Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension ... · Measurement Dimension: Regional...

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European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Regional Disparities of Employment Opportunities and Risks Subdimension: Regional Disparities of Employment Opportunities Indicator: H3111 Disparity of Regional Employment Rates Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest regional employment rate at NUTS-1 level of territorial units; Finland, Portugal, Sweden: NUTS-2 level

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 1,81 1,89 1,92 1,94 1,99 2,02 1,96 1,96 1,94 1,90 1,84 1,82

EU-15 2,01 1,99 2,02 2,03 1,97 2,01 1,96 1,87 1,87

EU-25 1,97 2,01 1,96 1,87 1,87

A 1,09 1,09 1,08 1,07 1,05 1,06 1,06 1,05 1,05

B 1,10 1,11 1,10 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,12 1,16 1,16 1,18 1,17 1,18

D 1,24 1,25 1,26 1,27 1,25 1,21 1,19 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,20 1,20

D-W

D-E

DK

E 1,28 1,29 1,31 1,30 1,32 1,31 1,32 1,31 1,30 1,28 1,25 1,24

F 1,25 1,23 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,24 1,27 1,25 1,55 1,50 1,50

FIN 1,26 1,29 1,36 1,35 1,27 1,35 1,34 1,30 1,30

GB

GR 1,20 1,17 1,17 1,16 1,18 1,17 1,12 1,12 1,10 1,08 1,05 1,04

I 1,48 1,47 1,57 1,59 1,64 1,67 1,61 1,65 1,65 1,63 1,61 1,63

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,08 1,07 1,07 1,08 1,05 1,06 1,05 1,04 1,04

P 1,14 1,14 1,15 1,21 1,25 1,25 1,22 1,19 1,21 1,18 1,18 1,17

S 1,13 1,07 1,07 1,08 1,20 1,14 1,13 1,14 1,13

UK 1,20 1,22 1,26 1,21 1,23 1,21 1,25 1,21 1,22 1,19 1,19 1,16

CY

CZ 1,10 1,09 1,13 1,16 1,22 1,23 1,23 1,21 1,23

EE

H 1,26 1,30 1,33 1,45 1,31 1,29 1,27 1,29 1,22

LV

LT

MT

PL 1,22 1,19 1,23 1,22 1,25 1,23

SK 1,30 1,34 1,31 1,26 1,27

SI

CH 1,09 1,10 1,10 1,09 1,12 1,10 1,10 1,09 1,08 1,02 1,05

N 1,21 1,20 1,19 1,15 1,15 1,16 1,19 1,16 1,11 1,12 1,11

U.S.

JAP

Source: Eurostat, New Cronos; Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS), Schweizerische Arbeitskräfteerhebung (SAKE); Norway: Statistics Norway, Labour Market Statistics, Population Statistics, various years Notes: Switzerland: figures refer to employment rates of men aged 15 - 64 years and women aged 15 - 61 years; only two regions - German speaking region and French or Italian speaking region are disinguished; Norway: figures refer to

employment rates of the population aged 16-74 years; regions are Akershus, Oslo, Hedmark/Oppland, Buskerud/Telemark, Ostfold/Vestfold, Agder/Rogaland, Hordaland/Sogn og Fjordane, More of Romsdal, Trondelag, Nordland, Troms/Finnmark

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Regional Disparities of Employment Opportunities and Risks Subdimension: Regional Disparities of Employment Opportunities Indicator: H3112 Disparity of Perceived Employment Opportunities in Regions Definition: Ratio of highest percentage of persons found in a region to lowest percentage of persons looking for a new or additional job who perceive "good" chances

of finding a job; NUTS-1 level of territorial units; Finland, Portugal, Sweden: NUTS-2 level

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 1,18 1,21

B 2,15 2,25 2,65

D

D-W

D-E

DK

E 2,83 3,29 3,70

F 2,22 1,85 3,12

FIN 1,96

GB

GR 3,42 2,95 4,68

I 7,58 13,22 5,19

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P 1,75 1,84 2,41

S

UK

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Community Household Panel (ECHP), own calculations Notes: Belgium: figures for 1994 are based on 2 of 3 regions (Brussels excluded); Portugal: figures are based on 4 of 7 regions (Algarve, Azores, Madeira excluded)

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Regional Disparities of Employment Opportunities and Risks Subdimension: Regional Disparities of Unemployment Risks Indicator: H3121 Disparity of Regional Unemployment Rates Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest regional unemployment rate at NUTS-1 level of territorial units; Finland, Portugal, Sweden: NUTS-2 level Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 12,64 10,32 12,30 10,61 10,36 8,67 7,93 8,08 7,71 8,82 11,24 10,46

EU-15 8,91 9,25 10,09 8,32 8,82 11,24 11,95

EU-25

A 1,37 1,31 1,44 1,42 1,34 1,33 1,32

B 1,16 1,16 1,31 1,49 1,52 1,60 1,80 1,96 1,98 1,98 1,85 1,76 1,89 1,97 2,09 2,32 2,50

D 5,22 6,56 4,40 3,64 3,43 3,36 3,46 3,75 3,98

D-W 2,45 2,77 3,02 3,00 3,31 3,11 3,33 3,63 3,52 3,70 2,58 2,16 2,21 2,21 2,27 2,58 2,74

D-E

DK

E 1,96 2,20 2,00 1,85 1,94 1,76 1,94 1,95 2,07 2,07 1,81 1,59 1,72 1,75 1,88 1,94 2,13

F 1,79 1,74 1,74 1,63 1,62 1,66 1,68 1,79 1,72 1,83 1,70 1,67 1,78 1,75 1,76 1,83 1,96

FIN 10,38 7,33 8,38 5,56 6,61 3,84 3,32 3,62 4,26 4,56 6,50 7,48

GB

GR 2,33 2,43 2,55 2,07 2,69 2,85 2,64 2,44 2,70 2,47 1,63 1,58

I 2,74 2,81 3,06 2,97 3,84 4,79 5,94 6,43 6,45 3,89 3,50 3,78 4,46 4,77 4,74 4,90 5,28

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL 1,45 1,35 1,49 1,29 1,46 1,35 1,27 1,25 1,43 1,41 1,61 1,77

P 6,64 4,64 4,90 3,96 3,00 2,44 2,59 2,93 3,00 3,06 3,60 2,79

S 3,33 2,26 1,74 1,49 1,52 1,55 1,57 1,77 1,81 1,98

UK 2,51 2,65 2,51 2,53 2,95 3,89 5,71 5,41 2,81 2,07 1,82 1,96 1,80 2,04 1,88 3,03 3,09

CY

CZ 3,51 4,33 4,42 3,06 3,56

EE

H 2,31 2,17 2,31 2,18 2,57

LV

LT

MT

PL 2,13 2,12

SK

SI

CH 1,86 1,90 1,59 1,78 2,13 2,20 1,48 1,53 1,59 1,41

N 8,56 3,27 1,68 1,20 1,38 1,83 1,67 1,85

U.S.

JAP

Source: Eurostat, New Cronos; Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office (BFS), Schweizerische Arbeitskräfteerhebung (SAKE); Norway: Statistics Norway, Labour Market Statistics, various years; own calculations Notes: Finland: figures from 1988 to 1995 are based on 4 of 6 regions only (Uusimaa, Etelä-Suomi excluded); Sweden: figures from 1990 to 1995 are based on 6 of 8 regions (Smaland med öarna, Västsverige excluded); UK: figures from

1983 to 1994 exclude one (London) of 12 regions; Czech Republic: figures from 1995 to 1997 exclude one (Ostravsko) of 8 regions; Switzerland: figures refer to unemployment rates of men aged 15 - 64 years and women aged 15 - 61 years; only two regions - German speaking region and French or Italian speaking region are disinguished; Norway: figures refer to unemployment rates of the labour force aged 16-74 years; regions are Akershus, Oslo, Hedmark/Oppland, Buskerud/Telemark, Ostfold/Vestfold, Agder/Rogaland, Hordaland/Sogn og Fjordane, More of Romsdal, Trondelag, Nordland, Troms/Finnmark

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Regional Disparities of Employment Opportunities and Risks Subdimension: Regional Disparities of Unemployment Risks Indicator: H3122 Disparity of Rates of Job Loss in Regions Definition: Ratio of highest percentage of persons in a region to lowest percentage of persons employed 12 months earlier who are unemployed at the date of the

survey; NUTS-1 level of territorial units; Finland, Portugal, Sweden: NUTS-2 level

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 1,50 2,06

B 1,67 1,35 2,50

D

D-W

D-E

DK

E 2,87 2,47 1,94

F 1,47 2,33 2,08

FIN 1,81

GB

GR 2,20 1,91 1,74

I 3,05 2,30 2,71

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P 3,93 3,83 4,90

S

UK 4,10 3,69 7,29

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Community Household Panel (ECHP), own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3211 Ratio of Employment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed women aged 15-64 years in the female population of the same age group to the percentage of employed men in the

male population

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 0,64 0,66 0,67 0,69 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76

EU-15 0,71 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,74 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77

EU-25 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78

A 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,81 0,81 0,82

B 0,52 0,53 0,54 0,55 0,56 0,58 0,58 0,60 0,63 0,65 0,67 0,67 0,68 0,68 0,70 0,71 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,75 0,77 0,78

D 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,82 0,83

D-W 0,60 0,61 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,64 0,65 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77

D-E

DK 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,88 0,86 0,86 0,88 0,89 0,90 0,91 0,86 0,83 0,84 0,85 0,88 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,91 0,88 0,90

E 0,40 0,41 0,43 0,44 0,45 0,46 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,53 0,54 0,54 0,55 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,63 0,65

F 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,70 0,71 0,71 0,72 0,74 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,81 0,83 0,83

FIN 0,95 0,94 0,92 0,91 0,92 0,92 0,93 0,95 0,95 0,94

GB

GR 0,45 0,46 0,48 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,51 0,48 0,50 0,51 0,51 0,53 0,53 0,54 0,56 0,57 0,58 0,58 0,60 0,61

I 0,45 0,45 0,46 0,47 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,52 0,52 0,54 0,54 0,55 0,55 0,56 0,57 0,58 0,60 0,61 0,62

IRL 0,47 0,47 0,46 0,48 0,50 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,54 0,57 0,60 0,61 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,71 0,71 0,74 0,74 0,74

N-IRL

L 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,53 0,53 0,54 0,54 0,56 0,60 0,58 0,60 0,57 0,59 0,61 0,61 0,65 0,67 0,68 0,68 0,71

NL 0,50 0,53 0,58 0,60 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,67 0,69 0,71 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,79 0,79 0,81 0,82

P 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,66 0,68 0,71 0,72 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,82 0,83

S 0,97 0,97 0,96 0,94 0,96 0,96 0,95 0,96 0,96 0,96

UK 0,69 0,71 0,71 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,81 0,83 0,82 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85

CY 0,65 0,67 0,72 0,75 0,76 0,75

CZ 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,78 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,77

EE 0,87 0,87 0,88 0,90 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,92

H 0,82 0,82 0,80 0,76 0,76 0,75 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,80

LV 0,86 0,83 0,86 0,91 0,91 0,88 0,85

LT 0,88 0,91 0,95 0,96 0,89 0,91 0,89

MT 0,44 0,44 0,45 0,44 0,42

PL 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,78 0,79 0,81 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,82

SK 0,79 0,81 0,83 0,84 0,83 0,82 0,80

SI 0,87 0,88 0,87 0,88 0,86 0,87 0,86 0,88

CH 0,74 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,75 0,77 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,79 0,81 0,83 0,83

N 0,76 0,76 0,78 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,87 0,87 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,89 0,90 0,91 0,91 0,92 0,93

U.S. 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,85

JAP 0,65 0,65 0,65 0,66 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,70 0,71 0,71 0,71

Source: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Switherland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat New Cronos; own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3211 Ratio of Employment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed women aged 15-64 years in the female population of the same age group to the percentage of employed men in the

male population

Population: Persons aged 15-24 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,86 0,84 0,83 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,86

EU-15 0,85 0,84 0,83 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,87

EU-25 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,85

A 0,91 0,90 0,91 0,90 0,86 0,86 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,84

B 0,80 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,79 0,84 0,80 0,83 0,88 0,93 0,88 0,85 0,84 0,77 0,76 0,77 0,85 0,79 0,79 0,82 0,78 0,86

D 0,93 0,93 0,92 0,94 0,93 0,90 0,90 0,89 0,90 0,90 0,91 0,93 0,96

D-W 0,87 0,89 0,90 0,90 0,92 0,91 0,93 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,93 0,96 0,94 0,91 0,91 0,90 0,92

D-E

DK 0,89 0,90 0,88 0,89 0,96 0,92 0,88 0,92 0,92 0,97 0,98 0,91 0,86 0,89 0,87 0,99 0,90 0,91 0,92 0,99 0,95 0,94

E 0,64 0,67 0,66 0,66 0,67 0,66 0,66 0,70 0,71 0,70 0,69 0,68 0,67 0,66 0,72 0,69 0,69 0,72 0,72

F 0,77 0,78 0,80 0,81 0,80 0,82 0,82 0,81 0,84 0,82 0,85 0,85 0,82 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,78 0,80 0,78 0,76 0,80 0,80

FIN 0,94 0,94 0,82 0,89 0,91 0,93 0,93 0,97 0,98 0,99

GB

GR 0,61 0,58 0,58 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,63 0,61 0,61 0,61 0,61 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,69 0,69 0,72 0,69 0,65

I 0,69 0,67 0,66 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,72 0,71 0,70 0,70 0,68 0,68 0,67 0,67 0,69 0,73 0,74 0,70 0,70 0,70

IRL 0,89 0,93 0,88 0,94 0,94 0,89 0,91 0,87 0,88 0,89 0,94 0,93 0,89 0,88 0,87 0,86 0,86 0,83 0,82 0,86 0,88 0,86

N-IRL

L 0,89 0,90 0,98 0,93 0,90 0,96 0,92 0,93 0,89 0,98 0,91 0,95 0,93 0,92 0,86 0,88 0,88 0,80 0,89 0,79 0,95

NL 1,04 1,05 0,93 0,97 0,97 0,97 0,97 1,00 0,99 1,02 0,98 0,99 0,95 0,95 0,99 0,95 0,97 0,96 0,99 0,99

P 0,68 0,72 0,72 0,74 0,78 0,77 0,80 0,78 0,81 0,81 0,78 0,76 0,83 0,80 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,80 0,77

S 1,11 1,00 0,96 0,91 0,98 1,01 1,03 1,01 1,03 1,02

UK 0,89 0,87 0,88 0,88 0,89 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,92 0,95 0,96 0,94 0,93 0,95 0,93 0,92 0,92 0,92 0,91 0,94 0,94 0,95

CY 0,88 0,87 0,93 0,95 0,95 0,86

CZ 0,68 0,71 0,70 0,69 0,70 0,72 0,75 0,78 0,78 0,77 0,79

EE 0,78 0,80 0,73 0,75 0,66 0,62 0,54 0,67

H 0,91 0,92 0,91 0,76 0,71 0,72 0,78 0,78 0,80 0,78 0,83 0,80

LV 0,81 0,77 0,70 0,73 0,78 0,63 0,62

LT 0,75 0,86 0,81 0,87 0,74 0,70 0,63

MT 1,02 0,95 0,96 0,87 0,86

PL 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,76 0,74 0,75 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,82 0,81 0,77

SK 0,84 0,88 0,97 0,94 0,88 0,89 0,89

SI 0,81 0,89 0,90 0,79 0,77 0,78 0,71 0,76

CH 0,96 0,98 1,00 0,98 0,95 0,96 0,98 0,88 1,02 0,95 0,98 0,99 0,96

N 0,83 0,82 0,88 0,89 0,90 0,90 0,92 0,91 0,95 0,94 0,92 0,93 0,93 0,92 0,89 0,91 0,92 0,90 0,95 1,01 1,00

U.S. 0,88 0,87 0,88 0,89 0,90 0,90 0,89 0,88 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,91 0,90 0,92 0,93 0,94 0,93 0,93 0,94 0,95 0,95

JAP 1,01 1,02 1,02 1,03 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,04 1,02 1,00 0,98 0,98 0,98 0,97 0,97 0,99 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,00 1,01

Source: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Switherland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat New Cronos; own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3211 Ratio of Employment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed women aged 15-64 years in the female population of the same age group to the percentage of employed men in the

male population

Population: Persons aged 25-39 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 0,67 0,69 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79

EU-15 0,74 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,79

EU-25 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,80

A 0,82 0,84 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,87

B 0,63 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,67 0,68 0,70 0,70 0,73 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,84 0,83 0,82 0,82 0,84 0,85

D 0,76 0,76 0,76 0,78 0,77 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,85

D-W 0,62 0,64 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,66 0,67 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,74 0,76 0,75 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,79

D-E

DK 0,92 0,90 0,89 0,90 0,91 0,91 0,93 0,93 0,92 0,91 0,92 0,88 0,84 0,84 0,88 0,88 0,86 0,88 0,90 0,89 0,87 0,92

E 0,44 0,45 0,47 0,50 0,51 0,53 0,55 0,57 0,58 0,58 0,61 0,61 0,61 0,63 0,66 0,68 0,69 0,71 0,74

F 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,73 0,71 0,72 0,72 0,73 0,75 0,75 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,81 0,82 0,82

FIN 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,86 0,86 0,84 0,86 0,89 0,89 0,86

GB

GR 0,45 0,47 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,54 0,55 0,57 0,54 0,57 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,60 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,68

I 0,52 0,52 0,52 0,53 0,55 0,56 0,58 0,58 0,58 0,60 0,59 0,61 0,61 0,62 0,62 0,62 0,63 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,71

IRL 0,41 0,42 0,42 0,45 0,50 0,52 0,54 0,56 0,59 0,64 0,66 0,69 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,75 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,80 0,80 0,79

N-IRL

L 0,53 0,52 0,55 0,58 0,56 0,57 0,57 0,58 0,63 0,63 0,61 0,65 0,59 0,64 0,70 0,66 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,76 0,74

NL 0,48 0,51 0,57 0,59 0,60 0,62 0,65 0,69 0,71 0,74 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,79 0,81 0,81 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,85

P 0,69 0,71 0,72 0,74 0,75 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,80 0,83 0,84 0,85 0,83 0,84 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,89 0,89

S 0,94 0,96 0,93 0,91 0,93 0,94 0,93 0,94 0,94 0,92

UK 0,62 0,65 0,66 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,75 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,82 0,82 0,82

CY 0,70 0,74 0,75 0,83 0,85 0,82

CZ 0,78 0,78 0,77 0,75 0,74 0,74 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,72

EE 0,85 0,82 0,88 0,85 0,77 0,79 0,83 0,83

H 0,82 0,81 0,79 0,75 0,73 0,72 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,75 0,74 0,75

LV 0,88 0,86 0,89 0,93 0,90 0,89 0,88

LT 0,93 0,99 1,01 1,00 0,91 0,97 0,90

MT 0,47 0,45 0,46 0,48 0,47

PL 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,77 0,78 0,80 0,78 0,78 0,81 0,81

SK 0,80 0,81 0,82 0,85 0,82 0,81 0,80

SI 0,97 0,97 0,97 0,97 0,97 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,94

CH 0,72 0,74 0,72 0,73 0,75 0,76 0,79 0,79 0,78 0,80 0,81 0,83 0,83

N 0,74 0,75 0,77 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,86 0,86 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,87 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,91 0,90 0,90 0,91

U.S. 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,81

JAP 0,55 0,56 0,56 0,57 0,58 0,58 0,59 0,59 0,60 0,61 0,60 0,61 0,61 0,62 0,63 0,63 0,64 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67

Source: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Switherland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat New Cronos; own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3211 Ratio of Employment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed women aged 15-64 years in the female population of the same age group to the percentage of employed men in the

male population

Population: Persons aged 40-59 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 0,58 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,74 0,75

EU-15 0,68 0,69 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,75 0,76

EU-25 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77

A 0,68 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,78 0,78 0,80

B 0,36 0,39 0,39 0,40 0,41 0,43 0,44 0,47 0,49 0,51 0,55 0,56 0,57 0,59 0,61 0,63 0,66 0,67 0,69 0,69 0,72 0,73

D 0,68 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,72 0,74 0,76 0,77 0,79 0,79 0,81 0,82 0,83

D-W 0,54 0,54 0,55 0,56 0,57 0,57 0,58 0,63 0,64 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,70 0,72 0,73 0,75 0,76

D-E

DK 0,79 0,79 0,82 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,83 0,87 0,88 0,90 0,90 0,86 0,86 0,84 0,85 0,86 0,90 0,91 0,91 0,92 0,91 0,92

E 0,31 0,31 0,33 0,33 0,34 0,35 0,37 0,39 0,40 0,42 0,43 0,45 0,45 0,46 0,49 0,50 0,53 0,55 0,57

F 0,63 0,65 0,66 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,69 0,71 0,72 0,75 0,76 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,82 0,84 0,83

FIN 1,02 1,00 0,99 0,99 1,00 0,99 1,01 1,00 1,02 1,01

GB

GR 0,43 0,44 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,46 0,46 0,45 0,42 0,44 0,44 0,45 0,47 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,50 0,52 0,51 0,54 0,56

I 0,36 0,37 0,37 0,38 0,39 0,40 0,41 0,41 0,43 0,43 0,45 0,46 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,53 0,56 0,57 0,58 0,61

IRL 0,31 0,29 0,31 0,30 0,32 0,31 0,33 0,35 0,36 0,40 0,43 0,43 0,45 0,49 0,51 0,55 0,58 0,60 0,62 0,65 0,66 0,68

N-IRL

L 0,28 0,30 0,33 0,35 0,37 0,37 0,39 0,38 0,40 0,46 0,48 0,51 0,46 0,47 0,50 0,52 0,56 0,58 0,58 0,60 0,65

NL 0,37 0,39 0,45 0,47 0,47 0,49 0,52 0,54 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,62 0,63 0,65 0,67 0,70 0,71 0,73 0,75 0,76

P 0,55 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,60 0,64 0,66 0,68 0,70 0,71 0,70 0,73 0,72 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,78 0,81

S 0,98 0,98 0,98 0,97 0,98 0,97 0,97 0,97 0,98 0,98

UK 0,71 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,77 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,83 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,86

CY 0,59 0,62 0,66 0,68 0,69 0,71

CZ 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,94 0,93 0,92 0,92 0,92 0,93 0,93 0,93

EE 0,95 0,97 0,98 0,98 0,99 1,01 1,00 1,06

H 0,91 0,93 0,90 0,89 0,90 0,89 0,91 0,92 0,94 0,94 0,93 0,94

LV 0,90 0,87 0,92 0,96 0,98 0,96 0,90

LT 0,90 0,91 0,98 1,00 0,95 0,94 0,96

MT 0,28 0,26 0,29 0,29 0,27

PL 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,90 0,89 0,87 0,88 0,89 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,90

SK 0,80 0,83 0,84 0,83 0,85 0,84 0,82

SI 0,84 0,81 0,80 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,87

CH 0,84 0,84

N 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,86 0,86 0,87 0,86 0,87 0,88 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,89 0,90 0,92 0,91 0,93 0,93 0,92 0,93 0,94

U.S. 0,70 0,70 0,73 0,74 0,77 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,87

JAP 0,67 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,73 0,73 0,73

Source: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Switherland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat New Cronos; own calculations Notes:

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Population: total

Indicator: H3212 Gender Differences in Perceived Employment Opportunities

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Disparities, Inequalities and Social Exclusion

Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/Inequalities of Women and Men

Subdimension:

Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed women to the percentage of employed men considering as "very easy" or "fairly easy" to find an acceptable job if they were actively looking for another job

2005

EU-12EU-15EU-25A 0,88BDD-W 1,19 1,08 1,23D-E 0,28 0,99DK 0,80 0,83E 0,76 1,08F 0,83 1,04FIN 0,88GB 1,09 1,29 1,54GRI 0,54 0,58IRL 1,48 1,33N-IRL 0,99LNL 0,83 0,74P 0,34 0,60S 0,84 1,01UKCY 0,62 1,20CZ 0,78 0,64EEH 0,86 0,84 0,58LV 0,79LTMTPL 0,70SKSI 0,57 0,48BG 0,42 0,79ROCH 0,83 0,90N 0,80 0,87 0,89U.S. 1,11 1,08 1,01JAP 0,60 1,20

Feb 08European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, GESIS-ZUMA, Mannheim Last Update:

Notes: 2005: break in time series due to different wording of the question. 1989, 1997:"If you were looking actively, how easy or difficult do you think it would be for you to find an acceptable job?". 2005:"How difficult or easy do you think it would be for you to find a job at least as good as your current one?". Only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated.

H3212Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), own calculations

Feb 08European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, GESIS-ZUMA, Mannheim Last Update:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3213 Ratio of Unemployment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of unemployed women in the female labour force to the percentage of unemployed men in the male labour force

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 1,45 1,56 1,63 1,64 1,51 1,42 1,28 1,28 1,34 1,30 1,31 1,37 1,38 1,38 1,36 1,28

EU-15 1,32 1,28 1,29 1,34 1,34 1,38 1,33 1,25

EU-25

A 1,26 0,98 1,04 1,02 1,02 0,96 1,05 0,87

B 2,20 2,29 2,41 2,52 2,41 2,20 2,45 2,48 2,30 1,98 1,74 1,61 1,67 1,68 1,62 1,54 1,36 1,57 1,23 1,26

D 1,48 1,67 1,43 1,37 1,35 1,17 1,14 1,12 1,07 1,09 1,00 0,94

D-W 1,29 1,44 1,47 1,49 1,30 1,49 1,67 1,53 1,33 1,27 1,11 1,07 1,10 0,93 0,95 0,96 0,94

D-E

DK 1,13 1,31 1,48 1,70 1,37 1,26 1,19 1,14 1,20 1,19 1,07 1,25 1,54 1,53 1,42 1,68 1,31 1,25 1,33 1,02 1,12

E 1,28 1,64 1,79 1,93 2,02 1,93 1,87 1,56 1,60 1,70 1,68 1,74 1,93 2,12 2,13 2,07 2,12 2,00

F 1,72 1,59 1,48 1,41 1,57 1,56 1,73 1,69 1,61 1,58 1,40 1,32 1,41 1,37 1,31 1,36 1,34 1,44 1,50 1,26 1,23

FIN 0,91 1,00 1,03 1,05 1,13 1,17 1,09 0,95 0,90

GB

GR 2,02 2,02 2,09 2,32 2,24 2,60 2,70 2,72 2,69 2,63 2,39 2,28 2,23 2,57 2,39 2,36 2,36 2,29 2,30 2,35 2,39

I 2,55 2,39 2,43 2,39 2,21 2,38 2,34 2,45 2,31 2,06 1,92 1,77 1,76 1,72 1,72 1,76 1,85 1,80 1,76 1,80 1,72

IRL 1,11 1,09 1,11 1,13 1,08 1,08 1,04 1,10 1,08 1,03 1,03 1,01 1,02 1,01 1,00 0,92 0,95 0,98 0,95 0,83 0,83

N-IRL

L 2,17 1,81 1,95 2,11 2,11 1,93 1,75 1,63 1,43 2,10 1,88 2,00 2,21 1,83 1,72 1,38 1,89

NL 1,26 1,31 1,89 1,73 1,74 1,95 1,77 1,95 1,45 1,25 1,43 1,56 1,65 1,71 1,81 1,59 1,39 1,26 1,09

P 1,72 1,66 1,93 2,09 1,97 2,15 1,41 1,40 1,32 1,20 1,31 1,29 1,53 1,21 1,57 1,67 1,39 1,42

S 0,81 0,83 0,88 0,82 0,83 0,85 0,88 0,87 0,82

UK 0,82 0,87 0,93 0,91 0,90 0,92 0,93 0,92 0,79 0,64 0,62 0,65 0,68 0,65 0,72 0,78 0,75 0,80 0,79 0,77 0,74

CY 2,28 2,19 1,62 1,21

CZ 1,59 1,44 1,41 1,42 1,51 1,64 1,44 1,45 1,46 1,53 1,62

EE 0,85 0,82 0,78 0,79 1,11 0,83 0,95

H 0,79 0,77 0,78 0,77 0,82 0,81 0,82 0,84 0,80 0,79 0,89 0,92

LV 0,88 0,94 0,89 0,79 0,78 1,04

LT 0,77 0,82 0,75 0,72 0,97 1,05

MT

PL 1,20 1,24 1,22 1,21 1,26 1,39 1,32 1,15 1,26 1,18 1,09 1,07

SK 1,06 1,10 1,25 1,15 1,08 1,01 0,98 0,94 1,01 1,02

SI 0,93 1,09 1,03 1,04 1,04 1,11 1,13 1,17

CH 2,08 1,52 1,48 1,26 1,34 1,21 0,91 1,28 1,30 1,35 2,06 1,11 1,18

N 1,23 0,97 1,48 1,53 1,53 1,10 0,90 0,86 0,86 0,77 0,79 0,80 0,90 1,02 1,05 1,06 0,88 0,86 0,97 0,90 0,81

U.S. 0,93 1,03 1,06 1,03 1,00 1,02 1,04 0,96 0,90 0,89 0,92 0,97 1,00 1,00 1,02 1,05 1,05 1,05 0,98 0,95 0,90

JAP 0,96 1,08 1,04 1,04 0,97 1,04 1,05 1,10 1,16 1,05 1,13 1,07 1,06 1,00 1,00 0,98 0,94 0,90 0,92 0,91 0,89

Source: EU12, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia: Eurostat NewCronos; Austria, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1982-2003.

Notes: Norway: unemployment rate of labour force aged 16-74 years; break in time series between 1986/1987, 1987/1988, 1995/1996; United States: unemployment rate of labour force aged 16 years and older; rest of the countries: figures are related to the labour force aged 15 years and older

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3213 Ratio of Unemployment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of unemployed women in the female labour force to the percentage of unemployed men in the male labour force

Population: Persons aged 15-24 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 1,21 1,25 1,32 1,31 1,20 1,14 1,05 1,04 1,14 1,11 1,15 1,14 1,15 1,15 1,14 1,06

EU-15 1,13 1,10 1,14 1,13 1,14 1,14 1,12 1,05

EU-25

A 1,09 0,92 0,94 1,03 1,16 0,81 0,94 0,83

B 1,50 1,48 1,68 1,74 1,95 1,80 1,77 1,90 1,55 1,35 1,13 1,14 1,20 1,41 1,46 1,26 0,99 1,41 1,16 0,95

D 1,12 1,20 1,01 0,89 0,94 0,82 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,71 0,65

D-W 1,09 1,16 1,19 1,32 1,03 1,16 1,13 1,07 0,97 1,02 0,84 0,76 0,81 0,74 0,72 0,78 0,75

D-E

DK 1,09 1,27 1,32 1,36 1,25 1,11 1,16 1,02 1,15 1,04 1,01 1,00 1,58 1,38 1,50 1,13 1,11 1,08 1,27 0,59 0,85

E 1,12 1,29 1,37 1,55 1,53 1,47 1,43 1,20 1,21 1,32 1,32 1,36 1,47 1,61 1,63 1,66 1,64 1,40

F 1,49 1,38 1,26 1,23 1,36 1,32 1,42 1,37 1,33 1,34 1,18 1,12 1,29 1,21 1,15 1,18 1,14 1,19 1,28 1,19 1,13

FIN 1,00 0,98 1,08 1,04 1,08 1,06 1,07 0,97 1,00

GB

GR 1,76 1,83 1,81 2,14 1,93 2,12 2,00 2,16 1,98 1,99 1,91 1,86 1,94 1,92 1,83 1,84 1,78 1,71 1,70 1,80 1,92

I 1,47 1,45 1,49 1,48 1,38 1,42 1,49 1,51 1,41 1,38 1,31 1,23 1,30 1,31 1,39 1,27 1,34 1,24 1,27 1,33 1,30

IRL 0,81 0,77 0,89 0,78 0,80 0,84 0,83 0,87 0,85 0,86 0,85 0,82 0,85 0,89 0,89 0,93 0,97 1,15 0,92 0,77 0,78

N-IRL

L 0,85 1,16 0,82 1,64 1,22 1,19 1,28 1,70

NL 0,83 0,90 1,15 1,04 1,12 1,17 1,18 1,10 0,84 0,66 1,10 1,03 1,12 1,12 1,24 1,26 1,07 1,12 0,97

P 1,56 1,57 1,89 1,93 1,68 1,89 1,24 1,48 1,35 1,13 1,37 1,64 1,30 1,42 2,15 1,83 1,36 1,56

S 0,88 0,92 0,93 0,93 0,90 0,75 0,83 0,93 0,85

UK 0,78 0,82 0,85 0,86 0,87 0,83 0,83 0,82 0,72 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,70 0,64 0,72 0,76 0,73 0,77 0,74 0,69 0,73

CY 1,99 1,70 0,95 0,98

CZ 1,50 1,24 1,21 1,30 1,37 1,38 1,16 1,04 1,08 1,15 1,13

EE 0,98 0,89 1,95 1,55 1,48

H 0,78 0,77 0,67 0,75 0,86 0,86 0,78 0,86 0,81 0,82 0,90 0,93

LV 0,95 0,75 1,03 0,89 1,04 1,67

LT 0,70 0,85 0,93 0,67 1,10 1,48

MT

PL 1,16 1,16 1,13 1,17 1,19 1,27 1,17 1,13 1,12 1,05 1,02 1,05

SK 0,95 0,89 1,05 1,00 0,88 0,91 0,85 0,85 0,91 0,92

SI 0,99 1,35 1,07 1,15 1,25 1,11 1,24 1,40

CH 1,13 0,90 0,86 1,20 1,02 0,79 0,48 1,49 1,02 0,70 0,96 0,53 1,04

N 1,17 1,07 1,28 1,59 1,57 1,16 0,92 0,89 0,88 0,84 0,91 0,92 0,99 1,05 1,09 1,06 0,99 1,15 0,97 0,85 0,84

U.S. 0,86 0,92 0,92 0,93 0,93 0,93 0,91 0,92 0,87 0,86 0,86 0,88 0,93 0,90 0,91 0,88 0,92 0,92 0,84 0,87 0,85

JAP 0,98 1,02 0,98 0,98 0,93 0,92 0,89 0,91 0,89 0,89 1,08 0,95 1,00 0,99 0,91 0,89 0,80 0,76 0,81 0,77 0,75

Source: EU12, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia: Eurostat NewCronos; Austria, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1982-2003.

Notes: Norway: unemployment rate of labour force aged 16-74 years; break in time series between 1986/1987, 1987/1988, 1995/1996; United States: unemployment rate of labour force aged 16 years and older; rest of the countries: figures are related to the labour force aged 15 years and older

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3213 Ratio of Unemployment Rates of Women and Men Definition: Ratio of the percentage of unemployed women in the female labour force to the percentage of unemployed men in the male labour force

Population: Persons aged 25-54 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 1,53 1,67 1,79 1,81 1,66 1,55 1,38 1,37 1,43 1,36 1,37 1,45 1,48 1,51 1,44 1,37

EU-15 1,39 1,34 1,42 1,45 1,48 1,43 1,34

EU-25

A 1,33 1,00 1,11 1,06 1,02 1,05 1,12 0,91

B 2,47 2,57 2,55 2,75 2,44 2,23 2,61 2,58 2,51 2,05 1,94 1,75 1,79 1,71 1,67 1,62 1,48 1,61 1,27 1,33

D 1,60 1,87 1,62 1,51 1,49 1,25 1,21 1,17 1,16 1,13 1,04 0,98

D-W 1,36 1,56 1,54 1,56 1,40 1,65 1,88 1,75 1,49 1,29 1,16 1,14 1,18 0,99 1,00 0,98 1,02

D-E

DK 1,13 1,25 1,62 1,90 1,51 1,32 1,14 1,12 1,20 1,19 1,04 1,34 1,52 1,62 1,39 1,91 1,32 1,34 1,41 1,27 1,27

E 1,14 1,62 1,89 2,05 2,19 2,16 2,05 1,69 1,75 1,83 1,76 1,82 2,08 2,32 2,36 2,21 2,27 2,21

F 1,76 1,62 1,53 1,47 1,63 1,66 1,83 1,86 1,71 1,66 1,46 1,37 1,44 1,42 1,35 1,42 1,44 1,54 1,62 1,34 1,32

FIN 0,91 1,03 0,99 1,06 1,16 1,24 1,10 0,96 0,80

GB

GR 1,79 1,80 1,89 1,95 2,05 2,39 2,76 2,69 2,67 2,68 2,39 2,23 2,14 2,56 2,43 2,44 2,45 2,41 2,45 2,44 2,46

I 3,12 2,97 2,87 2,74 2,63 2,81 2,67 2,90 2,93 2,32 2,13 1,92 1,88 1,82 1,75 1,90 1,97 1,95 1,90 1,93 1,87

IRL 1,19 1,17 1,10 1,19 1,13 1,08 1,04 1,12 1,09 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,97 0,96 0,97 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,91 0,78 0,80

N-IRL

L 2,24 2,21 2,40 2,38 2,14 2,40 2,33 2,00 2,22 2,42 1,94 1,56 2,29 2,33 1,93 2,29 2,07 2,07 1,73 1,78

NL 1,34 1,34 2,25 2,00 1,95 2,22 2,02 2,20 1,66 1,43 1,46 1,74 1,81 1,96 1,95 1,76 1,50 1,32 1,10

P 1,77 1,75 2,10 2,23 2,25 2,53 1,74 1,44 1,42 1,32 1,42 1,30 1,77 1,27 1,52 1,73 1,50 1,45

S 0,71 0,78 0,89 0,80 0,80 0,94 0,87 0,81 0,82

UK 0,84 0,90 0,99 0,97 0,97 1,04 1,05 1,05 0,83 0,68 0,64 0,65 0,72 0,70 0,74 0,84 0,80 0,83 0,88 0,86 0,79

CY 2,31 2,53 1,71 1,40

CZ 1,80 1,76 1,58 1,60 1,66 1,87 1,61 1,65 1,65 1,69 1,86

EE 0,92 0,90 0,80 0,83 0,93 0,79 0,90

H 0,81 0,77 0,79 0,78 0,83 0,82 0,84 0,84 0,81 0,79 0,91 0,91

LV 0,95 1,02 0,88 0,83 0,73 0,93

LT 0,80 0,89 0,76 0,79 1,01 0,93

MT

PL 1,27 1,29 1,28 1,27 1,34 1,46 1,40 1,18 1,32 1,24 1,13 1,11

SK 1,12 1,20 1,37 1,24 1,19 1,05 1,04 0,99 1,06 1,08

SI 0,86 1,02 0,98 0,98 1,05 1,19 1,10 1,13

CH 3,25 2,00 2,09 1,35 1,74 1,34 1,05 1,43 1,45 1,94 3,40 1,45 1,21

N 1,17 0,93 1,86 1,80 1,73 1,10 0,90 0,83 0,87 0,76 0,72 0,76 0,86 1,03 1,03 1,04 0,85 0,79 0,93 0,88 0,77

U.S. 0,94 1,07 1,11 1,05 1,02 1,05 1,07 1,00 0,92 0,90 0,95 1,02 1,02 1,05 1,11 1,15 1,13 1,14 1,05 1,00 0,92

JAP 1,20 1,37 1,26 1,30 1,24 1,41 1,47 1,50 1,62 1,50 1,47 1,40 1,41 1,28 1,28 1,23 1,19 1,13 1,12 1,11 1,07

Source: EU12, Cyprus, Malta, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia: Eurostat NewCronos; Austria, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD Labour Force Statistics 1982-2003.

Notes: Norway: unemployment rate of labour force aged 16-74 years; break in time series between 1986/1987, 1987/1988, 1995/1996; United States: unemployment rate of labour force aged 16 years and older; rest of the countries: figures are related to the labour force aged 15 years and older

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Population: total

Indicator: H3214 Gender Differences in Perceived Job Security

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Disparities, Inequalities and Social Exclusion

Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/Inequalities of Women and Men

Subdimension:

Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed women to the percentage of employed men who "strongly agree" or "agree" to the statement "My Job is secure"

2005

EU-12EU-15EU-25A 1,03BDD-W 0,95 1,05 1,04D-E 1,16 1,01DK 0,98 1,00E 0,83 0,91F 1,27 1,14FIN 0,99GB 1,12 1,24 1,13GRI 0,97 0,96IRL 1,11 1,07N-IRL 1,37LNL 0,90 0,97P 1,00 0,93S 0,93 1,07UKCY 0,99 0,85CZ 1,09 1,03EEH 1,10 0,81 1,05LV 0,90LTMTPL 1,04SKSI 1,18 0,88BG 0,66 0,86ROCH 1,06 1,06N 1,05 1,01 1,17U.S. 0,96 1,07 1,07JAP 1,01 1,03

Feb 08European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, GESIS-ZUMA, Mannheim Last Update:

Notes: Only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated.

H3214Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), own calculations

Feb 08European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, GESIS-ZUMA, Mannheim Last Update:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3215 Approval of Gender Equality of Employment Opportunities Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, men should

have more right to a job than women" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 47,0 60,6

B 54,7 79,6

D 59,8

D-W 65,1 67,6 60,0

D-E 62,9 67,6 58,8

DK 91,1 94,1

E 67,0 63,9 68,5

F 62,0 71,5

FIN 70,6 79,6 86,5

GB 68,1 70,2

GR 71,5

I 51,7 62,7

IRL 64,4 84,1

N-IRL 65,5 79,6

L 66,1

NL 75,9 88,9

P 58,0 61,0

S 89,5 94,3 94,8

UK 71,1

CY

CZ 32,6 69,9

EE 77,9

H 57,0 75,7

LV 75,6

LT 68,0

MT 53,3

PL 16,0 54,6

SK 58,0

SI 70,5

CH

N 83,7 83,5

U.S. 75,1 73,4

JAP 26,5 20,4

Source: 1990 and 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS); own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3215 Approval of Gender Equality of Employment Opportunities Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, men should

have more right to a job than women" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Men

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 38,9 56,6

B 50,7 78,7

D 56,5

D-W 54,9 61,8 58,1

D-E 54,5 64,2 50,1

DK 93,3 92,1

E 63,0 61,2 61,9

F 57,5 69,5

FIN 67,6 72,0 81,6

GB 66,2 63,1

GR 61,9

I 42,5 55,9

IRL 59,3 81,2

N-IRL 58,3 77,6

L 60,2

NL 77,8 87,9

P 52,8 55,1

S 87,4 94,5 91,8

UK 64,4

CY

CZ 30,6 67,3

EE 70,0

H 58,3 70,1

LV 65,8

LT 50,9

MT 44,9

PL 18,7 45,9

SK 49,1

SI 65,5

CH

N 78,9 79,4

U.S. 73,2 69,5

JAP 22,5 13,9

Source: 1990 and 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS); own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Women and Men Indicator: H3215 Approval of Gender Equality of Employment Opportunities Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, men should

have more right to a job than women" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Women

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 56,3 66,3

B 64,0 80,9

D 62,9

D-W 77,9 77,3 61,8

D-E 71,8 73,4 67,8

DK 91,7 96,3

E 78,7 74,5 80,6

F 74,4 73,8

FIN 72,8 90,6 92,7

GB 73,4 78,5

GR 81,2

I 69,2 72,3

IRL 76,2 88,4

N-IRL 68,1 81,9

L 74,2

NL 84,5 90,2

P 66,5 70,3

S 91,2 95,4 98,0

UK 78,8

CY

CZ 35,7 72,9

EE 85,5

H 62,8 82,7

LV 79,6

LT 86,7

MT 71,5

PL 17,6 65,0

SK 67,6

SI 76,0

CH

N 89,3 87,2

U.S. 82,5 81,0

JAP 32,9 24,8

Source: 1990 and 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS); own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3221 Wage Differentials of Female and Male Employees Definition: Ratio of the average gross hourly earnings of female and male manual workers in the manufacturing industry

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A

B 0,70 0,71 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,79 0,80 0,79 0,79

D 0,74 0,74 0,74

D-W 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74 0,74

D-E 0,82 0,81 0,80 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,79

DK 0,86 0,86 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,90 0,89 0,89

E 0,68 0,67 0,77 0,78 0,77 0,79 0,77 0,69 0,72 0,72

F 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,82

FIN

GB

GR 0,67 0,67 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,79 0,78 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,82 0,80 0,82 0,82 0,83

I 0,85 0,85 0,87 0,88 0,85 0,84

IRL 0,69 0,68 0,69 0,69 0,68 0,68 0,68 0,67 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,70 0,71 0,71 0,73 0,75 0,75 0,77 0,75

N-IRL

L 0,61 0,60 0,60 0,61 0,61 0,63 0,61 0,62 0,58 0,60 0,63 0,63 0,62 0,64 0,65 0,64 0,63 0,69 0,69

NL 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,75 0,74 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,76 0,76 0,78 0,77

P 0,70 0,70 0,71 0,68 0,71 0,71 0,71 0,70 0,70 0,69

S 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,90 0,91 0,92

UK 0,69 0,69 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,68 0,68 0,69 0,69 0,69 0,70 0,69 0,69 0,69

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH 0,66 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,68 0,68 0,68 0,68 0,69

N 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,86 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,88

U.S.

JAP 0,50 0,49 0,49 0,49 0,49 0,49 0,49 0,49 0,49

Source: EU countries: Eurostat, New Cronos; Norway, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation (ILO), Laborsta Database, retrieval of data via Internet at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/support/lib/dblist.htm; Japan: OECD, Employment Outlook 1991, p. 58

Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3222 Ratio of Women and Men Employed in an Influential Occupational Position Definition: Ratio of the percentage of women employed as legislators, senior officials or managers (major Group 1 of ISCO -88) to the respective percentage of men

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 0,60 0,60 0,58 0,61 0,61 0,60 0,60 0,58 0,58 0,56 0,57 0,57

EU-15 0,60 0,60 0,58 0,59 0,57 0,57 0,56 0,56 0,56

EU-25 0,57 0,55 0,56 0,57

A 0,47 0,45 0,51 0,52 0,50 0,55 0,54 0,50 0,46 0,45

B 0,72 0,65 0,66 0,69 0,61 0,63 0,64 0,64 0,64 0,67 0,63 0,57 0,56

D 0,49 0,49 0,47 0,48 0,49 0,48 0,48 0,46 0,48 0,46 0,47 0,48

D-W

D-E

DK 0,25 0,27 0,36 0,30 0,36 0,37 0,32 0,33 0,37 0,30 0,31 0,40 0,36

E 0,91 1,01 0,94 0,88 0,89 0,84 0,86 0,79 0,79 0,82 0,77 0,69 0,72

F 0,60 0,41 0,47 0,72 0,69 0,64 0,66 0,63 0,66 0,68 0,69 0,65 0,68

FIN 0,32 0,29 0,43 0,40 0,42 0,43 0,43 0,43

GB

GR 0,55 0,55 0,54 0,50 0,53 0,49 0,57 0,53 0,56 0,55 0,56 0,58

I 0,38 0,33 0,33 0,34 0,36 0,37 0,38 0,39 0,29 0,38 0,42 0,43 0,77

IRL 0,57 0,57 0,57 0,62 0,63 0,67 0,47 0,47 0,53 0,56 0,53 0,56 0,55

N-IRL

L 1,16 0,73 0,68 0,61 0,44 0,72 0,48 0,58 0,58 0,64 0,33 0,48

NL 0,34 0,32 0,37 0,39 0,39 0,38 0,44 0,42 0,45 0,46 0,44

P 0,75 0,61 0,52 0,54 0,59 0,60 0,58 0,54 0,55 0,54 0,51 0,56 0,59

S 0,41 0,48 0,43 0,48 0,48 0,48 0,47 0,47

UK 0,61 0,64 0,62 0,63 0,62 0,63 0,63 0,63 0,62 0,53 0,56 0,56 0,58

CY 0,24 0,20 0,33 0,21 0,18 0,18

CZ 0,42 0,42 0,47 0,40 0,38 0,44 0,43 0,41 0,47 0,45 0,49 0,50

EE 0,59 0,54 0,56 0,68 0,57 0,57 0,51 0,58

H 0,64 2,20 0,61 0,67 0,64 0,61 0,66 0,67 0,62 0,60

LV 0,74 0,69 0,63 0,62 0,67 0,66 0,81

LT 0,59 0,60 0,72 0,82 0,92 0,70 0,85

MT 0,58 0,47 0,45 0,58 0,44

PL 0,64 0,63 0,61 0,63 0,59 0,51 0,54 0,59 0,59

SK 0,50 0,63 0,54 0,53 0,54 0,60 0,60

SI 0,42 0,43 0,37 0,50 0,51 0,54 0,48 0,60 0,60

CH 0,39 0,33 0,35 0,34 0,39 0,43 0,47 0,48

N 0,41 0,42 0,40 0,44 0,38 0,38 0,42 0,44 0,45

U.S.

JAP

Source: EU countries, Switzerland, Norway: Eurostat New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3223 Ratio of Women and Men Employed as Professionals Definition: Ratio of the percentage of women employed as professionals (major Group 2 of ISCO -88) to the respective percentage of men

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 1,03 1,05 1,06 1,10 1,09 1,09 1,08 1,08 1,07 1,02 1,04 1,05

EU-15 1,08 1,08 1,11 1,10 1,09 1,09 1,04 1,05 1,06

EU-25 1,17 1,13 1,13 1,14

A 1,00 1,24 1,12 1,17 1,21 1,31 1,33 1,27 1,30 0,89

B 1,70 1,74 1,69 1,63 1,72 1,68 1,68 1,57 1,66 1,54 1,55 1,69 1,62

D 0,73 0,76 0,74 0,76 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,75 0,74 0,74 0,75

D-W

D-E

DK 0,80 0,80 0,79 0,71 0,74 0,85 0,77 0,71 0,80 0,79 0,81 0,85 0,84

E 1,83 1,86 1,65 1,87 1,79 1,82 1,80 1,69 1,63 1,66 1,62 1,65 1,58

F 0,69 0,70 0,69 0,72 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,74 0,73 0,75 0,74 0,87

FIN 1,55 1,56 1,47 1,52 1,54 1,04 1,02 1,02

GB

GR 1,57 1,45 1,41 1,47 1,44 1,47 1,48 1,42 1,45 1,45 1,51 1,57

I 1,89 2,18 2,19 2,30 2,18 2,14 2,14 2,06 1,99 1,97 2,01 2,10 1,30

IRL 1,82 1,89 1,97 1,97 1,76 1,55 1,58 1,66 1,56 1,54 1,62 1,54 1,67

N-IRL

L 0,71 0,84 0,88 0,91 0,88 0,99 0,89 1,00 0,95 0,97 0,95 0,99

NL 0,96 0,95 0,92 0,93 0,96 0,98 0,96 1,03 0,93 0,93 0,98

P 1,25 1,26 1,43 1,36 1,25 1,27 1,50 1,43 1,50 1,60 1,74 1,88 1,62

S 1,24 1,16 1,14 1,14 1,08 1,08 1,12 1,14

UK 1,00 1,00 1,08 1,06 1,05 1,05 1,02 1,01 1,03 0,85 0,88 0,86 0,91

CY 1,30 1,20 1,26 1,34 1,20 1,23

CZ 1,31 1,31 1,41 1,49 1,51 1,47 1,43 1,42 1,43 1,39 1,30 1,37

EE 1,68 2,45 1,91 2,52 2,91 1,92 1,61 2,19

H 1,56 3,89 1,62 1,60 1,66 1,71 1,64 1,65 1,54 1,60

LV 2,27 2,30 2,25 2,96 2,06 1,71 2,12

LT 2,64 2,49 2,63 2,39 2,43 2,33 2,14

MT 1,81 1,58 1,68 1,73 2,10

PL 2,17 2,08 2,17 2,07 2,07 2,02 1,92 1,82 1,81

SK 1,84 1,89 1,92 1,98 2,05 2,00 1,96

SI 1,83 1,82 1,84 1,75 1,88 1,77 1,62 1,80 1,78

CH 0,53 0,54 0,56 0,56 0,63 0,61 0,59 0,63

N 0,72 0,78 0,78 0,78 0,83 0,75 0,79 0,78 0,85

U.S.

JAP

Source: EU countries, Switzerland, Norway: Eurostat New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3224 Ratio of Women and Men Employed in Elementary Occupations Definition: Ratio of the percentage of women employed in elementary occupations (major Group 9 of ISCO -88) to the respective percentage of men

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12 1,38 1,42 1,39 1,45 1,46 1,40 1,43 1,42 1,40 1,29 1,30 1,31

EU-15 1,44 1,46 1,42 1,45 1,44 1,41 1,30 1,31 1,32

EU-25 1,42 1,32 1,33 1,34

A 1,89 2,14 2,20 2,32 2,24 2,20 2,10 2,06 2,00 1,63

B 1,28 1,44 1,42 1,27 1,33 1,23 1,45 1,36 1,24 1,20 1,35 1,24 1,52

D 1,39 1,37 1,34 1,51 1,62 1,56 1,56 1,53 1,55 1,65 1,54 1,53

D-W

D-E

DK 1,08 1,16 1,04 1,20 1,01 0,91 1,01 0,96 1,02 0,96 0,95 1,03 0,93

E 1,56 1,79 1,61 1,59 1,58 1,60 1,57 1,54 1,55 1,54 1,59 1,56 1,56

F 2,04 1,94 1,98 2,00 1,97 1,89 1,96 1,90 1,79 1,71 1,74 1,86 2,01

FIN 1,24 1,30 1,53 1,33 1,29 1,54 1,69 1,59

GB

GR 2,00 1,56 1,59 1,63 1,75 1,77 1,86 1,93 1,82 1,80 1,95 1,81

I 1,14 1,22 1,23 1,32 1,29 1,23 1,24 1,25 1,18 1,22 1,26 1,30 1,33

IRL 0,52 0,55 0,54 0,54 0,55 0,55 0,88 0,82 0,75 0,81 0,77 0,75 0,80

N-IRL

L 3,43 3,01 3,13 2,75 3,08 3,07 3,10 3,62 2,63 2,18 2,02

NL 1,53 1,50 1,47 1,47 1,32 1,34 1,32 1,26 1,19 1,26 1,18

P 1,42 1,62 1,65 1,91 1,92 1,74 2,11 1,97 2,01 2,06 2,07 2,09 2,01

S 2,36 2,18 2,17 2,15 1,40 1,36 1,30 1,19

UK 1,38 1,29 1,31 1,28 1,30 1,20 1,12 1,13 1,15 0,78 0,81 0,77 0,72

CY 2,52 2,35 2,09 2,14 2,25 2,27

CZ 1,99 1,91 1,93 1,96 1,88 1,82 1,98 1,98 1,92 2,17 1,97 2,01

EE 1,29 1,40 1,46 1,65 1,70 1,57 1,34 1,36

H 1,66 2,04 1,60 1,45 1,53 1,37 1,46 1,57 1,64 1,50

LV 1,01 0,83 0,87 0,89 1,03 0,90 0,86

LT 1,12 1,20 1,19 1,20 1,08 1,18 1,07

MT 0,54 0,68 0,84 0,62 0,51

PL 1,43 1,52 1,53 1,49 1,45 1,45 1,49 1,52 1,40

SK 1,31 1,16 1,22 1,29 1,17 1,11 1,13

SI 1,71 2,25 2,17 2,74 1,94 1,92 1,54 1,37 1,68

CH 2,14 2,19 2,30 2,37 2,24 1,93 1,91 1,94

N 2,69 2,75 2,73 2,81 2,44 2,50 2,37 2,53 2,55

U.S.

JAP

Source: EU countries, Switzerland, Norway: Eurostat New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3225 Perceived Gender Equality at Work Definition: Percentage of employed persons who say that men and women have equal opportunities at their workplaces (Question: "At your workplace, would you

say that men and women have equal opportunities or not?" Answer categories: equal opportunities, more opportunities for men, more opportunities for women, other, don't know)

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 47,8

B 56,9

D

D-W 50,4

D-E 51,0

DK 69,2

E 54,7

F 54,0

FIN 65,7

GB 71,0

GR 46,2

I 59,3

IRL 59,6

N-IRL

L 53,2

NL 58,5

P 49,7

S 64,2

UK

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Second European Survey on Working Conditions 1996, own calculatiions Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3225 Perceived Gender Equality at Work Definition: Percentage of employed persons who say that men and women have equal opportunities at their workplaces (Question: "At your workplace, would you

say that men and women have equal opportunities or not?" Answer categories: equal opportunities, more opportunities for men, more opportunities for women, other, don't know)

Population: Men

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 43,9

B 52,0

D

D-W 45,8

D-E 39,5

DK 63,8

E 50,2

F 50,8

FIN 66,5

GB 67,9

GR 39,6

I 55,1

IRL 52,1

N-IRL

L 51,7

NL 54,8

P 42,1

S 56,9

UK

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Second European Survey on Working Conditions 1996, own calculatiions Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Women and Men Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Women and Men Indicator: H3225 Perceived Gender Equality at Work Definition: Percentage of employed persons who say that men and women have equal opportunities at their workplaces (Question: "At your workplace, would you

say that men and women have equal opportunities or not?" Answer categories: equal opportunities, more opportunities for men, more opportunities for women, other, don't know)

Population: Women

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 52,8

B 64,6

D

D-W 56,7

D-E 64,2

DK 75,0

E 63,7

F 57,3

FIN 64,9

GB 74,8

GR 58,5

I 66,2

IRL 72,5

N-IRL

L 55,7

NL 64,1

P 58,4

S 72,2

UK

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Second European Survey on Working Conditions 1996, own calculatiions Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3311 Equality of Employment Rates of Different Generations Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest employment rate among the following age groups: 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-59 years

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 1,52 1,54 1,58 1,59 1,58 1,58 1,57 1,57 1,56 1,55 1,54 1,52 1,47 1,43

EU-15 1,57 1,56 1,56 1,55 1,54 1,52 1,51 1,45 1,42

EU-25 1,57 1,55 1,50 1,47

A 1,95 1,93 2,02 2,05 2,04 2,00 2,03 1,90 1,80 1,83

B 1,96 2,03 2,05 2,15 2,40 2,46 2,38 2,51 2,43 2,45 2,44 2,28 2,23 2,40 2,39 2,24 2,20 2,21 2,10 2,09 2,01 1,87

D 1,48 1,57 1,60 1,56 1,53 1,50 1,48 1,47 1,46 1,45 1,42 1,36 1,35

D-W 1,34 1,35 1,40 1,37 1,36 1,39 1,42 1,40 1,39 1,39 1,40 1,42 1,44 1,45 1,44 1,44 1,44

D-E

DK 1,35 1,31 1,31 1,30 1,31 1,32 1,30 1,25 1,29 1,25 1,30 1,25 1,33 1,37 1,28 1,28 1,24 1,21 1,18 1,14 1,12 1,11

E 1,29 1,33 1,39 1,41 1,42 1,47 1,47 1,46 1,55 1,55 1,53 1,50 1,47 1,53 1,53 1,51 1,49 1,50 1,50

F 1,63 1,67 1,69 1,71 1,71 1,69 1,68 1,71 1,68 1,68 1,68 1,67 1,63 1,65 1,65 1,69 1,70 1,67 1,65 1,58 1,51 1,50

FIN 1,58 1,69 1,62 1,61 1,52 1,43 1,36 1,30 1,28 1,26

GB

GR 1,28 1,31 1,34 1,37 1,39 1,38 1,43 1,47 1,46 1,50 1,51 1,52 1,49 1,48 1,49 1,58 1,56 1,54 1,55 1,56 1,49

I 1,56 1,60 1,64 1,67 1,69 1,68 1,76 1,74 1,73 1,89 1,81 1,87 1,98 1,96 2,01 2,01 1,99 2,01 2,06 1,90 1,86 1,88

IRL 1,25 1,29 1,26 1,34 1,38 1,43 1,49 1,48 1,49 1,51 1,47 1,56 1,59 1,54 1,59 1,60 1,58 1,54 1,50 1,48 1,41 1,39

N-IRL

L 2,27 2,22 2,04 2,02 2,07 2,12 2,16 1,90 2,26 2,14 2,01 2,19 2,07 2,30 2,19 2,08 1,97 2,01 2,02 2,17 1,82

NL 1,60 1,63 1,73 1,72 1,69 1,71 1,82 1,80 1,82 1,77 1,80 1,82 1,75 1,76 1,70 1,59 1,52 1,44 1,44 1,42

P 1,46 1,51 1,51 1,48 1,48 1,46 1,51 1,55 1,50 1,56 1,54 1,52 1,43 1,41 1,45 1,49 1,41 1,39 1,47

S 1,15 1,13 1,13 1,12 1,09 1,08 1,11 1,08 1,09 1,09

UK 1,23 1,26 1,26 1,27 1,30 1,32 1,31 1,29 1,29 1,31 1,34 1,32 1,33 1,32 1,34 1,32 1,30 1,29 1,27 1,25 1,22 1,21

CY 1,33 1,33 1,41 1,43 1,47 1,44

CZ 1,97 1,91 1,80 1,71 1,67 1,71 1,68 1,71 1,68 1,57 1,50

EE 1,31 1,32 1,33 1,25 1,21 1,22

H 2,52 2,78 3,01 2,89 2,79 2,84 3,05 2,64 2,31 2,15 1,97 1,77

LV 1,57 1,54 1,59 1,30 1,38 1,37

LT 1,40 1,40 1,41 1,34 1,28 1,32

MT 1,45 1,85 1,51 1,67 1,62

PL 1,86 1,82 1,82 1,84 1,89 1,87 1,93 1,88 2,05 1,94 2,05 2,04

SK 2,26 2,26 2,15 2,17 2,00 1,96

SI 3,05 3,03 2,80 2,48 2,74 2,01

CH 1,13 1,11

N 1,20 1,21 1,18 1,20 1,22 1,20 1,20 1,21 1,21 1,21 1,20 1,19 1,19 1,17 1,15 1,13 1,13 1,13 1,12 1,11 1,10

U.S. 1,26 1,28 1,29 1,28 1,28 1,28 1,27 1,26 1,26 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,23 1,23 1,22 1,21 1,21 1,22 1,22 1,18 1,17

JAP 1,17 1,17 1,16 1,18 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,15 1,13 1,13 1,12 1,12 1,11 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,10 1,11 1,11 1,11

Source: Czech Repblic, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, own calculations; rest of countires: Eurostat, New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3311 Equality of Employment Rates of Different Generations Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest employment rate among the following age groups: 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-59 years

Population: Men

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 1,36 1,35 1,40 1,42 1,42 1,45 1,44 1,45 1,44 1,44 1,43 1,41 1,37 1,35

EU-15 1,44 1,43 1,44 1,43 1,43 1,42 1,41 1,36 1,34

EU-25 1,43 1,41 1,37 1,36

A 1,57 1,49 1,57 1,57 1,56 1,56 1,59 1,53 1,46 1,47

B 1,50 1,53 1,55 1,68 1,78 1,88 1,81 1,89 1,87 1,87 1,92 1,83 1,75 1,89 1,91 1,82 1,78 1,73 1,78 1,73 1,66 1,62

D 1,28 1,38 1,44 1,42 1,40 1,40 1,41 1,38 1,38 1,36 1,33 1,29 1,27

D-W 1,21 1,23 1,27 1,25 1,25 1,28 1,30 1,27 1,25 1,25 1,28 1,31 1,34 1,36 1,37 1,35 1,37

D-E

DK 1,16 1,14 1,17 1,17 1,18 1,17 1,11 1,10 1,19 1,16 1,17 1,15 1,15 1,23 1,17 1,20 1,19 1,13 1,16 1,11 1,10 1,08

E 1,25 1,28 1,32 1,31 1,29 1,29 1,30 1,30 1,35 1,37 1,33 1,29 1,27 1,31 1,30 1,28 1,27 1,27 1,27

F 1,55 1,61 1,62 1,62 1,65 1,64 1,62 1,64 1,59 1,57 1,57 1,58 1,60 1,60 1,60 1,61 1,67 1,66 1,62 1,55 1,50 1,45

FIN 1,67 1,72 1,62 1,57 1,60 1,52 1,46 1,37 1,34 1,34

GB

GR 1,22 1,23 1,26 1,28 1,30 1,30 1,31 1,34 1,34 1,33 1,34 1,32 1,30 1,29 1,30 1,33 1,34 1,34 1,34 1,36 1,29

I 1,36 1,40 1,41 1,42 1,41 1,43 1,47 1,43 1,44 1,53 1,50 1,54 1,67 1,67 1,76 1,78 1,77 1,80 1,84 1,73 1,70 1,71

IRL 1,11 1,12 1,10 1,13 1,14 1,14 1,19 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,17 1,21 1,24 1,24 1,26 1,28 1,30 1,26 1,23 1,22 1,24 1,22

N-IRL

L 1,84 1,82 1,74 1,70 1,75 1,77 1,80 1,59 1,83 1,83 1,61 1,83 1,75 1,79 1,74 1,86 1,73 1,73 1,74 1,89 1,61

NL 1,36 1,37 1,47 1,42 1,42 1,42 1,50 1,51 1,52 1,51 1,57 1,55 1,49 1,43 1,39 1,36 1,32 1,23 1,24 1,22

P 1,28 1,34 1,35 1,30 1,29 1,29 1,38 1,36 1,33 1,39 1,39 1,38 1,26 1,28 1,30 1,33 1,28 1,28 1,37

S 1,10 1,12 1,10 1,09 1,07 1,07 1,11 1,07 1,09 1,10

UK 1,17 1,20 1,18 1,20 1,24 1,24 1,25 1,22 1,21 1,25 1,29 1,27 1,31 1,26 1,26 1,27 1,25 1,26 1,22 1,21 1,21 1,20

CY 1,19 1,13 1,17 1,26 1,21 1,19

CZ 1,36 1,33 1,27 1,25 1,23 1,28 1,24 1,27 1,25 1,20 1,19

EE 1,19 1,27 1,20 1,30 1,26 1,36

H 1,72 1,84 1,98 1,92 1,89 2,00 2,12 1,88 1,69 1,64 1,59 1,52

LV 1,24 1,24 1,33 1,18 1,29 1,27

LT 1,12 1,22 1,23 1,17 1,13 1,27

MT 1,19 1,27 1,40 1,38 1,29

PL 1,56 1,54 1,56 1,59 1,63 1,62 1,67 1,60 1,75 1,66 1,78 1,72

SK 1,45 1,46 1,29 1,31 1,23 1,27

SI 2,15 2,24 1,98 1,76 1,96 1,48

CH 1,09 1,07

N 1,16 1,14 1,10 1,14 1,17 1,13 1,15 1,14 1,15 1,15 1,11 1,13 1,14 1,12 1,12 1,09 1,08 1,08 1,10 1,09 1,08

U.S. 1,17 1,18 1,19 1,19 1,18 1,19 1,19 1,18 1,18 1,18 1,19 1,20 1,18 1,18 1,17 1,18 1,18 1,20 1,19 1,18 1,18

JAP 1,10 1,11 1,10 1,10 1,09 1,08 1,08 1,07 1,06 1,06 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,04 1,04 1,04 1,05 1,05 1,06 1,05 1,05

Source: Czech Repblic, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, own calculations; rest of countires: Eurostat, New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3311 Equality of Employment Rates of Different Generations Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest employment rate among the following age groups: 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-59 years

Population: Women

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 1,82 1,86 1,90 1,88 1,85 1,78 1,78 1,76 1,76 1,72 1,69 1,67 1,61 1,55

EU-15 1,77 1,77 1,75 1,75 1,71 1,67 1,65 1,58 1,53

EU-25 1,78 1,75 1,68 1,62

A 2,79 3,05 3,12 3,20 3,21 2,97 2,90 2,55 2,43 2,53

B 3,69 3,94 3,93 3,58 4,63 4,29 4,19 4,44 4,10 4,07 3,78 3,40 3,42 3,68 3,48 3,15 3,16 3,17 2,82 2,82 2,72 2,37

D 1,85 1,91 1,88 1,81 1,72 1,65 1,60 1,61 1,58 1,57 1,53 1,47 1,44

D-W 1,46 1,50 1,60 1,60 1,59 1,60 1,67 1,65 1,67 1,65 1,60 1,62 1,61 1,59 1,56 1,58 1,55

D-E

DK 1,63 1,53 1,48 1,45 1,48 1,51 1,57 1,46 1,42 1,36 1,47 1,40 1,60 1,55 1,45 1,39 1,30 1,33 1,20 1,19 1,16 1,15

E 1,76 1,91 1,93 1,97 2,07 2,23 2,12 1,96 2,09 2,09 2,10 2,16 2,10 2,24 2,31 2,27 2,19 2,20 2,13

F 1,74 1,76 1,75 1,82 1,77 1,76 1,75 1,78 1,78 1,81 1,82 1,78 1,68 1,73 1,71 1,81 1,74 1,68 1,70 1,64 1,52 1,56

FIN 1,55 1,64 1,62 1,68 1,48 1,35 1,29 1,24 1,23 1,25

GB

GR 1,42 1,54 1,54 1,55 1,59 1,56 1,70 1,84 1,88 1,96 1,94 2,00 1,92 1,91 1,91 2,12 2,03 1,93 2,09 2,03 1,94

I 2,54 2,52 2,51 2,41 2,53 2,43 2,60 2,66 2,48 3,00 2,70 2,80 2,76 2,67 2,58 2,47 2,44 2,42 2,48 2,20 2,13 2,13

IRL 1,86 2,02 1,85 2,22 2,35 2,49 2,55 2,52 2,53 2,61 2,43 2,62 2,65 2,42 2,50 2,37 2,30 2,21 2,09 2,01 1,79 1,76

N-IRL

L 2,99 3,11 3,08 2,90 2,99 3,40 3,35 3,30 3,31 2,87 2,97 3,25 3,12 4,15 3,91 2,88 2,62 4,00 3,93 2,80 2,21

NL 2,43 2,53 2,51 2,48 2,57 2,52 2,70 2,54 2,56 2,43 2,44 2,44 2,32 2,55 2,38 2,01 1,89 1,85 1,78 1,75

P 1,87 1,85 1,83 1,83 1,87 1,80 1,76 1,83 1,75 1,80 1,77 1,70 1,68 1,59 1,67 1,74 1,62 1,56 1,59

S 1,20 1,15 1,16 1,18 1,14 1,10 1,12 1,10 1,11 1,10

UK 1,34 1,35 1,36 1,36 1,36 1,42 1,39 1,39 1,40 1,38 1,41 1,39 1,35 1,39 1,44 1,39 1,37 1,32 1,31 1,29 1,24 1,24

CY 1,55 1,85 1,93 2,03 1,85 1,98

CZ 3,49 3,27 3,05 2,72 2,56 2,62 2,62 2,63 2,59 2,27 2,05

EE 1,50 1,47 1,49 1,31 1,17 1,27

H 4,34 5,02 5,63 5,33 4,92 4,68 5,32 4,50 3,70 3,19 2,59 2,09

LV 2,07 1,99 1,88 1,54 1,47 1,52

LT 1,74 1,59 1,63 1,51 1,43 1,37

MT 2,88 2,88 2,24 3,23

PL 2,27 2,20 2,17 2,17 2,23 2,20 2,32 2,26 2,45 2,33 2,41 2,49

SK 4,50 4,52 5,13 5,38 4,49 3,89

SI 5,15 4,80 4,59 4,40 4,45 3,16

CH 1,18 1,15

N 1,27 1,34 1,26 1,28 1,28 1,28 1,28 1,30 1,28 1,27 1,32 1,25 1,25 1,21 1,19 1,19 1,18 1,18 1,15 1,13 1,13

U.S. 1,39 1,39 1,42 1,41 1,41 1,39 1,38 1,36 1,36 1,33 1,32 1,29 1,29 1,29 1,26 1,24 1,24 1,25 1,24 1,19 1,17

JAP 1,26 1,27 1,27 1,31 1,29 1,31 1,30 1,27 1,26 1,26 1,23 1,23 1,21 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,19 1,19 1,20 1,20 1,20

Source: Czech Repblic, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, own calculations; rest of countires: Eurostat, New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3312 Equality of Unemployment Rates of Different Generations Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest unemployment rate among the following age groups: 15-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-59 years

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 3,31 3,21 2,85 2,94 2,87 2,92 3,02 2,84 2,70 2,74 2,65 2,61 2,53 2,53

EU-15 2,91 3,00 2,83 2,69

EU-25 2,68 2,71 2,60 2,60

A 1,54 1,49 1,77 1,62 1,43 1,86 1,86 1,86 2,16 2,91

B 4,05 3,71 4,20 3,15 3,57 2,66 3,30 3,45 4,52 3,77 4,63 4,11 4,38 4,25 4,35 3,58 3,36 4,42 4,55 3,64 11,74 4,57

D 1,72 1,54 1,60 1,63 1,74 1,88 1,93 2,05 2,06 2,15 1,98 1,58 1,53

D-W 2,38 2,13 1,94 1,43 1,33 1,47 1,80 1,95 1,97 2,18 2,07 1,84 1,79 1,85 1,83 1,89 1,94

D-E

DK 2,86 2,40 2,09 1,86 2,04 1,83 1,90 1,70 1,68 1,78 1,70 1,49 1,99 1,95 1,98 1,93 3,05 1,99 2,48 2,36 2,74 2,11

E 4,27 4,14 4,23 3,95 3,53 3,51 3,30 3,42 3,07 3,04 3,04 3,09 3,05 2,93 2,85 3,07 2,98 3,15 3,08

F 4,36 4,76 4,55 3,83 3,34 3,23 2,91 3,17 3,04 2,99 3,43 3,84 3,69 3,32 3,31 3,08 3,07 2,73 2,92 3,34 3,15 3,17

FIN 3,42 3,89 3,75 3,84 3,83 4,00 4,17 4,59 4,21 4,09

GB

GR 8,56 8,85 9,68 10,08 10,00 12,38 11,32 11,65 12,25 9,62 7,85 7,69 6,82 9,51 8,48 8,82 6,74 6,59 5,59 5,63 7,58

I 15,21 14,32 18,88 13,88 12,48 15,86 11,78 13,76 12,22 11,87 9,65 7,90 7,39 7,88 7,04 6,83 7,07 6,70 6,69 6,64 6,80 6,11

IRL 2,48 2,13 2,23 2,43 2,00 2,00 1,79 1,77 2,14 2,29 2,78 2,50 2,01 2,37 2,44 1,94 1,93 2,14 2,20 2,95 3,13 3,52

N-IRL

L

NL 3,39 3,67 2,61 2,58 3,05 2,64 2,18 2,61 2,89 3,14 3,13 2,70 2,48 3,42 3,09 3,15 3,18 2,28 3,11 2,06

P 7,25 5,65 6,17 5,85 5,78 4,79 4,96 3,99 3,63 3,24 3,34 2,94 2,75 2,64 2,76 3,72 3,24 3,13 2,71

S 3,34 3,89 3,22 2,53 3,13 2,05 3,93 4,28 4,60 4,91

UK 2,94 2,87 2,37 2,43 2,04 2,07 1,95 2,13 2,43 2,26 2,36 2,32 2,53 2,80 2,71 3,09 3,02 3,08 3,46 3,24 3,63 3,81

CY 3,04 3,45 4,01 3,26 3,29

CZ 3,50 3,95 3,39 3,00 2,97 3,65 3,62 3,27 3,46 4,00 3,59

EE

H 3,03 2,69 3,32 3,21 2,95 2,52 2,93 4,00 3,85 3,73 3,60 4,62

LV 2,36 2,38 2,08 2,01 2,63 1,96 2,55

LT 3,26 3,46 2,47 2,06 1,75 2,51 2,50

MT

PL 3,61 4,23 4,08 4,73 4,38 4,19 3,36 3,66 3,59 3,83 3,69 3,44

SK 3,78 3,21 2,77 3,43 2,71 2,56 2,08

SI 4,73 5,02 6,85 3,85 3,53 4,33 6,31 3,40 3,51

CH 3,00 4,53

N 6,85 5,85 5,42 4,82 5,64 4,97 5,13 5,33 4,48 6,04 5,73 4,76 5,64 6,24 7,00 8,73 6,80 8,08 6,39 9,00

U.S. 2,90 3,02 3,09 3,49 3,44 3,41 3,50 3,83 3,30 2,85 3,13 3,56 3,64 3,90 4,16 3,96 3,88 4,42 4,00 3,26

JAP 2,37 2,72 2,82 2,89 2,60 2,88 3,21 3,31 3,46 3,38 3,40 3,06 3,21 3,35 3,14 3,21 3,00 2,88 2,77 2,50 2,83

Source: Czech Repblic, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD, Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat, New Cronos Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3312 Equality of Unemployment Rates of Different Generations Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest unemployment rate among the following age groups: 15-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-59 years

Population: Men

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 3,47 3,47 3,18 3,23 3,19 3,09 3,14 2,98 2,88 2,93 2,86 2,81 2,79 2,80

EU-15 3,04 3,11 2,93 2,84 2,90 2,84 2,83 2,81 2,82

EU-25 2,84 2,90 2,78 2,84

A 1,82 1,44 1,88 1,68 1,52 2,14 2,29 1,83 2,11 3,33

B 3,86 3,78 3,61 2,99 2,67 2,27 2,76 3,15 4,40 3,77 4,70 4,56 4,03 3,26 3,69 3,39 4,16 3,47 4,09 4,74 11,00 3,82

D 1,81 1,75 1,90 1,88 1,84 1,97 2,02 2,03 2,18 2,02 1,93 1,51 1,58

D-W 2,49 2,37 2,07 1,46 1,39 1,64 1,94 2,22 2,10 2,17 2,22 2,03 1,93 1,94 1,89 1,96 2,11

D-E

DK 2,82 2,53 2,29 1,61 2,01 2,04 2,08 2,11 1,81 1,68 1,64 1,76 1,79 2,64 1,87 2,37 3,48 2,27 2,65 3,17 3,83 2,73

E 3,76 4,01 3,97 3,72 3,63 3,47 3,38 3,31 3,41 3,21 3,07 3,29 3,39 3,29 3,15 3,36 3,48 3,85 3,82

F 4,58 4,70 4,74 4,09 3,47 3,37 3,06 3,47 3,40 3,37 3,59 3,49 3,15 3,23 3,44 3,21 3,26 2,95 3,16 3,24 2,94 3,39

FIN 3,08 3,93 4,19 3,73 3,74 4,33 4,61 4,68 3,93 4,60

GB

GR 5,70 5,80 6,32 6,40 6,25 7,73 8,45 8,43 9,39 7,48 5,77 6,10 5,75 7,23 6,93 7,34 5,57 5,89 6,14 5,10 6,06

I 17,92 16,29 17,31 12,21 12,69 13,95 12,23 13,32 14,03 10,24 9,65 8,09 7,45 8,65 7,32 7,49 8,21 8,27 7,96 7,78 7,99 6,36

IRL 2,74 2,46 2,29 2,85 2,26 2,26 1,98 1,97 2,31 2,45 2,86 2,64 2,27 2,71 2,36 1,78 1,79 2,38

N-IRL

L

NL 3,83 4,04 3,38 2,94 3,54 3,19 2,68 3,08 3,65 5,04 2,91 3,37 3,15 4,41 4,51 2,94 3,48 2,61 2,78 2,14

P 5,62 4,49 4,83 4,32 4,12 3,50 3,30 3,38 3,76 2,48 3,23 2,11 2,76 2,90

S 3,05 3,57 2,87 2,39 2,79 2,29 3,54 3,84 4,16 4,43

UK 2,86 2,79 2,32 2,37 2,11 2,21 2,17 2,35 2,44 2,26 2,22 2,24 2,43 2,79 2,59 2,94 2,93 3,11 3,35 3,41 3,53 3,90

CY

CZ 3,89 3,95 4,00 2,91 3,00 3,06 3,38 3,21 3,56 3,97 3,86

EE

H 3,44 3,08 3,51 3,51 2,88 2,38 3,22 3,47 3,45 3,13 3,14 4,45

LV 2,34 2,48 1,91 2,03

LT 2,89 1,91 2,36 1,93 2,23 2,79

MT

PL 3,20 3,94 3,62 3,82 3,76 3,61 3,03 3,54 3,54 3,37 3,40 3,21

SK 3,87 3,15 2,80 3,55 2,86 2,53 2,49

SI 3,40 3,30 4,21 3,13 4,02

CH 4,56 4,72

N 7,45 6,73 5,80 7,00 6,17 4,96 4,59 4,69 4,29 5,18 4,85 4,25 5,04 5,67 6,36 9,60 5,00 7,57 7,75 7,94

U.S. 3,13 3,20 3,11 3,32 3,26 3,56 3,63 3,86 3,19 2,80 3,30 3,57 3,82 3,93 4,11 3,96 4,22 4,96 4,00 3,19

JAP 2,71 2,88 2,82 2,89 2,70 3,40 3,62 4,09 5,22 3,83 3,50 3,29 3,39 3,40 3,29 3,28 3,32 3,59 3,15 2,97 3,05

Source: Czech Repblic, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD, Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat, New Cronos Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3312 Equality of Unemployment Rates of Different Generations Definition: Ratio of highest to lowest unemployment rate among the following age groups: 15-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-59 years

Population: Women

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 2,94 2,80 2,47 2,57 2,51 2,68 2,69 2,84 2,66 2,48 2,51 2,42 2,40 2,26 2,25

EU-15 3,62 2,84 2,70 2,50

EU-25 2,51 2,52 2,61 2,58

A 1,99 2,26 1,68 2,11 1,42 1,67 1,82 2,23 2,56

B 3,70 3,76 3,00 3,73 2,79 3,21 3,10 3,10 4,26 3,25 4,75 5,55 4,97 3,58 2,77 2,99 6,79

D 1,79 1,80 1,69 1,82 1,85 1,90 2,07 2,33 2,23 2,37 2,31 1,91 1,75

D-W 2,31 1,76 1,69 1,37 1,36 1,32 2,02 2,11 2,42 2,26 1,89 1,67 1,71 1,73 1,81 1,95 1,90

D-E

DK 3,00 2,62 2,03 1,62 1,88 1,71 2,36 1,66 1,55 1,97 1,84 1,43 2,04 2,06 2,13 1,63 2,69 2,24 2,68 1,60 2,07 1,73

E 6,61 6,28 5,89 5,92 4,37 4,47 3,75 4,71 4,14 3,52 3,19 2,73 3,02 2,94 2,52 3,08 2,76 2,53 2,69

F 3,97 4,60 4,63 3,71 3,19 3,11 2,80 2,88 2,70 2,82 3,42 4,24 4,45 3,37 3,52 2,95 3,23 2,88 3,04 4,25 3,79 2,98

FIN 3,84 4,02 3,53 3,97 4,02 4,19 4,46 4,50 5,08 4,07

GB

GR 15,05 16,84 13,60 20,38 13,40 10,06 11,61 9,97 9,47 10,28 10,21 7,09 6,27 7,26 6,47 5,83 7,90

I 14,54 21,06 21,72 15,50 15,27 15,80 18,33 14,75 18,61 16,10 12,74 12,64 7,73 7,31 9,49 7,29 6,04 6,46 6,23 7,00 6,54 7,23

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL 2,79 3,09 2,22 1,93 2,07 1,83 2,45 1,85 2,02 1,65 3,97 1,95 2,21 2,30 2,56 2,53

P 9,44 9,17 5,85 5,25 7,04 5,34 4,17 4,50 3,15 4,83 2,99

S 4,26 4,18 3,78 3,30 3,63 2,46 4,24 4,91 5,55 5,54

UK 3,50 3,06 2,59 2,67 2,21 2,28 1,76 2,06 2,40 2,49 2,66 2,48 2,73 2,76 2,98 3,37 3,15 3,62 4,49 3,49 4,34 4,08

CY 2,56

CZ 3,75 4,08 3,22 3,19 2,86 4,48 4,11 3,35 3,33 3,93 3,19

EE

H 2,63 2,72 3,75 2,84 3,42 3,02 2,47 7,53 6,22 7,14 5,17 4,78

LV

LT 2,11 3,32 1,99

MT

PL 4,78 4,51 4,75 6,50 5,29 5,09 3,76 4,38 3,59 4,72 4,15 3,85

SK 2,58 2,02

SI

CH 1,95 4,40

N 6,40 6,08 5,69 5,08 5,38 6,41 6,11 7,06 7,41 7,33 7,56 5,90 6,35 7,93 7,83 11,88 9,91 10,30 6,56 11,89

U.S. 2,89 2,83 3,37 3,66 3,79 3,71 3,69 4,31 3,85 3,08 3,05 3,63 3,53 3,96 4,26 4,13 3,56 3,84 3,96 3,26

JAP 2,50 2,63 2,76 2,68 2,50 2,61 2,80 2,93 3,00 3,15 4,08 2,94 3,59 3,35 3,15 3,17 2,73 2,55 2,72 2,72 2,72

Source: Czech Repblic, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Norway, U.S., Japan: OECD, Labour Force Statistics 1979-2003; rest of countires: Eurostat, New Cronos Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3313 Approval of Equality of Rights to Work of Young and Old People Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, older

people should be forced to retire from work early" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 42,5

B 35,9

D

D-W 37,3 48,1

D-E 29,8 34,8

DK 67,9

E 31,3 27,6

F 43,9

FIN 23,1 45,6

GB 54,6

GR

I 32,4

IRL 50,1

N-IRL 54,2

L

NL 54,3

P 30,6

S 87,4 76,0

UK

CY

CZ 20,1

EE

H 54,0

LV

LT

MT

PL 12,3

SK

SI

CH

N 67,2 50,3

U.S. 81,3 78,0

JAP 70,3 63,1

Source: World Values Survey (WVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3313 Approval of Equality of Rights to Work of Young and Old People Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, older

people should be forced to retire from work early" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Persons aged 18-34 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 46,5

B 34,4

D

D-W 39,2 48,8

D-E 30,3 37,9

DK 69,6

E 32,3 26,7

F 42,9

FIN 22,7 41,5

GB 62,3

GR

I 35,4

IRL 57,1

N-IRL 63,9

L

NL 56,1

P 35,3

S 87,4 73,9

UK

CY

CZ 25,7

EE

H 62,2

LV

LT

MT

PL 12,0

SK

SI

CH

N 71,0 52,1

U.S. 83,8

JAP 68,8 58,7

Source: World Values Survey (WVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3313 Approval of Equality of Rights to Work of Young and Old People Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, older

people should be forced to retire from work early" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Persons aged 35-49 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 40,7

B 39,4

D

D-W 37,1 49,1

D-E 24,3 36,1

DK 69,1

E 30,3 31,7

F 47,2

FIN 24,7 50,5

GB 51,0

GR

I 35,0

IRL 46,3

N-IRL 48,0

L

NL 60,0

P 28,2

S 90,2 79,4

UK

CY

CZ 19,1

EE

H 52,5

LV

LT

MT

PL 9,8

SK

SI

CH

N 67,4 50,2

U.S. 82,2 74,8

JAP 74,0 63,5

Source: World Values Survey (WVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Different Generations Indicator: H3313 Approval of Equality of Rights to Work of Young and Old People Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree with the statement "when jobs are scarce, older

people should be forced to retire from work early" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Persons aged 50-59 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 37,8

B 35,9

D

D-W 49,3

D-E 34,3 37,9

DK 68,3

E 30,6 28,0

F 45,8

FIN 48,6

GB 52,4

GR

I 29,6

IRL 53,3

N-IRL

L

NL 57,1

P 27,8

S 83,8 76,3

UK

CY

CZ 17,4

EE

H 39,5

LV

LT

MT

PL 10,4

SK

SI

CH

N 62,0 50,0

U.S. 75,9 77,6

JAP 62,5 61,5

Source: World Values Survey (WVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Different Generations Indicator: H3321 Rate of Intergenerational Upward Mobility Definition: Percentage of currently employed or formerly employed persons who perceive the status of their present resp. last job as "much higher" or "higher" than

the status of the father's job at the time the respondents were 16 years old (remaining answer categories: about equal, lower, much lower)

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 44,0

B

D

D-W 44,8

D-E 47,4

DK

E

F

FIN

GB 51,4

GR

I 57,3

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P

S 34,6

UK

CY

CZ 47,4

EE

H 43,5

LV

LT

MT

PL 50,3

SK

SI

CH

N 38,9

U.S. 56,5

JAP

Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Different Generations Indicator: H3321 Rate of Intergenerational Upward Mobility Definition: Percentage of currently employed or formerly employed persons who perceive the status of their present resp. last job as "much higher" or "higher" than

the status of the father's job at the time the respondents were 16 years old (remaining answer categories: about equal, lower, much lower)

Population: Persons aged 18-34 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 43,2

B

D

D-W 35,0

D-E 39,2

DK

E

F

FIN

GB 45,6

GR

I 50,2

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P

S 19,1

UK

CY

CZ 37,4

EE

H 41,3

LV

LT

MT

PL 40,9

SK

SI

CH

N 30,7

U.S. 45,1

JAP

Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Different Generations Indicator: H3321 Rate of Intergenerational Upward Mobility Definition: Percentage of currently employed or formerly employed persons who perceive the status of their present resp. last job as "much higher" or "higher" than

the status of the father's job at the time the respondents were 16 years old (remaining answer categories: about equal, lower, much lower)

Population: Persons aged 35-54 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 42,7

B

D

D-W 49,9

D-E 43,8

DK

E

F

FIN

GB 52,1

GR

I 62,0

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P

S 36,2

UK

CY

CZ 50,7

EE

H 49,8

LV

LT

MT

PL 55,4

SK

SI

CH

N 42,6

U.S. 53,0

JAP

Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Different Generations Indicator: H3321 Rate of Intergenerational Upward Mobility Definition: Percentage of currently employed or formerly employed persons who perceive the status of their present resp. last job as "much higher" or "higher" than

the status of the father's job at the time the respondents were 16 years old (remaining answer categories: about equal, lower, much lower)

Population: Persons aged 55-64 years

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 48,6

B

D

D-W 50,3

D-E 63,6

DK

E

F

FIN

GB 55,1

GR

I 58,0

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P

S 47,3

UK

CY

CZ 58,4

EE

H 38,9

LV

LT

MT

PL 60,0

SK

SI

CH

N 43,6

U.S. 71,0

JAP

Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Different Generations Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Different Generations Indicator: H3321 Rate of Intergenerational Upward Mobility Definition: Percentage of currently employed or formerly employed persons who perceive the status of their present resp. last job as "much higher" or "higher" than

the status of the father's job at the time the respondents were 16 years old (remaining answer categories: about equal, lower, much lower)

Population: Persons aged 65 years and more

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 44,7

B

D

D-W 47,4

D-E 54,0

DK

E

F

FIN

GB 55,6

GR

I 58,8

IRL

N-IRL

L

NL

P

S 48,0

UK

CY

CZ 55,2

EE

H 37,6

LV

LT

MT

PL 45,9

SK

SI

CH

N 44,4

U.S. 73,5

JAP

Source: International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Disabled and Non-Disabled Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Disabled and Non-Disabled Indicator: H3411 Ratio of Unemployment Rates of Disabled and Non-Disabled Definition: Ratio of the percentage of unemployed in the labour force of disabled persons to the percentage of unemployed in the labour force of non-disabled persons; disabled persons = persons who are "severely" or "to some extend" "hampered in daily activities by any physical or mental health problem, illness or disability".

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 2,17 1,74 1,18 0,98 3,03 2,31 2,31

B 1,45 1,61 1,59 1,44 1,75 2,44 0,67 1,77

D 1,77 1,98 2,12

D-W

D-E

DK 1,57 1,57 1,67 1,58 3,13 1,70 1,13 1,53

E 0,88 0,77 0,69 1,20 1,17 1,39 1,29 1,28

F 1,37 1,29 1,33 1,20 1,24 1,26 1,46 1,21

FIN 0,94 1,12 1,22 1,17 0,83 1,07

GB

GR 1,08 0,68 0,85 1,03 0,61 1,05 0,68 0,55

I 0,86 0,90 0,86 0,72 0,95 0,94 0,87 0,85

IRL 1,14 1,54 1,63 1,32 1,63 1,86 1,29 2,96

N-IRL

L 1,35 1,94 4,29

NL 1,30 2,51 1,56 1,92 1,69 2,07 2,82 2,34

P 1,48 0,98 1,07 1,06 1,09 1,61 1,01 0,73

S

UK 1,44 1,63 1,41

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Community Household Panel (ECHP), own calcualtions Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are considered

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Disabled and Non-Disabled Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Disabled and Non-Disabled Indicator: H3412 Equality of Perceived Employment Opportunities of Disabled and Non-disabled Persons Definition: Ratio of percentages of disabled and non-disabled persons looking for a new or additional job who perceive good chances of finding a job; disabled persons = persons who are "severely" or "to some extend" "hampered in daily activities by any physical or mental health problem, illness or disability".

Population: Total (all employed or not employed persons looking for a job)

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 0,46

B 0,62 0,42 0,67

D 0,48 0,55 0,74

D-W

D-E

DK 0,59 0,74 0,37 0,91 0,68 0,76 0,51 0,63

E 0,69 0,79 1,71 0,19 0,54 0,52 0,89 0,52

F 0,82 0,64 0,49 0,69 0,67 0,66 0,66 0,50

FIN 0,72 0,80 0,72 0,79 0,63 0,59

GB

GR 0,47 2,84

I 1,55 1,07 1,96 1,60 0,51 0,00 1,30 0,00

IRL 0,34 0,77 0,41 0,80

N-IRL

L

NL 1,10 0,67 0,56 0,71 0,64 0,81 0,84 0,62

P 0,98 0,18 0,59 0,79 0,98 0,51

S

UK 0,53 0,74 0,93

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Community Household Panel (ECHP), own calcualtions Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are considered

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Disabled and Non-Disabled Subdimension: Equality of Occupational Opportunities of Disabled and Non-Disabled Indicator: H3421 Equality of Opportunities of Disabled and Non-Disabled for Achieving Influential Occupational Positions Definition: Ratio of the percentage of disabled persons aged 45 years and older who are employed as legislators, senior officials or managers (group 1 of ISCO-88) to the respective percentage of non-disabled persons; disabled persons = persons who are "severely" or "to some extend" "hampered in daily activities by any physical or mental health problem, illness or disability".

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 0,46 0,34 0,93 0,78 0,31 0,28 1,01

B 0,65 1,28 0,76 0,68 0,64 0,51

D 0,54 0,59 0,71

D-W

D-E

DK 0,76 0,68 0,55 0,18 0,50 0,37 0,72

E 0,65 0,72 0,57 0,91 0,42 1,03 0,65 1,08

F 0,66 0,67 0,41 0,62 0,69 0,57 0,63 0,49

FIN 0,49 0,58 0,59 0,46 0,65 0,60

GB

GR 0,91 1,09 1,15 1,26 0,82 0,60 0,72 0,64

I 0,86 1,82 1,05 0,38 0,42 0,29 0,46 0,46

IRL 0,66 0,68 0,74 0,79 1,40 0,59 0,50 0,51

N-IRL

L 0,49 0,37

NL 0,77 0,75 1,00 0,82 1,05 0,93 0,95 0,81

P 0,74 0,69 0,49 0,48 0,54 0,46 0,76 0,67

S

UK 0,76 0,97 1,20

CY

CZ

EE

H

LV

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH

N

U.S.

JAP

Source: European Community Household Panel (ECHP), own calcualtions Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are considered

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3511 Ratio of Employment Rates of Non-Nationals and Nationals Definition: Ratio of the percentage of employed non-nationals aged 15-64 years to the percentage of employed nationals aged 15-64 years

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,90 0,88 0,90 0,89 0,87 0,86 0,84 0,83 0,84 0,83 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,85

EU-15 0,87 0,84 0,84 0,84 0,83 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,85

EU-25 0,86 0,88 0,87 0,87

A 1,03 0,98 1,01 0,99 0,99 1,01 1,00 0,99 0,99 0,90

B 0,80 0,78 0,80 0,78 0,73 0,71 0,70 0,72 0,75 0,73 0,76 0,75 0,73 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,75 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,75 0,82

D 1,04 1,06 1,02 0,97 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,92 0,90 0,94 0,91 0,89 0,87 0,84 0,82 0,82 0,83 0,85 0,86 0,84 0,82

D-W

D-E

DK 0,81 0,75 0,86 0,80 0,79 0,70 0,74 0,72 0,74 0,79 0,62 0,60 0,72 0,72 0,65 0,72 0,70 0,74 0,72 0,74 0,72 0,71

E 1,02 0,95 0,86 0,91 1,00 1,10 1,16 1,02 1,11 1,05 1,07 1,13 1,15 1,07 1,13 1,13 1,10 1,11

F 0,86 0,87 0,84 0,85 0,83 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,84 0,82 0,82 0,80 0,81 0,79 0,80 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,81 0,79 0,80 0,83

FIN 0,78 0,64 0,68 0,66 0,74 0,75 0,78 0,87 0,85 0,75

GB

GR 0,79 0,76 0,77 0,70 0,79 0,85 0,84 0,86 0,93 1,00 1,02 1,08 1,11 1,12 1,15 1,19 1,18 1,14 1,17 1,20 1,16

I 1,20 1,27

IRL 0,88 0,84 0,86 0,85 0,86 0,92 0,87 0,90 0,96 0,84 0,91 0,86 0,88 0,88 0,86 0,91 0,96 0,94 0,98 0,98 0,93 0,95

N-IRL

L 1,17 1,17 1,16 1,14 1,17 1,15 1,17 1,16 1,16 1,18 1,18 1,17 1,14 1,14 1,14 1,08 1,09 1,04 1,18 1,12 1,14

NL 0,89 0,81 0,73 0,73 0,72 0,69 0,66 0,69 0,66 0,64 0,62 0,65 0,67 0,68 0,66 0,73 0,77 0,76 0,76 0,74

P 0,64 0,76 0,67 0,78 0,71 0,90 0,74 0,85 0,75 0,72 0,87 1,00 0,90 0,92 1,00 0,98 1,08 1,05 0,96

S 0,68 0,65 0,66 0,69 0,70 0,73 0,80 0,76 0,79 0,78

UK 0,90 0,89 0,89 0,87 0,87 0,89 0,89 0,90 0,84 0,85 0,82 0,82 0,82 0,80 0,83 0,84 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,85 0,85 0,87

CY 0,89 0,93 0,97 1,04 1,02 1,10

CZ 0,99 0,87 1,03 1,05 0,96 1,00 0,95 1,05

EE 0,95 0,94 0,94 0,95 0,95 0,92 0,92 0,91

H 1,10 1,09 1,02 1,13

LV 0,85 0,95 1,00 0,94

LT 0,70 0,80 0,88 0,92 0,92 1,00

MT 1,04 0,61 0,52 0,61 0,00

PL 0,65

SK 1,38 1,23 0,86 1,26

SI 0,78 0,80 0,61

CH 0,99 0,96 0,98 0,94 0,93 0,98 0,95 0,92

N 0,79 0,80 0,87 0,89 0,97 0,93 0,90 0,90 0,85 0,90

U.S.

JAP

Source: EU-25 countries, Switzerland, Norway: Eurostat, New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Equality of Employment Opportunities and Unemployment Risks of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3512 Ratio of Unemployment Rates of Non-Nationals and Nationals Definition: Ratio of the percentage of unemployed non-nationals in the non-national labour force to the percentage of unemployed nationals in the national labour

force

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12 1,46 1,49 1,54 1,55 1,53 1,40 1,49 1,62 1,63 1,67 1,71 1,74 1,80 1,75 1,86 1,80 1,89

EU-15 1,61 1,68 1,72 1,74 1,80 1,76 1,85 1,80 1,88

EU-25 1,61 1,68 1,75 1,84

A 1,60 2,25 2,33 1,94 1,95 2,04 2,30 2,10 1,88

B 2,03 2,11 2,16 2,24 2,41 2,95 3,06 2,99 2,98 2,85 2,76 2,59 2,86 2,57 2,62 2,47 2,63 2,67 2,64 2,77 2,67

D 1,86 1,78 1,85 1,95 1,96 1,82 1,72 1,89 1,66 1,40 1,74 1,86 1,92 1,91 1,89 1,82 1,91 1,71 1,71 1,68 1,82

D-W

D-E

DK 1,56 2,29 1,63 2,23 1,84 2,12 1,87 2,40 1,72 1,02 2,74 2,40 2,18 1,93 3,32 1,66 2,23 2,07 1,72 1,97 2,57

E 0,44 0,83 0,68 1,07 0,79 0,67 1,00 1,02 0,94 0,91 0,85 0,90 1,12 1,29 1,27 1,35

F 1,95 1,83 1,90 1,92 1,86 1,92 1,96 1,92 1,93 1,95 1,92 2,07 1,93 2,07 1,95 2,09 2,03 2,18 2,31 2,25 2,23

FIN 1,03 1,35 1,88 2,66 1,95 2,60 2,25 1,52 1,40

GB

GR 1,77 1,38 1,34 1,66 1,42 1,51 1,53 1,78 1,40 1,41 1,35 1,21 1,16 0,98 0,98 1,04 0,97 0,97

I 0,88 0,60

IRL 1,25 1,08 1,13 1,16 0,99 0,96 0,92 1,03 1,09 1,15 1,27 1,37 1,22 1,17 1,35 1,21 1,21 1,09 0,95 0,92 1,52

N-IRL

L 1,53 1,14 2,15 2,17 1,08 2,10 2,10 1,98 1,98 0,87 0,80 1,84 1,58 1,52 1,46 2,18 2,10 2,08 3,75 1,97 2,03

NL 2,14 2,75 2,63 2,95 3,31 3,55 3,82 3,13 3,45 3,40 3,55 2,98 3,43 3,05 3,19 2,22 1,46 2,08 2,42

P 1,89 1,49 1,47

S 2,65 2,95 2,81 2,55 2,47 2,87 2,22 2,48 2,54

UK 1,26 1,30 1,33 1,35 1,20 1,16 1,33 1,35 1,44 1,46 1,54 1,71 1,68 1,74 1,61 1,67 1,61 1,84 1,76 1,62 1,68

CY 1,34 0,86 1,25

CZ 1,16 2,22 1,35 0,81 1,29 1,42 1,29

EE 1,91 1,81 1,67 1,38 1,66 2,14 2,06

H

LV 1,65 1,19 1,28

LT

MT

PL

SK

SI

CH 1,77 1,78 2,83 2,45 2,90 2,93 2,93 3,01 2,99 2,37 2,53 3,08

N 1,38 2,06 2,05

U.S.

JAP

Source: EU-25 countries, Switzerland, Norway: Eurostat, New Cronos, own calculations Notes:

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Attitudes towards Equality of Employment Opportunities of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3521 Preference of National Employees Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree that "when jobs are scarce employers should give

priority to (national) people over immigrants" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 19,9 18,2

B 29,5 38,5

D 30,0

D-W 33,3 49,4 33,0

D-E 26,3 24,6 17,4

DK 42,4 54,3

E 17,5 14,4 19,6

F 34,8 36,0

FIN 17,8 19,0 27,8

GB 46,7 32,2

GR 12,8

I 19,7 20,3

IRL 29,8 21,6

N-IRL 37,5 19,1

L 41,9

NL 67,4 63,3

P 8,3 22,7

S 58,1 77,1 77,9

UK 31,1

CY

CZ 7,2 8,9

EE 43,9

H 12,0 6,5

LV 18,3

LT 3,6

MT 4,5

PL 10,1 3,6

SK 5,1

SI 12,2

CH

N 41,4 54,9

U.S. 46,1 35,0

JAP 13,9 10,8

Source: 1990 and 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Attitudes towards Equality of Employment Opportunities of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3521 Preference of National Employees Definition: Percentage of persons employed and persons not employed aged less than 60 years who disagree that "when jobs are scarce employers should give

priority to (national) people over immigrants" (remaining answer categories: agree, neither)

Population: Employed

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 20,4 21,9

B 30,5 43,5

D 31,4

D-W 33,2 50,3 34,7

D-E 26,0 25,7 16,8

DK 42,2 61,2

E 18,7 13,5 23,7

F 36,5 39,1

FIN 15,6 20,0 28,5

GB 47,9 32,6

GR 13,3

I 19,8 22,8

IRL 33,0 25,2

N-IRL 37,8 21,1

L 47,1

NL 68,2 64,7

P 7,4 26,0

S 58,6 77,9 77,7

UK 31,7

CY

CZ 7,2 8,7

EE 46,2

H 12,6 6,3

LV 20,5

LT 2,8

MT 4,5

PL 10,1 6,1

SK 5,7

SI 11,7

CH

N 42,2 54,9

U.S. 47,7 35,2

JAP 14,5 9,2

Source: 1990 and 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Attitudes towards Equality of Employment Opportunities of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3522 Strong Approval of Labour Immigration Definition: Percentage of employed people or not employed people aged less than 60 years who think that the government should "let anyone come who wants to".

Question: "How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? 1. Let anyone come who wants to?, 2. Let people come as long as there are jobs available? 3. Place strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here?, 4. Prohibit people coming here from other countries?"

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 4,8

B 6,1

D 4,5

D-W 14,8 4,3

D-E 9,0 5,2

DK 7,4

E 15,8 19,1

F 5,6

FIN 9,3 10,6

GB 4,2

GR 5,9

I 9,7

IRL 8,4

N-IRL 8,0

L 7,4

NL 3,9

P 11,6

S 9,7 16,3

UK 4,5

CY

CZ 2,9

EE 6,9

H 2,1

LV 7,0

LT 4,4

MT 1,5

PL 6,2

SK 2,6

SI 4,6

CH

N 5,3

U.S. 5,9

JAP 4,4

Source: 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Attitudes towards Equality of Employment Opportunities of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3522 Strong Approval of Labour Immigration Definition: Percentage of employed people or not employed people aged less than 60 years who think that the government should "let anyone come who wants to".

Question: "How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? 1. Let anyone come who wants to?, 2. Let people come as long as there are jobs available? 3. Place strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here?, 4. Prohibit people coming here from other countries?"

Population: Employed

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 6,0

B 7,4

D 4,2

D-W 14,2 4,1

D-E 7,9 4,3

DK 8,8

E 17,7 20,5

F 6,1

FIN 7,7 10,5

GB 5,8

GR 4,9

I 9,6

IRL 7,6

N-IRL 6,3

L 6,5

NL 4,5

P 11,8

S 8,7 16,7

UK 5,8

CY

CZ 2,7

EE 6,4

H 2,2

LV 6,6

LT 2,7

MT 2,1

PL 5,6

SK 2,3

SI 4,4

CH

N 5,6

U.S. 6,4

JAP 4,0

Source: 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Attitudes towards Equality of Employment Opportunities of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3523 Strong Disapproval of Labour Immigration Definition: Percentage of employed people or not employed people aged less than 60 years who think that the government should "prohibit people coming here from

other countries". Question: "How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? 1. Let anyone come who wants to?, 2. Let people come as long as there are jobs available? 3. Place strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here?, 4. Prohibit people coming here from other countries?"

Population: Total

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 4,5

B 9,9

D 7,0

D-W 2,4 6,0

D-E 9,7 11,0

DK 2,7

E 4,1 2,3

F 10,4

FIN 6,8 3,0

GB 13,3

GR 7,7

I 4,6

IRL 3,0

N-IRL 5,4

L 1,8

NL 4,0

P 3,8

S 0,9 0,5

UK 12,6

CY

CZ 7,2

EE 12,1

H 26,8

LV 18,7

LT 22,7

MT 23,0

PL 13,6

SK 19,7

SI 8,4

CH

N 1,6

U.S. 8,1

JAP 6,1

Source: 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated

European System of Social Indicators (EUSI), Social Indicators Department, ZUMA, Mannheim

Life Domain: Labour Market and Working Conditions Goal Dimension: Reduction of Disparities/Inequalities Measurement Dimension: Equal Opportunities/ Inequalities Concerning the Employment of Non-Nationals and Nationals Subdimension: Attitudes towards Equality of Employment Opportunities of Non-Nationals and Nationals Indicator: H3523 Strong Disapproval of Labour Immigration Definition: Percentage of employed people or not employed people aged less than 60 years who think that the government should "prohibit people coming here from

other countries". Question: "How about people from other countries coming here to work. Which one of the following do you think the government should do? 1. Let anyone come who wants to?, 2. Let people come as long as there are jobs available? 3. Place strict limits on the number of foreigners who can come here?, 4. Prohibit people coming here from other countries?"

Population: Employed

Country 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 EU-12

EU-15

EU-25

A 4,6

B 7,4

D 7,5

D-W 2,1 6,5

D-E 7,7 11,8

DK 1,4

E 3,6 2,0

F 9,2

FIN 5,5 2,2

GB 10,9

GR 7,6

I 3,0

IRL 2,5

N-IRL 4,3

L 1,5

NL 2,8

P 4,0

S 0,8 0,6

UK 10,4

CY

CZ 6,8

EE 10,8

H 18,9

LV 12,7

LT 20,1

MT 19,7

PL 8,3

SK 16,4

SI 7,4

CH

N 1,6

U.S. 7,4

JAP 6,4

Source: 1995/96: World Values Survey (WVS); 1999/2000: European Values Study (EVS), own calculations Notes: only percentages based on at least 50 respondents are indicated