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Key Question 5: To what extent have Urdu and regional languages contributed
to the cultural development of Pakistan?
Ans:Languages have a great value in countrys culture.After theindependence of Pakistan,Urdu was choosen as the National language
of the country.Firstly because it was widely spoken by the Muslims
from the subcontinent as it has same dialect like Persian, Arabic and
Turkish. Secondly, Urdu has high status and a vast and rich literature.
It was classed as an important language of the world.Even before
partition, high rank poets like Mir Ghalib, Hali and shibli were famous
because of their Urdu poetry.Thirdly, It was choosen as national
language because it had close relation with Pakistan movement as one
of the objective for Muslim league was protection of Urdu.Forpromotion of sindhi language and sindhi literature Board was created
A largenumber of books magazines and newspapers were printed.For
Pashto language academy was established which published Pashto
dictionary and books.Pushto newspaper were also widely read .Balochi
language was promoted by collection of balochi folks and songs and
balochi university is also established for promotion of
language.Punjabi language is greatly popular as it is easily understood
by all provinces of Pakistan, Romantic poetry of Sufi poets contributed
greatly to the poularity of Punjabi language and several organization
are also working for the betterment of this language.
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Key Question 6:How far did the Pakistan Movement develop during
the early 20th century?
In early 20 the first major political crisis which British government faced after
winning the control of subcontinent was over plans to partition the province of
Bengal. Bengal was the most densely populated province, In western half of
Bengal there were 54 million people out of which 42 million were Hindus and
12 million were Muslim. In eastern province there were another 31 million
people out of which 18 million were Muslim and 12 million were Hindu. In
order to control this much populated provinces huge administration was
needed upon this Lord Curozon ordered to partion the province. Three
divisions in the old province namely Dhaka Chittagong and Mymensingh were
merged up to make a new province named as East Bengal
The immediate reaction was that both communities were divided along
communal lines Muslims were happy on this as they formed majority in new
province. But on other side Hindus were unhappy on it an the outcry was so
loud on it that by 1911 British turned theie decision and reversed the partition.
It did not take Muslim to realize that they cannot afford to stay disorganized
because Indian national congress was seems to be the representative ofHindus only. On 8 October prominent Muslim leaders met. This simla
Delegation, as it became known having to set of demands first that Muslims
should be represented by separate electorates and second demand was that
they should be given weightage in elected bodies. The long term importance of
this meeting was that tension between Hindus and Muslims were into
constitutional plans. The Main manifesto for the Muslims to create the party
was to represent themselves separately in political process
Muslim League was created when influential Muslim delegates were to gather
at Dhaka to attend the 20th
session of the Mohammedan Educational
Conference.
After the creation of league co-operation of the Muslim League with Congress
started as Muslim thought that Hindus will help them to exile British out from
subcontinent but things went opposite Congress attacked on separate
electrodes for Muslim This made Muslim league furious and they broke any
future cooperation with congress.
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British rule and attempts to make constitution reforms were failed badly
starting with Morley minto in that enlarging of Provisional and Imperial
councils were made and major repercussion was the official acceptance of the
right of Muslim to separate electorates. This has been rightly seen as the first
step towards Pakistan but surprisingly the reform were widely criticized by
Congress party and the provision of separate electrodes were attacked.
In spite of the concessions given by MorleyMinto reforms to Muslims relation
between British government and league were strained. In 1912 the role of
Muslim league was defined and congress also accepted that Muslim league
was not just British front but was a Party made for protection Muslims interest
At this time new figures was appearing on the scene Muhammad Ali Jinnah it
was mainly with his efforts that both league and congress had their annual
meetings at Bombay and some proposals were made during it This culminated
in December 1916 with Lucknow Pact Muslim league was lead by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah.The Lucknow Pact is significant as it marked some major
concessions, most notably the acknowledgment of separate electrodes for
Muslim and secondly Muslims were given one third of the seats in Parliament
.Two things regarding Lucknow pact were worth nothing. First Muslim league
came to know that they have to work hard to protect the Muslim political right
and second that Hindus became convinced that problem of subcontinent were
so deep that partition would be inevitable.
The impact of the First World War on Subcontinent rulers also it wasinconceivable that any major reform of the British Indian Empire would be held
but soon after wards the momentum accelerated and Montague Chelsmford
Reform were held it was significant because it was first time that an official
document stated that possibility of self rule by Indians in all internal matters
A greater list of provincial powers was made, Official majorities were abolished
and replaced with elected ones .And the most important reform was that
provincial governor has sweeping power, A diarchy was introduced for theprovincial governors, These reforms disappointed Muslim league and the
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congress Party, as they both hoped for more powers in their hand. The
qualification required for voting was relaxed in order that more People can
Vote.
The feeling of resentment was compounded when the British passed infamous
Rowlatt act which includes the right to arrest anyone with out warrant and
detention with out bail.after Listening to this Act storm broke out meetings
which were organized by organizers were banned by British but Sikh, Hindus
and Muslims showed up and estimated crowd of 20000 were gathered at
Amritsar for peaceful demonstration at Jallainwala Bagh but a sad event
happened British officer General Dyer ordered open fire with out warning any
one;by this act around 400 people were killed this was known as the Amritsar
Massacre 1919.
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Key Question 7: How successful was the Khilafat Movement in
advancing the cause of the Pakistan Movement?
Khilafat Movement was started in India in 1919 because at the end of
world war 1 Turkey was badly defeated by Britain and upon this Britain
were going to put hard conditions on Turkey.Muslim were concern
because they will also demolish caliphate which was great sign of unity
for Muslim.Upon this khilafat committee was made which made
demands that Turkey should not be divided into parts,Caliphate should
not be abolished,Muslim sacred places should not be harmed.Since
khilafat movement was against British,Congress also joined it and gave
a great support to moment.The khilafat movement got goodmomentum as Muslims and Hindus got united. Protests and marches
became regular throughout sub-continent after the khilfat leaders
were arrested.All of sudden Congress withdrew from movement;this
was major setback to khilafat movement.But the main reason why it
ended in failure in 1924 was that the Turkish government themselves
abolished caliphate and brought democratic system.So there was no
reason for Muslims to fight for something which was no more into
existence.
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Key Question 8:How successful was the Pakistan Movement in the
years 1927 to 1939?
In aftermath of the bloody events of 1919 it was hardly surprising that
Congress boycotted election of 1920.these were the First election after
Chelmsford Reforms, How ever Congress decided to fight 1923 elections.
During this period of time till 1927 both parties were trying to clear their
manifesto .In 1927 Muhammad Ali Jinnah Called a conference of Muslim
Leaders in Delhi to discuss the future of constitutional reforms ,In the end of
this meeting some Proposals were made these were known as Delhi Proposals.
The stage was now set for the British to make their own recommendations to
resolve the political crisis. It was decided by the British that a commission
should be established to take stock of various shades. The composition of the
Simon commission immediately caused offences as it comprised only British
members. The main features of the simmon Report was abolition of
diarchy.Althogh the Simon commission agreed on separate electrodes should
stay but one third majority should be finished. The other conclusions of the
report were also bad news for Muslim leagueThe congress party decided to hold a civil disobedience campaign against the
findings of the Simon commsion, Gandhi and Nehru were both arrested, The
Muslim leaguer kept quite and stayed way from this campaign because Muslim
league point was that congress struggle was nit just for independence but for
ruling over Muslims.
In reply to to simmon commission Congress brought Nehru Report which can
define some principles which might govern a future Indian constitution. The
chairman of this report was Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report stated the
immediately full dominion status should be given to India and with two tier
Parliament. The main controversy of the report was over the question of
separate electrodes for Muslim rights. The commit believed that if full religious
liberty was granted there was no need for separate electrodes, even worse as
far as Muslim leaguer was concerned the Nehru report stated that there
should be no reserved seats for Muslims
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All these things convinced Muslim league that congress is the only party for
Hindus so M.A. Jinnah decided to issue the 14 points in 1929 as a response to
the Nehru report and one last attempt made by Quaid at an all party
conference .Mr. Jinnah suggested 3 amendments to Nehru Report but they
were rejected by the congress. At annual meeting of Muslim League in 1929 at
Delhi, Mr Jinnah gave his 14 points to safe guard and protects the rights and
interests of Muslim. These 14 points included demand of federal form of
government ,provincial autonomy full protection of all minorities specially for
Muslims separate electrodes for Muslim and one third of seats in Central
Assembly. These 14 points were first ever demand of Muslims put to British
and History tells us that Nehru Report was soon forgotten but the 14 points of
Mr.Jinnah became the basis of Muslim political efforts later.
In 1930 Allama Iqbal was chairing the Muslim League Conference .It was in his
presidential address that he formally stated that the Muslims of the
subcontinent should now start working towards an independent Muslim
homeland.Iqbal stated that I would Like to see Punjab, The North West frontier
and Balochistan into single state .This was the first that any senior Muslim
polition had made a such a demand
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After the Failure of Second round table conference there was little chance that
Third Round table conference will be successful ,so the British decided that
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they would impose Communal Award for future election, the Muslims were
given weightage in Hindu Dominated provinces, but the Muslim Majority in the
Punjab and Bengal was reduced. The Communal Award was unpopular with
both Muslim league and Congress Party but as the Muslim league had
themselves suggested a British award they Promise to abide it, And Congress
Party rejected it.
After the failure of the conferences British decided to right the
recommendations that were made during Round Table conferences on white
paper, This Act was formally titled the Government of India Act 1935 and
proves to be Last legislation that the British would pass before Independence.The most important feature of the Act was that for the first time during British
Raj Provincial autonomy was granted and the system of diarchy introduced
earlier in the provinces was abolished.Ministeries in the provinces were to
have control over all departments except maintenance of public orders. The
new Province of Sindh and Orissa were created .The Government of India act
was also important for movement of Pakistan as First time during British Raj
that a large population were given chance to exercise their vote
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In 1937 elections were held were held under The Government of India Act and
both Parties thought that it will be worth contesting the elections of 1937.The
election results for the Muslim League were not as good as hoped but Jinnah
was not too disappointed or discouraged as the leaguer was recovering from
the damaging internal dissensions of the early 1930,s.
Congress Ministries were formed in 8 out of 11 provinces of India and they
worked under the instruction of Mr. Gandhi and some other members.
The Congress rule was hated because it adopted policies which harmed andhurt the Muslims in many ways. Some of the steps taken by Congress were:-
Song of Banda Matram which clearly hurt Muslim Feelings was adoptedas national anthem
Widya Mandir scheme and Wardha Scheme were educational schemeswhich encouraged Hindu religion and culture. Teaching was to be in
Hindi with no Religious education
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Muslim children were required to show reverences for Gandhis portraitwhich was hung up in the school
Ban on cow slaughter Frequent occurrences of Hindu-Muslim riots in which always the
Muslims were made victim.
The Congress rule was hated on account of these anti-Muslim policies
and the Muslims heaved a sigh of relief when Congress ministries
resigned in November 1939 .Upon this The Day of Deliverance was
officially called by Muslim League as a celebration to mark the end of
Congress tyranny and injustice.
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