Earth’s Atmosphere and Earth’s Atmosphere and OceansOceans

Lecture Outline #8Lecture Outline #8

TemperatureTemperature

Measure of average kinetic energy of Measure of average kinetic energy of individual atoms or molecules in a individual atoms or molecules in a substance (or in the atmosphere)substance (or in the atmosphere)

Thermal Energy/HeatThermal Energy/Heat

Total amount of energy in a substanceTotal amount of energy in a substance Heat is that energy moving from one Heat is that energy moving from one

substance (with higher temp) to anothersubstance (with higher temp) to another

4 Laws of Thermodynamics4 Laws of Thermodynamics

Sensible Heat vs. Latent HeatSensible Heat vs. Latent Heat Look at water’s phase changesLook at water’s phase changes

Types of Heat TransferTypes of Heat Transfer

Sun’s EnergySun’s Energy

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic RadiationSpectrumSpectrum

Fate of Incoming Solar RadiationFate of Incoming Solar RadiationInsolationInsolation

Albedos of Various SurfacesAlbedos of Various Surfaces

Blacktop road : 5 – 10%Blacktop road : 5 – 10% Fresh snow or ice : 80 – 95%Fresh snow or ice : 80 – 95% Old snow: 45 – 70%Old snow: 45 – 70% Meadow: 5 – 25%Meadow: 5 – 25% Water: Varies significantlyWater: Varies significantly

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Global Energy BudgetGlobal Energy Budget

How is the solar radiation that reaches earth How is the solar radiation that reaches earth distributed? Or….distributed? Or….

What are the factors that change the What are the factors that change the amount of radiation received or retained in a amount of radiation received or retained in a location?location?

Variations in InsolationVariations in Insolation

http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/seasons.jpghttp://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/seasons.jpg

http://www.weatherpages.com/variety/diurnal.jpg

Global Energy BudgetGlobal Energy Budget

What’s a budget?What’s a budget? Energy In – Energy Out = StorageEnergy In – Energy Out = Storage

Changes in Global Energy BudgetChanges in Global Energy Budget

http://http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Shishaldin/Mcgimsey_04231999_med.jpgvolcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Shishaldin/Mcgimsey_04231999_med.jpg

http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/media/archive/4785.jpg

http://energyconcepts.tripod.com/energyconcepts/chimney.jpg

Patterns of Temperature VariationPatterns of Temperature Variation

Coastal vs. Inland TemperaturesCoastal vs. Inland Temperatures

Temperatures as Affected by Temperatures as Affected by LandformsLandforms

Windward vs. Leeward Windward vs. Leeward Temperatures on ContinentTemperatures on Continent

Influence of Cloud Cover on Influence of Cloud Cover on TemperatureTemperature

Changes in Average TemperaturesChanges in Average TemperaturesThroughout YearThroughout Year

IsothermsIsotherms