Dr. Ronnie V. AmoradoEhem Anticorruption Group

KakistocracyRule of the Unprincipled, Unethical and Unqualified

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Kakistocracy is all about

leadership aberration, forms of betrayal

of public trust, types of trust and

levels of integrity, and techniques of

restoring public trust.

Kakistocracy comes from the Greek kakistos (worst) or kakos (bad) + kracia (rule, power ).

A Hubert Humphrey Fellow at the Maxwell School

of Citizenship in Syracuse University, New York for

2009-2010.

A result of fellowship research on citizenship and anticorruption using the lens of a betrayal theory.

Kakistocratic behavior explains the world’s woes in:• government corruption• citizens’ misconduct• corporate scandals• misdemeanour in the Church• anomalies in civil society• spousal indiscretion

and infidelity• the desecration of rule of law• rise of despotic rulers• illegitimate authoritarian

states

kakistocracy is a government or organization that is ruled by the most unprincipled, unethical and unqualified managers and leaders.

(and takes time again to restore it)

It takes years to build trust,

to destroy it!and a few seconds

If corruption is betrayal of public trust, it is kakistocracy that breeds acts of betrayal.

Kakistocracy is thus the cultivation of corruption in society!

where am I coming from?

EheM!

visiongrowing and glowing shared integrity in Philippine society

missionexpand the space for integrity, to reduce the space of corruption

where am I coming from?

20112007

To restore trust, we need to bear with its betrayal!

Betrayal is a breach of trust, when information is shared beyond an

agreed upon boundary of relations,

whether that boundary is a pair of friends

or a nation!Malin Akerström (1991), Betrayal and Betrayers:

The Sociology of Treachery

“Each betrayal begins with trust.” - Phish

Trust is a firm reliance in the virtues of honesty, dependability, and strength of

character of someone.Hyler Bracy, Building Trust (2002)

If it is not right, do not do it.If it is not true, do not say it..

To be trusted – one must gain intelligence and integrity;

one must cultivate character and competence!

This is the concept of balancing character and competence.

Stephen M.R. Covey, The Speed of Trust (2002)

Simply put, trust means confidence. The opposite of trust – distrust – is suspicion.

When you trust people, you have confidence in them – in their integrity

and in their abilities. When you distrust people, you are suspicious of them –

of their integrity, their agenda, their capabilities, or their track record!

So without integrity, intelligence is impunity. Without intelligence,

integrity is mediocrity!

Competence without character is corruptio optima pessima!

The corruption of the best is the worst!

But character without competence is dulce est desipere in loco!

The corrupt plays in delight with the fool and mediocre!

Some men are born mediocre, Some achieve mediocrity, and some

have mediocrity thrust upon them.

- Joseph Heller

In applying character and competence, there is a need to distinguish between universal trust from contextual trust.

Hyler Bracy, Building Trust (2002)

Contextual Trust is the competency trust

(assumed trust; basic trust)

Universal Trust is the character trust (higher order of trust)

universal trust & contextual trustWe may trust a lawyer to solve our legal problems, but we doubt if he can be helpful in solving accounting problems.

And if the lawyer is dishonest – applying the universal normative character trait (virtue) – we can never trust the lawyer even if he is good in law, even if he is also good in accounting.

Once universal trust is damaged , contextual

trust is destroyed!

Chapter 1Betraying Public Trust

Nothing can undermine a relationship more completely than lack of trust... in business, politics, marriage; indeed in any significant relationship, trust is the essential precondition.

– Robert Salomon and Fernando Flores, Building Trust (2001)

Presentation in mythologized fiction as political puns, with case questions for discussion/reflection.

trust continuumcumulation and erosion

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Like a constant tug-of-war!

trust continuumlevels of trust

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Betrayal of Trust

Low-Trust High-Trust

Manifestations of Betrayal:Mistrust, Distrust

Loss of trust, Blind trustPretended trust

(Cordial hypocrisy)

trust continuumlevels of trust

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Betrayal of Trust

Low-Trust High-Trust

Some Types of Betrayal:Buck-passing Doublespeak

Extortion Relocation Reprisal Mobbing

Negligence Fall guy Scapegoating Leakage

Battering Infidelity Philandering

Abandonment

trust continuumlevels of trust

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Betrayal of Trust

Low-Trust High-Trust

SelfFamilyClanTribe

Relational (Individuals

)

Organizations

Institutions

MarketsPublics

Clienteles

Community

Society

Our country most probably belongs to low-trust societies as a result

of distortions in our family and kinship

system.

trust continuumlevels of trust

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Betrayal of Trust

Low-Trust High-Trust

SelfFamilyClanTribe

Relational (Individuals

)

Organizations

Institutions

MarketsPublics

Clienteles

Community

Society

Our love and trust for self, family, clan and tribe do not necessarily extend to other

individuals, institutions, markets and the society as a

whole.

Some Trends and TrajectoriesCase Studies on Betrayal of Trust

Those who are in positions of trust have the effective natural capacity to betray

(using their positions in power).

People in authority are effective betrayers. They are also in the

position to defend themselves better if they are to be the betrayed.

Some Trends and TrajectoriesCase Studies on Betrayal of Trust

In kakistocratic behavior, the betrayal comes as an abuse of power – the abuse in the use of position for profit, preferment or prestige. This is the private gain at public expense.

Chapter 2Restoring Public Trust

Restoring trust means rebuilding trust in countries, institutions, industries, professions, and in other people generally. It includes counteracting suspicion and cynicism and replacing it with contribution, value creation and ethical behaviour.

– Stephen M.R. Covey, The Speed of Trust (2006)

trust continuumlevels of trust

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Betrayal of Trust

Low-Trust High-Trust

Integrity Intent

CapabilitiesResults

Principles of Trust:Credibility Consistency Alignment Reputation

Contribution

Capacity Trust

Elements of Trust:Contractual

TrustCommunicatio

n Trust

Competence Trust

Dimensions of Trust:Bureaucracy Familial Political PastoralBureaupathy Bureausis

trust continuumlevels of trust

Trust erodes

Trust cumulates

Betrayal of Trust

Low-Trust High-Trust

SelfFamilyClanTribe

Relational (Individuals

)

Organizations

Institutions

MarketsPublics

Clienteles

Community

Society

Authentic Trust

Basic

Trust

Transformational Trust

Transactional Trust

Perfunctory Trust: minimum necessity

or an Assumed Trust based on

Contextual Trust

The glue that holds all relationships together is trust,

and trust is based on integrity. ~ Bryan

Tracy

Structural Integrity Systems Integrity

secular integrity finds meaning with moral purposewhile moral integrity manifests in the secular world

moral integrity

Whole Numbers

Documents/Data

Artistic Integrity

Professional Integrity

Environmental Integrity

Financial Integrity

Political Integrity

Territorial Integrity

Intellectual Integrity

Technological Integrity

Cultural Integrity

secular integrity

uprightness is the highest form of integrity: the regard for what is good

and the regard for the common good!

Trust is a constant work in progress, and its building blocks are integrity, credibility, character, respect, and reputation among others.

Trust is WIP!

From citizens’ inaction to citizens in action

A citizenship-based country strategy

ObjectiveLeadership orientation

CitizenryGovernance

Leadership and citizenship traitsOrganization orientationCitizenship orientation

Participation orientationTrust continuum

Types of trustTrust principles

Levels of integrityMiddle position predicament

A special section Litany for Integrity

For government, business, schools, Church, families, professionals, elections, anticorruption groups and cause-oriented groups, and for all the Filipino citizens.

Can serve as recital or invocation during flag ceremonies, conventions, conferences, seminars, etc.

Chapter 3Blogging Public Trust

Blogging is the new frontier of advocacy; the new intellectual sanctuary and a serene watering hole for the soul.

social commentarysocial tools

http://cyberron.blogspot.com/

This book is all aboutethical leadership,

public trust,integrity,character,reputation,

legacy,ascendancy and

good citizenship –these are all

God’s other names.

And we all aspire to

establish a society that is ruled by

leaders who are

principled, ethical and qualified!

All proceeds of the book will go to a special anticorruption research fund.

maraming salamat!