Landscape history analysis through the cartographic historical heritage: case study for Kozjansko and Pomurje regions, Slovenia

Tomaž Podobnikar1,2,3 , Blaž Barborič4

1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia2Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy for Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 4Geodetski inštitut Slovenije, Jamova cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana

Workshop on Landscape History

Sopron, 22 April 2010

Objectives

• Description of investigation area

• Methodology, outputs• Preliminary results of the

project

TransEcoNet project regions

3-country Nature Park: Goričko – Raab – Őrség• 1996 – Raab • 2002 – Őrség• 2003 – Goričko

Associated initiatives(local, cross border,transboundary)• Slovenia:

– Biomura• Hungary:

– National Park Őrség• Austria:

– Nature Park Raab• Europe:

– Natura 2000– Greenbelt

Southern region

Slovenian part: Pomurje

• the activities are carried out in the Pomurje region, Slovenia– the spread of the invasive species Robinia pseudacacia– the underlying causes and assess landscape scale ecological

dynamics (e.g. Mura River floodplains, land use analysis in time series of last 200 years) in ecological networks

– the concept of place attachment and identification of the people with their landscape

• partners for the Pomurje– PP14: University of Nova Gorica (UNG)– PP15: Regional Development Agency Mura (RRA)– AP20: Nature Park Goričko– AP21: Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of

Sciences and Arts (ZRC SAZU)

Pomurje, Slovenia

Forests and natural heritage of

Mura River

Methodology, outputs

Methodology, outputs• WP4

– multi-scale mapping of the history– comparison with the current status of

ecological networks in Central Europe– [Historical datasets of Mura River: (1) maps,

plans, orthophotos, satellite images, (2) other material: photographs, topographic reports, tales/myths… (3) Methods: GIS, RS and statistic analysis, empirical approaches, multi-scale and multi-quality data analysis]

Preliminary results of the project

Preliminary results of the project

• identification and mapping of the Robinia pseudacacia

• historical maps (spatial data sets) of Pomurje region for various applications

• land use changes analysis (time series: landscape reconstruction for the last 200 years)

• cooperation, harmonisation, other PPs

Riparian forest of River Mura

On the bank of the river grow floodplain forests, as • Salicetum albae• Fraxino-Ulmetum• Genisto-Quercetum• neophytic tree species Robinia pseudacacia

Fraxino-Ulmetum

Salicetum albae

Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris

• Robinia pseudacacia (= tree)– native from Pennsylvania to northern

Georgia and westward as far as Arkansas and Oklahoma

– introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 17th cent.

– flowers: early May, after the leaves• it occurs on meadows and agricultural

surfaces that are being overgrown– it is invasive in mild climate as in the

Pomurje region is (= natural expanding + plantation)

– most expanded in the region in 1980s– affect of socioeconomic situation in the

region (?)• the vegetation in these regions has

changed to such an extent that it cannot be classified into any forest community

Robinia pseudacacia

Some criteria for recognition of the species:• white flowers in spring (after leaves)• lighter green colour comparing with floodplain forest…Data sources:• sat. images: IRS-P6 (Indian Remote Sensing ~5 to 20 m),

Landsat ETM and TM (30 m)– from 1990s to today; lower spatial, higher spectral resol.

• contemporary orthophotos and aerial photographs starting from 1959• IR-orthophotos• contemporary (and historical) maps, plans• DEM/DTM (+ LiDAR)• field work mapping, various land use data, Corine Land Cover, soil map…• interviews with local farmersMethodology (RS, GIS and statistic techniques):• reconstruction of R. pseudacacia-dynamics in the recent decade• modelling the distribution of R. pseudacacia in relation to abiotic environmental

factors and land use• modelling (prediction) the expected distribution of R. pseudacacia in case of climate

and land use change

Identification and mapping of the Robinia pseudacacia

Historical maps (spatial data sets) of Pomurje region for

various applications

Outputs:

- land use spatial data sets

- study of Mura River changes (natural and anthropogenic)

Data sets:

- historical maps + LiDAR DTM + other documentation

Mura: Habsburg1st military survey (Josephine)

1763–1787; 1 : 28 800

commissioned by the empress Maria Theresa

cause: Seven Years’ War against Prussia (1756–1763)

no projection (maybe Cassini-Soldner), no coordinates

that time exceptionality achievement

graphical mapping – considerable deformations

HabsburgFranciscan cadastre

(1 : 1440)

Habsburg2nd military survey (Franciscan)

survey: 1817–1825, mapping: 1830–1834 1 : 28 800

applying trigonometric points for survey

quality influence of producing of Franciscian cadastre 1823–1826

3 coordinate systems in Slovenia (+ 3 canters of geodetic surveys - datums):

Krim (near o Ljubljana)

Schöckl (near to Graz)

Gellért (near to Budapest)

coordinates, projection Cassini (transverse cylindrical projection)

relief represented with hatching, after 1860 with contour lines

military map (1 : 14 400)from 1869

Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy)

3rd military survey

1869–1887; “special” 1 : 75 000; optional: 1 : 25 000 (survey was in this scale) and “degree” maps (“general”) 1 : 200 000

horizontal and vertical network according to Mittel-Europäische Gradmessung

Bessel ellipsoid 1841, every map sheet in own (stereographic) projection

Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) 3rd military survey, 1 : 75 000

Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) 3rd military survey, 1 : 75 000

Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) 3rd military survey, 1 : 75 000

from 1881

regulation of Mure River!(first map where is this recognisable)

Habsburg (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) 3rd military survey, 1 : 75 000

from 1894

(1 : 150 000)from 1925

from 1937

from ~1950

meanders finally disappeared

just some lethargies left

• Kozjanski Park covers an area of 206 sq km • The biggest regional park in Slovenia

• 100% of area is protected, Natura 2000 areas represents 69% of total park, Special Protection Areas 2,3%

Presentation of area included in historical assessment (PP10)

Presentation of area included in historical assessment (PP10)

• Bistrica gorge• Dry extensive

grasslands• High-trunk orchards

Map sourcesHistorical assessment of Kozjanski park

• 1st Austrian military survey (1763–1787) – 1:28 800• 3rd Austrian military survey (1836-1852) – 1:28 800• Franciscan cadastre maps (1823–1826) - 1 : 5760• Rohitsch und Drachenburg (1943) – 1:75 000• Topographic maps (1951) – 1:50 000• Topographic maps (1971) – 1:25 000• Topographic maps (2006) – 1:50 000

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

Historical maps, orthophotos, land use:

1784-2009

Georeferencing method• Josephine military maps and Franciscan

cadastre maps were first combined and later georeferenced

Josephine military

topography

Franciscan cadastre

Italian 1:25,000

Yugoslav 1:25,000

transitional woodland

shrub

forest

bare rocks

urban fabric

pastures

inland waters

Different legend keys

Quality and time series

Backward editing method (“reverse engineering”)

Land use changes

1800

1930

2000

Focus and investigation areas that are included in historical assessment

• Kozjanski Park covers an area of 206 sq km Investigation areas: • Bistrica gorge• Dry extensive grasslands• High-trunk orchards

Results - vectorized layers

Results - analysis

Land use 1869-1887

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

grassland forest urban area fruit garden

surf

ace

[h

a]

Land use 1943

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

10000

grassland vineyards forest urban area fruit garden

surf

ace

[h

a]

Land use 1955

0

10002000

30004000

5000

6000

70008000

900010000

grassland vineyard forest urban fruit garden

su

rface

[ha]

Land use 2006

0,0000

2000,0000

4000,0000

6000,0000

8000,0000

10000,0000

12000,0000

arable landand gardens

vineyard intensivefruit garden

extensivefruit garden

intensivegrassland

exstensivegrassland

forest urban area w aters

surf

ace

[ha]

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

grassland vineyard forest urban fruit garden

surf

ace

[h

a]1870

1943

1955

2006

Results - analysis

Land use/land cover legend for assessing landscape dynamics

1 Travniki Grassland Polygon

2 Vinogradi Vineyards Polygon

3 Gozd Forest Polygon

4Urbana območja

Urban areas Polygon

5 Sadovnjaki Fruit trees Polygon

• According to comparison of the legends obtained from different map sources 5 polygons were established

Dynamics of change of land cover – changed/unchanged areas

1780-18701870-19431943-19551955-20062006-2009• Similar changes of

landcover periods from 1780 to 2006

Stably used areas from 1780 - 2009

• Forest and grassland are main unchanged landuse classes

Dynamics of change of land cover

Landscape dynamics

• Vectorized layers were overlaid

• Sliver poligons were produced and eliminated using ArcGIS tools

• Trajectories of change were calculated

Tomaž Podobnikar, tp@zrc-sazu.si

Blaž Barborič, blaz.barboric@gis.si

Thank You for Your attention.