Learning Theories that Influence Utilization of Instructional

Media Resources

University of the PhilippinesCollege of EducationEducational Technology DepartmentEDTECH101

Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhDProfessor of Education

Humanism vs. Technology

Technology

High

High

Low

Humanism

D C

A B

Educational Technology: Foundations

Communications

Psychology

Systems approach

Feedback

Schramm’s model – Field of Experience/ Feedback

Teacher Learner

Mediaas

a channel of communication

Dale’s Cone of Experience

Source: from Dale, E., Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching, 1st Edition, © 1969. Reprinted with permission of Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.

Systems Approach

1

2

34

56 7

9

8

10

• Behaviorism• Cognitivism• Constructivism

Psychology

Behaviorism

1. Early behaviorism -- Pavlov (1849 - 1936)

Focus on reflexive behavior

Food Unconditioned Stimulus

SalivationUnconditioned Response (natural, not learned)

Bell Conditioned Stimulus

SalivationConditioned Response (to bell)

 

Behaviorism

2. B.F. Skinner

Focus on voluntary behavior and reinforcement

“Learning is a function of change in overt behavior.”

B. F. Skinner 1904 – 1990

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b-NaoWUowQ 　

Skinner box

Psychology

English Major

Book, Wallden II

Behaviorism

“--- A person comes under the control of a stimulating environment, responds to subtle properties of that environment, and responds to it in many complex ways because of the consequences contingent upon earlier responses.---- ”

(Operant Conditioning) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA 　

1) Initial behavior – 2) Consequences (reinforcement/punishment) – 3) Next behavior

Behaviorism

How to shape behavior and maintain it in strength?

How to design instruction?

Use Contingencies of Reinforcement

consequences of that behaviorA certain behavior

Behaviorism

1. Positive reinforcement

2. Instant reinforcement

3. Frequent reinforcement

4. Multiple scheduled reinforcement

Behaviorism

Use of Media:

Teaching machine

Programmed instruction

Structured

Focus on objectives

Cognitivism

1) Information Processing Model2) Mental Development Model

Focus on Active Mental Process

Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model

Sensory register

Long-term memory

-- Working memory

Short-term memory

Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model

AttentionAttention

RememberingRemembering

Not Forgetting

Not Forgetting

Sensory register

Long-term memory

-- Working memory

Short-term memory

Cognitivism1) Information Processing Model

AttentionAttention

RememberingRemembering

Not forgettingNot forgetting Long-term memory

-- Working memoryShort-term memory

Sensory registerAttention gaining strategies:

e.g. visuals, paradox

Active processing strategies:e.g. chucking/organizing content

Retrieval strategies:e.g. relate new info. to old info.

Cognitivism

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html

2) Mental Development Model

Swiss philosopher and psychologist

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcjPkPIwsog 　

Cognitivism

2) Mental Development Model

Observe/listen to children

Piaget: What makes the wind? Julia: The trees. P: How do you know? J: I saw them waving their arms. P: How does that make the wind? J (waving her hand in front of his face): Like this. Only they are bigger. And there are lots of trees. P: What makes the wind on the ocean? J: It blows there from the land. No. It's the waves...

## Four stages of childhood development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)

Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model

Assimilation:

New info. into existing

structure

Assimilation:

New info. into existing

structure

Accommodation: modifying

existing structure/creating new one

Accommodation: modifying

existing structure/creating new one

Schemata

(Mental structures)

Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model

Assimilation??

Accommodation??

Cognitivism2) Mental Development Model

Assimilation:

New info. into existing

structure

Assimilation:

New info. into existing

structure

Accommodation: modifying

existing structure/creating new one

Accommodation: modifying

existing structure/creating new one

Schemata

(Mental structures)

Useful instructional strategiesAdvanced OrganizersTransferMnemonics Organization and more…..

Constructivism Different from Objectivism such as Behaviorism/Cognitivism

The correct structure

Objective entities/realities

Constructivism Constructivistic philosophy

A real world we experience

Multiple perspectives

Constructivism

“Situating” our cognitive experiences in authentic activities

Real world problems emphasized

• Learning: ????

• Teaching: ????

Constructivism

• Learning: based on experience/ construction of meaning/ social interaction

• Instructional strategies??- social collaboration- multiple perspectives- negotiation of meanings- situated in real cases

Constructivism

Social Constructivism

Lev Vygotskyhttp://www.kolar.org/vygotsky/

Social Constructivism

Lev Vygotsky

1. Between people, then inside self

2. Zone of Proximal Development (ZDP)

- social interactions

Remember!!(A. Bednar, et al. )

“Instructional design and development

must be based upon some theory of

learning and/or cognition; effective design

is possible only if the developer has

developed reflexive awareness of the

theoretical basis underlying the design.”

Remember !!“ Theories of Learning and prescriptions for

practice must go hand in hand.” – (T. Duffy and D.

Jonassen)

Behaviorism

Instructional Design (Prescriptions for practice)

CognitivismConstructivism

Activity

1.1. Case 1:Case 1: JapanNew teachersHow to serve physically challenged students

2.2. Case 2:Case 2: USAA mix of slower and faster learners; thirty 7th gradersTeach existing of different cultures in Asia

3. 3. Case 3:Case 3: ParisFilipino as a second language; intermediate levelA mix of 10 senior citizens; 10 university studentsTeach them Filipino 。

4.4. Case 4:Case 4: IndonesiaHigh school students (above average)Teach to be active, creative…

NEXT MEETING:Issues and trends in the use of

media technology for classroom instructions