Post on 11-Jan-2016
LOCOMOTION & REGULATION
Locomotion
Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. Why would organisms carry out
locomotion?
Motile = capable of locomotion Sessile = organisms NOT capable of
locomotion
Locomotive System
The locomotive system consists of a skeletal system, muscular system and a nervous system.
Human Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Humans have 206 bones Babies have MORE
Bones are made of calcium and phosphorus
Bones support and protect body structures
Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass
due to lack of calcium
Cartilage
Found between bones Acts as a cushion between bones A developing embryo has cartilage
instead of bone Gives ears and nose their shape Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage
Muscles
Humans have over 300 muscles Muscles work by contracting
(shortening) or by relaxing Muscles are found as opposing pairs
Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep) Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)
Flexor and Extensor
Types of Muscle
There are three types of muscle cells Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle
Found surrounding bones Looks striped Controls voluntary movements
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart Cardiac muscles are involuntary,
but look like striated muscle
Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle Found in the walls of internal organs Control involuntary movements Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries,
lymph vessels, etc…
Connective Tissue
There are three kinds of connective tissues that connect bones and muscles together. Ligaments Tendons Joints
Ligaments
Ligaments Connect bone to bone Think “L” for Ligament A sprain is an over stretched ligament
Tendons
Connects muscles to bones Tendonitis is an inflammation of a
tendon
Joints
Where two bones meet 3 kinds of joints
Immovable (fixed) Hinge Ball and socket Gliding Pivot
Joints
Immovable No movement Found in cranium/skull
Joints
Hinge Movement back and forth Found in elbow and knee
Joints
Ball and socket Movement in all directions Found in shoulder and hip
Joints
Gliding Limited movement in all directions Found in wrist and ankle
Joints
Pivot Limited rotation Found in the neck
Skeletal Structures
Exoskeleton Protective covering outside the body Provides a surface for muscular
attachment Made of chitin
Can be thin and light (insects) or thick and heavy (lobster)
Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for body growth
Exoskeleton
Protist
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena Whip-like tail called a
Hydra
They are SESSILE, but fibers allow a somersault-type movement (like a slinky)
Earthworm
Earthworms have setae (little bristles) that stick into the ground like anchors to allow locomotion, segment by segment
Muscles are attached to each pair of setae
Setae
Grasshopper
Have jointed appendages Have wings Have muscles inside the
exoskeleton
What makes your muscles move?
What organs allow you to respond to your environment?
Regulation
Define regulation.
What part of your body carries out regulation?
The Nervous System
Consists of CNS
Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal cord
PNS Peripheral Nervous System All nerves outside of the brain and spinal
cord
C.N.S.
P.N.S.
The Nervous System
Parts of a nervous system Brain Nerve Cells called Neurons
Brain
Brain
Brain
Made up of 2 halves Weighs about 3 pounds Protected by _________________ Made up of neurons
Brain
Made up of 3 parts 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
Controls thinking, memory, reasoning, imagination, personality, site of consciousness
Interprets what your 5 senses detect
Brain
2. Cerebellum Controls voluntary movements (motor
activities) Controls balance and coordination
Brain
3. Medulla Controls involuntary activities
Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, hormone production, etc…
Called brain stem and connects to the spinal cord
Neuron
A neuron is a nerve cell They send and receive chemical and
electrical messages, called impulses.
Neuron
Parts of a neuron
Dendrites Receive impulses
Cyton Cell body-contains nucleus
Axon Carries impulses away from cyton
Myelin Fatty covering on the axon that increases
speed of electrical impulse Terminal Branches
End point of a neuron that sends messages to dendrites of next neuron
Synapse
The synapse is the gap between two neurons.
Close-up of synapse
Neurotransmitters-chemicals secreted into synapse
Close-up of a synapse
Stimulants and Depressants
Drugs can affect how the neurotransmitters pass their message Stimulants __________ speed of message
transmission. Depressants _________ speed of
message transmission.
Reflex Arc
A reflex is a response to a stimulus. Ex. Knee jerk, hand on a hot stove
A reflex involves the spinal cord but NOT the brain.
Reflex Arc
Reflex Arc
Drawing
Disorders of the Nervous System
Meningitis Swelling of the membranes that surround the
brain Polio
Virus that inflames spinal cord tissue Cerebral Palsy
Disorder of central nervous system Can be congenital (exists before birth) or
caused during birth Multiple Sclerosis
Problem with impulse transmission due to inflammation of myelin sheath.
Endocrine System
System of ductless glands that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers
that are released directly into blood stream.
Hormones are sent DIRECTLY to a target tissue
Testes and Ovaries
Ovaries make _______________ & _________________
Testes make ________________
These hormones stimulate secondary sexual characteristics
Adrenal Glands
Located on top of kidneys Produces hormone called adrenaline
Pancreas
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and also the hormones called glucagon and insulin.
The part of the pancreas that produces hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans Glucagon and insulin control blood
sugar
Thyroid Gland
Located in neck Thyroid controls metabolism Thyroid produces thyroxin
(hormone) Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland
Goiter
Parathyroid
Located in neck Smaller than thyroid Produces parathormone which
controls calcium balance
Pituitary Gland
The master gland (controls all other glands)
Pituitary Gland
Produces stimulating hormones that cause glands to secrete their hormones.Ex. TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
Pituitary Gland
Also produces growth hormone (GH) Gigantisism and Dwarfism comes from
growth hormone problems
Hypothalmus
Produces RF’s (releasing factors), which help stimulate hormone production
Representative Organisms