COGNITIONLecture 8. Part B. Chapter 7.

INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION

For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill three criteria:

1. Standardization2. Reliability3. Validity

INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION

STANDARDIZATION

Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.

INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION

STANDARDIZATION Standardized tests establish a normal

distribution of scores on a tested population — a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.

INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION

RELIABILITY

A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers establish different procedures:1. Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into

two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.

2. Reliability using different tests: Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them.

3. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION

VALIDITY

The degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure or predict.

1. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.

2. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

RELIABLE AND VALID

TEST

Construct (i.e., “intelligence)

Scores on test

Test MUST be RELIABLE to be VALID!Menu

LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed

RELIABLE BUT INVALID

TEST

Construct (i.e., “intelligence”)

Scores on test

Test can be RELIABLE but still be INVALID!Menu

LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed

UNRELIABLE AND INVALID

TEST

Construct (i.e., “intelligence”)

Scores on test

Menu

LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed

Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity.

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25% 25%25%25%A. low; highB. high; lowC. low; lowD. high; high

LANGUAGE Language = An open and symbolic

communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas

Open = free to change Symbolic = no connection between a sound and the meaning or

idea with associated with it.

LANGUAGEINTERESTING FACTS

Protolanguage – very rudimentary language, also known as pre-language, used by earlier species of homo.

Evolution of language and the brain are intertwined Particularly the frontal lobe

Evolved to grammatical language

LANGUAGEINTERESTING FACTS

English is language with most words – app. 250,000 Countries where English (or other Germanic languages) is

spoken account for more than 40 percent of the world GDP, while comprising only about 8 percent of the world's population

Every human being is born with the capacity to make every sound of every language in the world perfectly. With time, we filter out the sounds we don’t need for our primary language and focus on the ones we do.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml

LANGUAGESTRUCTURE

Spoken language is built of basic speech sounds, called phonemes; elementary units of meaning, called morphemes; and words. Finally, language must have a grammar, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with others. Semantics refers to the rules we use to derive meaning from the morphemes, and syntax refers to the rules we use to order words into sentences.

LANGUAGESTRUCTURE

Phonemes: The smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language. For example:

bat, has three phonemes b · a · tchat, has three phonemes ch · a · t

English has about 40 different phonemes

LANGUAGESTRUCTURE

Morpheme: The smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word. For example:

Previewed = pre . view. edUneventful = un. event. ful

LANGUAGESTRUCTURE

Grammar - A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Grammar

SyntaxSemantics

LANGUAGESTRUCTURE

Grammar> Semantics Set of rules by which we derive meaning

from morphemes, words, and sentences. For example:

Semantic rule tells us that adding –ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.

LANGUAGESTRUCTURE

Grammar> Syntax The rules for ordering words into

grammatically sensible sentences. For example:

In English syntactical rule is that adjectives come before nouns; white house. In Spanish it is reversed; casa blanca.

“Blue happy processes swim angrily down stream”

The smallest distinctive sound unit is a ___________ and the smallest unit that carries meaning is a ____________.

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25% 25%25%25%1. Phoneme, morpheme2. Syntax, grammar3. Morpheme, phoneme4. Semantics, morpheme

LANGUAGESTRUCTUREJamaican patois

me glad for to see you” (pro: I am glad to see you)…”

West African languages form their sentences and forms of verbs differently in the basic morphological structure

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHTLinguistic relativity hypothesis

the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHTCognitive universalism

theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language

WHAT DAY DO YOU WANT OFF?

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33% 33%33%1. Tuesday 16th Oct 2. Thursday 18th

Oct3. Thursday 1st

Sept