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Morphosyntactic Categories and Midterm PracticeLING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04

Meagan Louie

2013-10-25

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

Some Assignment 003 Notes

1 PDF!

2 Make sure your phonetic and phonological (phonemic and syllabic)analysis is based on an IPA transcription, not the orthography!

3 Provide evidence that X is a compound (or that it is not)

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology

Linguistics: The study of Language

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

Q: How do you know if something is a...

1. Noun

2. Verb

3. Adjective

4. Determiners and/or Quantifiers

5. Complementizer, Prepositions

6. Adverb

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

The traditional “semantic” or notional criteria (eg. a noun is a personplace or thing, a verb is an action/event, an adjective is a state) areproblematic. Why?

Because of examples like the following:

(1) a. Actions/Events: actionN, eventN, destructionN

b. States: illnessN, hungerN, intelligenceN

c. runN, runV

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

The traditional “semantic” or notional criteria (eg. a noun is a personplace or thing, a verb is an action/event, an adjective is a state) areproblematic. Why?

Because of examples like the following:

(1) a. Actions/Events: actionN, eventN, destructionN

b. States: illnessN, hungerN, intelligenceN

c. runN, runV

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria

Instead we’ll use formal/distributional criteria

- i.e., criteria relating to a word’s well-formedness/distribution inparticular morphological and syntactic environments

1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’treally have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced intosaying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’thave a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well asformally, distinct.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria

Instead we’ll use formal/distributional criteria

- i.e., criteria relating to a word’s well-formedness/distribution inparticular morphological and syntactic environments

1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’treally have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced intosaying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’thave a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well asformally, distinct.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria

Instead we’ll use formal/distributional criteria

- i.e., criteria relating to a word’s well-formedness/distribution inparticular morphological and syntactic environments

1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’treally have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced intosaying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’thave a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well asformally, distinct.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology baker-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } baker

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } baker

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment:

. X

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology cat-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } cat

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous }cat4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A

. X

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology enjoyment-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } enjoyment

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous }enjoyment

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. X

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology *ascertain-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { *The, a, every, my } ascertain

3. Preceded by adjectives { *red, hungry, ridiculous }ascertain4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A

. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for NounsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology *perpetuate-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { *The, a, every, my } perpetuate

3. Preceded by adjectives { *red, hungry, ridiculous }perpetuate4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A

. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past ascertain-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present ascertain-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have ascertain-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is ascertain-ingPROG

. X

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past perpetuate-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present perpetuate-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have perpetuate-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is perpetuate-ingPROG

. X

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past *cat-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present *cat-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have *cat-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is *cat-ingPROG

. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past *enjoyment-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present *enjoyment-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have *enjoyment-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is *enjoyment-ingPROG

. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

2. Can appear before or after adverbs. { quickly, slowly, angrily }texttexttext. texttexttext{ quickly, slowly, angrily }

(2) a. They slowly perpetuated the stereotype. Xb. They ascertained (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They angrily cat. ×d. *He happily enjoyment. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

2. Can appear before or after adverbs. { quickly, slowly, angrily }texttexttext. texttexttext{ quickly, slowly, angrily }

(2) a. They slowly perpetuated the stereotype. Xb. They ascertained (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They angrily cat. ×d. *He happily enjoyment. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

2. Can appear before or after adverbs. { quickly, slowly, angrily }texttexttext. texttexttext{ quickly, slowly, angrily }

(2) a. They slowly perpetuated the stereotype. Xb. They ascertained (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They angrily cat. ×d. *He happily enjoyment. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

3. Can appear after modal auxiliaries. { must, might, can, will }texttexttext

(3) a. They must perpetuate the stereotype. Xb. They will ascertain (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They might cat. ×d. *He can enjoyment. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

3. Can appear after modal auxiliaries. { must, might, can, will }texttexttext

(3) a. They must perpetuate the stereotype. Xb. They will ascertain (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They might cat. ×d. *He can enjoyment. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

3. Can appear after modal auxiliaries. { must, might, can, will }texttexttext

(3) a. They must perpetuate the stereotype. Xb. They will ascertain (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They might cat. ×d. *He can enjoyment. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”P very texttexttext

2. Can follow determiners and precede nounsP { The, a, every } texttexttextN

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphologyP texttexttext{ -er, -est }

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”P very texttexttext

2. Can follow determiners and precede nounsP { The, a, every } texttexttextN

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphologyP texttexttext{ -er, -est }

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”P very texttexttext

2. Can follow determiners and precede nounsP { The, a, every } texttexttextN

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphologyP texttexttext{ -er, -est }

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”P very texttexttext

2. Can follow determiners and precede nounsP { The, a, every } texttexttextN

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphologyP texttexttext{ -er, -est }

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”

2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology

4. Often formed by derivational suffixes -ish, -some

(4) a. The very hungry caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. Xb. *The very ascertain caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. ×c. *The very cat caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. ×d. *The very between caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English: Examples

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”

2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology

(5) a. hungry, hungri-er, hungri-est. Xb. ascertain, *ascertain-er, *ascertain-est. ×c. cat, *cat-er, *cat-est. ×d. between, *between-er, *between-est. ×

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s apreposition:

1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext

2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL

3. Precede determiners texttexttextthe, every, a

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s apreposition:

1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext

2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL

3. Precede determiners texttexttextthe, every, a

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s apreposition:

1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext

2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL

3. Precede determiners texttexttextthe, every, a

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s apreposition:

1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext

2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL

3. Precede determiners texttexttextthe, every, a

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English: Examples

(6) a. Right between the pages Xb. *between-ed, *between-s

(7) a. Right under the pages Xb. *under-ed, *under-s

(8) a. *Right cat the pages ×b. The cats

(9) a. *Right ascertain the pages ×b. ascertain-ed, *ascertain-s

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NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Some Caution Required

These diagnostics are language-specific.

For example, trying to use the presence or absence of pluralmorphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns inJapanese, Cantonese or Mandarin.

And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’tbe that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow thenoun.

Each language will have its own diagnostics.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Some Caution Required

These diagnostics are language-specific.

For example, trying to use the presence or absence of pluralmorphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns inJapanese, Cantonese or Mandarin.

And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’tbe that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow thenoun.

Each language will have its own diagnostics.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Some Caution Required

These diagnostics are language-specific.

For example, trying to use the presence or absence of pluralmorphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns inJapanese, Cantonese or Mandarin.

And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’tbe that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow thenoun.

Each language will have its own diagnostics.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Some Caution Required

These diagnostics are language-specific.

For example, trying to use the presence or absence of pluralmorphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns inJapanese, Cantonese or Mandarin.

And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’tbe that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow thenoun.

Each language will have its own diagnostics.

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

One of these things is not like the others...

1. Which sound is not like the others? Why not?(Your answer should refer to distinctive features)

(10) a. [p t k g P]

b. [i e E 2 æ]

c. [tS Z S dZ ô]

d. [p b m k f v]

e. [2 @ U a]

f. [h P x]

g. [l r m n N j w s]

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PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

Allophones or Phonemes?

2. Are [h] and [P] contrastive in Tagalog? If so, how do you know? Ifnot, how is their distribution conditioned? (i.e., in what contexts do youget [h], and in what contexts do you get [P] ?)

(11) a. [kahon] ’box’

b. [hariP] ’king’

c. [Pumagos] ’to flow’

d. [Pari] ’property’

e. [kaPon] ’to fetch’

f. [humagos] ’to paint’

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PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

Allophones or Phonemes?

3. Are [d] and [r] contrastive in Tagalog? If so, how do you know? If not, howis their distribution conditioned?

(12) a. [datiN] ’to arrive’

b. [dami] ’amount’

c. [dumi] ’to dirt’

d. [datariN] ’will arrive’

e. [mandurukot] ’pickpocket’

f. [daraPiN] ’will complain’

g. [marumi] ’dirty’

h. [marami] ’many’

i. [daPiN] ’to complain’

j. [mandukot] ’to go pickpocketing

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Practice Problems

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

Identifying Morphemes

(i) How do you form an adjective from a noun in Tagalog?

(ii) How do you form the future tense of a verb (will V) from the infinitiveform (to V)?

(13) a. [datiN] ’to arrive’

b. [dami] ’amount’

c. [dumi] ’to dirt’

d. [datariN] ’will arrive’

e. [mandurukot] ’pickpocket’

f. [daraPiN] ’will complain’

g. [marumi] ’dirty’

h. [marami] ’many’

i. [daPiN] ’to complain’

j. [mandukot] ’to go pickpocketing

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Practice Problems

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

Root Allomorphy in French (Dell & Selkirk 1978)

4. Identify allomorphs in the following data set. What conditions theallomorphy?

(14) a. [flœö] ”flower”

b. [sœl] ”alone”

c. [pœpl] ”people”

(15) a. [vE] ”idle”

b. [klEö] ”clear”

c. [mEö] ”sea”

d. [aföikE]”African”

(16) a. [flœöEt] ”small flower”

b. [sœlmA] ”only”

c. [pœplad] ”tribe”

(17) a. [vEnmA] ”in vain”

b. [eklEöe] ”to light”

c. [amEöiö ] ”to land onthe sea”

d. NA

(18) a. [flOöal] ”floral”

b. [sOlityd] ”solitude”

c. [pOpYlEö] ”popular”

(19) a. [vanite] ”vanity”

b. [klaöifje] ”to clarify”

c. [maöE ] ”sailor”

d. [aföikanist]”Africanist”

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

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Practice Problems

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

Verbal Nominalization in (written) Arabic

5. Describe how verbs are formed from nouns in the following data.

(20) a. [zayt] ”oil”

b. [bukla] ”buckle”

c. [turki:] ”Turk”

d. [tilifu:n] ”telephone”

e. [tilifiziu:n] ”television”

(21) a. [zayyata] ”to oil”

b. [bukkala] ”to buckle”

c. [tarraka] ”to Turkify”

d. [talfana] ”to telephone”

e. [talfaza] ”to televise”

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax