEUTRA, the UE
performs a cell reselection to the better-ranked cell.
The configuration parameters to set intra-frequency cell
reselection in the cell are :
qHyst Cell reselection parameter that defines the hysteresis value
in the intra-frequency cell ranking criteria. Corresponds to
parameter Q hyst in the document 3GPP TS 36.304 .
tReselectionEutra Cell reselection timer value for an E-UTRA
frequency. Corresponds to parameter T reselectionEUTRA in the
document 3GPP TS 36.304 . qRxLevMin ( neighboring cells ) Required
RSRP level in the intra-frequency neighboring cells. Corresponds to
parameter Q rxlevmin in the document 3GPP TS 36.304 . pMax Maximum
UE power to be used in neighboring cells on the E-UTRA frequency.
If absent, the UE applies the maximum UE power for the UE power
class. Corresponds to parameter P EMAX in the document 3GPP TS
36.101.
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Idle mode support:
Three mobility states: Normal, Medium and High
Based on the no of cell reselections made by the UU
Normal
Qmeas(n)
Qmeas(s)
R(s)
R(n)
tReselectionEutra
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The speed-dependent scaling of cell reselection criteria is used to
influence the cell reselection criteria for fast moving UE. It
helps the UE to respond more quickly to cell changes when moving at
high speed. A UE may enter three different mobility states:
Normal
Medium
High mobility
The usual T reselectionEUTRA and Q hyst parameters are used in the
normal mobility state for the evaluation of cell reselection
criteria
In the medium and high mobility states, the UE applies a scaling
factor, decreasing the value of the T reselectionEUTRA parameter.
In that way, the evaluation period of cell reselection criteria is
reduced.
In addition, a negative offset is added to the Q hyst hysteresis
value in the cell ranking criteria. It lowers the threshold for the
reselection of intra-frequency cells.
The criteria for the UE to enter the medium and high mobility
states are based on the number of recent cell reselections
performed by the UE. A sliding time window is used. The parameter T
CRmax determines the duration of the sliding time window.
The parameters N CR_M (medium mobility) and N CR_H (high mobility)
determine the number of cell reselections the UE performs within
the sliding time window to enter the medium and high mobility
states. The UE applies an additional time period before reentering
the normal mobility state.
Once in the medium or high mobility state, the UE re-enters the
normal mobility state when the number of cell reselections during
the sliding time window (T CRmax) stays below the parameter N CR_M
and N CR_H values during a period equal to the additional time
period.
The parameter T CRmaxHyst determines the duration of the additional
time period.
The configuration parameters to set speed-dependent scaling of cell
reselection criteria are specified in 3GPP TS 36.304 and described
in the following tables:
tEvaluation Duration for the evaluation of the entering criteria to
the mobility states. Corresponds to 3GPP parameter T CRmax.
tHystNormal Additional duration for the evaluation of the
reentering criteria to the normal mobility state. Corresponds to
3GPP parameter T CRmaxHyst.
nCellChangeMedium Number of cell changes to enter the medium
mobility state. Corresponds to 3GPP parameter N CR_M.
nCellChangeHigh Number of cell changes to enter the high mobility
state. Corresponds to 3GPP parameter N CR_H.
qHystSfMedium Reduction of the Q hyst parameter applied in medium
mobility state. Corresponds to 3GPP parameter sf-Medium of Speed
dependent ScalingFactor for Q hyst.
qHystSfHigh Reduction of the Q hyst parameter applied in high
mobility state. Corresponds to 3GPP parameter sf-High of Speed
dependent ScalingFactor for Q hyst. tReselectionEutraSfMedium
Scaling of the T reselectionEUTRA parameter in medium mobility
state. Corresponds to 3GPP parameter sf-Medium of Speed dependent
ScalingFactor for T reselectionEUTRA. tReselectionEutraSfHigh
Scaling of the T reselectionEUTRA parameter in high mobility state.
Corresponds to 3GPP parameter sf-High of Speed dependent
ScalingFactor for T reselectionEUTRA.
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IDLE mode Support:
There are two types of paging!
The first one is Core Network initiated paging as a resoult of
incoming data/incoming session.
The other one is eNodeB initiated paging that can be trigered when
System Information has been changed.
In first scenario paging is only relevant for one UE while in
second one paging targets all UEs in the cell.
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IDLE mode support:
DRX Paging Frame
PFindex when: SFN mod T= (T div N)*(UE_ID mod N)
i_s = floor(UE_ID/N) mod Ns
nB: 4T, 2T, T, 1/2T, 1/4T, 1/8T, 1/16T, 1/32T
N: min(T,nB)
Ns: max(1,nB/T)
PF : SFN mod T=
0, 64, 128…
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in idle mode in order
to reduce power consumption.
One Paging Occasion (PO) is a sub frame where there may be P-RNTI
transmitted on PDCCH addressing the paging message. One Paging
Frame (PF) is one Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple
Paging Occasion(s). When DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor
one PO per DRX cycle.
PF and PO is determined by following formula using the DRX
parameters provided in System Information:
PF is given by following equation:
SFN mod T= (T div N)*(UE_ID mod N)
Index i_s pointing to PO from sub frame pattern defined in the
table will be derived from following calculation:
i_s = floor(UE_ID/N) mod Ns
System Information DRX parameters stored in the UE shall be updated
locally in the UE whenever the DRX parameter values are changed in
SI. If the UE has no IMSI, for instance when making an emergency
call without USIM, the UE shall use as default identity UE_ID = 0
in the PF and i_s formulas above.
The following Parameters are used for the calculation of the PF and
i_s:
-T: DRX cycle of the UE. T is determined by the shortest of the UE
specific DRX value, if allocated by upper layers, and a default DRX
value broadcast in system information. If UE specific DRX is not
configured by upper layers, the default value is applied.
-nB: 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, T/32.
-N: min(T,nB)
-Ns: max(1,nB/T)
-UE_ID: IMSI mod 1024.
IMSI is given as sequence of digits of type Integer (0..9), IMSI
shall in the formulae above be interpreted as a decimal integer
number, where the first digit given in the sequence represents the
highest order digit.
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Idle mode support:
Normal registration
Periodic registration
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
A TA is the set of E-UTRA cells in a PLMN, identified by a common
Tracking Area Code (TAC) in the system information. When a UE
registers itself in the network, the core network stores
information about the tracking area where the registration is
performed. This information is used, for example, to assist the UE
paging.
The tracking area update procedure is used by the UE to update the
registration of its actual tracking in the network. The core
network provides the UE with a list of tracking areas where the
registration is valid. The UE performs a new registration, either
after a certain time (periodic registration), or when it enters a
new tracking area where the registration is no longer valid. The
operator configures the TAC associated with each cell.
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SINGLE DATA RADIO BEARER PER USER
LTE
MME
SGW
PGW
PCRF
WWW
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The Radio Bearer Service feature provides the service of
establishment and release of signaling and data radio
bearers.
LTE Basic functions offer a single data radio bearer per user. The
bearer provides the basic path for carrying user data packets. The
signaling radio bearers come with the single data radio bearer,
providing the possibility to send Access Stratum (AS) and
Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messages between the User Equipment (UE)
and the network.
The radio bearer contains underlying parameters that influence bit
rate and delay, as well as radio bearer coverage and capacity.
These parameters are not connected directly to this feature. They
are configured through other features, such as Quality of Service
(QoS). The single data radio bearer per user service supports a
single non-guaranteed bit rate service data flow used for carrying
best effort type of traffic.
Radio Bearer Carries data over the Uu air interface. Types of radio
bearers include:
Data radio bearer for the user plane
Signaling radio bearer for the control plane
LTE RAN can support up to eight data radio bearers and two
signaling radio bearers for each UE. In order to support more than
one DRB (1) the feature Multiple Radio Bearers per User must be
activated. Two SRBs (2) are defined by 3GPP. SRB1 is used for
normal RRC (3) signaling between the RBS and the UE. SRB2 is used
only to carry NAS signaling and has lower priority than SRB1. EPS
Bearer Carries user plane data between the UE and the PDN-GW. Each
EPS bearer is mapped to a data radio bearer, an S1 bearer, and an
S5/S8 bearer. E-RAB (4) The data radio bearer and the S1 bearer
together are some times addressed as E-RAB). It carries user plane
data between the UE and the SGW (5). E-RAB is the name used in 3GPP
S1AP specifications. A one-to-one mapping always exists between an
E-RAB and a DRB. S1 Bearer Carries user plane data between the RBS
and the SGW. S5/S8 Bearer Carries user plane data between the SGW
and the PDN (6) gateway.
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LTE BASIC:
Scheduler
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Scheduling, Link Adaptation and UL Power Control are three
essential functions in the eNB. They interact closely and exchange
information in order to be able to allocate an appropriate amount
of resources, with the right transport format, modulation and
coding as well as appropriate UL power at every TTI. The QoS
framework also influences the prioritization of logical
channels
QoS Framework provides mechanisms to translate CN QoS parameter
Quality of Service Class Indicator (QCI) into RAN parameters.
QCI is a scalar that is used as a reference to access node specific
parameters that control bearer level packet treatment (e.g.
scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue management
thresholds, link layer protocol configurations etc).
Scheduling is also referred to as Dynamic Resource Allocation (DRA)
and is part of the Radio Resource Management (RRM). There are
important interactions with other RRM functions such as power
control, link adaptation and Inter-cell Interference Control
In order to provide efficient resource usage the LTE concept
supports fast scheduling where resources on the shared channels
PDSCH and PUSCH are assigned to users and radio bearers on
sub-frame basis according to the users momentary traffic demand,
QoS requirements and estimated channel quality. This task is done
by the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) schedulers, both situated in
the eNB.
In the downlink, the resources handled by the scheduler per cell
are:
Physical Resource Blocks
DL Power
PDCCH Resources
TX rank
In the uplink , the resources handled by the scheduler per cell
are:
Physical Resource Blocks
PUCCH Resources
Common resource is the baseband processing power of the RBS. There
are different licenses for UL and DL UlBasebandCapacity
DlBasebandCapacity (Mbps)
Link Adaptation, which includes transport format selection, is
closely related to scheduling and the two functions interact by
exchanging information prior to each scheduling decision.
Link adaptation adapts MCS (code rate, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM).
Adaptation is based on link quality estimation (CQI)
Used for new transmissions and retransmissions
HARQ OPP used as DL quality requirement. HARQ OPP is targeted no of
tx and resulting BLER. BLER is used for channels without HARQ
SINR used for UL LA
Worst case LA used for initial messages (PBCH, BCCH, PCH and RA
response). This means MCS is chosen to reach cell edge
Antenna mapping, also part of Link Adaptation, controls
multi-antenna transmission by deciding the antenna mapping mode (TX
diversity, spatial multiplexing or beam forming, as well as sub
modes within each mode), spatial multiplexing rank and spatial
multiplexing precoding matrix.
Channel prediction provides information needed for decisions in the
other Link Adaptation functions and Power Control. It includes
collecting channel measurements, made in the downlink by the UE and
sent to the RBS in channel feedback reports containing CQI,
precoding matrix indicator (PMI), and rank indicator (RI). In UL
the SINR is considered.
Power control and power configuration reduces inter-cell
interference and power consumption. This leads to higher cell
capacity and the control of maximum data rate for a UE at cell
edge. In addition, it maximizes battery life for the UE.
Power Control is used to minimize the transmitted power and to
compensate for channel fading. Its objective is to maximize
capacity by minimizing power and interference.
Power control regulates the PSD (Power Spectral Density) of the
transmitted signal.
open loop Power Control
Regulating power for PRACH at initial access (Random Access)
Regulating power for PUSCH and PUCCH as part of UL power
control
UL power control
Uplink power control is used both on the PUSCH and on the PUCCH. In
both cases, a parameterized open loop combined with a closed loop
mechanism is used. Roughly, the open loop part is used to set a
point of operation, around which the closed loop component
operates. Different parameters (targets and 'partial compensation
factors') for user and control plane are used
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L11 improvements
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Power Control for PUSCH and PUCCH Maintains PSDRX at the RBS and
Controls UE’s PSDTX.
As already mentioned Power Control can be divided into two
components:
Open loop
Compensates estimation errors of Open Loop
In release L10B, PUSCH power control relied on the OL power control
using a hard coded p0-NominalPUSCH. For CL power control, the
eNodeB always issued TPC commands requesting 0 dB change.
In release L11A, the eNodeB will check received PUSCH power for
each PUSCH transmission and when needed send a TPC command
requesting the UE to increase or decrease its transmission power.
Both OL and CL power control use the same p0-NominalPUSCH and this
is operator configurable using the EUtranCellFDD.pZeroNominalPusch
MOM attribute. The same concept of OL and CL power control exist
not only for PUSCH, but also for the PUCCH. For PUCCH, release L10B
already had full support for both OL and an active CL control, but
in release L10B the p0-NominalPUCCH was hardcoded. Release L11A
makes p0-NominalPUCCH operator configurable using the
EUtranCellFDD.pZeroNominalPucch MOM attribute.
HARQ Retransmissions:
Support for HARQ Retransmissions is a part of LTE Basic. Release
L11A introduces this feature.
HARQ combines Forward Error Correction Coding (FEC) and error
detection using Transport Block (TB) checksum to achieve
incremental redundancy transmission.
The basic concept of HARQ is that the transmitting part takes a TB,
in LTE a MAC level PDU, adds a checksum for error detection,
performs FEC, and then in a first transmission only sends the MAC
PDU, the TB checksum, and a minor part of the redundancy
information calculated by the FEC.
If the receiving part after FEC decoding detects that checksum of
decoded data is incorrect, it issues a Negative Acknowledgement
(NACK) for the HARQ. When the transmitting part receives this NACK,
in its next transmission attempt it sends more of the redundancy
information, called next Redundancy Version (RV). The receiving
part can then combine first received data with the new
retransmission and make a new attempt to decode the data.
Should detection still fail after a number of transmission
attempts, a HARQ failure is declared and transmitter proceeds with
the next TB (MAC PDU). In these cases, the content of the failed
MAC PDU must be retransmitted by higher layers, that is, RLC.
In release L10B, the eNodeB does not support retransmissions using
HARQ, neither for uplink or downlink. Instead the system relied
completely on the retransmissions provided by the RLC layer using
Acknowledged Mode (AM), which is used both for Signalling Radio
Bearers (SRBs) and Data Radio Bearers (DRBs). (In release L11A RLC
AM is used for SRB and PRB.)
Note:
In release L11A, RLC AM is used for SRB and all DRBs. Release L10B
implementation is the following:
For downlink, the eNodeB is in full control and for every TTI, it
informs the UE whether transmission is a first transmission or a
HARQ retransmission. Retransmissions were never issued in release
L10B.
For uplink, the eNodeB, using RRC signalling, informed the UE that
the maximum allowed number of HARQ transmission was one, which
prevented the UE from attempting any asynchronous HARQ
retransmissions (asynchronous retransmissions are retransmissions
not explicitly granted by the eNodeB). As an extra protection
against undesired asynchronous HARQ retransmission from UE, the
eNodeB on Physical Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Indicator
Channel (PHICH) issued a positive acknowledgement (HARQ ACK) for
every granted uplink transmission, regardless of whether reception
is successful, checksum incorrect, or even no UE transmission
detected.
To reduce the amount of RLC retransmissions in release L10B, the
link adaptation algorithms of the eNodeB had an operating point
(target value) of about 1% block errors on MAC level, that is, 1%
of received MAC PDUs can have an incorrect checksum. When a MAC PDU
is lost corresponding RLC PDUs are also lost, and when the receiver
detects that the PDU has been lost, it requests a retransmission on
RLC layer.
Release L11A introduces HARQ with a maximum of four transmission
attempts (a first plus up to three retransmissions), both for
uplink and downlink data transfer. The retransmissions are stopped
when the receiving part issues a positive HARQ ACK, or when the
total number of transmissions has reached four.
For downlink transmissions, UE sends HARQ ACK/NACK on PUCCH or
PUSCH; the latter if UE has a PUSCH allocation in the TTI where
HARQ ACK/NACK is to be sent).
For uplink transmissions, the eNodeB sends HARQ ACK/NACK on
PHICH.
HARQ retransmissions significantly improve capability of the MAC
layer to cope with bit errors on the air interface. For that
reason, link adaptation is more aggressive selecting higher MCS or
TBS, or both, resulting in higher throughputs in medium to poor
radio conditions. For release L11A, the target Block Error Rate
(BLER) used by link adaptation is about 10% for one
transmission.
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L11 Improvements
UE Category Handling:
In L11A eNodeB dynamically adapts its scheduling to what UE has
reported regarding its category, both concerning UL and DL
scheduling.
However until eNobeB has received the “UECapabilityInformation”,
all scheduling decisions assume lowest ue-category.
In LTE there are 5 different categories. For more information what
those different category includes in terms of supported modulation,
no of layers, size of the soft buffers etc can be found in TS
36.331
In L10B it is assumed that all UEs have same category – cat3.
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L11 Improvements:
No SR over PUCCH but periodic UL Grant
Periodic CQI reports over PUCCH every 40 ms
SR over PUCCH every 10 ms
L10B
L11A
SR and CQI Reporting over PUCCH
SR and CQI Reporting over PUCCH is a part of LTE Basic. Release
L11A introduces this feature.
The PUCCH carries uplink control information from user equipment
for which no PUSCH resource is assigned. For UE already assigned a
PUSCH in a TTI, the control signalling is multiplexed with data
onto PUSCH.
PUCCH is used by UE for transmitting the following:
ACK/NACK for HARQ
SR used by UE for requesting grant for uplink transmission on
PUSCH
Periodic reporting of Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)On the same
resources, UE also reports Rank Indicator (RI).
LTE release L10B only used PUCCH for UE reporting of ACK/NACK on
downlink transmissions (HARQ ACK/NACK), and eNodeB used this for
link adaptation. All CQI/RI reporting was done over PUSCH using
eNodeB requested aperiodic CQI reports. Release L10B did not use SR
over PUCCH and instead all UE in RRC_CONNECTED state were
periodically given an uplink grant.
LTE release L11A introduces PUCCH also for SR and periodic channel
status reporting (often called CQI reporting, but which also
includes reporting of RI).
In release L11A, implementation of this feature is mandatory and
all UE in RRC_CONNECTED state must be assigned its own dedicated
resource for SR over PUCCH (every 10 ms) and its own resource for
periodic CQI/RI reporting over PUCCH (every 40 ms). When PUCCH
resources for a cell has been exhausted, no new UE connections will
be accepted until the resources have been returned by UE leaving
RRC_CONNECTED state in the cell.
In release L11A, the eNodeB for each cell supports the
following:
One PRB pair for PUCCH format 2 (CQI/RI reporting)
Up to two PRB pairs for PUCCH format 1 (SR and HARQ ACK/NACK)
Three PUCCH PRB pairs consume four PRBs of the configured uplink
cell bandwidth, for example for 20 MHz = 100 PRBs, 96 PRBs remain
for PUSCH allocations.
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LTE Basic Features
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
LTE Basic provides a Transport Network that supports robust
connectivity between eNodeB, OSS-RC and EPC. Standard compliant
interface termination is supported. Basic quality of service is
also provided to allow the operator control the performance of the
different services on the upper layers.
LTE Basic provides termination of the S1 and Mul (eNodeB<-
>OSS-RC)
interfaces, QoS handling, Network Synchronization using GPS and
Transport
Network Observability.
S1 Interface Termination
The two S1 interfaces are S1-MME (towards an MME) and S1-U (towards
an
SAE GW). There may be multiple S1-MME and multiple S1-U logical
interfaces
towards the EPC from any one eNodeB
Mul Interface Termination
The Mul interface is based on IPv4. See B1.4.8 for details on OAM
related
functionality.
Quality of Service Handling
QoS is managed by mapping of the QCI (radio bearers) to DSCP (IP
layer) to
pBits (Ethernet layer). The mapping between QCI and DSCP is
configurable
by the operator in OSS-RC.
Transport Network Performance Indicators
Monitoring of S1 control plane link availability, packet loss in
the network, data
volume and general IP/Ethernet monitoring is supported as part of
LTE Basic.
These are important transport network performance measures which
can be
used to check compliance to Service Level Agreements.
Network Synchronization using GPS
an external clock source based on GPS PPS protocol.
This allows network synchronization to be independent from the
performance
of the network.
In L11A this basic feature has been improved with time and phase
synchronization
using GPS. The result is that SFN (System Frame Number)
initialization time for radio frame transmission is correlated to
an external source.
The purpose with this L11 improvement is coexistence with CDMA2000.
Having this feature eNB can provide system time information of the
cdma200 for the mobility purposes.
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LTE BASIC:
S1 Interface
procedures between the EPC and E-UTRAN
conveying messages transparently between the EPC and the UE without
interpretation or processing by the E-UTRAN.
Facilitate a set of general E-UTRAN procedures from the EPC such as
paging-notification as defined by the notification SAP.
Separate each User Equipment (UE) on the protocol level for mobile
specific signalling management as defined by the dedicated
SAP.
Transfer of transparent non-access signalling as defined in the
dedicated SAP.
Request of various types of E-RABs through the dedicated SAP.
Perform the mobility function..
Traffic Security:
IP Network Security
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
LTE is designed with many operators both for core networks and
access networks in mind. Whilst this introduces a great deal of
flexibility it also introduces a number of new security
issues.
The backhaul of LTE is all IP with the eNB having Ethernet
interfaces. Where previously backhaul may be secured with physical
protection, home eNodeBs may mean we cannot trust the transport
network security.
Core network is generally a trusted zone, and secured
physically.
RAN is not trusted, anyone can intercept messages over the air. The
eNodeB itself must be trusted as this provides security
termination.
Transport links are secured need to be secured with IPsec if
required
LTE Basic provides a traffic security for radio interface based on
integrity
protection and ciphering of RRC messages as well as ciphering of UP
data
messages.
Integrity protection is implemented in the PDCP layer in order to
ensure that
the data origin of the signaling data received is indeed the one
claimed. In
addition, integrity protection allows the receiving entity (UE or
eNodeB) to
verify that the received data has not been modified in an
unauthorized way
since it was sent by the sending entity (UE or eNodeB).
Ciphering is implemented in the PDCP layer in order to ensure that
user data
and signaling data cannot be eavesdropped on the radio access
interface.
Ciphering is applied to Signaling Radio Bearers (SRB) and Data
Radio
Bearers (DRB).
As security protection is performed between the eNodeB and UE
whereas
NAS is performed between UE and MME.
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LTE Basic Features
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The O&M solution in LTE is characterized of providing SON
functionality and
support and smart simplicity i.e. it is possible to utilize smart
functions in the
eNodeB to simplify the management. This means that the eNodeB will
be easy
to deploy and maintain.
It is possible to access the eNodeB with the eNodeB Element Manager
(EM)
and the OSS-RC. Most work, except physical work on the eNodeB, is
possible
to do remotely. The allowed locations for accessing the eNodeB are
defined
when setting-up the security for it. O&M on network level and
integration to
Network Management System (NMS) is provided in OSS-RC.
The eNodeB provides the following support for Fault Management
(FM),
Configuration Management (CM), Performance Management (PM),
Security
Management (SM) and Inventory Management (IM);
More about O&M Functions can be found in a Module XXX.
Slide title In CAPITALS 44 pt Slide subtitle 20 pt
Lte optional features
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Replace the background image with an image used to profile your
project/product. Delete the text here before publishing and replace
with your own narration text.
The Main topic is included in the Learning part of the module where
you present the topics to learn.
Think of this when sequencing the included topics:
Is there a logical order to present? Chronology, process,
cause->consequence
Start with the simple and build to complex.
Start with the well known (or analogies) and move to the
unknown.
Do not include everything you have to say. Remember that most
learning content is forgotten within a couple of days.
Focus on a few key concepts where you don’t want your audience to
do the wrong thing in their work. Let the details remain on the
intranet, guidelines, documentation etc.
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RAN Functionality Products
Clock Source over NTP
CDMA2000
Support for cascading of 3GPP Compatible RET Antennas
Support for 3GPP Compatible TMA
Support for 3GPP Compatible RET
Antennas
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
RAN Functionality Products are divided into LTE Basic Functions and
LTE Optional Functions
Optional Functions are divided into 7 areas:
Radio Performance
Product is scalable on a number of Connected Users.
Please Note: Grey boxes are related to L10 release of the
product
And green are related to L11A. This is only an overview
figure.
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LTE Optional:
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Most LTE features are priced per connected users. The connected
user
feature sets the eNodeB licensed user capacity and facilitates "pay
as you
grow" pricing scheme for SW features.
SW license keys enable eNodeB capacity in terms of maximum
allowed
simultaneous Connected Users. The active users are defined as
connected
terminals served by the eNodeB, residing in the RRC Connected state
(as
defined in 3GPP).
Through the appropriate observability for the capacity licenses,
the system
helps the operator to optimize the usage of the SW licenses on a
per eNodeB
basis. The maximum range for the amount of simultaneous Connected
Users
orderable in L10A is 100 UEs and for L11A each eNode B can support
up to 200 users.
Observability in form of counters is provided to help identify the
need for
growth..
Capacity Licence
Channel Bandwidth
# Channel Bandwith
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
In release L11A, cells can be configured with additional channel
bandwiths: 1,4 MHz and 3 MHz
Before configuring cell channel bandwidth used RU capability needs
to be checked as well.
With Release L10B each Digital Unit of type DUL can handle up to
three cells except for 20MHz where each DUL can handle only 1
cell.
Release L11A adds support for three cells per DUL also with 20MHz
channel bandwith.
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Capacity Licence
HW Related
DlBasebandCapacity (Mbps)
UlBasebandCapacity (Mbps)
# HW Related
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LTE Optional:
HOM
With use of Higher Order Modulation (HOM) data rate is increased
and Link Adaptation function can work in a efficient manner.
16QAM in UL
With the use of 16 QAM modulation the maximum bitrate on the uplink
can be
increased. The uplink peak rates are doubled by using 16 QAM
modulation compared to
QPSK modulation.
The higher modulation formats enables that more information can
be
transferred in each radio symbol. This enables a higher peak rate
in good radio
conditions.
64 QAM in DL
With the use of 64 QAM modulation the maximum bitrate on the
downlink can
be increased by approximately 50% compared to 16 QAM
modulation.
The higher modulation formats enables that more information can
be
transferred in each radio frame. This enables a higher peak rate
when the
channel conditions are good.
The Dual-Antenna Downlink Performance Package provides support for
dual layer
transmission (spatial multiplexing) and transmission diversity
modes for
dual antenna configurations.
Description
Spatial multiplexing schemes are an efficient way of increasing the
bit rate
through the use of multi layer transmissions (a.k.a. MIMO or
multi-stream). This
improves both peak-rate and average throughput without having to
increase the
radio bandwidth which translates to an improvement of the spectral
efficiency
(bits/Hz) at full traffic loads.
The dual antenna transmission will also improve the coverage, i.e.
the bit rates
at cell edge.
The Dual-Antenna Downlink Performance Package supports
configurations
with up to two data streams according to the 3GPP Release 8
specification.
The recommended antenna configuration to fully benefit from the
Dual-Antenna
Downlink Performance Package is two antenna elements with a minimum
of
correlation between the elements, e.g. two cross-polarized
elements.
The feature also includes full rank adaptation for the (switching
from singe to
dual layer transmission, and back) on a per user and transmission
time interval
level to support bitrates improvements at all SINR levels for all
UEs.
The following 3GPP transmission modes are supported:
Mode 1: Single Antenna Port
Mode 2: Transmit Diversity
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LTE Optional:
LTE
WWW
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The Multiple Radio Bearers per User service provides the ability
for a user to
have up to 8 simultaneous data bearers established with different
QoS
requirements at a given instance. This allows a user to e.g.
download a large
file using FTP and use video streaming at the same time with
acceptable end
user performance. The system will differentiate (based on QoS
requirements)
the service data flows and establish separate , up to 8, radio
bearers to a user.
This prevents a large data transfer from "blocking" a delay
sensitive data
transfer, as would be the case if only single data radio bearer per
user was
supported. Without this feature the LTE user experience would be
lower when
running multiple service data flows with different delay
requirements.
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Cell ID-based location support
S!AP: Location Reporting Control
MME
CGI1
CGI2
CGI3
eNB1
CGI4
CGI5
CGI6
eNB2
Intra eNB Handover
Inter eNB Handover
S1AP : Location Report (CGI)
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The feature Cell id based location support guarantees that MME will
always have the correct Cell Global ID for the served active UE
that can be used for location based services.
Location Report for a given UE can be triggered at Intra/Inter eNB
Handover and it can be sent as an answer for the direct request
from the MME!
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Mobility
Mobility
GRAN
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Mobility:
Evaluation
LTE
LTE
UE measures on cells and reports only when event criteria is
met
- A neighbour cell becomes offset better than serving cell
(A3)
- Serving cell becomes worse than an absolute threshold (A2)
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Intra-LTE Handover is the basic mobility function for UEs in active
mode.
When one or more neighbor cells are better than current serving
cell the UE is
ordered to handover to best cell. Best cell evaluation is based
on
measurements of neighbor cells, serving cell and evaluation
algorithm
controlling parameters set by eNodeB.
In L10A there are two possible events:
Event A3 A neighbour cell becomes offset better than serving cell
that can trigger Intra LTE Handover
Event A2: Serving cell becomes worse than an absolute threshold
that can triger Coverage triggered IRAT Session Continuity
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Intra lte handover
sMeasure
Event A3: Neighbour becomes amount offset better than serving
Intra LTE Handover
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
The user equipment uses parameters sent by the RBS to determine
when to perform handover measurements. Measurements commences on
the serving and neighboring cells when the RSRP of the serving cell
falls below the value defined in the sMeasure parameter. The user
equipment detects neighboring cells via intra-frequency
searches.
The user equipment uses either RSRP or RSRQ measurements to
determine whether to enter the EventA3 condition. The
triggerQuantityA3 parameter is used to configure where RSRP or RSRQ
values are used to trigger EventA3.
Measurements of RSRP and RSRQ are performed on the serving and
detected neighboring cells. The user equipment then uses an offset
value, a3offset, and a hysteresis value, hysteresisA3, to determine
whether to trigger the EventA3. Non default offset relationships
use the value cellIndividualOffsetEUtran instead of a3offset for
the particular cell relationship.
The formula used by the user equipment for evaluating entry to
EventA3 is shown in the following equation:
Equation 1 Mn – hysteresisA3 > Ms + a3offset
where:
Mn = measured value of the neighboring cell (either RSRP or RSRQ)
Ms = measured value of the serving cell (either RSRP or RSRQ)
Once EventA3 is triggered, the user equipment waits a predetermined
time ( timeToTriggerA3) before it commences sending measurement
reports to the serving RBS. These measurement reports contain
measurements for the serving cells and up to three detected
intra-frequency neighbor cells. The reportQuantityA3 parameter
indicates whether RSRP or RSRQ measurements, or both, are to be
included in the measurement reports.
Measurement reports are sent periodically while the EventA3
condition is active. The parameter reportIntervalA3 determines the
time interval between measurement reports. The parameter
reportAmountA3 indicates how many reports to send; a value of 0
indicates that the reports should be sent indefinitely while the
EventA3 condition is active.
The user equipment uses the same offset and hysteresis values to
determine when to leave EventA3 when the serving cell improves in
RSRP or RSRQ relative to the neighboring cells. The formula used by
the UE is shown in the following equation:
Equation 2 Mn – hysteresisA3 > Ms + a3offset
where:
Mn = measured value of the neighboring cell (either RSRP or RSRQ)
Ms = measured value of the serving cell (either RSRP or RSRQ)
The Measurement Reports are event-triggered and resent periodically
as long as the event is fulfilled.
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LTE optional
SGW/
PGW
MME
LTE
RRC
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Handover signaling is performed over Uu and in case of
intereNodeB
handover also over the X2 interfaces if X2 is established. If not
X2 is
possible to use, e.g. between MME pool borders, an S1 based
handover is
used instead.
intra lte handover
inter-connection of eNBs supplied by different manufacturers;
support of continuation between eNBs of the E-UTRAN services
offered via the S1 interface;
separation of X2 interface Radio Network functionality and
Transport Network functionality to facilitate introduction of
future technology
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System Information:
Inter-frequency mobility
redirectionInfoRefPrio1
redirectionInfoRefPrio2
redirectionInfoRefPrio3
GeranFreqGroup
UtranFrequency
Cdma2000Freq
EUtranFrequency
eNodeB
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
System Information Block Type 5 is the SIB that contains
information about other E-UTRA frequencies and inter-frequency
neighbor cells relevant for cell reselection
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Mobility:
redirectionInfoRefPrio1
redirectionInfoRefPrio2
redirectionInfoRefPrio3
GeranFreqGroup
UtranFrequency
Cdma2000Freq
EUtranFrequency
SIB
SIB6
tReselectionUtra
tReselectionUtraSfHigh
tReselectionUtraSfMedium
In idle mode system information includes information about the
WCDMA,
priority and thresholds for this RAT which is needed for efficient
mobility. SIB6
is included in the system information.
In connected mode the serving cell is evaluated and in case of bad
coverage a
release with redirect information is performed. The redirect
information
includes the WCDMA carrier frequency, the information is
preconfigured in
eNodeB. Without requiring a complex relation to WCDMA the feature
improves outage
time when the UE is moving out of LTE coverage but still within
WCDMA
coverage.
In idle mode system information includes information about the
WCDMA,
priority and thresholds for this RAT which is needed for efficient
mobility. SIB6
is included in the system information.
In connected mode the UE is ordered by the eNodeB to perform bad
coverage
event evaluation on serving cell. The UE is configured to send an
event
triggered measurement report if a bad coverage criterion is
fulfilled. When a
measurement report is received by the e