Post on 24-Jan-2017
+
Learning to use math in science Edward Redish
Department of Physics University of Maryland USA
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Outline n Mathematics is an essential competency
for learning physics n Math as the language of physics:
Mathematics in a physics context is not the same language as it is in a pure math context
n Making meaning with mathematics n Mathematics as a way of knowing in physics n Case study:
Implications for interdisciplinary instruction n Conclusions
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+Mathematics A critical competency for learning physics
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Mathematics in physics and scientific epistemology
n Scientific thinking is all about epistemology – deciding what we know and how we know it.
n In physics, mathematics became closely tied with our epistemology beginning in ~1700.
n Mathematics plays a significant role in physics instruction, even in introductory classes. (Not always in a good way, however.)
n We don’t just calculate with math, we “make meaning” with it, think with it, and use it to create new physics.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Unpacking ...
n As physics students learn the culture of physics and grow from novice to expert, many have trouble bridging what they learn in math with how we use math in physics .
n Many instructors are distressed and confused when our students succeed in math classes but fail to use those same tools effectively in physics.
n For those of us who practice physics, either as teachers or researchers, our knowledge of physics is deeply blended with mathematics.
n We may find it hard to unpack our blended knowledge and understand what students find difficult.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+... Using Physics Education Research n My research group has been studying maths
in physics at the university level for ~20 years in many contexts. n Engineering students in introductory physics n Physics majors in advanced classes n Biology students in introductory classes, both with mixed populations
and in a specially designed class for bio and pre-med students.
n Data (mostly qualitative) n Videos of problem-solving interviews n Ethnographic data of students solving real HW problems
in real classes, either alone or in groups. n Some multiple-choice questions on exams or with clickers.
n Theory n Resources Framework* – built on ideas from education, psychology,
neuroscience, sociology, and linguistics research
October 19, 2015 University of Washington * Redish, “How should we think about how our students think?”, Am. J. Phys. 82(2014) 537-551.
+Different languages Math in physics is not the same as math in math
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ We often say that “mathematics is the language of physics”, but...
n What physicists do with maths is different from what mathematicians do with it.
n Mathematicians and physicists load meaning onto symbols differently and this has profound implications.*
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
* Redish & Kuo, “Language of physics, language of math”, Sci. & Ed 25:5-6 (2015) 561-590.
+ Our processing of equations is more complex than in a math class.
n We link our equations with physical systems — which adds information on how to interpret the equation
n We use symbols that carry extra information not otherwise present in the mathematical structure of the equation
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Examples: Units & SigFigs n What are we doing
when we specify the “units” of a quantity? n We are identifying our symbol not just as a number but as
a measurement – that brings physical properties along with it.
n What about significant figures?Why do we bother talking about them now that we have calculators? n When we multiply 5.42 x 8.73 in a 6th grade arithmetic
class we want something different from what we want when we are measuring the area of a (5.42 cm) x (8.73 cm) sheet of silicon.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
In math terms, we are determining which irreducible representation of the 3-parameter scaling group SxSxS it transforms by.
Since every measurement has an uncertainty, it propagates to the product, leaving many digits shown by the calculator as “insignificant figures”.
+ Example: Functional dependence A very small charge q0 is placed at a point somewhere in space. Hidden in the region are a number of electrical charges. The placing of the charge q0 does not result in any change in the position of the hidden charges. The charge q0 feels a force, F. We conclude that there is an electric field at the point where q0 is placed that has the value E0 = F/q0.
If the charge q were replaced by a charge –3q0, then the electric field at the point would be
a) Equal to –E0 b) Equal to E0 c) Equal to –E0/3 d) Equal to E0/3 e) Equal to some other value not given here. f) Cannot be determined from the information given. October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Nearly half of 200 students chose this answer.
Given in lecture in algebra-based physics .
+ Huh?
n The topic had been discussed in lecture and students had read text materials showing a mathematical derivation.
n When asked, most students could cite the result, “The electric field is independent of the test charge that measures it.”
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
!E !r( ) =
!Fq0Enet
q0
+ What’s going on?
n Many students treated the physics as a pure math problem:
If A = B/C what happens to A if C is replaced by -3C?
n They ignored the fact that F here is not a fixed constant, but represents the force felt by charge q0 and therefore depends on the value of q0.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Example: Lots of parameters
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
When a small organism is moving through a fluid, it experiences both viscous and inertial drag.
The viscous drag is proportional to the speed and the inertial drag to the square of the speed. For small spherical objects, the magnitudes of these two forces are given by the following equations:
Fv = 6πµRvFi = CρR
2v2
For an organism (of radius R) is there ever a speed for which these two forces have the same magnitude?
Given as a discussion question in a class for introductory physics for bio students. (A year of calculus was a pre-requisite for the class.)
+ Many students were seriously confused and didn’t know what to do next.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n “Should I see if I can find all the numbers on the web?”
n “I don’t know how to start.” n “Well, it says ‘Do they ever have the same magnitude?’
How do you think you ought to start?
n “Set them equal?” n “OK. Do it.”
n “I don’t know what all these symbols mean.” n “Well everything except the velocity are constants
for a particular object in a particular situation.”
n ....[concentrating for almost a minute...] “Oh! So if I write it .... Av = Bv2... Wow! Then it’s easy!”
+ Making meaning with mathematics It’s done differently in physics and math!
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ The structure
n Our examples suggest that the critical difference in maths as pure mathematics and maths in a physics context is the blending of physical and mathematical knowledge.
n How does this work?
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ The structure of mathematical modeling:
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
• Often these all happen at once – intertwined. (the diagram is not meant to imply an algorithmic process)
• In physics classes, processing is often stressed and the remaining elements shortchanged or ignored.
+In physics, math integrates with our physics knowledge and does work for us
n It lets us carry out chains of reasoning that are longer than we can do in our head, by using formal and logical reasoning represented symbolically n Calculations n Predictions n Summary and description of data n Development of theorems and laws
n Our math also codes for conceptual knowledge n Functional dependence n Packing concepts n Epistemology
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Functional dependence
n Fick’s law of diffusion
n The Hagen-Poiseuille equation for fluid flow in a cylindrical pipe
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Δr2 = 6DΔt
ΔP = 8µLπR4
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟Q
From a course in physics for biology and life-science students. These functional dependences have profound implications for biology.
+ Packing Concepts into Equations: Equations as a conceptual organizer
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
aA =FAnet
mA
Force is what you have to pay attention to when considering motion
What matters is the sum of the forces
on the object being considered
The total force is “shared” to all parts of the object
These stand for 3 equations that are independently true for each direction.
You have to pick an object to pay attention to
Forces change an object’s velocity
Total force (shared over the parts of the mass) causes an object’s velocity to change
When we just write “F=ma” our students often miss the rich set of conceptual associations hidden in the equations and mis-use them.
+ A theoretical structure for analyzing these ideas:
n In physics, we “make physical meaning” with maths. How does that work?
n In physics, maths are a critical piece of how we decide we know something (our epistemology). How does that work?
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ What does “meaning” mean? Some advice from cognitive science
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+What does “meaning” mean? n Draw on cognitive semantics – the study of
the meaning of words in the intersection of cognitive science and linguistics. Some key ideas:
1. Embodied cognition – Meaning is grounded in physical experience.
2. Encyclopedic knowledge – Webs of associations build meaning.
3. Contextualization – Meaning is constructed dynamically in response to perceived context.
4. Blending – New knowledge can be created by combining and integrating distinct mental spaces.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Mathematical meaning in math
n One way embodiment allows math to feel meaningful is with symbolic forms*: associating symbol structure with relations abstracted from (embodied) physical experience n Parts of a whole: ☐ = ☐ + ☐ + ☐ ... n Base + change: ☐ = ☐ + △ n Balancing: ☐ = ☐
n A second way maths build meaning is through association via multiple mathematical representations n Equations n Numbers n Graphs
October 19, 2015 University of Washington * Sherin, Cog. & Instr, 19 (2001) 479-541.
+ Mathematical meaning in physics n Physicists tend to make meaning
of mathematical symbology by associating symbols with physical measurements.
n This allows connections to physical experience and associations to real world knowledge.
n Examples: n Symbolic quantities in physics often have units,
meaning they are different types of quantities that cannot be added or equated. (time ≠ space)*
n Quantities may be considered as variables or constants depending on what problem is being considered.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
* However, there is context dependence! (How far is it from Seattle to Olympia? About an hour.)
+ Example: A vector line integral* n A square loop of wire is
centered on the origin and oriented as in the figure. There is a space-dependent magnetic field
n If the wire carries a current, I, what is the net force on the wire?
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
!B = B0yk
* Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics (Addison-Wesley, 1999).
From a video of two physics majors working together to solve a problem in a third-year E&M course.
+ Two paths to a solution
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n Student B n I’m pretty sure they
want us to do the vector line integral around the loop.
n It’s pretty
straightforward. n The sides do cancel,
but I get the top and bottom do too, so the answer is zero.
!F = I d
!L ×!B
"#∫
n Student A n Huh! Looks pretty
simple – like a physics 1 problem.
n The sides cancel so I can just do on the top and bottom where B is constant.
n Gonna get
!F = I
!L ×!B
!F = IL2B0 j
What do you think happened next?
+ No argument! n Student A immediately folded his cards
in response to student B’s more mathematically sophisticated reason and agreed she must be right.
n Both students valued (complex) mathematical reasoning (where they could easily make a mistake) over a simple (and compelling) argument that blended math and physics reasoning.
n The students expectations that the knowledge in the class was about learning to do complex math was supported by many class activities.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Analyzing mathematics as a way of knowing Epistemological resources
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Example 3: A rocket is taken from a point A to a point B near a mass m. Consider two(unrealistic) paths 1 and 2 as shown. Calculate the work done by the mass on the rocket on each path. Use the fundamental definition of the work
not potential energy. Mathematica may or may not be helpful. Feel free to use it if you choose (though it is not necessary for the calculations required).
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
From a video of three physics majors working together to solve a problem in a third-year Math Methods course.The problem is intended to show how the path independence of work comes about for conservative forces.
+ What’s happening? n During this discussion three students
are talking at cross purposes.
n They are each looking for different kinds of “proofs” than the others are offering.
n They use different kinds of reasons (warrants*) to support their arguments.
n Eventually, they find mutual agreement – after about 15 minutes of discussion!
October 19, 2015 University of Washington * S. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument (Cambridge UP, 1958)
+ S1: what’s the problem? You should get a different answer from here for this... (Points to each path on diagram) S2: No no no S1: They should be equal? S2: They should be equal S1: Why should they be equal? This path is longer if you think about it. (Points to two-part path) S2: Because force, err, because work is path independent. S1: Well, OK, well is this— what was the answer to this right here?( Points to equation) S2: Yeah, solve each integral numerically S1: Yeah, what was that answer? ...
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
S1: Matching physical intuition with the
math
S2: Relying on a
remembered theorem
+ I’ll compare it to the number of...OK, the y-one is point one five. S1: I, just give me the, just sum those up... I just want the whole total... this total quantity there... (Points to integrals again) S2: Oh, it was point four. S3: No, that’s the other one [direct path]. S1: you gave it to me before, I just didn’t write it down. S3: Oh I see, point, what, point six one eight S1: See, point six one eight, which is what I said, the work done here should be larger S2: No, no no, no no no S3: the path where the x is changing S2: Work is path independent. S1: How is it path independent? S2: by definition S3: Somebody apparently proved this before we did...
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
1r2dr
2
3 2
∫ = 1y2 + 9
dy1
3
∫ + 1x2 +1
dx1
3
∫
S3: Trusting the
mathematical calculation
+Analytic tools for studying epistemology
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n Epistemological resources* n Generalized categories
of “How do we know?” warrants.
n Epistemological framing** n The process of deciding what e-resources
are relevant to the current task. (NOT necessarily a conscious process.)
n Epistemological stances n A coherent set of e-resources
often activated together
*Bing & Redish, Phys. Rev. ST-PER 5 (2009) 020108; 8 (2012) 010105. ** Hammer, Elby, Scherr & Redish, in Transfer of Learning (IAP, 2004)
+ Careful!
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n These are NOT intended to describe distinct mental structures. Rather, we use them to emphasize different aspects of what may be a unitary process: activating a subset of the knowledge you have to a particular situation. n Warrant – focuses on a specific argument, typically using
particular elements of the current context. (“Since the path integral of a conservative force is path independent, these two integrals will have the same value.”)
n Resource – focuses on the general class of warrant being used. (“You can trust the results in a reliable source such as a textbook.”)
n Framing – focuses attention on the interaction between cue and response. (You decide you need to carry out a calculation.)
+Some physics e-resources
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Knowledgeconstructed
from experience and perception (p-prims)
is trustworthy
Algorithmic computational steps lead to a trustable
result
Information from an authoritative
source can be trusted
A mathematical symbolic representation faithfully
characterizes some feature of the physical or geometric
system it is intended to represent.
Highly simplified examples can yield
insight into complex mathematical
representations
Physical intuition (experience & perception)
Calculationcan be trusted
By trusted authority
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
Value of toy models
There are powerful principles that can be
trusted in all situations
Fundamental laws
IntroPhysicscontext
Except for the first, each of these often involve math.
+ An a meta-epistemological result: Coherence
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
CoherenceMultiple ways of
knowing applied to the same situation
should yield the same result
+ Consider previous examples in this language
E = F/q
q à -3q
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Calculationcan be trusted
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
Calculationcan be trusted
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
By trusted authority
Calculationcan be trusted
+Epistemological framing n Depending on how students interpret
the situation they are in, and on their learned expectations, they may not think to call on resources they have and are competent with.
n This can take many forms: n “I’m not allowed to use a calculator on this exam.” n “It’s not appropriate to include diagrams or equations
in an essay question.” n “This is a physics class. He can’t possibly expect me
to know any chemistry.”
n This can coordinate strongly with affective responses.
n This becomes particularly important when students and faculty choose different ways of knowing.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ The language of epistemology
n This language provides nice classifications of reasoning – both what we are trying to teach and what students actually do.
n But can it provide any guidance for instructional design?
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ Case Study: Implications for interdisciplinary instruction
Lessons from NEXUS/Physics
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+ NEXUS/Physics: An introductory course for life science majors n Create prototype materials
n An inventory of open-source instructional modules that can be shared nationally .
n Interdisciplinary n Coordinate instruction
in biology, chemistry, physics, and maths. n Competency based
n Teach generalized scientific skills so that it supports instruction in the other disciplines.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
* Redish et al., NEXUS Physics: An interdisciplinary repurposing of physics for biologists, Am. J. Phys. 82:5 (2014) 368-377. http://www.nexusphysics.umd.edu
+Epistemological resources
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Knowledgeconstructed
from experience and perception (p-prims)
is trustworthy
Physical intuition (experience & perception)
Information from an authoritative
source can be trusted
By trusted authority
The historical fact of natural selection leads
to strong structure-function relationships
in living organisms
Many distinct components of
organisms need to be identified
Comparison of related organisms yields
insight
Learning a large vocabulary
is useful
Categorization and classification
(phylogeny)
There are broad principles that govern
multiple situationsHeuristics
Living organisms are complex and require multiple
related processes to maintain life
Life is complex(system thinking)
Function implies structure
IntroBiologycontext
In intro bio, typically none of these often involve math.
Redish & Cooke, Learning each other’s ropes, CBE-LSE. 12 (2013) 175-186.
+ Missing!
n These are critical components woven deeply into every physics class!
n These are not only weak or missing in many bio students, they see them as contradicting resources they value.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Value of toy models
Fundamental laws
Life is complex(system thinking)
Function implies structure
+ This demands some dramatic changes! n We cannot take for granted that students
will value toy models. We have to justify their use.
n We cannot take for granted that students will understand or appreciate the power of principles like conservation laws (energy, momentum, charge). We have to teach the idea explicitly.
n We have to create situations in which students learn to see the value of bringing in physics-style thinking with biology-style thinking in order to gain biological insights. (“Biologically authentic” examples)
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+Disciplinary epistemological framing: Discussion – Why do bilayers form?
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Prompt: How can phospholipids spontaneously self-assemble into a lipid bilayer?
+Disciplinary epistemologies
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n Hollis: “in terms of bio, the reason why it forms a bilayer is because polar molecules need to get from the outside to the inside”
n Cindy: “if it’s hydrophobic and interacting with water, then it's going to create a positive Gibb's free energy, so it won't be spontaneous and that’s bad..[proceeds to unpack in terms of positive (energetic) and negative (entropic) contributions to the Gibbs free energy equation.]”
n Hollis: I wasn't thinking it in terms of physics. And you said it in terms of physics, so it matched with biology.
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
Function implies structure
Satisfaction(smile,
fist pump)
+
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
IntroPhysicscontext
IntroBiologycontext
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
Teleology justifies
mechanismSatisfaction(smile,
fist pump)
Interdisciplinary coherence
seeking
“Interdisciplinary coherence” – • Coordinated resources from
intro physics and biology • Blended context • Positive affect
+ Epistemological stances – “Go-to” e-framings
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n Both students and faculty may have developed a pattern of choosing particular combinations of e-resources.
n The epistemological stances first chosen by physics instructors and physics students may be dramatically different – even in the common context of a physics class.
+
The figure shows the PE of two interacting atoms as a function of their relative separation. If they have the total energy shown by the red line, is the force between the atoms when they are at the separation marked C attractive or repulsive?
C
B A Total energy
r
Potential Energy
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Example: Epistemological stances
Given as a discussion question in a class for introductory physics for bio students. (A year of calculus was a pre-requisite for the class.)
+ How two different professors explained it when students got stuck.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n Remember! (or here)
n At C, the slope of the U graph is positive.
n Therefore the force is negative – towards smaller r.
n So the potential represents an attractive force when the atoms are at separation C.
F = −
∇U F = − dU
dr
This figure was not actually drawn on the board by either instructor.
+Wandering around the class while students were considering the problem, I got a good response using a different approach.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n Think about it as if it were a ball on a hill. Which way would it roll? Why?
n What’s the slope at that point?
n What’s the force?
n How does this relate to the equation
F = − dUdr
+ A conflict between the epistemological stances of instructor and student can make teaching more difficult.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
Calculationcan be trusted
By trusted authority
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
Physical intuition (experience & perception)
Physical mapping to math
(Thinking with math)
Mathematical consistency
(If the math is the same, the analogy is good.)
Physics instructors seem most comfortable beginning with familiar equations – which we use not only to calculate with, but to code and remind us of conceptual knowledge.
Most biology students lack the experience blending math and conceptual knowledge, so they are more comfortable beginning with physical intuitions.
+ Teaching physics standing on your head
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n For physicists, math is the “go to” epistemological resource – the one activated first and the one brought in to support intuitions and results developed in other ways.
n For biology students, the math is decidedly secondary. Structure/function relationships tend to be the “go to” resource.
n Part of our goal in teaching physics to second year biologists is to improve their understanding of the potential value of mathematical modeling. This means teaching it rather than assuming it.
+ Mathematics as a way of knowing Epistemological resources
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
+Analytic tools for studying math in physics
October 19, 2015 University of Washington
n The structure of mathematical modeling n The conceptual components of blending physical
and mathematical knowledge.
n Epistemological resources n Generalized categories of “How do we know?” warrants.
n Epistemological framing n The process of deciding what e-resources are relevant to
the current task. (NOT necessarily a conscious process.)
n Epistemological stances n A coherent set of e-resources often activated together
+ Conclusion n An analysis of how math is used
in physics, including both an unpacking of what professionals do and an analysis of how students respond, can give insight into student difficulties reasoning with math.
n Such an analysis has implications for how we understand what our students are doing, what we are actually trying to get them to learn, and (potentially) how to better design our instruction to achieve our goals.
October 19, 2015 University of Washington