CORSO DI PALETNOLOGIAA.A. 2012-13

LEZIONE 23 OTTOBRE 2012

Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783)

Denis Diderot(1713-1784 )

Erasmus Darwin

THE LUNAR SOCIETY1765-1791

Joseph Priestly

Josiah WedgewoodJames Watt

Matthew Boulton

ADAM SMITH1723-1790

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Carl Nilsson Linnaeus1707-1778

La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi

Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753 della nomenclatura binomiale nel sistema di classificazione delle piante e degli animali. Con questo metodo tassonomico a ciascun organismo sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed è uguale per tutte le specie che condividono alcuni caratteri principali (nomen genericum); il secondo termine designa la Specie propriamente detta (nome triviale o nome specifico).La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme; precedentemente alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema di nomenclatura era semplicemente basato su un'estesa descrizione di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri distintivi ritenuti di rilievo, in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni classificatore.

Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster)

Dominio Eukaryota

Regno Animalia

Phylum Arthropoda

Classe Insecta

Ordine Diptera

Famiglia Drosophilidae

Genere Drosophila

Specie D. melanogaster

Alexander von Humboldt1769-1859

Humboldt & Bonpland: viaggi di esplorazione nell’America Spagnola 1799-1804

Humboldt e Bonpland sull’ Orinoco (1800)Humboldt e Bonpland al Chimborazo (1802)

da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807. CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador

Ernst Haeckel 1834 - 1919

LA ROTONDA DELLA

BRITISH LIBRARY

IL GRANDE SCIOPERO DI CHICAGO1 MAGGIO 1884

Morgan, Henry (1818-1881)American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian ofprimitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, publishedin London in 1877, which was the inspiration for F. Engels' TheOrigins of the Family and State, appeared seven years later.

ORIGINE E DIFFUSIONE DELLA SCRITTURA

CUNEIFORME

CINESE

EGIZIANO GEROGLIFICO

LATINO

GUSTAV KOSSINNA1858-1932

VÖLKERWANDERUNG

KULTURKREISE

VENCE GORDON CHILDE1892-1857

INNOVATION & SUBSIDY

DIVISIONS OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES

GENDER and AGE

HOUSEHOLD TEAMS LONG-RANGE TEAMS

SEASONS

WINTER SUMMER

TRANSITIONS

W S S W

NOTE: Transitions indicate the periods when the groupmoves between Winter and Summer quarters andback. By camping in strategic locations many collateral resources could be exploited during the journey from decentralized ecological niches,along different optional pathways. Target-orientedsurvey works have made possible to detect thesesmaller campsites in different parts of the world.

SMALL HUNTING& FISHING

COLLECTINGPLANTS

FUEL

SMALLER ANIMALS

HONEY

STOCKING

BIRDS

MOLLUSCSREPTILES

INSECTS

CRUSTACEANS

TRAPPING

KEEPING OF ANIMALS

&CUBS

TRANSFORMATIONS& FOOD PROCESSING

BIGHUNTING

BIGFISHING

COLLECTINGOF DISTANTRESOURCES

EXCHANGE& TRADING

PROTECTION& SCOUTING

CAPTUREOF ANIMALS & CUBS

NOTE: Household Teams exploit the surroundingsof residential sites, moving in radical directions withDaylight trips to collect a broad spectrum of resources tomeet standard food and fuel requirements. Within the site they work continuously looking after all material needs of the group,including the keeping of stocks and reserves.

NOTE: Long Range Teams exploit different environmental niches in local and distant territories, including food resources from big game as well as materials required for the making of tools, ornaments, rituals and processing of foods (e.g. salt). Higher mobility implies their primary involvement in scouting, exchanges and transport. Since their work is far more discontinuous than the Household Teams, LRT have longer idleperiods in between that can be invested in political negotiations, ideologicalelaborations ritual performances, and eventually new manufacturing activities.