Kingdom Animalia notes:1. In your own words, define:

a. Ectodermb. Endodermc. Mesodermd. Invertebratee. Vertebrate f. Carnivoreg. Herbivore

h. Omnivorei. Symmetryj. Asymmetry

k. Bilateral symmetryl. Radial symmetrym. Cephalizationn. notochord

2. List the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia3. Describe the different types of body cavities including explaining coelom, coelomate, acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, mesodermal, peritoneum)

ANSWERS:a. Ectoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will form

the outer part of the body b. Endoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will form

the inside of the body c. Mesoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will

form muscles, reproductive organs, kidneys, blood vessels and bone.

Embryonic Development

SPERM

EGG

MORULA

BLASTULA

Gastrula Development

ECTODERM

MESODERMENDODERM

ANSWERS:d. Invertebrate – animal with no backbonee. Vertebrate – animals with notochord (at some

stage of their life)f. Carnivore – animals that eat other animalsg. Herbivore – animals that only eat plantsh. Omnivore – animals that eat both plant and

animalsi. Symmetry – refers to the pattern of body plans in

animals and is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts

j. Asymmetry – lacking balanced distribution

k. Bilateral symmetry – right & left halves are mirror images

l. Radial symmetry – symmetry around a central axis

m. Cephalization – concentration of nerve tissue at the anterior end of the animal’s body (e.g. brain)

n. Notochord – flexible rod-shaped body that runs lengthwise along the dorsal surface beneath the nerve cord (turns into vertebrae column in most vertebrates)

3 types of symmetry:

Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral

EVOLUTION 7

Symmetry

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Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia

Characteristics:– Eukaryotic– All multicellular– All heterotrophic– Motile (moveable)– Most reproduce

sexually, some asexually or both

Classification of Animals

• Organisms are grouped into taxa on the basis of similar characteristics

• Evolutionary patterns are evident as animals developed more complexity

• Characteristics for classification:1. Tissue organization2. Symmetry3. Gastrulation4. Body Cavities

1. Tissue Organization• Tissue: Group of similar cells from the same

developmental origin that work together to carry out a specific function.

• Tissues group and function together to form organs.

• Organs working together are called a system

2. Symmetry• Organisms may exhibit asymmetry, radial

symmetry or bilateral symmetry.• More complex organisms tend to be

bilaterally symmetrical

3. Gastrulation

• A developing zygote forms a hollow ball of cells.

• The ball of cells folds inward forming an opening and inner cavity

• The opening will develop and form either:– Mouth (Protostome)– Anus (Deuterostome)

4. Body Cavities

• Body Cavity: Fluid filled space between the outer covering (ectoderm) and lining of the gut cavity (endoderm)

• Acoelomate: Organisms with no fluid filled body cavity

• Pseudocoelomate: Fluid filled cavity partially lined by mesoderm

• Coelomate: Cavity fully lined by mesoderm

Body Cavities

Animal Phyla we will study:Porifera

• Sponges• 10,000 known species• Calcareous, glass, coralline (tropical), demosponges

(like the bath sponge)

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Cnidaria

• Sea anemone• Coral• Jellyfish• Hydra

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Platyhelminthes

• Planarians• Flukes• Tapeworms

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Nematoda

• Roundworms

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Annelida

• Oligochaeta: Earthworms• Hirudinea: Leeches• Polychaeta:

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Mollusca

• Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels• Gastropods: Snails, nudibranchs• Chitons• Cephalopods: Squid, Octopus

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Echinodermata

• Sea urchin• Sand dollar• Sea star• Sea cucumber

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Arthropoda

• Spiders• Crustaceans (crab, lobster)• Insects

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Chordata (Vertebrates)

• Animals with a backbone

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Phylum Porifera“pore bearers”

SPONGES

Brain Sponge

Cloud Sponge

Sponges – Simplest Animals

• Sponge embryos does not have any layers, just cells.

• No specialized tissues or organs• Many similarities to colonial single celled

organisms• Classified in Kingdom Animalia because they

are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic

Characteristics:

• Body type: asymmetrical

• Ecological roles: – food source– homes/shelter– symbiotic with bacteria

• Body organization : – Diploblastic– 2 germ layers: endoderm

and ectoderm.

• Body cavity: acoelomate

Characteristics continued:• Digestive system:

– Filter feeders – using ostia, collar cells, food vacuoles & osculum

• Reproduction: – Sexual: hermaphroditic

• Sponges undergo metamorphosis from free swimming larvae to sessile adult

– Asexual: budding, branching, & fragmentation

Characteristics continued:

Characteristics continued:

• Circulation: diffusion

• Nervous system: none

• Respiration & excretion: diffusion

• Habitat: aquatic – oceans and lakes

Additional Characteristics:

• Sessile – cannot move (larva is motile)

• Able to regenerate = can regrow missing or damaged body parts.

• Simplest and most primitive animals

• Has spicules – glass-like structures that give support and structure

The Wonderful World of Sponges (start at 1 minute):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o&NR=1&feature=fvwp

You tube sponge reproduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o