Post on 13-Apr-2016
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Solar Photovoltaic: Fundamentals, Technologies and
Applications
Prof. C.S. SolankiDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering
chetanss@iitb.ac.in
Lecture-1
Solar PV for our Energy Needs
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Contents
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• Energy
• Energy Conversion processes
• Direct and indirect energy conversion
• World Energy scenario
•India Energy Scenario
• Renewable energy options
• Can solar PV supply all energy needs?
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Energy
-Its capacity of a body to perform work
- it’s a driving force of change
-Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy,
chemical energy, nuclear, light etc.
Units of energy
•1 Calorie � unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one
gram of water one degree Celsius.
•1 Joule � ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g =
10 meter/s2
• 1 eV = Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff.
•1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E-19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kJ,
10E7 Ergs = 1 joule)
•BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV
Energy
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Other Energy Units
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• 1 kWh � 1 kW of load runs for one hour consumes
1kWh of energy
1kWh = ……J ??
• 1 ToE � Energy released from burning of 1 ton of oil of
given calorific value
= 42 GJ
1 ToE = 11634 kWh
ToE>KWh>BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV
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How much energy is required?
World Energy Scenario
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How much energy is used?
250
300
350
400
450
500
1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004Year
Ex
a J
ou
les
Currently about 500 Exjoules = 138,000 TWh,
15.7 TW
1 Exa Joule = 1018 Joule
1 Tera = 1012
Worldwide consumption of primary energy, in 2005 it was 488 Exa-Joule
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• Economic growth is primary force behind increase in
energy demand
•The Energy demand is projected to increase at the rate of
1.7% per year.
• World population in 2011 is 7 billion
What are the parameters that affects the energy requirements?
- Population growth
- GDP increase
Energy requirement is growing
World’s population in pre-industrial arena was about 1 billion
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•Economic growth is primary driver for increase in energy demand
•Worldwide GDP is closely linked with amount of energy consumed
•Transport and electricity is directly related to growth
•World DGP growth of about 3.2% (1971 – 2030)
•Population growth, 1.65% (71-2000), 1% (2001-2030)
Effect of GDP on energy requirement
Ref: OECD/IEA, World Energy Outlook 2004
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Human Development Index (HDI)
Ref: Livermore National Laboratory rep. no. UCRL-ID-140773 (October 2000)
Should we consume more energy ?
Question: Estimate the
today’s world
energy
requirement if
HDI of all country
is 0.8.6000 10,0002000
India
US
China
Germany
1.0
0.5
Annual Electricity Consumption (kWh) ����
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Energy SourcesTypes of energy sources
Fossil energy: fossil fuel based sources Coal, Oil and Gas
Renewable Energy: Wind, solar radiation, biomass, etc.
Nuclear Energy: nuclear fuels, particularly Uranium
Gravitational energy: motion and gravitation between Sun, Earth and
Moon
Geothermal energy: Cooling of earth crust
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•Primarily fossil fuels are used to
fulfill our energy requirements
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World Primary Energy , 2002
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Energy
(MToE)
coal oi
lga
s
nuclea
r
hydr
o
biom
ass
rene
wab
les
In 2002 the world’s primary energy consumption was 10345 MToE
23%
35%
21%
7%11%
2% 1%
Primary energy: Energy content of the fuel at source
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World Energy Consumption
• About 57% growth by 2025 as compared to 2002
• Much of the growth in energy is in emerging economics (3.3%) as compared to 1.1% in the developed economics
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Centralized Energy Generation
Primary Energy (coal, oil, gas)
Useful Energy (Distance traveled, cooked food)
Final Energy (Energy delivered to consumer)
Secondary Energy (Refined oil, electricity)
Energy Conversion facility (refineries, power plant)
Transmission and distribution system (Railway, trucks, pipeline)
Energy utilization equipments. (Automobile, motor, heater)
Energy Flow
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Conventional Energy Sources:
How much is available?
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Summary of fossil fuel reserves
Unit Current
reserves
Current
production
rate
Availability (
no. of years)
Oil Billion barrels
1047.7 26 40.2
Gas Trillion scf
5501.5 102.2 53.8
Coal Billions tons
984 4.8 205
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Indian Energy Scenario
Proven reserves Current
consumption
84396 MT 359.1 MT
Oil: 2002
Proven reserves Current
consumption
700 MT 97.7 MT
Coal: 2002
Proven reserves Current
consumption
660 BCM 35.04 BCM
Gas: 2002
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Energy security
• Oil accounts for about 34% of India’s primary energy consumption
• More than 85% of oil consumed in India is imported
• We have sufficient coal, but it is of low grade
• We need to import nuclear fuel
• Significant portion of hydro energy potential has been tapped
• We should look for alternative energy options
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Indian Electricity Scenario
Fuel MW %age
Total Thermal 115649.48 65.34
Coal
96,743.38 54.66
Gas
17,706.35 10.00
Oil
1,199.75 0.67
Hydro (Renewable) 38,106.40 21.53
Nuclear 4,780.00 2.70
RES** (MNRE) 18,454.52 10.42
Total 1,76,990.40 100
•India’s total installed capacity as of March 2011,
•ref: ministry of power, www.powermin.nic.in
India’s Annual Electricity Generation
Capacity factor of a Power Plant
•Energy generated during a
time period
•Energy that plant would have
generated if operated with
100% capacity in same
duration
•Capacity factor =
•Sometime, it is also referred as plant Load Factor, ratio of
average load to the rated load of the plant
• Typical; capacity factor of Coal power plant is 0.8 to 0.9
For wind and solar power plant is 0.15 to 0.2
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Limitations of Conventional sources
• Available in limited quantity (can not be renewed at the rate of consumption)
• Cause damage to environment
• Centralized energy source
• Energy security
• Can not readily provide power where needed (no direct conversion)
• Limited efficiency due to multi-step conversion
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CO2 concentration in atmosphere
270
290
310
330
350
370
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
CO
2 c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pm
)
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Alternative Energy Sources
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Renewable Energy Options-1
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Path of energy conversionsun light
optical concentration
high temperaturethermal energy
thermodynamic
engine
electricity generator
sun light
solar cell
electricity
sun light
wind energy
rotor
generator
electricity
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• Energy
conversion
through solar
cell is simple
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How much percentage of energy
requirement can be supplied by Solar PV
technology??
World Solar Radiation Map
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• Annual solar energy density is in range of 1000 to 2500 kWh/m2/year
• India electricity consumption density is 0.35 kWh/m2/year
Available Solar Energy
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• The solar radiation falling on earth surface is about 90 PW
or 90x1015 Watt
Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption
Solar 3,850,000 EJ
Wind 2,250 EJ
Biomass 3,000 EJ
Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ
Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ
• 1 EJ =1018 Joule
• A small area use on earth surface can fulfill our electricity requirements
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•Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
• Solar PV modules of 10% efficiency covering 100 x 50 km2
in India will generate as much electricity as produced today
in the country
Conclusion
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• Solar energy is huge potential to meet our energy
requirement
Let us understand now how to make use of solar energy
using solar PV technologies.
This course will provide you fundamentals of PV technology, the technology for fabrication of solar cells
and finally application of solar cells
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Thank you for your attention