Post on 18-Dec-2015
Kingdom Plantae
Cellular Characters,Tissues Phylogeny and Life Cycles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 17.1c-0
SporesSpores
KeyVasculartissue
Leaf
Stem
Roots
Flagellatedsperm
Holdfast(anchors alga)
Pollen
Seed
Leaf
Flagellatedsperm
Flagellatedsperm
Roots
Roots
Stem
Stem
Leaf
AlgaSurroundingwater supportsalga. Wholealga performsphotosynthesis;absorbs water,CO2, andminerals fromthe water.
MossStomata only onsporophytes; primitiveroots anchor plants;no lignin; no vasculartissue; fertilizationrequires moisture
FernStomata; roots anchorplants, absorb water;lignified cell walls;vascular tissue;fertilization requiresmoisture
Pine treeStomata; roots anchor plants,absorb water; lignified cell walls;vascular tissue; fertilizationdoes not require moisture
What is a plant?
Plantae
• Photoautotrophs by chloroplasts(a few are absorptive heterotrophs)
• Cellulose cell walls• Locomotion rare
– Some green algae are flagellated– Male gamete is flagellated in many
plants– multicellular
A Composite Plant CellCampbell Fig. 31.6
Plant tissues and organs
• Leaf • Stem • Root
Campbell31.5
Plant tissues and organs
• Leaf tissue• Upper epidermis• Lower epidermis• Mesophyll• Functions
– Photosynthesis– Gas exchange
Campbell 31.5
Plant tissues and organs
• Guard cells– Prevent water loss– Control gas exchange
Campbell32.4
Plant tissues and organs
• Stem tissue• Function
– Conducts water and nutrients between roots and leaves
• Vascular bundles- xylem (water) and phloem (sugars)
• Ground tissue• epidermis
Campbell31.6
Plant tissues and organs
• Root tissue– Conducts water and
nutrients to/from stems and leaves
– Vascular tissue- xylem (water) and phloem (sugars)
– Meristem = growth
Campbell31.7B
Figure 17.2a-0
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Lycophytes (club mosses,spike mosses, quillworts)
Monilophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
La
nd
pla
nts
Va
sc
ula
r pla
nts
No
nv
as
cu
lar
pla
nts
(bry
op
hy
tes
)
Se
ed
les
sv
as
cu
lar
pla
nts
Se
ed
pla
nts
Millions of years ago (mya)
500
Ancestralgreenalga
Origin of land plants(about 470 mya)
Origin of vascular plants(about 425 mya)
Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)
1
450 400 350 300 0
2
3
Evolutionary History of Plants
17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of
the plant kingdom• Early diversification of plants gave rise to seedless,
nonvascular plants called bryophytes mosses, liverworts, and, hornworts.
• The seedless vascular plants include ,lycophytes and monilophytes (ferns and their relatives).
17.2 Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of
the plant kingdom• Gymnosperms– have naked seeds that are not produced in special chambers and– include ginkgo, cycad, and conifer species.
• Angiosperms– evolved at least 140 million years ago,– are flowering plants, and– include flowering trees and grasses.
Alternation of Generations
• sporophyte– Diploid (two of each chromosome)– Produces haploid spores or gametes by
meiosis– Sporangium- produces spores– Spores- haploid cells that develop into
haploid multicellular adults
• gametophyte– Haploid (one of each chromosome)– Produces gametes by mitosis
Figure 17.3-1-5
Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
Sperm (n)
Egg (n)
Zygote (2n)
Spores (n)
Gametophyteplant (n)
FertilizationMeiosis
Sporophyteplant (2n)
THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE
Green Algae
Campbell Fig. 16.25Cunicellular, colonial algae
multicellular seaweed
Volvox
Spirogyra
Caulerpa
Gametophyte usually dominant
Mosses
Campbell 17.5
Figure 17.3-2-5
Key Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Malegametangium
Sperm
Femalegametangium
Egg
Fertilization
ZygoteGametophyte
Sporophyte
Sporangium
Meiosis
Spores (n)Gametophyte plants (n)
A Moss Life Cycle
Ferncompare Campbell Fig. 17.6
Figure 17.3-6-5
Sperm
Key Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Gametophyteplant (n)
Spores
MeiosisMaturesporophyte
New sporophytegrowing from thegametophyte
Fertilization
Egg
Femalegametangium
Malegametangium
A Fern Life Cycle
Zygote
Gymnosperms
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 17.5a-0
Sporangia
Longitudinalsection ofovulate cone
Longitudinalsection ofpollen cone
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Pine Life Cycle
Angiosperms
• Figure 17.10
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 17.7-5
Anther1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Meiosis
Pollen grains (n)(male gametophytes)
Meiosis
Stigma
Pollen grain
Pollen tube
OvuleOvary
Sperm
Fertilization
Zygote(2n)
SeedEmbryo (2n)
Seed coat
Foodsupply
Fruit(mature ovary)
Seeds
Germination
Sporophyte (2n)
Egg withina femalegametophyte (n)
Ovulecontainingfemale sporangium(2n)
KeyHaploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Kingdom Fungi
Cellular Characters, Diversity and Ecological Roles
Fungi
• Hyphae• Mycelium• Dikaryotic• Fruiting body• Life cycle• Lichens• Athlete’s foot• Candida albicans• Ringworm
Fungi
• entirely absorptive heterotrophs– haploid or dikaryotic nuclei in coenocytic
hyphae– thin, numerous hyphae give large surface
area
• lack flagella – except gametes of some chytrid fungi
• chitinous cell walls
Fungal HyphaCampbell Fig. 17.15B
Types of Fungi
• Growth forms of Fungi:– molds, or mycelia - yeasts– mushrooms - rusts,mildews– lichens (with algae)
• Absorptive heterotrophs– decomposers, parasites, mutualists
Fungi life cycleFigure 17.18B
Yeast - Fungi
unicellular growth form of fungi
Bread Mold Life CycleCampbell Fig.
17.17B
A Mutualism: Mycorrhizae Campbell Fig. 17.17C
MushroomCampbell Fig. 17.17E
many mushrooms are fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae
Lichen MutualismCampbell Fig. 17.20B
cyanobacteria OR green algae, with fungi
fungal mycelium
algal cells
More LichensNational Geographic
(blueberries, too)
Fungi you don’t want!
• Candida albicans• Grows normally in
digestive tract• Normally controlled by
intestinal bacterial • Bacterial imbalance lets it
grow• Symptoms-lethargy,
diarrhea, constipation, depression
• Treatment -diet change and medication monitoring
Candida growing in theesophagus
Fungi you do want!
• Cheeses-Roqufort bleu cheese
• Truffles- fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal fungi
• Mushrooms• Brewers yeast• Antibiotics-Penicillin
(Penicillium)