Transcript of Learning Intentions Describe the different types of industry, e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary,...
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- Learning Intentions Describe the different types of industry,
e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Discuss the main
features of an industrial system Explain the factors which
influence the location of industry. Use an OS map to: describe the
advantages (location factors) of a particular site for
manufacturing industry in the past, or new industries at the
present time Describe the environmental impact of the industrial
development Describe the features of both old and new industrial
landscapes.
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- Learning Intentions For any named industrial concentration in
the EU (a case study such as the Ruhr): Explain the physical
factors which led to the growth of early industry (outline the
geographical reasons behind the areas former prosperity) Describe
the past and present distribution of coal mining and related
activities Suggest the likely impact of coal mining and related
activities on the environment of the area Suggest reasons for the
areas subsequent decline Describe and explain the recent industrial
changes and discuss their impact on the area Describe ways in which
the landscape has changed as a result of regeneration Describe and
comment on the success of steps taken to bring about redevelopment
Suggest why human and economic factors have become more important
in accounting for the location of industries today Describe the
locational factors which play a part in attracting foreign
manufacturing industries to the area.
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- GMT Annotate and analyse field sketches and photographs of old
and new industrial landscapes Describe and analyse industrial and
employment survey results: e.g. describe and explain employment
changes or industrial patterns shown in a table, and suggest
possible future trends comment on the accuracy of statements which
describe industrial patterns shown on maps, tables, etc.
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- WE WILL Describe the different types of industry, e.g. primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary Be able to give specific
examples for each sector.
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- Primary The primary sector of the economy involves changing
natural resources into primary products. Most products from this
sector are considered raw materials for other industries. Major
businesses in this sector include agriculture, agribusiness,
fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries.
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- Secondary The secondary sector of the economy includes those
economic sectors that create a finished, usable product:
manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the
output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or
where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or
sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light
industry and heavy industry.
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- Tertiary The tertiary sector of economy (also known as the
service sector or the service industry) As an economy becomes more
developed it there is a shift from primary to secondary industry
and then on to tertiary industry.
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- Quaternary Principally concerns the intellectual services:
information generation, information sharing, consultation,
education and research and development.
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- SectorDescriptionBasic exampleSpecific example Primary The
primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources
into primary products. Most products from this sector are
considered raw materials for other industries. agriculture,
agribusiness, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying
industries. Secondary The secondary sector of the economy includes
those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product:
manufacturing and construction. This sector generally takes the
output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or
where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or
sale to domestic consumers Car manufacturing Tertiary The tertiary
sector of economy (also known as the service sector or the service
industry) As an economy becomes more developed it there is a shift
from primary to secondary industry and then on to tertiary
industry. Hotels Hospitals Teachers Quaternary Principally concerns
the intellectual services: information generation, information
sharing, consultation, education and research and development
Electronics companies Mobile phone technology
micro-electronics
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- Question Define with the aid of an appropriate example for each
the terms Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary industries. 6
Marks
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- Activity Make up question cards for the reading on pages
270-275. (Remember to put the answers on the back)
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- WE WILL Discuss the main features of an industrial system.
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- Input What goes into the factory to create the final product.
Process The jobs which need to be completed. Output The end
result
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- Raw materials Labour Power Management tasks Training staff
Researching Final product Secondary products Waste INPUTS PROCESSES
OUTPUTS
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- Activity Copy the diagram of industry as a system on page
279.
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- WE WILL Explain the physical factors which led to the growth of
early industry (outline the geographical reasons behind the areas
former prosperity) Describe the past and present distribution of
coal mining and related activities Suggest the likely impact of
coal mining and related activities on the environment of the
area
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- Site and availability of land Labour Supply Market Transport
Raw Materials Energy Growth of Industry Extend the spider diagram
by describing why each point helps industry develop in particular
areas. Use page 276-277 for Ravenscraig or use Wales case study
notes to extend spider diagram further with case study points
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- Growth Factors for Wales high quality coal, easy to mine from
valley bottoms iron ore found within the coal measures limestone
found locally charcoal then rivers then coal for power valley
floors were flat for building on labour from rural areas of Wales
and southwest England coal and steel went to markets of the British
Empire canals and railways provided transport Cardiff and Swansea
docks for exports around the world.
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- Wales During the 19 th Century Southern Wales became a vitally
important industrial area, for both iron and steel production. The
steep valleys, with their fast flowing rivers, provided power and
transport. The hills were rich with raw materials, such as coal,
iron ore and limestone, and the area was close to the ports of
Cardiff and Swansea. In 1860 there were over 30 iron works in the
valleys of South Wales. They provided vital employment for the
local villages, which became almost solely dependent on the new
industries.
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- Question Describe the physical and human factors that led to
the growth of industry 10
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- Activity Use page 271-275 to complete chart the changing
location of industry in Scotland.
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- Changing Location of Industry - Scotland Stage 1 Stage 4 Stage
3 Stage 2 Domestic Self Sufficient Water powered Secondary industry
developed anywhere where clusters of people Dispersed Local raw
materials - transportation Kilbrachan in Renfrewshire
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- Activity Pick one of the case studies (Sambre- Meuse, Saltaire,
Bonawe) and make a summary poster.
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- Homework For an area you have studied describe and explain the
both the physical and human factors which have led to the growth of
industry. 10
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- Activity Make your own case study notes for Ravenscraig using
page 276-279. (Use the sub heading they have used in the textbook)
You can use the internet to find more information.
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- Ravenscraig Case Study History and Decline Ravenscraig is an
area of land located in North Lanarkshire, Scotland Location
Factors Raw Materials Products Processes Impact on People Reason
for Decline Impact of Decline
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- Ravenscraig Case Study - Regeneration Set in the heart of
Scotlands Central Belt in North Lanarkshire, Ravenscraig will be
the countrys first new town in more than 50 years. This is one of
the largest regeneration projects in Europe, covering 450 hectares
(1,125 acres) - an area equivalent to 13 London Canary Wharfs, 700
football pitches or twice the size of Monaco. Ravenscraig will
become home to over 10,000 people, and is expected to create 12,000
jobs and attract in excess of 1.2 billion of private sector
investment over the next 15 to 20 years. A project of national
significance, Ravenscraig will provide many local and national
benefits - it will lead to the construction of: Around 3,500 new
homes A new town centre with 84,000 sq m of retail and leisure
space. Up to 216,000 sq m of business and industrial space Major
parkland areas A new transport network New sports facility A new
college campus Two New schools. The 32 million Ravenscraig Regional
Sports Facility opened its doors to the public on Thursday 30th
September 2010. The state-of-the-art sporting facility will deliver
real benefits in sport and recreation, and provide the local
community with a range of health, fitness and leisure
opportunities. Phase one will see over 800 family homes built
adjacent to Carfin and Cleekhimin, with construction already under
way the first houses are likely to be completed in late 2010. As
part of the total development, some 3,500 new homes will be built
providing housing for up to 10,000 people all with access to the
latest telephone and broadband connectivity.
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- WE WILL Suggest reasons for an industrial areas subsequent
decline Describe and explain the recent industrial changes and
discuss their impact on the area
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- Decline During the next 40 years improvements in the smelting
process, meant that the production of iron was replaced by steel
manufacture, which was more profitable. The natural resources
needed were the same. By the 1990's only two steelworks were left
in South Wales, and both of them were on the coast. The resources
had run out, only one coal-mine remained working and the many small
works in the valleys had closed down, causing huge social
problems.
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- Integrated Works The new works were integrated steel works,
which imported their raw materials from abroad. These aimed to make
the industry more efficient and competitive in a growing world
market. Not only is there competition form other countries but also
form other materials that are increasingly being used instead of
steel. Materials, such as aluminium and plastics.
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- Port Talbot An example of one is the integrated steel works at
Port Talbot. Opened in 1954, it is an integrated steelworks, which
is one in which all processes of the steel making industry occur
under one roof. The coal and iron ore deposits of South Wales have
long since run out or become too costly to get at, so both of these
raw materials are imported from places such as Africa and South
America. Locational advantages large area of flat land near to the
sea for importing and exporting purposes Near by is a large
workforce and access to the entire British market through the
excellent motorway links. It has created employment opportunities
in the area, and has encouraged further investment and growth.
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- Ebbw Vale Ebbw Vale is a town at the head of the valley formed
by the Ebbw Fawr tributary of the Ebbw River, south Wales. It is
the largest town and the administrative centre of Blaenau Gwent
county borough. The Ebbw Vale and Brynmawr conurbation has a
population of roughly 33,000. Originally a rather insignificant
spot in rural Monmouthshire with only about 120 inhabitants at the
end of the 18th century, Ebbw Valeand the whole valleywas
transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Unemployment in Ebbw Vale
is among the highest rates in the United Kingdom, largely the
result of the decline of the mining and steel industries. In 2003
work began on demolishing the long-standing steelworks, and
currently around one to two miles of the valley stands empty
awaiting development. The Ebbw Vale Iron Works, later to become the
Ebbw Vale Steelworks, opened in 1778, followed by the opening of a
number of coal mines around 1790. At its height (1930s 40s) the
steel works in Ebbw Vale was the largest in Europe. By the 1960s
around 14,500 people were employed in the works in and around Ebbw
Vale The end of the 20th century witnessed a massive collapse to
the industry. A strike in 1980 was followed by closures and
redundancies which resulted in the dismantling of many of the old
plants. In 2002 only 450 were employed in the old industries, and
by July of that year the final works closed Extra Notes
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- Regeneration The Works The Ebbw Vale Steelworks site known as
"The Works is being re- developed under a 350 million regeneration
project by Blaenau Gwent Council and Welsh Government. It will then
have many different uses; housing, retail & office, wetlands, a
Learning campus and many other uses. The steelworks closed in 2002
and the land was remediated over a period of approximately five
years. Outline planning consent was granted in 2007 for a mixed use
development. http://www.theworksebbwvale.co.uk/?lang=en Blaenau
Gwents new 60 million hospital is the first big construction
project at The Works. Business and enterprise will play a big part
in the future of The Works, a part that will add to the success of
existing business parks and innovation centres in the area.
Transport Links The Works is located off the A4046 on Steelworks
Road, which connects to the A467 leading down to J28 of the M4.
Both London and the Midlands are both around 2.5 hours away. With
the development of the new train station at The Works, Cardiff is a
short train ride away. From here London and the Midlands can again
be reached within 2.5 hours. Regular services to other major
destinations are also available through the Ebbw Vale Cardiff rail
link. New Facilities The new sports complex will complement the
state of the art education facilities on The Works site, which
include the Learning Zone and a new 3-16 school. It promises to
attract people from all over the heads of the valleys region. It
will replace the current Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre with a building
fit for purpose for the 21st Century with an investment of over
15million.
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- Wales Video clips http://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/sto
ries/rewinds/ebbwvale.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/sto
ries/rewinds/ebbwvale.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/sto
ries/buildingbritain/bigpit.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/sto
ries/buildingbritain/bigpit.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/sto
ries/buildingbritain/disappearingindustry.sht
mlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/sto
ries/buildingbritain/disappearingindustry.sht ml
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- http://www.bbc.co. uk/bitesize/higher/g eography/human/ind
ustrial/revision/2/http://www.bbc.co. uk/bitesize/higher/g
eography/human/ind ustrial/revision/2/
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- Increased competition from overseas markets, particularly NICs.
(steel producers) Increased competition leading to falling prices
and profits. Falling customer demand for the product as new
technology takes over. Cheaper labour from countries such as India.
Improved (and cheaper) transport and communication means that
products do not need to be manufactured near to the market. Ending
of government incentives to encourage new industries. Modernisation
of plants in order to compete can result in redundancies. loss of
overseas markets with break up of British Empire raw materials of
coal and iron ore had to be imported valleys remote from coast and
market Competing businesses often subsidised by their governments
Reason for Industrial Decline
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- Exam Questions With reference to named examples within an area
of industrial decline in the European Union you have studied give
reasons for the industrial decline 8 Marks
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- Impact of Industrial Decline Wales
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- Associated service and supply industries close. Cycle of
economic decline sets in. Depopulation, particularly amongst young
people and young families. Leading to further service closures.
Areas in decline find it difficult to attract new investment as
area becomes run down. Need to improve the infrastructure to
attract industries to allow diversification away from traditional
industries. Rise in cases of depression. Rise in crime rates in
area. unemployment high in the valleys and in the docks abandoned
railway sidings and derelict buildings at Cardiff docks Need to
regenerate both the valleys and the docklands, requiring government
or EU assistance
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- Limiting Long Term Illness - nine of the twenty authorities
with the highest levels of long- term illness are Welsh, of which
four are located within the top five. Permanently Sick or Disabled
- eight of the twenty worst authorities are Welsh, of which four
are located in the top five. People Providing Unpaid Care - nine of
the top twenty authorities are Welsh, of which seven are located in
the top ten. No Qualifications - four out of the twenty authorities
with the highest levels of no qualifications are Welsh, of which
two are located in the top five Housing Condition - a high
percentage of the housing stock in Wales is in poor condition, for
example in the Blaenavon Housing Renewal Area 81% of the 993 houses
were unfit or eligible for grant assistance
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- Population Structure and Demographics The 2001 census showed
for the first time that there are more people over 60 than there
are children. While the proportion of the population aged under 16
has decreased from 24% in 1951 to 20% in 2001, the proportion of
the population aged 60 and over has increased from 16% in 1951 to
21% in 2001. Translating this as numbers the increase is even
starker in relation to the number of people aged 85 and over. In
1951, there were 0.2 million people aged 85 and over (0.4% of the
population) in the UK. In 2001 this number had grown to just over
1.9% of the population, 1.1 million people.
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- Deprivation has also been caused by the loss of population in
certain areas. This is dramatically illustrated in a typical mining
community like Merthyr Tydfil that grew from 8,000 in 1801, peaked
at 85,000 in 1921 and declined to a population of 56,000
today.
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- Exam Question Describe the social, economic and environmental
impacts of the closure of industries on the local population and
the surrounding area. 8 Marks
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- Homework Read pages 290-300 for class quiz next lesson.
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- WE WILL Describe ways in which the landscape has changed as a
result of regeneration Describe and comment on the success of steps
taken to bring about redevelopment
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- Landscape The 1950s saw increased resources for health and
housing with a rapid increase in the level of social housing
provision. Large council-owned estates emerged on the hillsides,
increasing the level of housing in this tenure to 25% by the 1970s.
Merthyr Tydfil
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- Retail The retail revolution has also impacted upon the street
scene with the move away from high street shops to large
out-of-town retail outlets. This change in shopping patterns is
mainly attributable to greater accessibility with the growth in car
ownership and an improved highway infrastructure, particularly in
the south with the construction of the M4 motorway and the Severn
crossings. In rural communities, local shops, schools, public
houses and community centres are being closed because it is not
possible to sustain them.
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- Regeneration Differences Unitary authorities throughout Wales
are attempting to address these issues, but the different character
of the various areas (landscape, social make-up and industrial
composition), means that there is wide variation in the type of
regeneration projects being undertaken. These include major former
industrial sites such as Cardiff Bay; the less prosperous area of
the South Wales valleys which are dependent on government
interventions and rural deprivation in Mid, West and North
Wales.
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- Garden Festival initiative However, there are optimistic signs
as shown by the Garden Festival initiative. This was launched in
the 1980s and resulted in the Ebbw Vale Garden Festival in 1992.
The after-use plan for the Festival site took the form of a new
urban village called Victoria and the adjoining Festival Park. This
was planned as a flagship development and a symbol of regeneration
in the South Wales mining valleys and was realised over the period
1993-2001. The site was formerly occupied by coal and iron
workings, railway sidings and waste tips of slag and other
material. The site encompassed approximately 200 acres. The aim was
to build 375 homes; 370 have been built of which only 25 units have
been built by a Registered Social Landlord (RSL). The development
has revealed a latent demand for new affordable private sector
housing. The development is now substantially complete and the
houses are occupied and have acted as an inspiration for further
private sector housing in other valley communities.
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- Urban regeneration in Wales Wales has gained a reputation for
regeneration thanks to areas of redevelopment that have taken place
where the Welsh coal industry once stood. The Land Reclamation
division of the WDA, offers grants to recycle derelict land and
brownfield sites leading to many towns and cities are joining the
ranks to rejuvenate themselves. Regeneration projects such as the
250m plan for Llanelli's waterside, the SA1 development in Swansea
and local regeneration projects like Victoria Dock in Caernarfon
and Barry Waterfront scratch the surface of development Wales is
going under. The revival of Cardiff docklands was the first
large-scale regeneration, and its success has triggered a ripple
effect. SA1 Swansea Waterfront has become one of the largest
industrial transformations owing to an investment of 200m. The
first residential phases is now complete - combining living and
working under one roof in a New York style 2 storey duplex. The
waterside regeneration bug has spread to Llanelli. Once a town
whose fortune lay in tin and steel, it is now thriving from a
colossal regeneration scheme. You only have to visit Wales' first
Nicklaus-designed golf course at Machynys Peninsula Golf &
Country Club in the Millennium Coastal Park for proof that Llanelli
is back on the map. The 2m Discovery Centre has a top location on
the beach, and is set to attract one million visitors by 2008. What
was once 2,000 acres of wasteland is now a thriving hub for leisure
and tourism in Carmarthenshire. Cardiff Bay has become the second
largest regeneration scheme in Europe and the Llanelli's Millennium
Coastal Park is the biggest land reclamation project in the
UK.
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- Cardiff docklands The Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was
set up in April 1987 to regenerate the 1,100 hectares of old
derelict docklands of Cardiff and Penarth. It was part of the
British Government's 'Urban Development Programme' to regenerate
particularly deprived and run-down areas of British inner
cities.
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- The regeneration of Cardiff Bay was undertaken to create a
complementary mix of Housing, Open Space, Commerce, Leisure and
Industrial Development. The total estimated cost of the scheme was
2.4 billion pounds, with a public/private leverage ratio of 1:2.
That is the government funding was expected to attract double the
investment from the private sector. Some of the significant
achievements of the project included the construction of a Barrage
across the mouth of the Bay to create a 200-hectare fresh water
lake, the construction of new homes including those at Atlantic
Wharf and new offices including Crickhowell House now the home of
the National Assembly for Wales. The development also created
commercial and leisure facilities such as those at Mermaid Quay on
the waterfront and the Atlantic Wharf Leisure Village. Many jobs
were also created by the regeneration project. The Development
Corporation was formally wound up on the 31st of March 2000.
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- Llanelli Waterside
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- Regarded as the axis of Llanelli Waterside the eighteen acre
North Dock site is at the heart of the Millennium Coastal Park and
overlooks Carmarthen Bay and the rejuvenated dock. It therefore
offers a unique waterside setting thats sure to provide an
appealing environment for a variety of uses. Prime waterfront
developments include commercial office space in the shape of the
recently completed Dragon 24 complex which offers 30,000 square
feet of BREEAM Very Good accommodation and an enviable working
environment for modern businesses. Dragon 24 has transformed the
dock edge and forms a business district that links into the town
centre itself and right across Llanelli Waterside into developments
at Burry Port and Delta Lakes. New Waterfront housing has already
been built with stunning views over the estuary. The Discovery
Centre - a landmark building housing a restaurant, tourist
information, ice cream parlour and meeting facilities - sits in the
centre of the site with the promenade running alongside. The
Pumphouse an exciting plan to transform an eye-catching and
historic grade II listed building on North Dock into a restaurant
and chef academy is currently underway and scheduled for completion
in spring 2011. North Dock has evolved organically over the years
generating a variety of development opportunities. It has steadily
grown into a natural visitor destination with increased footfall
year on year due to the many leisure activities North Dock offers.
At the head of the dock lie the immediate development opportunities
- suitable for commercial uses such as a caf bar, restaurant and a
landmark hotel. These will create a lively visual focus from the
bridge accessing the dock and generate linkages further west along
Llanelli Waterside into the wider leisure and recreation
developments at Old Castle Works.
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- Delta Lakes
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- Delta Lakes is located immediately to the south of Llanelli
adjoining the principal Coastal Link Road (CLR) which provides
direct access to the M4 Motorway and all major conurbations. This
34 acre site adjacent to the coastal link road is ideal for a mix
of commercial and business development. Overlooking the lake and
parkland on one side, and the coastline on the other, the aspect is
particularly appealing. Considered to be the Llanelli Watersides
most prestigious business park location there is an opportunity to
develop a mixed use and modern business park in line with the
partners desire to attract companies from key growth sectors such
as the Life Sciences; Private Healthcare and Financial Services
sectors. In total the potential exists to accommodate approximately
275,000 square feet of floor space. A 7.3m wide road traverses the
site which is also fully serviced with gas, electricity, water,
mains drainage and communications. Two storey contemporary office
developments for single or multiple uses are also envisaged for
Delta Lakes possibly incorporating an office village complex for
smaller end-users. These office developments would naturally fit
towards the coastal-facing front of the park offering future
tenants high profile accommodation. To the rear of Delta Lakes,
facing the salt-water lake, are envisaged two plots to accommodate
interest from the private healthcare sectors. This has linkages
with recent developments underway on the adjacent Avenue
development. This part of the park is primed for the forecast
growth in the private healthcare industry and has sympathetic
landscape, movement and ecology features appropriate for the
sector. Delta Lakes is one of the few sites across South West Wales
to be eligible for the South West Wales Property Development Fund.
The aim of the Fund is to develop high-quality commercial BREEAM
Excellent buildings in the region. The Fund can provide up to 50%
of the costs to investors and developers for speculative
projects.
- Slide 59
- Ebbw Vale
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- The Works site, which is the former steelworks at Ebbw Vale,
was taken over in 2005 by Blaenau Gwent County Borough County
Borough Council and The Welsh Assembly Government in a 350million
regeneration programme. The site hosted last years National
Eisteddfod in July which saw around 135,000 visitors to the site
and has since become home to a wide variety of major regeneration
projects, a number of which are already complete. Completed
projects to date include a number of Wales most high profile
developments in recent years, such as Ysbyty Aneurin Bevan a 96 bed
hospital which started construction in 2008 and is now open; the
Central Valley Wetland Park a green area which was reprofiled to
its natural state and landscaped using soil created on site and the
Environmental Resource Centre a sustainable innovative building
where the community can learn about the ecology and heritage of the
former steelworks. The Works is also spearheading the Welsh Future
Homes project which is a development of four showcase experimental
low energy homes, establishing Ebbw Vale as the centre of a new
sustainable construction industry in the UK. As part of this
project, there are three completed homes that are now open for
demonstration purposes and the fourth property will be complete
within the coming months. Two of the properties qualify for the
Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6 and Passivhaus - the first in
the UK A number of major ongoing projects are due for completion
this year including the transformation of a grade II listed
building (The General Offices) into a visitor attraction featuring
Wales first 4D cinema, which will open this summer. The attraction
will showcase the heritage of the Valleys through interactive
technology. Work also continues on the Learning Zone - an
innovative learning facility which is intended to provide a range
of academic and vocational courses for post-16 learners.
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- Activity http://www.cardiffbay.co.uk/index.html Make an
information leaflet about the changes in Cardiff Bay and what it
now has to offer.
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- WE WILL Suggest why human and economic factors have become more
important in accounting for the location of industries today
Describe the location factors which play a part in attracting
foreign manufacturing industries to the area.
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- Footloose Footloose industries are those that do not have to
locate close to raw materials (unlike the early iron and steel
industry that had to locate close to iron ore and coal etc).
Footloose industries locate in pleasant environments near transport
routes and near the markets. An example of a footloose industry
would be a hi-tech industry such as computing. Footloose industries
have to locate close to research centres like universities.
Development in the hi-tech industry happen so fast that companies
need to stay up to date to survive e.g. Science Parks around
Cambridge. Footloose industries are usually non-polluting and can
locate close to residential areas.
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- Hi-Tech Industry A High technology (Hi-tech) industry is one
that produces sophisticated products. There is a significant
emphasis on research and development. Often the 'raw materials are
electrical components. Examples of Hi-tech industries include:
Computers Telecommunications Aerospace and military equipment
- Slide 65
- Science Parks Located on the edge of cities in greenfield
locations. Many of the firms located in science parks are connected
with information, high- technology, and electronic industries.
Science parks have direct links with universities for research.
They have attractive layouts with grassy areas, ornamental gardens,
ponds etc. An example is The Cambridge Science Park. Science parks
have direct links with universities for research.
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- The Cambridge Science Park The Cambridge Science Park is on the
edge of Cambridge, alongside the M11 and the A10. It is located
here because it is very accessible, land values are lower on the
edge of an urban area and there is plenty of open space for
expansion. A number of companies have links with research
departments at Cambridge University.
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- Established by Trinity College in 1970, Cambridge Science Park
is the UK's oldest and most prestigious science park. Now home to
over 90 hi-tech companies and 5,000 personnel, Cambridge Science
Park continues to attract new businesses, from small start-ups to
subsidiaries of multinational corporations.
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Science Park Universities Motorway Stansted Airport
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- There is a total of over 145,540 sq m (1,566,000sq ft) of
accommodation divided into units of many sizes. At the smaller end
there are office and laboratory buildings of 93 sq m (1,000 sq ft),
while the largest buildings are in excess of 4,645 sq m (50,000 sq
ft). The Cambridge Science Park accommodates companies engaged in a
wide range of research activities.
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- Sectors of Industry Involved Bio-medical Computer/Telecoms
Consulting (Technical) Energy Environmental Financial, Business and
Other Non-Technical Industrial Technologies Materials
- Slide 72
- To accommodate the varied demands of these companies, the
Cambridge Science Park provides a range of different buildings
necessary to support the relevant research activities. These
include:- clean rooms biology and chemistry laboratories optical
table rooms high capacity server suites offices
- Slide 73
- Landscaping From its earliest days the Cambridge Science Park
has benefitted from a park like setting of low density. The
original landscaping design philosophy was inwards looking with the
objective being to create a peaceful and serene environment in
accord with a location whose ideal is the pursuit of scientific
research and development. Strenuous efforts have been made to
conceal car parks behind trees and shrub covered bunds. In
practical terms, the 152 acre site benefits from 20 acres of
amenity landscaping which provides a central area of lakes, natural
habitat, mature trees, shrubs and extensive grassed areas. No
building is permitted in this protected area. In addition between
35% and 40% of each building plot is dedicated to further
landscaping which extends to the very periphery of each
building.
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Travel About 5,000 people are employed in 71 firms on the Park
and there is a need now to secure change in the way people travel
to work. Recent surveys have yielded the following data: 71% as
sole occupants of cars 9% sharing cars 12% by bicycle 4% walking 3%
use public transport Surveys have shown that a significant
percentage of the Park's workforce might change from driving to
work on their own if the other alternatives such as public
transport were more attractive; hence the green commuter plan.
- Slide 77
- The green commuter plan The five year plan sets ambitious
targets for travelling to work: 50% as sole occupants of cars 15%
sharing cars 20% by bicycle 5% walking 10% use public transport
Improved cycle access and new cycle ways have been provided in the
Park. In addition a number of secure covered cycle stores have been
provided in the Park's communal car parks; at the expense of car
park spaces. In new buildings, showers are being provided, and
cycle parking is increasing to 25% of the workforce. With 25% of
Science Park company employees living within the city, a good bus
service is crucial. A cross town shuttle service running from the
Babraham Park and Ride through the City Centre to the Science Park
now runs every 15 minutes throughout the working day.
- Slide 78
- Main Characteristics of a New Industrial Landscape Lower,
smaller, modern buildings mostly single storey and often with large
windows to allow in plenty of light. Buildings are well
planned/spaced out with trees and grassy areas and even ornamental
lakes/ponds included in the layout to provide a more attractive
working environment and create a favourable image to prospective
investors/clients. These areas are usually located on purpose-built
industrial estates or Science/Business Parks commonly on Greenfield
sites on the edge of towns/cities where land is relatively cheaper
and there is room for car parking and for future expansion. They
are close to major roads such as dual carriageways or motorways for
ease of transport of the finished products to markets/ports, for
bringing in raw materials/components/sub assemblies and for the
convenience of to-days more mobile, car-owning workforce
- Slide 79
- There is an absence of slag heaps/coal bings, factory chimneys,
railway sidings etc usually associated with older, smokestack
industrial areas. There is a tendency for similar sorts of
industries/firms in similar looking buildings to be located on the
same site to benefit from an exchange of ideas and information.
Many of these businesses are connected with information, high
technology and electronics industries and will have direct links
with universities (often situated close by) for research and
development purposes and to remain successful and competitive.
- Slide 80
- Activity You are the person in charge of attracting new
businesses and graduates to Cambridge Science Park. Write a report
or produce a leaflet to advertise the benefits of the Park to
Hi-Tech industry
- Slide 81
- Government Assistance Grants/loans/tax relief Enterprise Zones
Development Area Development Agency Urban Development Corporation
(UDC) Relocation of specific government offices Encouraging inward
investment from abroad EU (creation of EU itself provides huge
European market for goods) Improved infrastructure Construction of
New Towns Planning permission for new industries
- Slide 82
- Activity Try to find case study examples of the EU, UK or
Scottish Government helping industry. In 2009 Business Secretary
Lord Mandelson outlined a package of government support for the UK
car industry potentially worth up to 2.3bn. The package included a
scheme to unlock 1.3bn of loans from Europe for car manufacturers
and major suppliers. The government also guaranteed up to 1bn of
further loans.
- Slide 83
- WE WILL Use an OS map to: describe the advantages (location
factors) of a particular site for manufacturing industry in the
past, or new industries at the present time Describe the
environmental impact of the industrial development Describe the
features of both old and new industrial landscapes.
- Slide 84
- Industrial areas on OS maps You should be able to recognise
when an industrial landscape is shown on an Ordnance Survey map. In
addition, you should be able to distinguish between old and new
industrial landscapes. There are a number of features specific to
each that should help you work out which type of landscape you're
looking at.
- Slide 85
- Early industries were often located close to: water power sites
canals or navigable rivers for transport water, used as a raw
material railways, for transport houses, often in a grid iron
street pattern, since they were set up when people lived close to
their place of work In addition, the buildings are often noticeably
large on the map and sometimes show the word 'mill' or 'works'.
Open space is limited.
- Slide 86
- New industrial landscapes are often located: close to road
transport, for example a motorway or major A class road within
Industrial Estates, so that several factories are located together
on flat land, to allow several factories to be built with access to
electricity, even if pylons are not shown on the map close to open
space, to make the surrounding landscape more attractive separate
from housing, since workers can live far from their work Make sure
you can recognize the Ordnance Survey symbols for the features
mentioned above.
- Slide 87
- 2006 Past Paper Question Area A was once the centre of
Sheffields traditional metal-working industry. With the aid of map
evidence, describe the likely old industrial landscape of this
area. 3 (6)
- Slide 88
- Answer Large steel works (4089) and heavy Engineering works
(397902) with associated Railway sidings and chimneys giving rise
to a smoke filled atmosphere (until Clean Air Legislation) High
density terraced housing with little open space or gardens (Tinsley
4090) Canal (Sheffield and Tinsley) running through the area an
important means of transport at one time Areas of derelict land
could be in the open spaces of the map.
- Slide 89
- 2004 Past Paper Using map evidence, describe and explain the
physical and human factors that encouraged industry to locate in
area A (5075-5575, 5085-5585)
- Slide 90
- Answer Large areas of flat land Ease of construction Room for
expansion Proximity to major docks Opportunities for import of raw
materials Export opportunities for finished products Access to
motorway network (M49), linking M4 and M5 Good transport links for
workforce (densely populated area relatively nearby) Main links to
Wales and other parts of the UK Access to rail network Including
rail stations providing transport links for workforce Numerous
sidings for goods Proximity to the airport University - Research
assistance - Skilled labour
- Slide 91
- Describe and explain the impact of industry on the environment
of an old industrial area such as that shown in Reference Diagram
Q8A.
- Slide 92
- Old Industrial Landscape Air pollution from coal burning
factories, railway engines and houses. Smoke, dust, soot and smog
discolouring buildings and affecting the health of the people
living in close proximity to their work. (High incidence of lung
diseases like bronchitis). Water untreated effluent and sewage from
the buildings entering the local streams with resulting damage to
ecosystems. Land subsidence and land slippage due to mining and
waste tipping with little control/health and safety laws.
(Aberfan). Buildings closely packed communities of
housing/factories/transport. High population densities and
overcrowding leading to poor environmental quality little greenery
or open space. Tall, brick factories with metal gratings over
windows, chimneys etc poor visual quality.
- Slide 93
- For South Wales, or any other industrial concentration in the
EU, describe and explain the main location factors that influence
the location of new industrial developments. (8 marks)
- Slide 94
- Physical factors Flat land for easy construction of large low
factory buildings. Room for future expansion; space for car parking
and storage. Human factors Proximity to markets ie large urban
areas. On edge of urban area for cheaper land costs/rent and
proximity to labour force in housing estates/suburbs. Close to
other modern industries that supply components or provide a market.
Close to motorways/main roads-easy access for deliveries/work
force. Close to airports ie for foreign executives. Close to ports
for export/import. Close to universities ie source of highly
skilled employees and possible partners in research projects.
Government and EU incentives/grants.
- Slide 95
- For South Wales, or any other industrial concentration in the
European Union which you have studied, describe the physical and
human factors which led to the growth of traditional industries
before 1950. (8 marks)
- Slide 96
- Iron ore provided the raw material for early ironworks Coal
mining saw South Wales emerge as a major industrial centre of the
Industrial Revolution Limestone was also found locally for the iron
and steel works in the valleys Large seams of coal were easily
mined from the valley sides and from below the valley floors
Routeways could follow the valleys leading down to coastal ports
like Cardiff Cardiff and Swansea developed ports around their
natural bays for export of coal and manufactured goods around the
world The British Empire provided a huge and protected market for
coal and steel products from British industrial areas such as South
Wales Labour supply was provided by people migrating from rural
Wales and surrounding areas of rural England.
- Slide 97
- Describe and explain the methods used to attract newer
industries and investments to South Wales, or to any other
industrial concentration in the European Union which you have
studied.
- Slide 98
- Creation of Enterprise Zones (Swansea, Milford Haven) and their
associated benefits Designation of Development Area status for old
coal mining areas Setting up of Welsh Development Agency (WDA) in
1976, to attract high quality investment into Wales Urban
Development Corporation (UDC) in Cardiff and its associated
benefits Construction of New Town, Cwmbran (1949) Relocation of
specific government offices, eg DVLA in Swansea Encouraging inward
investment from abroad, eg Sony, Bosch, Lucky Goldstar EU (creation
of EU itself provides huge European market for goods) Joining EC
(EU) opened up a huge source of funds available to outlying areas
ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), EIB (European Investment
Bank), ESF (European Social Fund) etc and their associated benefits
Improved infrastructure the Heads of the Valleys Road.