Launching a New Nation:Launching a New Nation:

1789 - 18161789 - 1816

New Gov’t Takes Shape• Washington elected 1st President

unanimously.

• Although the Constitution provided a strong foundation, it was not a blueprint for governing.

• “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.” -- James Madison

The Judiciary Act of 1789The Judiciary Act of 1789• The Constitution had authorized Congress

to set up a federal court system, headed by the Supreme Court, but it failed to spell out the details.

• Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court system and allowed state court decisions to be appealed in federal court when constitutional questions were raised.

Washington Shapes Executive Washington Shapes Executive BranchBranch

• Congress created 3 executive departments:

• 1) Department of State to deal

with foreign affairs

• 2) Department of War to

handle military matters

• 3) Department of Treasury to

manage finances

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

• Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general (the chief lawyer of the federal gov’t).

• These department heads soon became the president’s chief advisors, or cabinet.

Hamilton and Hamilton and Jefferson Jefferson DebateDebate

• Hamilton believed in a strong central gov’t led by a prosperous, educated elite of upper-class citizens.

• Jefferson distrusted a strong central gov’t and the rich. He favored strong state and local gov’t run by the common man.

•Hamilton believed that commerce and industry were the keys to a strong nation.

•Jefferson favored a society of farmer-citizens.

•Hamilton’s vision of America found support in the North, particularly New England.

•Jefferson’s views won endorsement in the South and the West.

Hamilton’s Economic PlanHamilton’s Economic Plan• Hamilton believed that no nation

could survive without the confidence of foreign and domestic creditors.

• He believed the federal gov’t must legislate to enrich the educated business and professional men so that they would be bound to that gov’t.

• Hamilton proposed to pay off the war debt owed by the federal gov’t.

• He also proposed an assumption plan, which called for the federal gov’t to assume the war debts owed by the states.

• Hamilton reasoned that assuming state debts would give creditors an incentive to support the federal gov’t.

• Assumption was strongly opposed by the South, which had already paid off most of their debt.

• The northern states were all for assumption.

• Assumption vehemently opposed by Jefferson and Madison.

• In exchange for southern support for assumption, Hamilton

compromised with Jefferson and Madison to move the national

capital from New York to Philadelphia for 10 years, then to a permanent spot on the Potomac

River.

Plan for a National BankPlan for a National Bank• Hamilton also proposed a national

bank to issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other gov’t funds.

• The bank would be funded by the federal government and wealthy investors.

• Hamilton hoped to tie these wealthy individuals to the country’s welfare.

• The proposal for a national bank met much opposition.

• Madison feared that the bank would forge an unhealthy alliance between wealthy investors and the gov’t.

• Jefferson saw the bank as unconstitutional, because the Constitution did not give the federal gov’t the power to operate a bank (strict construction vs. broad construction).

The First The First Political Political PartiesParties

• The disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson caused them to clash over gov’t policy, and this fueled the growing division in national politics.

• The split in Washington’s cabinet helped give rise to the country’s 1st political parties.

•2 parties formed around one of the key issues in

American history -- the power and size of the

federal gov’t in relation to the state and local

governments.

• Those who shared Hamilton’s vision called themselves Federalists.

• Those who supported Jefferson’s vision of strong state governments called themselves Republicans (No relation to today’s Republican Party. Later called Democratic Republicans, Jefferson’s party is the ancestor of today’s Democratic Party).

• Republicans believed in limited central government, an agrarian economy, strong state governments, and a democratic

system based on broader political participation.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion• Occurred during Washington’s

2nd term in office

• Reflected tensions between national and regional interests

• Congress passed an excise tax -- a tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution -- to be levied on whiskey.

• This infuriated frontier farmers in western Penn., whose livelihood depended on the sale of corn whiskey.

• When federal agents came to collect the tax, the farmers chased them off.

• Washington didn’t want another Shays’ Rebellion, so he mobilized 13,000 state militia to put down the “insurrection”.

• No casualties, only a few arrests of ringleaders (many farmers fled to Kentucky)

• Washington had demonstrated the power of the federal gov’t to enforce laws.

Foreign Foreign Affairs Affairs

Trouble the Trouble the NationNation

US Reaction to French US Reaction to French RevolutionRevolution

• Some Americans supported the French Revolution because it was inspired by the ideal of republican rule and because France and the US were allies.

• Some disagreed with the Revolution due to the excess of the revolutionary regime (The Reign of Terror)

• During the French Revolution, France declared war on Great Britain and expected American help.

• Jefferson, Madison and the Republicans favored supporting France.

• Hamilton and the Federalists wanted the US to back the British.

• Washington issued a declaration of neutrality, a statement that the US would support neither side.

• The French sent a young diplomat, Edmond Genet, to win American support.

• Going against diplomatic procedure, Genet began to recruit Americans for the war effort against Great Britain.

• Americans were outraged. Federalists called Jefferson a radical because he supported France.

• Frustrated by these attacks and his ongoing feud with Hamilton, Jefferson resigned from the cabinet in 1793.

Treaty With SpainTreaty With Spain• US ambassador Thomas Pinckney negotiated

treaty with Spain in 1795.

• Spain gave up all land claims east of the Miss. River (except Florida) and allowed American traders to use the port of New Orleans.

• Pinckney’s Treaty helped pave the way for US expansion west of the Appalachians.

Native Native Americans Americans

Resist White Resist White SettlersSettlers

• Pioneers had been moving west of the Appalachians since before the Revolutionary War.

• Westward migration greatly increased after the Treaty of Paris, which secured the land between the Appalachians and the Miss. River for the Americans.

• British still maintained forts in the Northwest Territory (a direct violation of the treaty).

• Settlers also met fierce resistance from the Indians, who often attacked white settlers.

• The federal gov’t sent the army (into Ohio) to secure the land for the white settlers.

• Twice the army clashed with a confederacy of Indian tribes led by Miami chieftain Little Turtle and twice were defeated.

• Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne (“Mad Anthony”).

• After training for a full year, Mad Anthony defeated the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near present-day Toledo (1794).

• This victory ended Indian resistance in Ohio.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty• John Jay negotiated a treaty with

Britain in which the British agreed to evacuate their posts in the Northwest Territory.

• Jay’s Treaty allowed British-Canadians to continue their fur trade on the US side of the border. This angered many western settlers.

• Even though the US remained neutral in the war between France and Great Britain, the British had begun to seize US ships and confiscate their crews and cargoes. Many were furious that Jay’s Treaty did not resolve this problem.

Adams Provokes CriticismAdams Provokes Criticism• The election of 1796 was the first

contest between candidates from opposing parties.

• The Federalist ticket was John Adams and Thomas Pinckney.

• The Republican ticket was Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

• Adams received 71 electoral votes, almost all from northern states.

• Jefferson received 68 electoral votes, almost all from southern states.

• As runner-up, Jefferson became the Vice President.

• The Framers had not anticipated this problem because they had not expected the formation of political parties.

• The election highlighted the growing danger of sectionalism -- placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole.

Adams Tries To Avoid WarAdams Tries To Avoid War

• France regarded Jay’s Treaty as a violation of the French-American alliance, and began seizing American ships bound for Great Britain.

• Adams sent a 3-man negotiating team to Paris to negotiate a solution.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afB5NJmER5M

• The team, including future Chief Justice John Marshall, planned to meet with the French foreign minister Talleyrand.

• Instead, the French sent 3 low-level officials to meet the team, and they demanded a $250,000 bribe to meet with Talleyrand.

• This insult, known as the XYZ Affair, provoked anti-French sentiment in America.

• In 1798, Congress authorized the creation of a navy and began seizing French ships.

• For 2 years an undeclared naval war raged between France and America.

• Many Federalists wanted full-scale war, but Adams refused. This damaged his standing with the Federalists.

The Alien The Alien and Sedition and Sedition

ActsActs

• Many new immigrants to the US were Republicans and openly criticized Adams and the Federalists.

• Sensing a danger to the gov’t, the Federalists in Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which:

1) Changed the citizenship

requirement from 5 to 14

years.

2) Authorized the president to deport or

jail any alien considered “dangerous to the peace and safety of the United

States”

3) Set fines and prison sentence for anyone expressing “false,

scandalous, and malicious statements” against the

gov’t.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Outraged Republicans called the Alien and Sedition Act a violation of freedom of speech.

• Madison and Jefferson organized opposition to the acts.

• Madison and Jefferson wrote resolutions against the acts. The resolutions were adopted by Virginia and Kentucky.

• These resolutions asserted the principle of nullification -- the idea that states could nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional.

•The resolutions showed that the balance of power between the states and the federal gov’t remained a controversial issue.

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Jefferson Jefferson Alters the Alters the Nation’s Nation’s CourseCourse

Election of 1800Election of 1800• The election pitted Jefferson (R) versus Adams (F).

• Jefferson defeated Adams in the electoral college by 8 votes; however, Jefferson’s Vice President Aaron Burr received the same number of votes as Jefferson.

• The House of Representatives is called upon to choose between the 2.

• The Federalists controlled the House.

• 35 ballots were cast over 6 days and the House was still deadlocked.

• Finally, Hamilton convinced enough representatives to cast blank ballots for Jefferson to win.

• As a result of the deadlock, Congress passed the 12th Amendment which called for electors to cast separate ballots for President and VP.

Peaceful Transfer of Power

• The peaceful transfer of power from one party to another showed the world that the American Republic could withstand political change.

• Jefferson attempted to bring the country together. In his inaugural address, he stated: “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle…We are all Republicans; we are all Federalists.”

Simplifying the PresidencySimplifying the Presidency• “That gov’t which is best is that which

governs the least” -- Thomas Jefferson.

• Jefferson tried to shrink the gov’t and cut costs wherever possible.

• He rolled back Hamilton’s economic program by eliminating all internal taxes and reducing the influence of the national bank.

Southern Dominance of PoliticsSouthern Dominance of Politics

• Jefferson was the 1st president to take office in the new federal capital, Washington, D.C.

• Southern capital reflected the growing importance of the south in politics.

• Jefferson and next 2 presidents all from Virginia.

• New England and the Federalists were declining in power.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)Marbury v. Madison (1803)• While Adams was President, he passed the

Judiciary Act of 1801, increasing the number of federal judges by 16.

• Adams feared what Jefferson would do to the country, so he appointed as many Federalists to the new positions as possible (midnight judges), in order for the Federalists to control the federal judiciary for years to come.

• Adams also appointed his current Secretary of State John Marshall, a staunch Federalist, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

• Some of the appointments failed to be delivered before the end of Adams term.

• As a result, Jefferson declared the appointments invalid and his secretary of state James Madison refused to deliver the commissions.

• One of the midnight judges took his case to the Supreme Court.

• In the famous ruling, Marshall said that Congress’ Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.

• This decision affirmed the principle of judicial review, the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

*The Barbary Coast Pirates• The North African states of Morocco,

Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli had been capturing foreign ships and holding them for ransom.

• The US had been paying these pirates a yearly tribute under Washington and Adams.

• Jefferson refused to pay this tribute.

•Tripoli declared war on the US in 1801, and a war which the US won was fought for 3 years.

•The American hero of this was was Stephen Decatur.

Hamilton Duels With Burr

• Hamilton backed Burr’s opponent in 1800 (Jefferson) and his opponent in the 1804 New York Governor’s race (Burr lost both and blamed Hamilton).

• Burr responded to challenging Hamilton to a duel.

• In the duel, Burr shot and killed Hamilton, who deliberately fired in the air.

• Burr moved to Florida after indicted for murder in New York and New Jersey (he later returned to preside over the Senate).

• It later became known that while in Florida, Burr worked on a scheme to organize a secession of the Louisiana Territory into an independent republic.

• Jefferson had him arrested and tried for treason.

• Not enough evidence, he was acquitted.

The US The US Expands Expands

WestWest

• During Jefferson’s presidency, Americans continued to migrate across the Appalachians.

• Most Americans arrived in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap, a natural passage through the Appalachians.

• In 1775, Daniel Boone had built a road through the Gap into Kentucky (the Wilderness Road).

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

• In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte of France persuaded Spain to return the Louisiana Territory.

• Many Americans were alarmed.

• Jefferson feared that the French presence would force the US into an alliance with Great Britain.

• Jefferson sent James Monroe to offer to buy New Orleans and western Florida from the French.

• Before Monroe arrived, Napoleon offered to sell the ENTIRE Louisiana Territory for $15 million.

• As a strict constructionist, Jefferson was unsure as to whether or not the federal gov’t had the authority to purchase new lands.

• After a delay, Jefferson submitted the treaty and the Senate ratified it.

• With the Louisiana Purchase, the size of the nation more than doubled.

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark• As the Louisiana Purchase was being

finalized, Jefferson began organizing an expedition to explore the the West.

• He appointed his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to lead an expedition from St. Louis to the Pacific coast.

• Lewis chose William Clark to be second in command.

• The purpose of the expedition was to carry out scientific studies along the way and to document the native cultures they found.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJacjRpaSGE

• The expedition began with about 50 men, and later took on an Indian women named Sacajawea who acted as interpreter and guide.

• Expedition took 2 years and 4 months (May 1804-Sept. 1806) and covered 7,689 miles.

• The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition

contributed to the success of Jefferson’s first term in office,

but trouble with Britain loomed on the horizon.

The War The War of 1812 of 1812 EruptsErupts

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7Hh8W69cos

The War Hawks Demand War

• Jefferson won reelection in 1804.

• Renewed fighting between Britain and France threatened American shipping.

• In 1806, Napoleon decided to exclude British goods from Europe.

• In turn, Britain set up a blockade of Napoleon’s Europe.

• By 1807, Britain had seized over 1,000 American ships, and France had seized about half that number.

• Americans focused their anger on the British because of its policy of impressment, the practice of seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into the British navy.

• In one incident, the commander of the American ship Chesapeake refused to let the British board his ship and search for deserters. The British opened fire, killing 3 and wounding 18.

• Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an embargo, a ban on all trade with other countries.

• Jefferson believed the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt Britain and other European powers and force them to honor US neutrality.

• Unfortunately, the embargo stifled US business, and Congress eventually lifted the order in 1809.

• A group of young congressmen from the South and the West, known as the war hawks, continued to push for war.

• The leaders of this group were John C. Calhoun (SC) and Henry Clay (KY), the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

• About this time (1809) a confederacy of Indian tribes led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh began organizing to fight for their homeland in the Indiana Territory.

• The Indians attacked the US Army in Indiana in 1811 but were defeated by General William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. After the battle, it was discovered that the Indians had been supplied by the British.

The Election of 1808The Election of 1808• Virginia Republican James Madison coasted

to victory over a weak Federalist opponent, Charles C. Pinckney.

• By 1812, Madison had decided to go to war with Great Britain.

• He believed Britain was trying to cripple the American economy.

Answers to First Invasion Questions

• 1. 3 years• 2. shipping• 3. France• 4. Embargo Act of

1807• 5. impressment• 6. British• 7. Madison

• 8. Madison• 9. impressment• 10. New England• 11. Federalist• 12. Republican• 13. British• 14. Canada; no• 15. “Old Ironsides”

Answers to First Invasion Questions

• 16. Napoleon• 17. Bladensburg, MD• 18. Dolly Madison• 19. burn them• 20. hurricane• 21. Baltimore, MD• 22. Fort McHenry• 23. Francis Scott Key

• 24. no• 25. wrote “Star-

Spangled Banner”• 26. Hartford• 27. New Orleans• 28. Andrew Jackson• 29. 2000; 20• 30. Treaty of Ghent

Failure in CanadaFailure in Canada• Republican cuts in gov’t spending left the

US ill-prepared for war.

• The 1st attempts to invade Canada were disastrous.

• The next year things went better. A fleet under the command of Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Erie.

•The US retook Detroit and won several battles.

•Tecumseh was killed in battle, and Indian support for the British began to collapse.

British Burn the White HouseBritish Burn the White House

• By 1814, the British were raiding and burning towns all along the Atlantic coast.

• In August, the redcoats burned the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings.

The Final BattleThe Final Battle• General Andrew Jackson gathered 4,000

troops to defend New Orleans.

• The British advanced with 10,000 men.

• In just over an hour of fighting, the British suffered 2,036 casualties; the Americans, 21.

• Jackson became an instant hero.

• Ironically the Battle of New Orleans occurred 2 weeks after the US and Britain had signed the Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the War of 1812.

• By 1815, the US and Great Britain were once again trading together. They agreed upon borders for Louisiana, and agreed to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory for 10 years.

Results of the War of 1812• Increase in nationalism.

• Strengthening of isolationism.

• Increase of westward migration.

• Encouragement of US Industry.

• Death of the Federalist Party.

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