Post on 03-Jan-2016
LLNL-PRES-559814This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract
DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC
IAEA Small Quantities Protocol (SQP)Safeguards Policy Course – Monterey Institute of International Studies
June 2012Bill Moore
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LLNL-PRES-5598142
The Small Quantities Protocol (SQP) allows a NNWS that declares a lack of significant nuclear activity to hold in abeyance the implementation of most safeguards measures provided for in Part II of INFCIRC/153
A state is eligible for the SQP if it holds less than the amount of nuclear material that could be exempted from safeguards under Article 37 of INFCIRC/153 and no nuclear facilities
The SQP is an addendum to a states Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA)
What is the Small Quantities Protocol?
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The purpose of IAEA safeguards was verification of declared nuclear material in declared facilities
Many NNWS that ratified the NPT had no nuclear material and no nuclear activities
Limited budget and manpower within the IAEA required the development of a system to prioritize needs and reduce redundancy
Incentivize more States to join NPT by making the conclusion of a CSA less burdensome
Motivations for development of the SQP (1971 - 1974)
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1968 - Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) negotiated and ratified• Article III requires NNWS to enter into a safeguards
agreement with the IAEA
1971 - Model Safeguards Agreement approved by IAEA Board of Governors (INFCIRC/153)• The basis for negotiating Comprehensive Safeguards
Agreements (CSA) between IAEA and NNWS
History of the SQP
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1974 – “The Standard Text of Safeguards Agreements in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” (GOV/INF/276) was agreed upon by the BOG• A listing of changes that could be made to standard
INFCIRC/153 text.• The major substantive change was for NNWS that
declare no “significant nuclear activities”; they could adopt the Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276 Annex B)
History of the SQP (cont.)
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1991 – Discovery of Iraq’s clandestine nuclear weapons program drives IAEA towards adopting a strengthened safeguards regime
1997 – IAEA adopts the Model Additional Protocol (AP) INFCIRC/540
History of the SQP (cont.)
2005 IAEA adopts Modified Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276/Mod.1)
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1) Report nuclear material import / export
2) Provide design information for any existing nuclear facility
3) Provide notification to IAEA 6 months in advance of introducing nuclear material into a new facility
4) All provisions of Part II of CSA held in abeyance except articles 32, 33, 38, 41 and 90
What are the safeguards obligations for an SQP State?
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The initial declaration that a State might provide establishing its eligibility for an SQP may now be 25 years old
IAEA has no ability to verify that this initial declaration, if it exists, was or is still is true.
IAEA has no right to conduct inspections in SQP States *
IAEA has no easy mechanism to request further information
What are the shortcomings to the SQP?
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GOV/INF/276/Mod.1
Approved by BOG September, 2005
Purpose is to address the identified gaps in the original text
BOG agrees to only approve modified SQP going forward
The Modified Small Quantities Protocol
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1) Provide an initial nuclear materials declaration1) Annual reports required
2) Report nuclear material import / export1) Including pre-34c material
3) Provide design information for any existing nuclear facility
4) Provide notification to IAEA as soon as a decision is made to build a nuclear facility
5) As a result of a notification to the IAEA of a decision to build a nuclear facility, Modified SQP immediately ceases to apply
6) Holds in abeyance provisions of Part II of the CSA, with the exception of Articles 32-38, 40, 48, 49, 59, 61, 67, 68, 70, 72-76, 82, 84-90, 94 and 95
The Modified Small Quantities Protocol, what’s different?
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The increased authority of the IAEA to conduct safeguards inspections in Modified SQP States STILL relies on the initial declaration. If the facility and/or material is not declared in the initial declaration, the IAEA has no authority to conduct inspections
EXCEPTION: IAEA holds the ability to conduct a special inspection (INFCIRC/153 Part 1, Article 18)
A Reminder!
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1) Barbados
2) Belize
3) Bhutan
4) Bolivia
5) Brunei Darussalam
6) Cambodia
7) Cameroon
8) Dominica
9) Ethiopia
10) Grenada
11) Guyana
12) Lao P.D.R
13) Maldives
14) Myanmar
15) Nauru
16) Nepal
17) Oman
18) Papa New Guinea
19) St. Kitts & Nevis
20) Saint Lucia
21) St. V. & The Grandines
22) Samoa
23) Saudi Arabia
24) Sierra Leone
25) Solomon Islands
26) Sudan
27) Suriname
28) Tonga
29) Trinidad & Tobago
30) Tuvulu
31) Yemen
SQP States (As of 2012)
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1) Antigua and Barbados
2) Azerbaijan
3) The Bahamas
4) Bahrain
5) Benin
6) Burkina Fasso
7) Burundi
8) Cape Verde
9) Central African Republic
10) Chad
11) Comoros
12) Congo
13) Costa Rica
14) Croatia
15) Djibouti
16) Dominican Republic
17) Ecuador
18) El Salvador
19) Gambia
20) Guatemala
21) Guinea
22) Holy See
23) Honduras
24) Iceland
25) Kenya
26) Lebanon
27) Lesotho
28) Madagascar
29) Malawi
30) Mali
31) Mauritius
32) Monaco
33) Montenegro
34) Mozambique
35) Nicaragua
36) Palau
37) Panama
38) Qatar
39) Republic of Moldova
40) Rwanda
41) San Marino
42) Senegal
43) Seychelles
44) Singapore
45) Swaziland
46) Tajikistan
47) The F.Y.R. of Macedonia
48) Timor-Leste
49) Togo
50) Uganda
51) United Rep. of Tanzania
52) Vanuatu
53) Zimbabwe
Modified SQP States (As of 2012)
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1) Antigua and Barbados
2) Azerbaijan
3) The Bahamas
4) Bahrain
5) Benin
6) Burkina Fasso
7) Burundi
8) Cape Verde
9) Central African Republic
10) Chad
11) Comoros
12) Congo
13) Costa Rica
14) Croatia
15) Djibouti
16) Dominican Republic
17) Ecuador
18) El Salvador
19) Gambia
20) Guatemala
21) Guinea
22) Holy See
23) Honduras
24) Iceland
25) Kenya
26) Lebanon
27) Lesotho
28) Madagascar
29) Malawi
30) Mali
31) Mauritius
32) Monaco
33) Montenegro
34) Mozambique
35) Nicaragua
36) Palau
37) Panama
38) Qatar
39) Republic of Moldova
40) Rwanda
41) San Marino
42) Senegal
43) Seychelles
44) Singapore
45) Swaziland
46) Tajikistan
47) The F.Y.R. of Macedonia
48) Timor-Leste
49) Togo
50) Uganda
51) United Rep. of Tanzania
52) Vanuatu
53) Zimbabwe
Modified SQP States with an Additional Protocol (As of 2012)
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Since the adoption by the BOG in 2005 of the Modified SQP, the IAEA has exchanged letters with SQP States and held workshops to encourage engagement
As of 2012, 53 of 84 SQP NNWS have adopted the modified text
IAEA Outreach to SQP States
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QUESTIONS??