Laparoscopic

Adrenalectomy: technique

step by step

Anoop M. Meraney, M.D Director, Urologic Oncolgy, Helen and Harry Gray Cancer Center, Hartford Hospital and Connecticut Surgical

Group.

Steps for laparoscopic transperitoneal and retroperitoneal adrenalectomy

Trans or retro?

Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma ?Contraindication

Partial adrenalectomy

Historical

Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma. NEJM 1992; 327:1033.

Department of Surgery, Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

April 1992-March 1993, n=22 (25 adrenalectomies)

Mean tumor size 4.1 cm (1-15 cm); R=12 vs. L=13 Functional tumors n=16 One open conversion

Transperitoneal adrenalectomy • Instruments

• Position

• Port placement

• Reflection of Colon

• Identification of renal hilum, Identification, dissection and control of adrenal vein

• Mobilization of adrenal gland and control of arterial blood supply (inferior phrenic, renal, aortic)

• Entrapment and Extraction

• Laparoscope 2 mm, 5mm, or 10 mm?

• Laparoscope 0, 30 or 45-degrees ?

• Energy source- harmonic, monopolar, bipolar or ligasure?

Patient Positioning

semi-lateral

decubitus

umbilical line over

kidney rest

neuro arm board

axillary roll

kidney rest down

table flexed

Port Placement

Right adrenalectomy

Alternative camera/retraction port

5 mm

10 mm

2 mm

Port Placement

Left adrenalectomy

Alternative camera/retraction port

5 mm

10 mm

2 mm

Reflection of Colon Right

Left

Adrenal Anatomy

Arterial supply to the adrenal glands. (From Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell

AWM: Gray's Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2005, p

329.)

Extraction sites

1

Small specimen

Large specimen

Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal

Radical Nephrectomy

Patient position and Retroperitoneal access

Identification of landmarks (psoas, lateral border of IVC/Aorta), and identification, dissection and control of hilum

Mobilization of specimen, Entrapment and extraction

Patient Position

Full Flank

Break in the table

Retroperitoneal Access

800 cc

Peritoneal Cavity

Port Placement

Primary Port

Secondary Ports

Origin (R) - Blunt Tip Port

Balloon Cuff

Transperitoneal or Retroperitoneal ??

Trans or Retro

Transperitoneal • More working area • Easier to learn • Larger tumors • Prior retroperitoneal surgery

Retroperitoneal • Less working area • One functional hand • Smaller tumors • Rapid access to adrenal vein • Prior abdominal surgery

Other routes?

Is laparoscopy CONTRAINDICATED in the presence of adrenal cancer?

6/33 ACC; 1/33 malignant pheochromocytoma

Local recurrence 2/6 with ACC

Mortality: 6/7 dead in median time of 17 mos (range, 9 to 52 mos).

ACC

1994-2000 lap adrenalelctomy experience, n=216 patients

> 6cm tumors n=19

6 with adrenal cortical carcinoma

1/6 with liver metastasis at f/u; 5/6 NED 8-83 mos.

Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large and potentially malignant tumors. - Henry JF -

World J Surg - 01-AUG-2002; 26(8): 1043-7.

N=23 with malignant tumors 5/23 with ACC; 1/23 undifferentiated

tumor Local recurrence 2/6, LN metastasis 1/6

Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal neoplasms. - Kebebew E - Arch Surg - 01-AUG-2002; 137(8): 948-51.

ACC: Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACC

5 case reports of recurrence (Carcinomatosis) following laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACC

Ushiyama, T., et al.: A case of Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical carcinoma with recurrence 19 months after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Urol, 157: 2239, 1997.

Hofle, G., et al.: Adrenocortical carcinoma evolving after diagnosis of preclinical Cushing’s syndrome in an adrenal incidentaloma. A case report. Hormone Res, 50: 237, 1998.

Hamoir, E., et al: Is laparoscopic resection of a malignant corticoadrenaloma feasible? Case report of early, diffuse and massive peritoneal recurrence after attempted laparoscopic resection. Ann Chir, 52: 364, 1998.

Deckers, S., Derdelinckx, L., Col, V., Hamels, J. and Maiter, D.: Peritoneal carcinomatosis following laparoscopic resection of an adrenocortical tumor causing primary hyperaldosteronism. Horm Res, 52: 97, 1999.

Foxius, A., Ramboux, A., Lefebvre, Y., Broze, B., Hamels, J. and Squifflet, J.: Hazards of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Conn’s adenoma. When enthusiasm turns to tragedy. Surg Endosc, 13: 715, 1999.

Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma

Surgery is the mainstay in achieving cure.

Laparoscopy is associated with the potential for peritoneal seeding/recurrence in the event of incomplete resection or specimen fracture.

What about Partial Adrenalectomy?

Why?

• Inorder to preserve adrenal function.

When?

• Suitability for partial adrenalectomy

Benign functional tumor.

Presence of residual adrenal tissue.

Bilateral disease, solitary adrenals

1995-2004 (n=33, 8 open, 25 lap)

Partial performed if normal tissue could be identified on preop or intraoperative imaging.

All patients tumor free at mean follow up 36 mos (range, 3-102 mos).

10 bilateral, 8 solitary with steroid replacement needed in 4 (temporary in 3).

Total Adrenalectomy (n=77) for Conn’s disease (n=28) or pheochromocytoma (n=49)

Multifocality

• Conn’s 7/28 (25%)

• Pheochromocytoma 3/49 (6%)

Sporadic pheochromocytoma 1/41

Familial pheochromocytoma 2/8 (25%)

Conclusions

Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be learnt and performed expeditiously.

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy should be the standard of care except in patients with large tumors

Presence of adrenal cancer is a relative contraindication to laparoscopy.

Partial Adrenalectomy is an attractive option in patients in whom conservation of adrenal tissue is of importance.

Thank you

ACC: Presentation

SYNDROME FREQUENCY

Virilization and Cushing's syndrome 50%

Virilization 25%

Cushing's syndrome 20%

Feminization <5%

Precocious puberty <5%

Hypokalemia alkalosis <5%

Hypoglycemia <5%

Port Placment

left adrenalectomy

Alternative camera/retraction port

Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal

Radical Nephrectomy Patient position and retroperitoneal access

Primary Port

Secondary Ports

800 cc

Origin (R) - Blunt Tip Port

Balloon Cuff

Ori

gin

(R

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Re

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ACC: Diagnostic tests Aldosterone hypersecretion:

• BP, serum K (sodium restriction minimizes hypokalemia)

• upright PRA and PAC

Cushing’s:

• Diurnal variation

• Overnight 1.0 mg dex suppression test. (Low dose dex suppression: Img PO at 11 pm, plasma cortisol, ACTH and plasma dex levels are drawn at 8 am. Cortisol should fall to <5 mcg/dl.)

Virilizing

• Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Feminizing

• DHEAS, serum estradiol

ACC: Radiology

5.0 cm cutoff resulted in 93% sensitivity and 64% specificity. (PPV 28%, NPV 98%). • Terzolo M. Ali A. Osella G. Mazza E. Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among

incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Archives of Surgery. 132(8):914-9, 1997.

6 cm malignant unless proven otherwise postoperatively.

<1.5 cm incidence of ACC 1:4000.

ACC: MRI

MRI (ACC)

•Sensitivity 81 to 84%

•Specificity 100 %

Sohaib SAA: Imaging of the endocrine system. In, Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone. 2001

ACC: Laparoscopy

5 case reports of recurrence following laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACC

• Cushing’s n=2

• Hyperaldo n=2

• Virilizing tumor n=1

4/5 benign on initial pathology

1/5 partial adrenalectomy

2/5 converted to open