1-1 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIACynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA

Financial Statements and Business Decisions

Chapter 1

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Understanding the Business

The PlayersThe Players

InvestorsInvestors CreditorsCreditors

Managers

The The BusinessBusiness

OperationsOperations

1. Purchase partsand labor

2. Manufactureproduct

3. Sell productsto customers

4. Collect cash fromcustomers and pay

creditors

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The Accounting System

Collects and processesfinancial information

Reportsinformationto decision

makers

Managers(internaldecisionmakers)

Investors and

Creditors(externaldecisionmakers)

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The Accounting System

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The Four Basic Financial Statements

1.1. BALANCE SHEETBALANCE SHEET – reports the amount of assets, liabilities, and – reports the amount of assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity of an accounting entity at a point in time.stockholders’ equity of an accounting entity at a point in time.

2.2. INCOME STATEMENT INCOME STATEMENT – reports the revenues less the expenses of – reports the revenues less the expenses of the accounting period.the accounting period.

3.3. STATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGS – reports the way that net – reports the way that net income and distribution of dividends affected the financial position of income and distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the accounting period. the company during the accounting period.

4.4. STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS – reports inflows and outflows of – reports inflows and outflows of cash during the accounting period in the categories of operating, cash during the accounting period in the categories of operating, investing, and financing. investing, and financing.

1.1. BALANCE SHEETBALANCE SHEET – reports the amount of assets, liabilities, and – reports the amount of assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity of an accounting entity at a point in time.stockholders’ equity of an accounting entity at a point in time.

2.2. INCOME STATEMENT INCOME STATEMENT – reports the revenues less the expenses of – reports the revenues less the expenses of the accounting period.the accounting period.

3.3. STATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGS STATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGS – reports the way that net – reports the way that net income and distribution of dividends affected the financial position of income and distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the accounting period. the company during the accounting period.

4.4. STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS – reports inflows and outflows of – reports inflows and outflows of cash during the accounting period in the categories of operating, cash during the accounting period in the categories of operating, investing, and financing. investing, and financing.

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The Accounting Equation

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The Balance Sheet

AssetsAssetsCashCashShort-Term InvestmentShort-Term InvestmentAccounts ReceivableAccounts ReceivableNotes ReceivableNotes ReceivableInventory (to be sold)Inventory (to be sold)SuppliesSuppliesPrepaid ExpensesPrepaid ExpensesLong-Term InvestmentsLong-Term InvestmentsEquipmentEquipmentBuildingsBuildingsLandLandIntangiblesIntangibles

AssetsAssetsCashCashShort-Term InvestmentShort-Term InvestmentAccounts ReceivableAccounts ReceivableNotes ReceivableNotes ReceivableInventory (to be sold)Inventory (to be sold)SuppliesSuppliesPrepaid ExpensesPrepaid ExpensesLong-Term InvestmentsLong-Term InvestmentsEquipmentEquipmentBuildingsBuildingsLandLandIntangiblesIntangibles

LiabilitiesLiabilitiesAccounts PayableAccounts PayableAccrued ExpensesAccrued ExpensesNotes PayableNotes PayableTaxes PayableTaxes PayableUnearned Revenue Unearned Revenue Bonds PayableBonds Payable

LiabilitiesLiabilitiesAccounts PayableAccounts PayableAccrued ExpensesAccrued ExpensesNotes PayableNotes PayableTaxes PayableTaxes PayableUnearned Revenue Unearned Revenue Bonds PayableBonds Payable

Stockholders’ EquityStockholders’ EquityContributed CapitalContributed CapitalRetained EarningsRetained Earnings

Stockholders’ EquityStockholders’ EquityContributed CapitalContributed CapitalRetained EarningsRetained Earnings

Typical Account Titles

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Balance Sheet

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The Income Statement

RevenuesRevenuesSales RevenueSales RevenueFee RevenueFee RevenueInterest RevenueInterest RevenueRent RevenueRent Revenue

RevenuesRevenuesSales RevenueSales RevenueFee RevenueFee RevenueInterest RevenueInterest RevenueRent RevenueRent Revenue

ExpensesExpensesCost of Goods SoldCost of Goods SoldWages ExpenseWages ExpenseRent ExpenseRent ExpenseInterest ExpenseInterest ExpenseDepreciation ExpenseDepreciation ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseInsurance ExpenseInsurance ExpenseRepair ExpenseRepair ExpenseIncome Tax ExpenseIncome Tax Expense

ExpensesExpensesCost of Goods SoldCost of Goods SoldWages ExpenseWages ExpenseRent ExpenseRent ExpenseInterest ExpenseInterest ExpenseDepreciation ExpenseDepreciation ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseInsurance ExpenseInsurance ExpenseRepair ExpenseRepair ExpenseIncome Tax ExpenseIncome Tax Expense

Typical Account Titles

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Income Statement

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Statement of Retained Earnings

Beginning Retained EarningPlus: Net IncomeLess: DividendsEnding Retained Earnings

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Statement of Retained Earnings

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Statement of Cash Flows

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Relationships Among the Statements

1. Net income from the income statement results in an increase in ending retained earnings on the statement of retained earnings.

         Income Statement      

Revenues   $   37,436   Statement of Retained EarningsExpenses       34,136   Beginning retained earnings  $    6,805 Net income  $     3,300   Net income          3,300       Dividends       (1,000)      Ending retained earnings  $    9,105          

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Relationships Among the Statements

2. Ending retained earnings from the statement of retained earnings is one of the two components of stockholders’ equity on the balance sheet.

Statement of Retained Earnings   Balance SheetBeginning retained earnings  $    6,805   Cash  $     4,895 Net income         3,300   Other assets       22,366 Dividends      (1,000)      Total assets  $   27,261 Ending retained earnings  $   9,105   Liabilities  $   16,156       Contributed Capital          2,000        Retained earnings          9,105       Total liabilities and equity  $   27,261          

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Relationships Among the Statements

3. The change in cash on the statement of cash flows is added to the beginning-of-year balance in cash to arrive at end-of-year cash on the balance sheet.

Statement of Cash Flows   Balance SheetCash flows from operating activities  $   1,069    Cash  $      4,895 Cash flows from investing activities      (1,625)   Other assets        22,366 Cash flows from financing activities          400       Total assets  $    27,261Change in cash  $     (156)    Liabilities  $    16,156 Beginning cash balance        5,051     Contributed Capital          2,000 Ending cash balance  $    4,895     Retained earnings          9,105      Total liabilities and equity  $   27,261          

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Notes

All financial statements should be accompanied by notes which provide

the reader with supplemental

information about the financial condition and results of operations of

the company.

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Management Uses of Financial Statements

Marketing managers and credit managers use customers’ financial statements to decide

whether to extend credit.

Purchasing managers use suppliers’ financial statements to decide whether suppliers have the

resources to meet the demand for products.

Employees’ union and human resource managers use the company’s financial

statements as a basis for contract negotiations over pay rates.

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Summary of the Financial Statements

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Responsibilities for the Accounting Communication Process

Generally Generally Accepted Accepted

Accounting Accounting Principles Principles

(GAAP)(GAAP)

The Rules

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How are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Determined?

Our accounting system has a long and distinguished history. An

Italian monk named Luca Pacioli, published the first elements of

double-entry bookkeeping in 1494.

Prior to 1933, the management teams of most companies were largely free to choose their own

financial reporting practices.

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The The Securities and Exchange CommissionSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (SEC)has been given broad powers to determine has been given broad powers to determine

measurement rules for measurement rules for financial statements.financial statements.

The The Securities and Exchange CommissionSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (SEC)has been given broad powers to determine has been given broad powers to determine

measurement rules for measurement rules for financial statements.financial statements.

Securities Act of 1933Securities Act of 1933Securities and Exchange Act of 1934Securities and Exchange Act of 1934

Securities Act of 1933Securities Act of 1933Securities and Exchange Act of 1934Securities and Exchange Act of 1934

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

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Currently, the Currently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (FASB) is recognized as the body to formulate GAAP.is recognized as the body to formulate GAAP.Currently, the Currently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (FASB) is recognized as the body to formulate GAAP.is recognized as the body to formulate GAAP.

The SEC has worked closely with theThe SEC has worked closely with theaccounting profession toaccounting profession to

work out the detailed rules that havework out the detailed rules that havebecome known as GAAP.become known as GAAP.

The SEC has worked closely with theThe SEC has worked closely with theaccounting profession toaccounting profession to

work out the detailed rules that havework out the detailed rules that havebecome known as GAAP.become known as GAAP.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Companies incur the cost of preparing the financial statements and bear the

following economic consequences . . .

Effects on the selling price of stock. Effects on the amount of bonuses received by managers and other employees. Loss of competitive information to other companies.

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International PerspectiveInternational Financial Reporting Standards

Since 2002, there has been substantial movement toward the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Examples of jurisdictions requiring the use of IFRS either currently or by 2012 include:• European Union• Australia and New Zealand• Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, and South Korea• Israel and Turkey• Brazil and Chile• Canada and MexicoIn the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission now allows foreign companies whose stock is traded in the U.S. to use IFRS and is considering requiring the use of IFRS for U.S. domestic companies by 2014.

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To ensure the accuracy of the company’sfinancial information, management:

Maintains a system of controls. Hires outside independent auditors. Forms a committee of the board of directors to review these two safeguards.

Management Responsibility and the Demand for Auditing

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Auditors express an opinion as to the fairness of the financial statements.

Independent auditors have responsibilities that extend to the general public.

The PCAOB issues detailed auditing standards that auditors must follow.

Independent Auditors

Overall, I believethese financialstatements are

fairly stated.

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Independent Auditors

An audit involves . . .Examining the financial reports to

ensure compliance with GAAP.Examining the underlying

transactions incorporated into the financial statements.

Expressing an opinion as to the fairness of presentation of financial information.

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Ethics, Reputation, and Legal Liability

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants requires that all

members adhere to a professional code of ethics.

Code of

Ethics

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A CPA’s reputation for honesty and competence is his/her most important asset.

Like physicians, CPAs haveLike physicians, CPAs have

liability for malpractice.liability for malpractice.

Ethics, Reputation, and Legal Liability

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Supplement A: Types of Business Entities

Sole Proprietorship: owned by a single individual.

Partnership: owned by two or more individuals.

Corporation: ownership represented by shares of stock.

Sole Proprietorship: owned by a single individual.

Partnership: owned by two or more individuals.

Corporation: ownership represented by shares of stock.

Advantages of a Corporation

Limited liability

Continuity of life

Ease of transfer of ownership

Opportunity to raise large amounts of money

Disadvantage of a Corporation

Double taxation

Advantages of a Corporation

Limited liability

Continuity of life

Ease of transfer of ownership

Opportunity to raise large amounts of money

Disadvantage of a Corporation

Double taxation

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Supplement B: Employment in the Accounting Profession Today

Professional Professional DesignationsDesignations

CPA

CMA

CIA

Career Opportunities Career Opportunities Public AccountingPublic AccountingAudit and Assurance ServicesManagement Consulting ServicesTax ServicesEmployment by OrganizationsEmployment by OrganizationsInternal accountingExternal reportingTax planningVarious other functionsEmployment in the Public and Not-Employment in the Public and Not-for-Profit Sectorfor-Profit Sector

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End of Chapter 1