Post on 30-Jun-2015
description
2
�माण प�
�मा�णत �कया जाता ह क� �ीमती �करण ��वद�, एम.ए. (उ�तरा��) महारानी
ल�मी बाई महा�व!यालय भोपाल न मर %नद&शन म( "अनवाद " शीष�क पर
प,रयोजना काय� स.प/न �कया ह |
यह प,रयोजना काय� एम.ए. (उ�तरा��) 0हद� क पचम �3न प4 क �वक5प म
�6तत �कया ह |
�वभागा�य� ( �हद� �वभाग ) �नद��शका
डॉ. राम3वरम %तवार� डॉ. �वजय ल�मी राय
0हद� �वभाग
0दनाक:________ 0दनाक:________
3
घोषणा प�
म= , �करण ��वद� क?ा एम.ए. (उ�तराध�) शासक�य महारानी ल�मी
बाई क/या 6नातको�तर महा�व!यालय भोपाल (म.� .), क� छा4ा यह कथन करती ह
क� �6तत �%तवदन मर !वारा तयार �कया गया ह ,एव पण�तः मौGलक ह= |
0दनाक:________
ह6ता?र
�करण ��वद�
4
आभार
स�ा%तक Hान क साथ Iयवहा,रक Hान का होना ह� �कसी अJययन को
पण�ता �दान करत ह | Iयवहार क %नKकषL स Gस�ात बनाया जा सकता ह | इसी
Iयवहा,रकता को �ाNत करन क Gलय यह मरा �यास ह |
इस वष� क� अवOध म प,रयोजना क काय� को पण� करन म( िजन गQजनो न
��य? या अ��य? Rप स सहयोग 0दया ह ,उन सभी का Sदय स आभार मानती ह |
सव��थम म= आभार� ह माननीय �ाचाय� महोदय, डॉ. मजला शमा� क� िजनक�
अनम%त स यह प,रयोजना काय� सप/न हआ |
इस काय� को पण� करन का मUय �य %नद&Gशका आदरणीय �ीमती डॉ. �वजय
ल�मी राय को जाता ह | िज/हVन समय %नकल कर मर� कठनाइयो को दर �कया तथा
बहम5य सझावV स मरा माग�दश�न करती रह� | म= उनक� Sदय स आभार� ह|
म= अपन महा�व!यालय क सभी Gश?कगण क सहयोग क Gलय भी सSदय आभार
IयYत करती ह|उनक सहयोग तथा माग�दश�न क Zबना यह प,रयोजना काय� सभव
नह� था |
0दनाक:________
�करण � वद�
5
अन$मा%णका
1- vuqokn vFkZ
2- ifjHkk"kk & vko’;drk
3- izdkj
4- Lo:i
5- {ks=
6- vuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/k
7- fgUnh dks iz;kstuh; esa vuqokn dh Hkwfedk
8- foKkiu esa vuqokn
9- oSKkfud] rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= esa vuqokn
10- O;ogkfjd vuqokn
11- dk;kZy;hu fgUnh vkSj vuqokn
12- iz’kklfud {ks= esa vuqokn
13- i= ys[ku vkSj vuqokn
14- lkfgfR;d vuqokn dk fln~/kkar ,oa O;ogkj
15- lkjkuqokn
16- स/दभ� सOच
6
vuqokn vFkvuqokn vFkvuqokn vFkvuqokn vFkZ
fgUnh esa ^vuqokn* 'kCn vaxzsth ds Translation ds i;kZ; ds :i esa iz;qDr
fd;k tkrk gS A
;g ySfVu 'kCn Trans vkSj Lation ls cuk gS A Trans vdk vFkZ ^ikj * vkSj
Lation dk vFkZ ^ ys tkus dh fdz;k * A
bl vk/kkj ij Translation dk vFkZ gqvk & ^ ,d ikj ls nwljh ikj ys
tkus dh fdz;k * A
MkWMkWMkWMkW---- HkksykukFk frokjhHkksykukFk frokjhHkksykukFk frokjhHkksykukFk frokjh %& ds vuqlkj ^vuqokn* 'kCn dk laca/k ^ on~ * /kkrq
ls gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS & cksyuk ;k dguk A
vaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkjvaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkjvaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkjvaxzsth dks"k ds vuqlkj & ^ ,d Hkk"kk ds ikB dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa O;Dr
djuk vFkok ,d Hkk"kk ds dF; dks nwljh Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr djuk A *
osolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkjosolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkjosolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkjosolVj 'kCn dks"k ds vuqlkj %&** Translation is a reading from one
language or representation system into another Translation, is an art that involves
the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different
background.”
vFkkZr ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa izLrqfr ;k izfrfuf/kRo dh iz.kkyh
vuqokn gS A
;g ,d ,slh dyk gS] ftlesa ,d fHkUu i`"BHkwfe okys ikBdksa ds fy;s
fdlh jpuk dk fdlh Hkk"kk esa iqu% ltu gksrk gS A
" The art of Translation " ds ys[kd vkj- j?kqukFk jko us bls fuEu fyf[kr
vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gS A
(1) Removal or Transference of a physical object.
¼fdlh HkkSfrd oLrq dk LFkkukarj.k vFkok ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
Hkstuk½
(2) Removal or Transference of a man from one office or change to another.
¼fdlh O;fDr dk ,d dk;kZy; vFkok nkf;Ro ls nwljs dk;kZy; vFkok
nkf;Ro esa ifjorZu½
(3) Transference to heaven or to another world.
7
¼lansg varaj.k vFkok yksdkarj.k½
(4) Alternation or Change
¼ ifjorZu vFkok :i ifjorZu ½
(5) Transformation or Change of appearance.
¼:i ifjorZu vFkok :ikarj.k ½
(6) Art of process of changing words to express the sense of
passage in another language.
¼,d Hkk"kk esa fy[ks ikB ds HkkokFkZ dks vU; Hkk"kk ds lekukFkhZ izrhdksa esa
cnyus dh dyk vFkok izfdz;k ½
(7) Explanation or Interpretation.
¼O;k[;k vFkok HkkokUrj.k½
(8) Version
¼laLdj.k½
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ^vuqokn* dk vFkZ gS & iqu% dFku ;k dgh x;h ckr
dks nqgjkuk
izkphu Hkkjr esa f’k{kk dh ,d ekSfyd ,oa le`) ijEijk jgh gS A vkJe
esa xq: tks dgrs Fks] f’k"; mls nqgjkrs Fks A
^ okLro esa ;g nqgjkuk gh ^vuqokn* ;k vuqokpu gS A
ikf.kuh ds lw= %& ^vuqokns pj.kkuke~ * ij d;;j dgrs gSa & ^ ;nk
izfriRrk izek.kkUrjkoxre~ O;FkZ iz;ksDrk rnkuqoknks HkfDr* vFkkZr~ fdlh vkSj
izek.k ls fofnr ckr dks gh] nwljs dk;Z ds fy;s fdlh ds }kjk Jksrk ls tc
dgk tkrk gS A rc vuqokn gksrk gS A
8
ifjHkk"kkifjHkk"kkifjHkk"kkifjHkk"kk
ftl izdkj ^vuqokn* dks fofHkUu vFkksZa esa xzg.k fd;k x;k gS mlh izdkj
bls ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A
1- MkVsZLV MkVsZLV MkVsZLV MkVsZLV
** vuqokn ls Hkk"kk ds izk;ksfxd foKku dh 'kk[kk ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa tks izfrekfur izrhdksa ds ,d lewg ls nwljs esa vFkZ varfjr
djrh gS A”
” Translation is – That branch of applied science of language which
is especially concerned with the problem or the fact of transference of
meaning from one set of patterned symbols ........into another set of
patterned symbols.”
2- ;wthu;wthu;wthu;wthu , ukbZMk, ukbZMk, ukbZMk, ukbZMk us vuqokn dks ,d foKku dk in fnyk;k A mUgksus
y{k.k fn;k & ^^ vuqokn dk laca/k L=ksr Hkk"kk ds lans’k dk igys vFkZ vkSj
fQj 'kSyh ds /kjkry
ij y{; Hkk"kk ds fudVre LokHkkfod rFkk rqY;kFkZd izLrqfr djus esa gksrk gS A
**
” Translation consist in producing in the reception language the
closest natural equivalent to the mssage of source] first in meaning and
secondary in style.”
3- jksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgkjksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgkjksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgkjksukVks iksfxvkyks us dgk & ” Translation is a interpretative
art.”
4---- MkWMkWMkWMkW---- HkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkjHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkjHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkjHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqlkj %& ^^ vuqokn dFkkr% vkSj dF;r%
fudVre lgt izfr izrhdu gs A **
5- gSfyMsgSfyMsgSfyMsgSfyMs ds vuqlkj %&
^^ vuqokn ,d laca/k gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ikBksa ds chp gksrk
gS] ;s ikB leku fLFkfr esa leku izdk;Z esa laikfnr djrs gSa A **
9
vuqokn ds izdkjvuqokn ds izdkjvuqokn ds izdkjvuqokn ds izdkj
vuqokn ds Hksn ;k izdkj ds fo"k; esa fon~okuksa us vyx&vyx /kkj.kk,a
O;Dr dh gS A
MkWMkWMkWMkW---- HkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSaHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSaHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSaHkksykukFk frokjh ds vuqokn ds izdkjksa ds eq[; pkj vk/kkj gSa A
1- x|&i| ds vk/kkj ij
2- lkfgfR;d fo/kk ds vk/kkj ij
3- fo"k; ds vk/kkj ij
4- vuqokn dh izdfr ds vk/kkj ij
v& x|&i| x|&i| x|&i| x|&i|
ds vk/kkj ijds vk/kkj ijds vk/kkj ijds vk/kkj ij
1- x|kuqokn
2- i|kuqokn
3- NUno)
vuqokn
4- NUn eqDr
vuqokn
c& lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d
fo/kk ds vk/kkj fo/kk ds vk/kkj fo/kk ds vk/kkj fo/kk ds vk/kkj
ij ij ij ij
1- dkO;kuqokn
2- ukVdkuqokn
3- dFkkuqokn
4- fuca/k]
js[kkfp=
laLej.k
vkfn dk
vuqokn
l & fo"k; ds vk/kkj ijfo"k; ds vk/kkj ijfo"k; ds vk/kkj ijfo"k; ds vk/kkj ij
1- lkfgfR;d lkfgR; dk
vuqokn
2- /kkfeZd lkfgR; dk vuqokn
3- yfyr lkfgR; dk vuqokn
4- xf.kr lkfgR; dk vuqokn
5- iz’kklfud lkfgR; dk
vuqokn
6- oSKkfud lkfgR; dk vuqokn
7- dk;kZy;hu lkfgR; dk
vuqokn
8- fof/k lkfgR; dk vuqokn
9- i=dkfjrk dk vuqokn
n& vuqokn dh vuqokn dh vuqokn dh vuqokn dh
izd`fr ds vk/kkj ijizd`fr ds vk/kkj ijizd`fr ds vk/kkj ijizd`fr ds vk/kkj ij
1- ewykfu"B
vuqokn
2- ewyeqDr vuqokn
3- 'kCnkuqokn
4- Hkkokuqokn
5- Nk;kuqokn
6- O;k[;kuqokn
7- lkjkuqokn
8- :ikarj.k
9- okrkZuqokn
10- 'kCn izfr
'kCn vuqokn
10
vuqokn dk Lo:ivuqokn dk Lo:ivuqokn dk Lo:ivuqokn dk Lo:i
vuqokn dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k djrs le; ;g iz’u mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd
vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku ;k f’kYi A bl fo"k; esa erHksn gSa A fo)kuksa dk
,d oxZ tgkaW vuqokn dks foKku ekurk gS ogha nwljk oxZ f’kYi vFkok dyk A
vr% ;g tkuuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS fd vuqokn okLro esa D;k gS \
vuqokn ,d foKku gSvuqokn ,d foKku gSvuqokn ,d foKku gSvuqokn ,d foKku gS %& vuqokn dks foKku ekuk tkrk gS A ysfdu ml
vFkZ esa ugha ftl vFkZ esa iz;ksx’kkyk esa fofo/k izdkj dh ij[kuyh dh lgk;rk
ls ifj{k.k fd;k tkrk gS A oLrqr% lkekU; Kku vkSj fof’k"V Kku esa xgjk
ikFkZoU; gS A
bl lanHkZ eas ;g iz’u mBrk gS fd vuqokn dks foKku dgkWa rd dguk
mfpr gS \
fx;ksxhZ jkMksfx;ksxhZ jkMksfx;ksxhZ jkMksfx;ksxhZ jkMks dk cMk jkspd fo’ys"k.k gS %
mudh nyhy gS & vuqokn dyk gS ;k foKku \ ge iz’u djsa fd
fpfdRlk foKku dyk gS ;k foKku \ Li"V gh vukWVkeh vkSj ekuo 'kjhj
foKku] foKku dh dksfV esa vkrs gSa fdarq jksx fu.kZ; ,oa fpfdRlk dyk iw.kZ
dk;Zdyki gS A blesa fo)ku MkWDVj jksxksa dk bykt djrs gSa A jksxh ds rRoksa dks
tfVy /kkjkvksa esa iw.kZr% fo’ysf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A
vuqoknd ,d MkWDVj ds leku gksrk gS tks ewy L=ksrksa dks ;ksa ns[krk gS
tSls mldk dke ewy L=ksr dks fons’kh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks tkus ds jksx ls eqDr
djkuk gS A
oLrqr% vuqokn ml vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS ftl vFkZ esa HkkSfrdh] tSfodh]
;k xf.kr dks foKku dgk tkrk gS A
ijUrq ;g lR; gS fd mlds Kku dk mu 'kk[kkvks ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gS A tks okLrfod vFkZ esa foKku ugha gS A
11
vuqokn ,d dyk gS vuqokn ,d dyk gS vuqokn ,d dyk gS vuqokn ,d dyk gS %& vuqokn esa fparu Hkko lEizs"k.k vFkok i;kZ; p;u
iw.kZr% foosd ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS A vr% ;fn ,d gh vuqokn dks dbZ O;fDr;ksa
}kjk djk;k tk; rks mlds dbZ :i lkeus vk,axs A rkRi;Z ;g fd vuqoknd
,d jpuk’khy vkSj jpuk/kehZ gksrk gS A mlesa ltu dh lk/k gksrh gS A og
viuh lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rk o {kerk ls vuqokn dks vkd"kZd cukrk gS A
fFk;kMksj lsojhfFk;kMksj lsojhfFk;kMksj lsojhfFk;kMksj lsojh us viuh iqLrd ” The Art of Translation” esa bldh ppkZ
djrs gq, vuqokn dks dyk ekuk gS A
vuqokn ,d f’kYi gS %& dyk dk dk;kZRed :i dh f’kYi gS A MkW-
HkksykukFk frokjh dgrs gSa fd 'kk;n dh ,slh dksbZ dyk gks] ftlesa f’kYi dh
fcYdqy vis{kk u gks vkSj 'kk;n fg ,slk dksbZ f’kYi gks ftlesa dyk iw.kZr%
vuisf{kr gks A bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dyk vkSj f’kYi esa varj gksus ds
ckotwn nksuksa esa i;kZIr laca/k gS A tc vuqokn dyk gS rks f’kYi Hkh A
12
vuqokn ds {ks=vuqokn ds {ks=vuqokn ds {ks=vuqokn ds {ks=
vkt vuqokn vfuok;Z izfdz;k cu pqdh gS A bldk iz;ksx {ks= c<rk tk jgk gS
A HkweaMyhdj.k us vuqokn dks vkt varjkZ"Vªh; cuk fn;k gS A
ckrphr dk {ks=ckrphr dk {ks=ckrphr dk {ks=ckrphr dk {ks= %& vuqokn dk lcls cM+k {ks= ckrphr dk gS A tc nsk
fHkUu Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh vkil esa feyrs gSa rks os ,d nwljs ls ckr ugha djrs A mudks
feykus dk dke f}Hkk"kh gh dj ldrs gSa A bl izdkj dsjy vFkok mM+hlk dk
O;kikjh fnYyh ds cktkj esa igqWaprk gS rc mls fgUnh vuqokn ds ek/;e ls gh
dke djuk iM+rk gS A
i=kpkj dk {ks=i=kpkj dk {ks=i=kpkj dk {ks=i=kpkj dk {ks= %& i=kpkj O;kikj esa dk;kZy;ksa esa] U;k;ky; esa loZ=
gksrk gS A tgkWa i=kpkj vius izns’k dh Hkk"kk esa djus ls dke pyrk gS ogka
vuqokn dh t:jr ugha iM+rh] fdarq ,d gh izns’k esa dbZ Hkk"kk,a cksyus okys
ihf<+;ksa ls jgrs gSa A blds fy;s izknsf’kd Hkk"kk Hkh ijkbZ jgrh gS A
dk;kZy; dk {ks= %& gekjs ns’k ds vf/kdka’k dk;kZy;ksa dh Hkk"kk vaxzsth gS
A dsoy iapk;r vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ij gh izknsf’kd Hkk"kk dk O;ogkj dHkh&dHkh
fd;k tkrk gS A vke turk dks vaxzsth esa vthZ fy[kuk eqf’dy gksrk gS A ;gka
ls vuqokn dh izfdz;k 'kq: gksrh gS A
U;k;ky; dk {ks=U;k;ky; dk {ks=U;k;ky; dk {ks=U;k;ky; dk {ks= %& U;k;ky; ds deZpkjh] odhy vkSj izkFkhZ yksx
vnkyr ds vax gksrs gSa A blfy, U;k;ky;ksa esa vuqokn vfuok;Z gksrk gS A
vnkyrksa dh Hkk"kk izk;% vaxzsth gksrh gS vkSj eqdneksa ds fy;s vko’;d dkxtkr
vDlj izknsf’kd Hkk"kk esa gksrs gSa A ,slh fLFkfr esa vaxzsth vkSj izknsf’kd Hkk"kk dk
ckjh&ckjh ls ijLij vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko’;d gks tkrk gS A
lkfgR; dk {ks= %& lkfgR; vuqokn ds fy, lcls moZj {ks= izekf.kr gks
pqdk gS A vuqokn ds tfj, ge vU; Hkk"kk dh izfrHkkvksa dks igpku ldrs gSa A
mnkgj.k ds fy, johUnz ukFk VSxksj ds caxyk Nan esa fyf[kr vej d`fr
^xhrkatfy* ;fn vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr djds izdkf’kr u dh tkrh rks mUgs ^ukscy
* iqjLdkj 'kk;n gh feyrk A
vuqokn ekuo mi;ksxh izR;sd jkst esa dk;Zjr rFkk cgqmi;ksxh gS A
13
vuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/kvuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/kvuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/kvuqokn dh izfdz;k ,oa izfof/k
vuqokn dSls gksrk gSvuqokn dSls gksrk gSvuqokn dSls gksrk gSvuqokn dSls gksrk gS & dk fo’ys"k.k djuk gh vuqokn dh izfdz;k dk vFkZ
gS A oLrqr% vuqokn ,d laf’y"V izfdz;k gS A tks ikB lkis{k gksus ds lkFk&lkFk
vuqokn ds O;fDrRo dh Nki dks Hkh vafdr djrh gS A
vuqokn dh izfdz;k esa Hkk"kkvksa ds O;kdj.k] jpuk fo/kku rFkk Hkk"kk
'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>uk o mlh ds vuq:i nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dh
vfHkO;fDr ds vuq:i vFkZ lEizs"k.k djuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksrk gS A
ukbZMkukbZMkukbZMkukbZMk dh ekU;rk gS fd vuqokn i;kZ; ftl izfdz;k ls fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSa
mlds nks :i gSa A
d & izR;{k
[k & ijks{k
izR;{k vuqokn izfdz;k %& izR;{k izfdz;k ds varxZr rhu fLFkfr;ksa dh
dYiuk djrs gSa A ftlds ,d Nksj ij ewy Hkk"kk ikB fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj nwljs
Nksj ij y{; Hkk"kk ikB A bu nksuksa ds chp ,d e/;orhZ fLFkfr Hkh gksrh gS A
tgkWa nskusk Hkk"kk,a viuk Lora= vfLrRo foyhu dj nsrh gSa A bl izfdz;k
dks vkjs[k }kjk bl izdkj le>k tk ldrk gS A
L=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kk y{; Hkk"kky{; Hkk"kky{; Hkk"kky{; Hkk"kk
e/;orhZ fLFkfre/;orhZ fLFkfre/;orhZ fLFkfre/;orhZ fLFkfr
fo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.kfo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.kfo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.kfo"k;&oLrq le>uk rFkk mfpr lEizs"k.k
14
ukbM+kukbM+kukbM+kukbM+k us vuqokn izfdz;k ds ijks{k :i dh ppkZ djrs gq, blds rhu pj.k
ekus gSa &
d & fo’ys"k.k
[k & varj.k
x & iqujZpuk
L=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kkL=ksr Hkk"kk y{; y{; y{; y{;
Hkk"kkHkk"kkHkk"kkHkk"kk
¼ewy ikB½¼ewy ikB½¼ewy ikB½¼ewy ikB½ ¼vuwfnr ¼vuwfnr ¼vuwfnr ¼vuwfnr
ikB½ikB½ikB½ikB½
fo’ys"k.k fo’ys"k.k fo’ys"k.k fo’ys"k.k iqujZpukiqujZpukiqujZpukiqujZpuk
varj.kvarj.kvarj.kvarj.k
d&d&d&d& fo’ys"k.kfo’ys"k.kfo’ys"k.kfo’ys"k.k %&
ukbMk dh ekU;rk gS fd ewyHkk"kk ikB dk tc rd okfLrfod vFkZ
vuqoknd ds lkeus Li"V ugha gksxk rc rd og lgh vuqokn ugha dj ldsxk A
blh n`f"V ls fo’ys"kd ds nks fuf’pr lanHkZ gSA
1- Hkk"kk Lrj ij fo’ys"k.k
2- fo"k; ds Lrj ij fo’ys"k.k
[k& varj.k[k& varj.k[k& varj.k[k& varj.k %&
fo’ys"k.k dh lgk;rk ls gq, vFkZ cks/k dk y{; Hkk"kk esa varj.k
gksuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk lcls izeq[k pj.k gS A vuqokn dks fo’ys"k.k vkSj
iqujZpuk ds chp fujaarj xfr djrs jguk gksrk gS A ijUrq bl xfr ds chp esa
,d Lrj gksrk gS ftls varj.k dgk tkrk gS A
x& iqujZpuk %&
15
iqujZpuk vuqokn izfdz;k dk rhljk pj.k gS A og fLFkfr gS tc
vuqokn ewy ikB ds lans’k dk vFkZcks/k djds ladze.k ds pj.k ls gksrs gq, y{;
Hkk"kk esa iqujZfpr gksdj vuqokn ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gS A
iqujZpuk ds bl rhljs pj.k esa vuqoknd dks bu fcanqvks ij /;ku nsuk
vko’;d gS A
1- 'kCn dze
2- O;kdjf.kd lajpuk
3- Hkk"kk Hksn
4- lg iz;ksx
5- 'kSyhxr izfreku
iqujZpuk dks bl vkjs[k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS A
vuqoknvuqoknvuqoknvuqokn
Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2Hkk"kk &1 Hkk"kk&2
ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&1 ikB&1 ikBd&1 ys[kd&2 ys[kd&2 ys[kd&2 ys[kd&2 ikB&2ikB&2ikB&2ikB&2 ikBd&2ikBd&2ikBd&2ikBd&2
VVVVuqoknduqoknduqoknduqoknd
16
fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh HkwfedkfgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh HkwfedkfgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh HkwfedkfgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk esa vuqokn dh Hkwfedk
vkt lEiw.kZ lalkj ,d NksVs ls xkWao ds :i esa cnyrk tk jgk gS A
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh dzkafr us gesa ,d ,sls eqdke ij igqapk fn;k gS tgkWa ls
fo’o ds ,d dksus ls nwljs dksus rd lEidZ lk/kuk vR;f/kd lqxe gks x;k gS
A
ljdkjh dkedkt dk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dkedkt ds fy;s jktHkk"kk fgUnh gS
A bl le; vaxzsth Hkh lg;ksxh Hkk"kk ds :i esa py jgh gS A vr% {ks=h;
Hkk"kk vFkkZr izknsf’kd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx rks ek= jkT; Lrj rd lhfer jgrk gS A
dsUnz ljdkj ds lHkh dk;kZy;ksa esa fgUnh esa dke djuk vfuok;Z gS A
jktHkk"kk vf/kfu;e 1963 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1967½ rFkk jktHkk"kk vf/kfu;e
1976 ¼;Fkk la’kksf/kr 1987½ o jk"Vªifr ds vkns’kksa ,oa jktHkk"kk foHkkx x`g
ea=ky; ds fn’kk funsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj iz’kklfud dk;Z] iz’kklfud izfdz;k] lkfgR;
eqnz.k] ys[ku] LVkEi] eksgjsa] lkbZu cksMZ tSlh ensa f}Hkkf"kd gksus ds dkj.k
vuqokn dk egRo vR;f/kd c<+ x;k gS A
fgUnh dks 14 flrEcj 1949 dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa Lohd`fr fey tkus
o mlds ckn lafo/kku ds Hkkx ,oa Hkkx 17 esa fgUnh laca/kh fofHkUu
izko/kkuks ds fy, lafo/kku }kjk dh xbZ O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vuqokn ds fcuk
ljdkjh dke pykuk dfBu gks x;k Fkk A
vkt cgqr ls fons’kh dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdkas ds vuqokn fgUnh esa gks jgs gSa A
L=ksr Hkk"kk vaxzsth u gksus ij ewy ls vaxzsth vkSj vaxzsth ls fgUnh esa vuqokn
gks jgs gSa A blh izdkj dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds Hkh fgUnh vuqokn gks jgs gSa tks
fgUnh dh iz;kstuh;rk dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS A
17
foKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqokn
viuh ckr turk rd igWqapkus ds fy, ¼,MojVkbftax½ ,d mi;ksxh l’kDr
ek/;e gS A lHkh izdkj ds foKkiuksa dk ewyHkwr o izkFkfed mn~ns’; lans’k dks
yf{kr miHkksDrk rd igqapkuk gksrk gS A
foKkiu lans’kfoKkiu lans’kfoKkiu lans’kfoKkiu lans’k ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e yf{kr miHkksDrkyf{kr miHkksDrkyf{kr miHkksDrkyf{kr miHkksDrk
foKkiu fopkjksa dks lEizsf"kr djus dk l’kDr ek/;e gS A ;g tu lapkj
ek/;e dk izeq[k ?kVd gS A bls uhps fn;s vkjs[k ds ek/;e ls le>k;k tk
ldrk gs A
lapkjdlapkjdlapkjdlapkjd ek/;eek/;eek/;eek/;e lapkfjrlapkfjrlapkfjrlapkfjr
¼lapkj lans’k½¼lapkj lans’k½¼lapkj lans’k½¼lapkj lans’k½
L=ksrL=ksrL=ksrL=ksr lans’klans’klans’klans’k ek/;eek/;eek/;eek/;e JksrkJksrkJksrkJksrk
¼foKkiu lans’k½¼foKkiu lans’k½¼foKkiu lans’k½¼foKkiu lans’k½
foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu foKkiu ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e ek/;e miHkksDrkmiHkksDrkmiHkksDrkmiHkksDrk
foKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqoknfoKkiu esa vuqokn %& foKkiu fdlh oLrq ;k lekt esa fo[;kr fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa
dh iwrhZ gsrq fd;k tkrk gS A tks O;fDr fo’ks"k ds vkdf"kZr djs blfy;s O;fDr;ksa
dks ekufld :i ls izHkkfor djus gsrq O;fDr dh ekr`Hkk"kk esa mldk vuqokn
18
vko’;d gks tkrk gS A ftlls mlesa pqVhykiu] iSukiu ,oa vkd"kZ.k cuk;k tk
lds A
Hkk"kk dh iz;ksDrk dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ,oa fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkf"kd
iz;qfDr;ksa dk p;u djuk gksrk gS A foKkiu ys[kd ;fn lQy iz;ksx ugha djrk
gS rks og vius mn~ns’;ksa esa vlQy jg tkrk gS A
foKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqoknfoKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqoknfoKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqoknfoKkiu ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa vuqokn
1- oxhZd`r foKkiu vuqokn
2- izn’kZu foKkiu esa vuqokn
3- laLFkkxr foKkiu esa vuqokn
4- O;oLkk; laca/kh foKkiu esa vuqokn
5- iz’kklfud foKkiu esa vuqokn
19
okf.kfT;dokf.kfT;dokf.kfT;dokf.kfT;d ,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn,oa oSKkfud rduhdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh {ks= eas vuqokn
okf.kfT;d vuqokn &okf.kfT;d vuqokn &okf.kfT;d vuqokn &okf.kfT;d vuqokn &
okf.kfT;d vuqokn rVLFk gksrk gSA okf.kT; O;olk; Lo;a eas gh ,d
vyx fo"k; gSA vr% okf.kfT;d vuqokn lkekU; vuqokn ls fHkUu gksrk gSA
okf.kT; o cSad dkjksckj pykus ds fy;s vusd ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA bu 'kCnksa dks cSafdax vFkok okf.kfT;d 'kCnkoyh ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSSA
okf.kfT;d vuqokn eas vuqokn dks 'kCnksa ds vFkZ vkSj lanHkZ nksuksa dks
/;ku eas j[kuk vko';d gks x;k gSA O;kikj ls lacaf/kr nLrkost i= i=]
ek¡x i=] ysunsu laca/kh i=] f'kdk;r i=] fufonk,¡] lwpuk,¡] funsZ'k]
fu;ekoyh vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa eas okf.kfT;d vuqokn dh egRrk gSA okf.kT; ds
lalkj eas 'ks;j ekdsZV dk cgqr egRo gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij dqN okf.kfT;d 'kCn ,oa muds vFkZ uhps fn;s tk
jgs gSa &
lq/kjuk & cktkj Hkko eas dqN c<+ksRrjh gksukA
uje iM+uk & nkekasa dk ?kVukA
HkM+duk & nkeksa dk c<+ukA
eqyk;e iM+uk & c<+s gq, Hkko eas deh gksukA
dej rksM+ eanh & cgqr vf/kd lLrk gksukA
dej rksM+ eagxkbZ & cgqr vf/k dg¡xk gksukA
okf.kT; O;olk; eas vuqokj dh tks leL;k,¡ vkerkSj ij vkrh gSa os
bl izdkj gSa &
20
1- okf.kfT;d 'kCnksa dh leL;k tSls & 'Charge the bill against his
account' dk 'kkfCnd vuqokn ^fcy dks mlds [kkrs ds fo:) izHkkfjr
djsa* gksxk] ijarq lgh vuqokn ugha gqvkA bldk l gh vuqokn gksxk
& ^fcy mlds [kkrs eas ls izHkkfjr djsa*A
2- Hkk"kk dh cks/kxE;rk dh leL;k Hkh okf.kfT;d vuqokn ds fy;s ,d
pqukSrh gS] D;ksafd O;kikj dk laca/k fiNM+s bykdksa eas fuokl djus
okys O;fDr ls Hkh gSA
3- laf{kIr inkoyh dh leL;k Hkh vuqokn ds fy;s pqukSrh Hkjk gS izk;%
ns[kk tkrk gS fd okf.kT; ds 'kCn NksVs gksrs gSa mu 'kCnksa dks vFkZ ds
vuq:i NksVs :i eas vuqokn gksuk pkfg;sA
4- okf.kfT;d vuqokn eas ekud 'kCnksa eas vuqokn dh leL;kA
5- O;olk; laca/kh oLrq] LFkku vkfn ds fy;s fiY;arj.k mfpr gS] fdUrq
fyI;arj.k ds fy;s vuqokn dks Hkk"kk Kku rFkk 'kCn Kku vko';d
gS] ;g Hkh ,d leL;k gSA
bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqokn dks fgUnh vFkok fons'kh
Hkk"kkvksa o {ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa dh izÑfr dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA
vkt dk ;qx foKku] rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk ;qx gSA thou ds
gj {ks= eas foKku ,oa rduhdh dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ;g
lp gS fd oSKkfud] rduhdh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;ksa dk vuqokn lkfgR; ds
vuqokn dh rqyuk eaas vis{kkÑr ljy izfØ;k gS ftlds fy;s vuqoknd dks
fo"k; fo'ks"k dh 'kCnkoyh dk Kku gksuk ek= i;kZIr gS] fUrq mldh Hkh ,d
lhek gSSA vuqokn djus ds fy;s Hkk"kk ij oSlk gh lgt vkSj le`) vf/kdkj
visf{kr gksxk tSlk fd fdlh vPNh lkfgfR;d Ñfr ds vuqokn ds fy;s
visf{kr gSA bleas ,d lqfo/kk ;g gS fd oSKkfud o rduhdh {ks= eas
vuqokn ewy ikB ds leku fd;k tk ldrk gS c'krsZ fd vuqoknd dks bu
21
pkj fo"k;ksa dk Kku gks & ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk ¼1½ L=ksr Hkk"kk ¼2½ y{; Hkk"kk ¼3½ fo"k; dk
Kku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhAKku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhAKku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhAKku ¼4½ ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyhA
foKku] rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh v/;;u ds {ks= eas vuqokn djus gsrq
mi;qZDr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gS gh lkFk gh lkoZHkkSfedrk] fo'ks"k
fpUgksa dk iz;ksx] Li"Vrk] izpfyr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ,oa fons'kh 'kCnksa dk
vuqdj.k Hkh vko';d gSA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsas bl izdkj gSa &
1- foKku ds fu;e lkoZHkkSfed gksrs gSa blfy;s vuqokn djrs le; Hkh
fuR;rk lwpd 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
2- T;kferh; vkÑfr eas Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa ds v{kj iz;qDr fd;s tk
ldrs gSa tSls &
v d
c l [k x
3- oSKkfud] rduhdh o izkS|ksfxdh ds vuqokn dh Hkk"kk eas ,d:irk]
Li"Vrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA
4- vaxszth] iqrZxkyh] Ýkalhlh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa ds ,sls fons'kh 'kCn tks
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa easa izpfyr gks x;s gSa] mUgsa mlh :i eas viukuk
pkfg;sA tSls & batu] e'khu] ehVj] yhVj] fizTe] VkpZ vkfnA
5- rduhdh vuqokn eas vuqoknd dks rduhdh ladYiukvksa ds fy;s
fyI;arj.k dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg;s tSls &
nsoukxjhnsoukxjhnsoukxjhnsoukxjh jkseujkseujkseujkseu v a
vk a
d k
d qa
folxZ ¼%½ h
22
vkt varfj{k foKku ds lkFk rRlaca/kh 'kCnkoyh Lo;a fodflr gks jgh
gS vkSj vu`fnr gks jgh gS tSls &
1111---- lsVsykbV ds izdkj &lsVsykbV ds izdkj &lsVsykbV ds izdkj &lsVsykbV ds izdkj &
Active Satellite & lfØ; mixzg
Communication Satellite & lapkj mixzg
Polar Satellite & /kqoh; mixzg
Augmented Satellite & loaf/kZr mixzg
2+2+2+2+ vkjfcV vkjfcV vkjfcV vkjfcV ls lacaf/krls lacaf/krls lacaf/krls lacaf/kr &&&&
Transfer Orbit & LFkkukarj d{kk
Elliptical Orbit & vaMkdkj d{kk
Circular Orbit & o`Rrh; d{kk
bl izdkj foKku rFkk rduhdh {ks= eas fur u, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gks
jgk gSA vuwfnr ,oa u, 'kCnksa ds HkaMkj Hkjus eas oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh
'kCnkoyh vk;ksx dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA
fof/k laca/kh vuqokn Lo;a eas ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] D;ksafd bleas ,d
vksj rks dkuwu dh Li"V O;k[;k,¡ gksrh gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ekuoh; laonsuk
dk xgure igywA gekjh jkstejkZ dh ftanxh eas vf/kfu;eksa o dk;ZokbZ;ksa
dh dgha u dgha vko';drk iM+rh gh gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku eas ;g O;oLFkk gS fd la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh vkSj
fyfi nsoukxjh gks] bls vuqPNsn 343 ds :i eas lafo/kku eas LFkku fn;k
x;k gSA fdUrq fof/k ds {ks= eas rqjar jktHkk"kk ds :i eas ykxw u fd;s tkus
ds ihNs dqN dkj.k FksA mueas lcls cM+k dkj.k Fkk fof/k & 'kCnkoyh dk
vHkkoA
23
fof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksfof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksfof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksfof/k laca/kh vuqokn djus ds fy;s izkFkfed :i ls nks ckrksa dk /;ku a dk /;ku a dk /;ku a dk /;ku
j[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrAj[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrAj[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrAj[kuk vko';d gS & ¼1½ 'kCnkoyh ¼2½ vfHkO;fDrA
dkuwu dh Hkk"kk eas fdlh Hkh dF; dks lh/ks lkns <ax ls O;Dr ugha
fd;k tkrk] cfYd ?kqek&fQjkdj dgk tkrk gSA blfy;s dkuwuh vfHkO;fDr;k¡
cM+h tfVy gksrh gSaA vr% vuqoknd dks fof/kd tkudkjh gksuk pkfg;s vFkok
fdlh fof/kosRrk o odhy ls laoh{kk djok ysuk pkfg;sA
,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &,d mnkgj.k ns[ksa &
Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in
section 65, clause (a) shall not be given unless the party in whose possession or
power the document is [or to his attorney or pleader] such notice to produce it
as is prescribed by law, then such notice as the court considers reasonable
under the circumstances of the case.
/kkjk 65 [kaM ¼d½ eas fufnZ"V nLrkostksa dh varoZLrq dk f}rh;d lk{;
rc rd u fn;k tk ldsxk tc rd ,sls f}rh;d lk{; nsus dh izLFkkiuk
djus okys i{kdkj us ml i{kdkj dks ftlds dCts eas ;k lR; /khu og
nLrkost gS ¼;k mlds vVuhZ ;k IyhMj ds½ mls is'k djus ds fy;s ,slh
lwpuk tSlk fd fof/k }kjk fofgr gS vkSj ;fn fof/k }kjk dksbZ lwpuk fofgr
ugha gks rks ,slh lwpuk tSlh U;k;ky; ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds v/khu
;qfDr;qDr le>rk gS u ns nh gksA
bl izdkj fof/k ds vuqokn ds fy;s 'kq)rk vko';d gSA fof/k laca/kh
vuqokn dk;Z djus okys vuqoknd dks viuk vuqfnr ikB ckj&ckj nksgjkuk
pkfg;s rkfd vuwfnr 'kCn dk nksgjk vFkZ u fudysA
24
O;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;klO;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;klO;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;klO;kogkfjd vuqokn vH;kl
vuqokn djrs le; fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s] vuqokn
dSls djuk pkfg;s tSls vuqokn laca/kh vusd i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k tk pqdk
gSA vr% la{ksi :i eas ;g dguk pkfg;s fd ewy Hkk"kk dh izÑfr dks
le>uk] 'kCnksa eas vFkZ&xkaHkh;Z dks le>uk rFkk 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx {ks= dks
le>uk gh vuqokn eas O;kogkfjdrk dh ek¡x gS D;ksafd dbZ 'kCn ,sls gksrs
gSa ftudk fofo/k {ks=ksa eas vyx&vyx vFkZ gksrk gS] tSls &
Charge & dk;ZHkkj ¼iz'kklfud {ks=½
& O;; ¼okf.kfT;d {ks=½
& vkjksi ¼fof/k {ks=½
& /kkok ¼lSU; dk;ZokbZ½
vr% lanHkkZuqdwy 'kCnksa dk vuqokn djuk gh O;kogkfjd vuqokn gSA
vuqoknksa ds cgqvk;keh vkSj cgqLrjh; :i dks /;ku eas j[krs gq,
uk;Mkuk;Mkuk;Mkuk;Mk us Hkh nks lerqY; crk, gSa & ¼1½ :iijd lerqY;rk ¼2½ xR;kRed
lerqY;rkA
iksiksfopiksiksfopiksiksfopiksiksfop us lerqY;rk ds pkj vk/kkj ekus gSa & Hkk"kkijd]
:ikoyhijd] 'kSyhijd vkSj foU;kl ØekxrA
mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &mi;qZDr vk/kkjksa ij blds pkj eq[; Hksn ekus tk ldrs gSa &
1- Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk
2- Hkkoijd lerqY;rk
3- 'kSyhijd lerqY;rk
4- ikBijd lerqY;rkA
25
1111---- Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk &Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk &Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk &Hkk"kkijd lerqY;rk & bldk vk/kkj Hkkf"kd lkexzh gSA bleas Lksr
Hkk"kk ds ikB ds 'kCnksa] inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn ds lerqY; y{;Hkk"kk eas 'kCnksa]
inca/kksa] okD;ksa vkfn dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d izdkj ls 'kCnkuqokn
gksrk gS] tSls &
Literacy & lk{kjrk
Flying Visit & rwQkuh nkSj
I took a taxi for the hotel & eSusa gksVy ds fy;s VSDlh yhA
2222---- Hkkoijd lerqY;rk &Hkkoijd lerqY;rk &Hkkoijd lerqY;rk &Hkkoijd lerqY;rk & bleas Hkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr dh vis{kk lEizsjd
dF; ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS rFkk vFkZ cká Lrj dh vis{kk vkarfjd
Lrj ij vf/kd dk;Z djrk gSA tSls &
Acid test & vfXu ijh{kk
He is a stone deaf & og furkar cgjk gSA
3333---- 'kSyhijd lerqY;rk &'kSyhijd lerqY;rk &'kSyhijd lerqY;rk &'kSyhijd lerqY;rk & blds varxZr fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] vkSipkfjd
vkfn lHkh izdkj dh 'kSfy;ka vkrh gSa ftleas blds lerqY; y{;Hkk"kk dh
'kSfy;ksa dks ns[kuk iM+rk gSA tSls &
Would you come to our place & D;k rqe gekjs ;gk¡ vkvksxs\
4444---- ikBijd lerqY;rk &ikBijd lerqY;rk &ikBijd lerqY;rk &ikBijd lerqY;rk & bl lerqY;r keas izrhdkRed] y{k.kkijd vkSj
O;atukijd vFkZ dk foospu fd;k tkrk gSA ikBijd lerqY;rk dh ppkZ
vusd LFkkuksa ij dh tk pqdh gSA
bl izdkj O;kogkfjd vuqokn eas mi;qZDr rF;ksa dks /;ku eas j[kdj
vuqokn dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA blls vuqokn eas Hkh ewy tSlk vkuan feyrk
gSA
26
vH;kl gsrq ;gk¡ mnkgj.k izLrqr gSa &
fgUnh %fgUnh %fgUnh %fgUnh %
f'k{kknku gekjk igyk dk;Z gksuk pkfg;s & uSfrd rFkk ckSf)d nksuksa
gh izdkj dh f'k{kk----- rkfd blds QyLo:Ik yksx vkRefuHkZj rFkk ferO;;h
cu ldsaA ckr dgus eas rks cM+h ljy gS ij blds dk;Z :i eas dSls
ifj.kr fd;k tk,\ gekjs ns'k eas gtkjksa fu%LokFkZ] n;kyq vkSj R;kxh iq:"k
gSaA mueas ls de ls de vk/kksa dsk mlh rjhds ls ftleas os fcuk ikfjJfed
fy;s ?kwe&?kwe dj /keZ f'k{kk nsrs gSa viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk nsus
ds fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vaxzsth %vaxzsth %vaxzsth %vaxzsth %
Forest are called the 'Green Gold' of a country because they are a
country's health. There are a number of advantages of having green forests.
They give us rain, they prevent floods and give us a number of valuable
products. We get timber for our houses, wood for furniture and fuel for
cooking food. Besides these, many other useful products are got from them.
They are honey, wax gum, oil, rubber, turpentine and lac. Think of the paper
mills. Can they produce paper without getting wood from the forests ? It is our
duty to plant trees and save the forest.
27
dk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokndk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokndk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokndk;kZy;hu ,oa iz'kklfud {ks= eas vuqokn
dk;kZy;hu vuqokn dh ppkZ ge ihNs dj pqds gSa fQj Hkh ;gka
iz'kklfud {ks= ds vuqokn ,oa iz'kklfud 'kCnkoyh ls lacaf/kr vuqokn dh
laf{kIr ppkZ djuk visf{kr gSA
bleas nks er ugha fd vkt izpfyr iz'kklfud O;oLFkk vaxsztksa dh nsu
gS vr% bleas vkt Hkh vaxszth okD; jpuk o vaxzsth inca/kksa dh Hkjekj gSA
;g t:jh ugha fd vuqokn v{kj'k% vaxzsth 'kSyh eas gks] ijarq tks ewy eas
dgk x;k gS og y{;&Hkk"kk eas vk tk,A iz'kklfud vuqokn eas Hkk"kk dh
izkatyrk ;k 'kSyh dk vkd"kZd gksuk vfuok;Z ugha ijarq cks/kxE;rk rks gksuk
gh pkfg;sA
fgUnh eas inukefgUnh eas inukefgUnh eas inukefgUnh eas inuke ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &ds dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa &
Assistant & lgk;d
Acting Director & dk;Zdkjh funs'kd
Advocate & vf/koDrk
Additional Director & lgk;d lapkyd
Advocate General & egkf/koDrk
Ambassador & jktnwr
Additional Secretary & vfrfjDr lfpo @ vij lfpo
Asstt. Secretary & lgk;d lfpo
Asst. Professor & lgk;d izk/;kid
Chairman & v/;{k @ lHkkifr
28
dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ Adult Education Dictoral Of & izkS<+ f'k{kk funs'kky; foKkiu rFkk Advertising and visual n`'; izpkj funs'kky;
Administration Section & iz'kklu vuqHkkx
Agriculture Research Institute of India & Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/kku laLFkku
Bureau of Police Research & iqfyl vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl C;wjks
Central Govt. Health Scheme & dsUnzh; ljdkj LokLF; ;kstuk
Central Hindi Directorate & dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;
Defence Research and development & j{kk vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl
Organization laxBu
Legislative Assembly & fo/kkulHkk
National Discipline Scheme & jk"Vªh; vuq'kklu ;kstuk
Public Administration Institute & yksd iz'kklu ;kstuk
vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds uke ¼foHkkx½ bl izdkj gSa &
All India Institute of Medical Science & vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkS"k/k foKku laLFkku
All India Radio & vkdk'kok.kh
Archieves of India, National & Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj
Archaeological Survey of India & Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k
Armaments, Senior Inspector & ofj"B vk;q/k fujh{kd
Armed forces films and photo division & l'kL= lsuk fQYe o QksVks izHkkx
Armed Forces Headquarters & l'kL= lsuk eq[;ky;
Armed Forces information office & l'kL= lsuk lwpuk dk;kZy;
Armed Forces Medical Services & l'kL= lsuk fpfdRlk lsok
Banking Department & oSafdax foHkkx
Buildings Organisation & jk"Vªh; Hkou fuekZ.k Central Hindi Directorate & dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;
29
Central Salt and Marine Chemical & dsUnzh; ued vkSj leqnzh jlk;u Research Institute vuqla/kku laLFkku
Computer Centre & dEI;wVj dsUnz
Employment Exchange & jkstxkj dk;kZy;
Life Insurance Corporation & thou chek fuxe
Indian Mass Communication & Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku
Multipurpose Co-operative Society & cgqmn~ns'kh; lgdkjh lfefr
National Museum & jk"Vªh; laxzgky;
National Defence College & jk"Vªh; j{kk dkWyst
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ,oa iz;qfDr;k¡ &
Aboriginal Tribes & vkfne tkfr;ka
Absconding Offender & Qjkj vijk/kh
Absolute Order & iDdk vkns'k
Alert to keep & lrdZ jguk
Allegation & vkjksi
As nearly as possible & ;Fkk laHko
Assessed Value & fu/kkZfjr ewY;
Bad Blood & dVqrk
Body Corporate & fudk;
Bilnnial Report & f}okf"kZd fjiksVZ Book Value & vafdr ewY; Budget Provision & ctV O;oLFkk Breach of discipline & vuq'kklu Hkax Bulk purchase & Fkksd [kjhn Career, Academic & 'kS{kf.kd thou Caution Money & vo/kku O;; Civil Right & ukxfjd vf/kdkj Clearing Agent & fudklh ,tsUV @ vfHkdrkZ
30
i= ys[ku vkSj vuqokni= ys[ku vkSj vuqokni= ys[ku vkSj vuqokni= ys[ku vkSj vuqokn
i= ys[ku ,d dyk gSA bl dyk eas ikjaxr gksus ds fy;s fujarj vH;kl dh vko';drk gSA i= ys[ku thou ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa eas yksdfiz; rFkk vko';d gSA i=&ys[ku eas lkfgfR;drk ds xq.k ik, tkrs gSaA ijarq blds ckctwn bleas lkfgfR;d xaHkhjrk] cksf>yrk] fo'ys"k.kkRed vkfn u gksdj mldh viuh Lora= Hkk"kk 'kSyh gksrh gSA fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa &fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa &fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa &fgUnh eas eq[; :i ls i=ksa ds N% izdkj gksrs gSa & 1- O;fDrxr i=A 2- O;kogkfjd i=A 3- vkf/kdkfjd i=A 4- O;kikfjd i=A 5- lkoZtfud i=A 6- dk;kZy;hu i=A
bu lHkh i= izdkjksa ds vuqlkj i= dh Hkk"kk] xBu vyx&vyx
'kSfy;ksa eas iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA i= ys[ku dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,sa gSa & laf{kIrrk] izHkkoksRikndrk] f'k"Vkpkj] vkarfjdrk] Li"Vrk rFkk ljyrkA
vaxzzsth i=vaxzzsth i=vaxzzsth i=vaxzzsth i=
Format of an Informal Letter
Sender's Address 27, Lajpat Nagar
New Delhi
Date 10 March, 2008
Salutation Dear Ram
It was nice to her from your ……….
……………………………………………………
Contents ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
Complimentary Write soon
Close Yours
Signature / Name Ravi
of the letter writer
31
fgUnh ds i=fgUnh ds i=fgUnh ds i=fgUnh ds i=
xq-?kk-fo-fo-] fcykliqj ¼N-x-½
Øekad & 5@vdk-@2007&08@fcykliqj fnukad & 23-03-2008
izfr]
-----------------------
¼d] [k] x½
dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku
vkxjk ¼m-iz-½
fo"k; % ------------------------------------
egksn;]
---------------------------------------
---------------------------------------
Hkonh; ¼d] [k] x½ dqylfpo
bl izdkj i=ksa ds vuqokn dh Hkk"kk dk;kZy;hu fgUnh gS D;ksafd i=
ljdkjh foHkkxksa eas lans'k&okgu dk dke djrs gSa rFkk foHkkxksa dh 'kCnkoyh
lqfuf'pr gksrh gSA bl izdkj i= dkedkth fgUnh dk gh vax gSA
32
inukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokninukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokninukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokninukeksa] vuqHkkxksa] nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa ds vuqokn
Hkkjr ljdkj ds fy;s foHkkxksa ,oa vf/kdkfj;ksa o dezpkfj;ksa ds
inukeksa rFkk foHkkxh; vuqHkkxka dk ekud fgUnh vuqokn ^oSKkfud rFkk
rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx* ^dsUnzh; fgUnh funs'kky;* ^f'k{kk vkSj
lekt&dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj* ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vr% inukeksa
ds Lora= vuqokn dh NwV ugha gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk
izR;sd dk;kZy; dks 'kk[kkvksa vkSj vuqHkkxksa eas ck¡Vk x;k gSA ;g c¡Vokjk
lgtrk ls dk;Z fu"iknu ds mn~ns'; ls fd;k x;k gSA dk;kZy; dh Hkk"kk
eas 'kk[kk dks ^Branch* rFkk vuqHkkx dks ^Section* dgrs gSaA ;gka dqN
vuqHkkxksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa &
Administration Section & iz'kklu vuqHkkx
Hindi Section & jktHkk"kk vuqHkkx
Cash Section & jksdM+ vuqHkkx
Bill Section & fcy vuqHkkx
Medical Section & fpfdRlk vuqHkkx
Revenue Section & jktLo vuqHkkx
Benefit Section & fgrykHk vuqHkkx
General Section & lkekU; vuqHkkx
Account Section & ys[kk vuqHkkx
Vigilance Section & lrdZrk vuqHkkx
Dispatch Section & izs"k.k vuqHkkx
Telephone Section & VsyhQksu vuqHkkx
;gk¡ fofHkUu nLrkostksa] izfrosnuksa vkfn eas vuqokn ls lacaf/kr ppkZ
i`Fkd&i`Fkd fn;k tk jgk gSA
33
nLrkost dk vuqoknnLrkost dk vuqoknnLrkost dk vuqoknnLrkost dk vuqokn
vkt dsUnzh; ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa] fuxeksa] cSadksa] laLFkkuksa] lkoZtfud
m|eksa] daifu;ksa vkfn eas vuqokn fd;k tkuk vko';d gh ugha] vfuok;Z Hkh
gks x;k gSA ;|fi dsUnz ljdkj ds yxHkx lHkh ea=ky;ksa] lfpoky;ksa o
foHkkxksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh ,d lh gksrh gS] fdUrq fofHkUu daifu;ksa] cSadksa vkfn
dh dk;Z i)fr fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr eas fofHkUu izdkj ds
nLrkostksa dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS] tSls & fVIi.k] la{ksi.k] lkj&ys[ku]
izk:i.k] elkSnk ys[ku vkfnA
izfrosnu vkSj vuqoknizfrosnu vkSj vuqoknizfrosnu vkSj vuqoknizfrosnu vkSj vuqokn
^izfrosnu* vaxszth ds ^Report* 'kCn ds i;kZ; :i eas xzg.k fd;k tkrk
gSA izfrosnu fdlh ?kVuk] dk;Z vkfn ds laca/k eas Nkuchu djus ds ckn
rS;kj fd;k x;k fooj.k gksrk gSA bl vFkZ eas izfrosnu ls vfHkizk; gS &
vuqHko lEiUu fo'kn tkudkjhA oLrqr% izfrosnu dk {ks= cgqr foLr`r gSA
bleas nq?kZVuk] fu.kZ;] lEesyu & lHkk dk fooj.k] fookn uhfr]
vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr] fofHkUu oxkaZs dh fLFkfr] ea=h] vf/kdkjh vFkok O;fDr;ksa
ds Hkk"k.k vkfn dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ls rS;kj fd;k x;k fooj.k {ks= vkrs
gSaA vr% izfrosnu ds dbZ izdkj gks ldrs gSa] tSls & O;fDr }kjk] foHkkx @
dk;kZy; }kjk] laLFkk }kjk] lfefr @ vk;ksx }kjk vkfnA
34
lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar ,oa O;ogkjfl)kar ,oa O;ogkjfl)kar ,oa O;ogkjfl)kar ,oa O;ogkj
lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &lkfgfR;d vuqokn ds fl)kar &
lkfgR; ltZukRed gksrk gSA og fopkj vkSj laosnuk] laLÑfr vkSj
lH;rk] ekuoh; psruk dk laokgd vkSj ns'k&dky ds Åij gksrk gSA bl
vFkZ eas lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds lkfgR; ds vuqokn
dk ewy mn~ns'; ml jk"Vª fo'ks"k ds ukxfjdksa dh fnup;kZ] jhfr&fjokt]
ifjos'k] laLdkj] vPNkbZ;ksa vkfn ls ifjfpr gksuk gksrk gSA lkfgR; dk
vuqokn djrs le; ys[kd dks Lora=rk ysus cgqr vko';d gksrh gSA
oLrqr% tc ge lkfgfR;d vuqokn dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k;
lkfgR; dh leLr fo/kkvksa ls gksrk gS] ijarq ge ;gk¡ dkO;] ukVd o dFkk&
lkfgR; ds vuqokn dh ppkZ djsaxsA vuqokn dh n`f"V ls lkfgfR;d vuqokn
dsk bl izdkj ckaVk tk ldrk gS &
lkfgfR;d vuqoknlkfgfR;d vuqoknlkfgfR;d vuqoknlkfgfR;d vuqokn
x|kuqokn i|kuqokn
ukVd dFkklkfgR; fuca/k vkys[k laLej.k] js[kkfp=] i=dkfjrk]
Mk;jh vkfn ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld 'kks/kijd yfyr
egkdkO; eqDrd xhfrdkO; rqdkar@vrqdkar dkO; [kaMdkO; dkO;
ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld lkekftd 'kkL=h; lkekU; gkL;&O;aX; lelkef;d
35
bu izdkjksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkfgfR;d vuqokn dh fofHkUu fo/kkvksa
eas vuqokn djus ds fy;s vyx fdLe ds dkS'ky dh o vFkZcks/k dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
dkO;kuqokndkO;kuqokndkO;kuqokndkO;kuqokn
lkfgR; dh lcls vf/kd l`tu'khy fo/kk dkO; gSA ;ksa thou dh xfr
Hkh dkO;e; gSA gekjs mBus&cSBus] g¡lus&jksus lc eas ,d y; gS vkSj y;
dkO; dk izk.kA rkRi;Z ;g fd fcuk y;&NUn ds dkO; dh dYiuk vlaHko
gSA
oLrqr% dkO;kuqokn ¼i|kuqokn½ vkjaHk ls gh fooknkLin jgk gSSA cgqrksa
dh /kkj.kk ;g jgh gS fd dfork dk vuqokn gks gh ugha ldrkA
'It is useless to read greek in translation. Translation can but offer us a
vague equivalent'. – Virginia Wolf
'There is no such thing as translation'. – May
'Translation of a literary work is as tasteless as a stewed strawberry'
– H.de Forest Smith
dqN fpard ;g ekurs gSa fd dkO;kuqokn dkO; eas gh gksuk pkfg;s rFkk
dqN dk erg S fd dfork dk vuqokn x| eas Hkh gks ldrk gSA
izfØ;k &izfØ;k &izfØ;k &izfØ;k &
dkO; dk vuqokn ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] D;ksafd dfork ewyr% ,d
fof'k"V in&jpuk gksrh gSA dfork dk vuqoknd flQZ ,d vuqoknd u gksdj
36
,d dfo ân; Hkh gksrk gSA blfy;s mls fofHkUu izfØ;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA dfo ds ân; txr eas izos'k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij
bls uhps izos'k djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij bls fn;s x;s vkjs[k ds
ek/;e ls le>k tk ldrk gS &
L=ksr Hkk"kk eas dkO; y{; Hkk"kk eas dkO;
L=ksr ikB dk fparu vuq'khyu
jl dk vkLoknu vfHkO;fDr
fo'ys"k.k ¼dkO;'kkL=h;½ 'kCn xqaQu ,oa fo'ys"k.k
lexz vFkZxzg.k ,oa lexz vFkZ & lEizs"k.k Hkko xzg.k gsrq 'kCn p;u
vFkkZr~ dkO;kuqokn gsrq loZizFke L=ksr Hkk"kk dk fparu&euu djds jl
xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ksa &
vken lgjs funk ts e;[kku & , & ekA
ds fjUn [kjkckrh o nhoku & , & ekA
cj[kst fd iqjdquse iSekuk ts e;
tk¡ is'k fd iqjdquan iSekuk & , & ekA
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr bl izdkj vuqokn djrs gSa &
^oke & dud & dj ds m"kk ds
tc igyk izdk'k Mkyk
37
lquk LoIu eas eSusa lglk
xw¡t mBh ;ksa e/kq'kkyk
mBks] mBks] vks esjs cPpksa
ik= Hkjks u foyEc djks
lw[k u tkos thou gkyk]
jg tkos jhrk I;kykA*
dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &dfo cPpu us e/kq'kkyk dh rtZ eas bl izdkj vuqokn fd;s gSa &
^m"kk us ys vaxM+kbZ gkFk
fn, tc uHk dh vksj izlkj
LoIu eas efnjky; ds chp
lquh rc eSusa ,d iqdkj &
mBks] esjs f'k'kqvksa uknku
cq>k ys ih&ih efnjk Hkw[k
ugha rks ru I;kyh dh 'kh?kz
tk,xh thou & efnjk lw[kA*
iar th us vuqokn fd;k &iar th us vuqokn fd;k &iar th us vuqokn fd;k &iar th us vuqokn fd;k &
^[kksydj efnjky; dk }kj
izkr% gh mBk dksbZ iqdkj
eqX/k Jo.kksa eas e/kq jo ?kksy
tkx mUen efnjk ds Nk=
<qyd dj ;kSou e/kq vueksy
'ks"k jg tk, ugha enq ek=
<ky thou efnjk th [kksy
yckyc Hkj ys mj dk dk ik=A*
38
;gk¡ Li"V gh ewy vkSj vuqokn eas varj gSA dfo dh izÑfr ds vuqlkj Hkh vuqokn fd;s x;s gSaA dkO;kuqokn eas ;g cgqr cM+h leL;k vkSj ck/kk gS fd vU; vuqoknksa dh rqyuk eas bleas vuqoknd dk O;fDrRo ewy vkSj vuqokn ds chp eas vf/kd vk tkrk gSA yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn &
yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa eas yksd eu lekfgr gksrk gSA yksd dh ijaijk] muds vuqHko vkfn bleas lekfgr gksrs gSaA bl nf"V ls bls uhfr okD; ds led{k j[kk tk ldrk gSA yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa eas ekuo ds fodkl] izFkk] jhfr&uhfr] lkaLÑfrd ekU;rk vkfn dk fupksM+ fo|eku jgrk gSA blfy;s yksdksfDr o eqgkojksa dk vuqokn djrs le; mlds 'kCnksa o mlls O;aftr vFkksZa ,oa Hkkoksa dks Bhd&Bhd le>uk vfr vko';d gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa &;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa &;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa &;gk¡ dqN yksdksfDr ,oa eqgkojksa ds mnkgj.k fn;s tk jgs gSa & 1- ykrksa ds Hkwr ckrksa ls ugha ekursA Rod is the logic of fools.
2- eu paxk rks dBkSrh eas xaxkA Unto the pure all things are pure.
3- eq¡g eas jke cxy esa NqjhA God in tongue and devil in heart.
4- fry dks rkM+ cukukA Make a mountain of a holehill.
5- le>nkj dks b'kkjk dkQhA To the wise a word may suffice.
6- usdh dj] dq,¡ eas MkyA Don't count upon your good deeds.
7- U;k; eas nsjh gks tk;s rks U;k; ugha feyrkA Justice delayed is justice denied.
8- ijgst nok ls csgrj gSA Prevention is better than cure.
9- iq:"k flag dh y{eh psjh gksrh gSA Fortune favours the brave.
10- ¼v½ iwr ek¡xus xbZ] ifr [kks vk;hA ¼c½ ek¡xus x;h iwr] [kks vkbZ [kleA The Camel going to seek horns lost his ears.