Key Questions What sort of learning does Classical

Conditioning explain? How do we learn new behaviors by operant

conditioning? How does cognitive psychology explain

learning?

The Psychology of Learning?

… a process through which experience produces a lasting change in behavior or mental processes.◦ Lasting Change

Not Reflexes: An action that is performed involuntary or automatic as a response to a stimulus.

◦ Behavior and mental processes Behavior: The way one acts in response to stimulus Mental Processes: the things we do with our mind

What is Learning?

Empirical and Measureable Evidence Behaviorists Belief Cognitive Psychologists Belief

Observing Mental Processes

Instincts: An ability to behave in a certain way coupled with a tendency to behave that way at appropriate times.

Fight-or-flight Nursing Eating; drinking Seeking better resources Blink, flinch Display emptions

What does learning do for us?

Habituation◦ Not responding to stimuli

Mere exposure effect◦ Attraction to stimuli previously experienced

Sensitization◦ Becoming sensitive to emotional events or

situations

Simple Forms of Learning

Behavioral Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive Learning

Complex Forms of Learning

Research Propose- due tomorrow 4/18 Lab Report- due Tuesday 4/23 Present- due Tuesday 4/23 (3 minutes)

Learning Experiments

VocabularyClassical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned

Stimulus Unconditioned

Response Acquisition Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Extinction Punishment Variable Ratio Schedule Fixed Interval Schedule Fixed Ratio Schedule Variable Interval Schedule

Classical ConditioningWhat sort of learning does Classical

Conditioning explain?

Russian Physiologist studying digestion Dogs: salivating before eating

Classical Conditioning: a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response.

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus ● UCS Unconditioned Response ● UCR Acquisition Conditioned Stimulus ●CS Conditioned Response ● CR

Pavlov’s Dogs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io

Extinction: Conditioned responses fade

Spontaneous Recovery: Conditioned responses may reappear

ICE CREAM

Generalization: Bit by one dog but afraid of all dogs

Discrimination: Not all bells cause salivation

Dog Bites & Doorbell Drool

John Watson School of Behaviorism

Little Albert White rat (NS)+ loud noise (Aversive UCS)= fear of white rat (CR)

Generalized fear of other furry objects

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/watson-and-little-albert.html

Conditioning Human Fear*

Mary Cover Jones Peter-fear of white rats “Degrees of Toleration” Extinction + learning relaxation to CS =

relaxed response to CS

Counterconditioning Therapy

Learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then elicits essentially the same response.

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer the following question on paper and turn in it to the box by the door as you leave.

What sort of learning does Classical Conditioning explain?

Operant ConditioningHow do we learn new behaviors by operant

conditioning?

Psychologist Radical Behaviorist Consequences change behavior Remove subjectivity – only observable data

Operant Conditioning is a form of learning where the consequences of behavior, such as rewards and punishments, influence the chance that the behavior will occur again.

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Reinforcer: Reward-a condition that strengthens a response

Positive Reinforcement: A condition that encourages a response by giving a incentive

Negative Reinforcement: A condition that encourages a response by removing an aversion

Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement◦ The best strategy for teaching and learning new

behavior Intermittent Reinforcement

◦ The most efficient way to maintain behaviors already learned

◦ Resistance to Extinction

Reinforcement Contingencies

Ratio Schedules: Reward given based on numbers of responses◦ Fixed Ratio: number of responses for

reward remains constant◦ Variable Ratio: number of responses

for reward varies Interval Schedules: Reward is

based on responses made in side a time period◦ Fixed Interval: Time period between

rewards remains constant◦ Variable Interval: Time period

between rewards varies

Schedules of Reinforcement

Shaping Behavior

Shaping: Teaching a new behavior by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4&feature=fvwrel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtoH5tlr-bI

Positive Punishment: Application of aversive stimulus

Negative Punishment: Removal of reinforcer

Punishment

Reflection What is something you have learned that

was the result of positive or negative reinforcement?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guroaQRFsX4

Cognitive PsychologyHow does cognitive psychology explain

learning?

The Core Concept of Cognitive Psychology is that some forms of learning must be explained as changes in mental processes rather than as changes in behavior alone.

Cognitive Psychology

Wolfgang Köhler German Psychologist Marooned in the Canary Islands WWI

Köhler: Thinking/Accessing memory essential components to learning

Sudden perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcBGAWNCipI

Insight Learning

Can you see any plausible explanation for the chimps learning to get the fruit using Classical or Operant conditioning?

Edward Tolman Learning resulted from bits of knowledge

and thoughts about the environment and how an organism relates to it

Mental Images = Cognitive Maps

Cognitive Maps

Albert Bandura (Social Learning) Rewards can be effective at motivating a

response even if we see others get them

BoBo doll experiment Watching violent behavior influenced

observer to act aggressively

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8

Observational Learning

Anagrams Group 1

◦ BAT◦ LEMON

Group 2◦ WHIRL◦ SLAPSTICK

Learned Helplessness Martin Seligman Results from experiencing uncontrollable

events that cause an individual to expect future lack of control

Decreased motivation, failure to learn, sadness, anxiety, frustration

Latent Learning Hidden learning that occurs without

reinforcement, becoming apparent only when a reward is introduced.

Group A-Always rewarded Group B- Never rewarded Group C-Rewarded later

State Dependent Learning You recall information easily when you are

in the same physiological or emotional state or setting you were when you originally encoded the information.

Motivation

Intrinsic

Internal desires to engage in a task; actions that promote happiness, develop a skill, or is just the right thing to do (moral)

Extrinsic

Factors outside of the individual and the task itself; Earning money, grades, other rewards

With a partner discuss…In general, are people you know more driven by intrinsic or extrinsic motivation?

How can we motivate students intrinsically? Maslow’s Pyramid Deficiency and Growth Needs

Think-Pair-Share

Think of a time during your school career when you were able to learn the subject you were studying very easily.

What do you think the reasons were that you were able to learn the subject so easily?

Is it easier to work on and finish jobs that you are interested in?