Transcript of Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Meeting Ecological Challenges Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering 15.1...
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Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering 15.1 Selective Breeding 15.1
Selective Breeding
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Selective Breeding only organisms with characteristics reproduce.
Two Types o
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Hybridization Hybridization - crossing individuals to mix best of
both. Hybrids are often than the parents. Ex: Crossing
disease-resistant plants with productive plants. Ex: Horse + donkey
= mule
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall - breeding individuals with
characteristics. Adv: characteristics Disadv: Increases chances for
genetic. Inbreeding
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Increasing Variation using technological processes on living
organisms. breeding is one form of biotechnology important in
agriculture and medicine, but there are many others.
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Increasing Variation Breeders can increase genetic variation by
introducing. Ex: Oil-digesting bacteria (sets of chromosomes)
plants are larger and stronger than their diploid relatives.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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15.1 Review 1.What are the two types of selective breeding? 2.What
is the difference between the two types? 3.What are two ways to
increase variation? 4.What does polyploidy mean?
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Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering 15.2 Recombinant DNA 15.2
Recombinant DNA
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THINK ABOUT IT Suppose you have an electronic game you want to
change. Knowing that the game depends on a coded program in a
computer microchip, youd need a way to get the existing program out
of the microchip, read the program, make the changes you want, and
put the modified code back into the microchip. What does this
scenario have to do with genetic engineering? Just about
everything.
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Copying DNA 1. Extract DNA. 2. enzymes Cut DNA into fragments. 3.
chain reaction ( ) used to copy DNA fragments.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction 1. DNA strands. 2.Add DNA to make DNA
copies. 3.Use copies to make more copies.
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Combining DNA Fragments It can be beneficial to DNA from different
organisms. A gene from one organism that is combined with the DNA
of another organism.
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Plasmids and Genetic Markers We can transform bacteria using.
Plasmids - circular molecules in bacteria.
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Plasmids and Genetic Markers marker a gene used to only desired
bacteria.
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Transgenic Organisms organism containing genes from. - An organism
with recombinant DNA
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Cloning - a identical copy First clone - In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned
a sheep called Dolly.
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Cloning Animal cloning uses a procedure called nuclear
transplantation. 1. Nucleus of egg is. 2. Egg is with cell. 3. Egg
is placed in foster.
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15.2 Review 1.What do restriction enzymes do? 2.What is the process
of copying DNA (abbrv.)? 3.When DNA from two different organisms is
combined, what is it called? 4.If we wanted to isolate specific
bacteria, what would we use?
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15.1/15.2 Review Each group must pick one of the following to
explain. One person in each group must explain their topic: A.What
is selective breeding? What are the two types (and give examples).
B.What are two ways breeders increase variation? Explain them.
C.What are the three steps of copying DNA? D.What are the three
steps of PCR? E.What are the three steps of cloning? F.What is the
difference between the terms recombinant and transgenic?
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- Chapter 15: Genetic Engineering Section 15-3: Applications of
Genetic Engineering
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- Agriculture and Industry Genetic engineering could give us:
expensive food nutritious food manufacturing
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- GM Crops Crops resistance to herbicides, rot, and spoilage GM
Animals milk, more meat, and leaner meat. Clone to endangered
species.
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- Treating Disease Use DNA to make proteins Insulin,
blood-clotting factor, cancer-fighting proteins changing a gene to
treat a medical disease.
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- Treating Disease Very Need a more way to insert working genes
Make sure its not
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- DNA Microarray Not gene is active the time DNA measures
activity level of genes Colored tags label source of DNA Red spots
= more cancer mRNA Green spots = more normal mRNA Yellow spots =
both
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- Personal Identification analyzes sections of DNA with little/no
function, but that vary widely.
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- Forensic Science = study of crime scene evidence Uses DNA
fingerprinting to crimes, overturn convictions
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- 15.3 Review 1. What does GM stand for? Name benefits. 2. What
is gene therapy? 3. What measures gene activity? 4. What does DNA
fingerprinting look at? 5. Why does DNA fingerprinting work?
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- Lesson Overview 16.1 Darwins Voyage of Discovery
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- Darwins Epic Journey Developed scientific theory explaining how
organisms evolved over long periods of through descent from
ancestors
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- Darwins Epic Journey (cont.) -Three distinctive patterns of
diversity: (1) Species vary (2) Species vary (3) Species vary.
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- Species Vary Globally -Different but species live in habitats
around the globe. Rhea of SA Emu of Australia Ostrich of
Africa
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- Species Vary Locally -Different, yet related, species occupy
different within a area. -Ex: Galapagos Islands which are close
together but have different ecological conditions which lead to
very distinct giant tortoises.
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- Species Vary Locally (cont.) Ex. Darwins Finches structure
varied depending on their.
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- Species Vary Over Time - - preserved remains of ancient
organisms. -Some fossils were to species.
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- Putting the Pieces of the Puzzle Together -The evidence
suggested species could by process.
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- Review 16.1 1.What theory states organisms evolved over time
from a common ancestor? 2.What were three ways Darwin found species
vary? 3.Species can change by ________________ processes.
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- Lesson Overview 16.2 Ideas That Shaped Darwins Thinking
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- An Ancient, Changing Earth Uniformitarianism - Processes that
changed Earth in the continue to operate in the.
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- Lamarcks Evolutionary Hypotheses proposed organisms change
during their lifetimes by parts of their bodies. Acquired
characteristics. Suggested these traits could be on to offspring
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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- Evaluating Lamarcks Hypotheses Lamarcks hypotheses were.
Evolution species becomes Acquired traits be passed on to
offspring.
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- Artificial Selection selection - nature provides variations,
but humans to pass on. Breeders do this for animals and plants.
Recognized variation provided raw materials for evolution.
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- Review 16.2 1.The process that changes Earth both in the past
and present is called 2.Whos ideas about evolution were incorrect?
3.Why were his ideas incorrect? 4.What is artificial
selection?
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- Lesson Overview 16.3 Darwin Presents His Case
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- When does natural selection occur? for existence Variation and
Survival of the
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- The Struggle for Existence When more individuals are than can
survive, members must to obtain food, living space, and other
necessities of life.
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- Variation and Adaptation - Characteristic that ability to
survive. Ex: Camouflage, sharper claws, efficiency, behaviors
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- Survival of the Fittest ability to survive and in its
environment. High fitness - Individuals well-suited to environment
and can reproduce Low fitness - Individuals not well-suited to
environment and die without reproducing or leave few offspring of
the Individual with the highest fitness will survive.
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- Natural Selection selection - organisms with variations for the
environment survive. not breederinfluences fitness. Populations
change as they become better adapted, or as environment
changes.
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- Natural Selection Example 1.Grasshoppers can lay 200 eggs at a
time, but survive to reproduce. 2.Variation includes yellow and
green body. Which color is adaptation? 3.Green grasshoppers =
higher = survive & reproduce 4.Green grasshoppers more common
because higher fitness in this environment Green
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- Natural Selection Natural selection does not make organisms .
Natural selection doesnt move in a direction. Changes to fit
environment. If organism cannot adapt, could go extinct.
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- Common Descent Evolution suggests - all life descended from
ancient common ancestors. living species descended, with
modification, from common ancestors.
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- Review 16.3 1.What three things happen for natural selection to
occur? 2.Characteristic that increases ability to survive 3.What
does fitness mean? 4.Natural selection can change based on the
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- Lesson Overview 16.4 Evidence of Evolution
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- Biogeography - study of where organisms live and where their
ancestors lived in the.
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- The Age of Earth -Geologists use dating to indicate that Earth
is about 4.5 billion years old.
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- Recent Fossil Finds -Paleontologists have discovered many
believed to be stages.
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- Comparing Anatomy and Embryology By Darwins time, scientists
had noted that all vertebrate limbs had the same basic.
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- Homologous and Analgous Structures structures - shared common
structures - shared common Ex: The wing of a bee and wing of a
bird
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- Homologous or Analogous??
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- Vestigial Structures structures inherited structures with
little to. Ex: Wings of penguin, ostrich, etc. As scientists learn
more, many parts thought to be vestigial actual have function. Ex:
Tonsils, coccyx
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- Embryology Embryos of organisms develop in ways Used as
evidence of common ancestor. Only so many ways to do the same
thing.
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- Lifes Common Genetic Code All living cells use coded in. There
are also homologous. Some Hox genes are found in most multicellular
animals
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- Review 16.4 1.Difference between homologous and analogous?
2.___________________ fossils link past and present organisms.
3.What is a vestigial structure? 4.All living cells use what for
information?