Lifestyle Diseases

Forrest Dolgener, Ph.D.

Professor

School Health, Physical Education and Leisure Services

Cardiovascular Diseases Incidence

• High Blood Pressure - 50,000,000

• Coronary Heart Disease - 13,900,000

• Stroke - 4,000,000

• Rheumatic fever/heart disease - 1,800,000

• More than 1 in 5 males and females have some form of CVD

Deaths from CVD

• Almost 1,000,000 deaths in 2005– CAD is #1 cause of death in US

– Stroke is #3 cause of death in US

• ~ 40% of all deaths• Since 1900, CVD has been the No. 1 killer in U.S• More than 2,600 Americans die each day from

CVD• CVD claims more lives than next 7 causes

Deaths from CVD

• Approximately half the deaths are females and half are males

• 36% of deaths occur prematurely (before age 75)

• If all forms of major cardiovascular disease were eliminated, life expectancy would rise by 10 years; If cancer were eliminated, life expectancy would rise 3 years.

HEART

BLOOD DISTRIBUTION AT REST

Coronary Heart Disease

• Single largest killer of males and females

• Almost 500,000 deaths per year

• Half die within 1 hour of onset of symptoms

• In 48% of men and 63% of women who die suddenly, there were no previous symptoms

Women and CHD

• Women suffer heart attacks an average 10 years later than men

• Since 1984, CVD has killed more women than men

• 1 in 2 women will die from CVD; 1 in 26 will die from breast cancer.

Unalterable Risk Factors

• Age

• Gender

• Heredity

Alterable Risk Factors

• Sedentary Life Style

• High Blood Pressure

• High Blood Cholesterol

• Smoking

• Diabetes Mellitus

Heart Attack Warning Signs

• Chest Discomfort (angina pectoris)

• Discomfort in other areas of upper body

• Shortness of breath

• Cold sweat

• Nausea

• Light headedness

Cholesterol Types & Values

• Major cholesterol types– High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)– Low Density Lipoportein (LDL)– Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

• Total Cholesterol = HLD + LDL + VLDL– TC < 200 mg/dl– LDL < 130 mg/dl

Risk Ratio (RR)

• RR = Total Cholesterol/HDL– if RR > 4.0 = increased risk– if RR < 4.0 = decreased risk

• You can lower your risk by either increasing HDL or decreasing TC or both

Risk Ratio Example

• Total Cholesterol = 250 mg/dl– HDL = 40 mg/dl– RR = 250/40 = 6.25 (risky)

• Total Cholesterol = 250 mg/dl– HDL = 65 mg/dl– RR = 3.8 (good)

Lowering Your Cholesterol

• Consume less saturated fat in the diet– eat lean meat and low fat dairyfoods– eat less processed foods– cook only with mono- or polyunsaturates

• Consume less cholesterol in the diet– eat lean meat and low fat dairy foods– use only vegetable oils (no tropical oils)

Hypertension

• Ideal pressure is < 120/80

• Hypertension is >140/90.

• Hypertension can be reduced by:– Regular exercise program– Reduced sodium intake– Drugs

CEREBRAL INFARCTION AND HEMORRHAGE

Infarction Hemorrhage

Stroke Warning Signs

• Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, especially on one side of body

• Sudden confusion, problems speaking or understanding

• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes• Sudden loss of coordination, trouble walking,

dizzy• Sudden severe headache with no known cause

Unalterable Stroke Risk Factors

• Age

• Heredity

• Race

• Gender

• Previous transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Alterable Stroke Risk Factors

• High Blood Pressure• Smoking• Diabetes Mellitus• High Cholesterol• Physical Inactivity• Obesity• Atrial fibrillation• Carotid or peripheral artery disease

Cancer

• Second leading cause of death

• Prostate - 334,000 (99%)

• Breast - 180,200 (97%)

• Lung - 178,000 (14%)

• Colon & Rectum - 131,200 (61%)

• Testicular - 7,200 (91%)

Early Warning Signs

• C - Change in bowel or bladder habits

• A - A sore throat that does not heal

• U - Unusual bleeding or discharge

• T - Thickening or lump

• I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

• O - Obvious change in wart or mole

• N - Nagging cough or hoarseness

Risk Factors

• Heredity

• Nutrition– high fat– low vegetables & fruits (anti-oxidants, fiber)

• Smoking

• Environment

• Sedentary Lifestyle

Causes of Skin Cancer

• Total amount of sun received

• Acute overexposure (sunburn)

• Most receive 80% of exposure by age 18

• 1 in 7 will develop some form of skin cancer in their lifetime

Tanning

• Tanning is the skin’s normal response to UV light

• Tanning is protective reaction to prevent further injury

• Tanning does not prevent skin cancer

Factors Determining UV Level

• UV light is greater today than in the past due to reduction in ozone layer

• The following increase UV light:– Altitude– Proximity to the equator– Less cloud cover

Risk Factors for Skin Cancer

• Genetics– Northern European heritage– Fair skin

• Environment– Geography– Sun Exposure

Types of Skin Cancer

• Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Most common form of cancer• Occurs in basal cells at the bottom of the

epidermis• Occurs most often in males• Occurs on most exposed areas: face, ears,

neck, scalp, shoulders, back• Rarely does it go deeper than epidermis and

metastasize

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Occurs in outer most cells of epidermis

• Second most common form of skin cancer

• Usually confined to epidermis but will eventually penetrate the underlying tissues and can metastasize.

• Most often occurs on exposed areas like basal cell carcinoma.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Melanoma

• Arises in melanocytes

• Most serious form of skin cancer

• Most rapidly increasing from of cancer

• Penetrates and metastasizes quickly

• Successful treatment dependent on early diagnosis.

Melanoma

Preventing Skin Cancer

• Minimize exposure to sun between hours of 10:00 am and 3:00 pm

• Apply SPF-15 sunscreen or higher when exposed

• Wear protective clothing & sun glasses• Avoid UV radiation from tanning beds• Protect your children!!• Examine skin head to toe every 3 months

Clinical Screenings

TEST Gender AGE Freq.

Sigmoidoscopy M & F >50 3-5

Fecal Blood M & F >50 yearly

Digital Rectal M & F >40 yearly

Prostate & PSA M >50 yearly

Mammography F 40? 1-2

Pap Test F >18 yearly

Top 10 Ways to Avoid Cancer

• Don’t smoke or chew

• Check your house for radon

• Perform regular BSE and TSE

• Females get annual pap test

• Get regular clinical screenings when age appropriate

Top 10 Continued

• Avoid sunburns

• Eat lots of vegetables

• Eat low fat

• Eat moderate protein

• Exercise

Diabetes Mellitus

• Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism due to lack of insulin or decreased insulin sensitivity

• Type I - insulin-dependent (IDDM)

• Type II - non-insulin dependent (NIDDM)

Symptoms of Diabetes

• Thirst

• Fatigue & Weakness

• Weight Loss

• Hunger

• Overeating

• Blurred Vision

Risk Factors for Diabetes

• Heredity

• Age

• Obesity

• Physical Inactivity

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Diabetes Risk and Obesity

Risk

Benefits of Exercise

• Helps control weight

• Has an insulin-like effect

• May reduce the requirement for insulin

Osteoporosis

• Disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue

• Increases rate of bone fractures and skeletal abnormalities

Factors Affecting Peak Bone Mass

• Heredity

• Mechanical

• Gender

• Nutrition

• Endocrine

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

• Age• Gender• Race• Skeletal structure• Menopause/menstrual history• Lifestyle• Family history• Medications & Diseases

Bone Mass and Activity

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