John Quincy Adams= Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe

is an advocate of Nationalism

Negotiates Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

• Established the demilitarized boundary w/ Canada

Negotiated Convention of 1818

• Established the US Border at the 49th parallel

Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819

• 1818 Jackson invades Spanish Florida & Adams forces Spain to concede Florida.

http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/HTALLANT/courses/his325/1818-19.gif

CPUSH Unit 7 PP 1

Missouri Compromise (1820)

SLAVERY, SECTIONALISM, BALANCE?

Debate over Missouri’s admission as a state threatens the balance of power.

• Missouri is the first state from the LA Territory

• Tallmadge amendment proposes to prohibit slavery in the territory. As a result, the South fears federal intervention over slavery in the South itself

• Seen by South as a “tipping point” – falling behind more and more in population

• Missouri Compromise is forged by Henry Clay

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/es_shift.html#

Missouri Compromise of 1820• A little horse-trading:

Maine will be admitted as a free state

Missouri will be admitted as a slave state

• This keeps the balance of slave:free at 12:12.

• Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the northernmost boundary of slavery

• True compromise: nobody very happy with result!

• Despite conflict over slavery, nationalism prevails, for now.

Ch. 9, Sect. 2HW: Ch. 9, Sect. 3

Images of Columbia

Manifest Destiny

“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

-John L. O’Sullivan,1845

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Americans believe it is their destiny to expand the US

borders to the Pacific.

John Gast’s “American Progress,” 1872

WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION?

MANIFEST DESTINY

WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION?

Settlers and Native

Americans1832: Black Hawk WarChief Black Hawk leads Sauk and Fox nations as they fight

US expansion in Illinois. Sauk and Fox forced west of the Mississippi. Gen. Winfield Scott leads US forces.

_________________________________________________1851: Fort Laramie TreatyCheyenne Arapaho, Sioux, and Crow agree to allow settlers to

move through the Great Plains. US to pay the Nations and to respect their boundaries. Frequently violated by US.

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1851 Fort Laramie Treaty. Under the terms of agreement, the United States would supply the several tribes with $50,000 for 50 years, designate territorial boundaries of each tribe, provide punishment for depredations, and gave authority for the government to lay roads and build military forts in Indian country and other provisions. When the treaty was returned to Washington, the U.S. Senate refused to give its approval to the long term financial arrangements, and amended the treaty by limiting the appropriation to ten years. The Indians were not a part of this amendment and believed the original treaty was still in force

Map drawn by Father Pierre de Smet to help clarify the division of lands negotiated in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. DeSmet came to the treaty talks with the Assiniboin, Arikara, Hidatsa and Crow of the upper Missouri River. (Library of Congress)

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TRAILS WESTSanta Fe Trail –Trade route from

Independence, Missouri to Sante Fe , a distance of over 780 miles. Used primarily from 1821 to 1848.

Oregon Trail – Started in 1836 by Missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. Followed some of Lewis and Clark’s journey, traveling from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon, a journey of over 2000 miles.

The Cimarron cutoff shorted the travel time and distance of the old trail. It also was more dangerous than the mountain route. It crossed the dry Plains south of the Arkansas river in Ks and the panhandle of Oklahoma. Water was very scarce and

this was Kiowa and Comanche land.

Oregon Trail

“Prairie Schooners”

Joseph Smith and the Mormons• All American religion, created in US• Mormons move from Ohio to Missouri & Illinois.• Communitarian sect not popular• Mormon militia arouses fear• Polygamy unpopular• 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith • Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, 1846-1847,

est. frontier cooperative theocracy• Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens

fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896

http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.html

JOSEPH SMITH

“Affected by the great religious excitement taking place around his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph was determined to know which of the many religions he should join. …Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of the churches.

In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March 1830. Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27, 1844.”

Brigham Young

“When Joseph Smith was murdered by an

anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young was

on the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley, where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, 1847. Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of Joseph Smith.”

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/young.htm

http://www.cr.n ps.go v/h istory /o nlin e_ bo oks/mo pi/images/fig 32 .jp g

http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig18.jpg

http://www.thefurtrapper.com/mormon_trail.htm

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE SANTE FE, THE OREGON TRAIL, AND

THE MORMON TRAIL

Map: The Election of 1844

The Election of 1844The election of 1844 demonstrated one incontestable fact: the annexation of Texas had more national support than Clay had realized. The surging popular sentiment for expansion that made the underdog Polk rather than Clay the man of the hour reflected a growing conviction among the people that America's natural destiny was to expand into Texas and all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Maine: War with Canada?Canadian Bacon?

• 1837: US Steamer Caroline attacked while ferrying supplies to insurrectionists in Canada, is destroyed.

• War threatens b/w US and GB over land route to Quebec cutting through Northern Maine and lumber rights

• Lord Ashburton and Secretary Webster renegotiate Maine’s boundaries, swapping land.

• 1842: War is averted.– Sig? Willing to negotiate here in 1842

– Contrast with….

MAINEBOUNDARY

SETTLEMENT1842

Blue line=current border

Yellow line=British claim

Red line=US claim

http://www.upperstjohn.com/history/northeastborder.htm

President Polk the PurposefulPolk narrowly defeats Clay in 1844.

Polk is an Expansionist Democrat and a good friend of Andrew Jackson.

POLK’S FOUR GOALS:

1. Lower tariff

2. Settle dispute over Oregon

3. Purchase California and N. Mexico

4. Annex Texas

Map: Oregon Boundary Dispute

Oregon Boundary DisputeAlthough demanding that Britain cede the entire Oregon Territory south of 54°40', the United States settled for a compromise at the forty-ninth parallel. SLOGAN: “Fifty four forty or fight!” Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.

Map: American Expansion in Oregon

American Expansion in OregonThe slogan of Polk's supporters had been "Fifty-four forty or fight," but negotiation of a boundary at the 49th parallel avoided the danger of war with Great Britain. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

A. Brigham Young B. Oregon C. MaineD. Joseph Smith E. Idaho F. Henry ClayG. Merchants H. James Polk I. MissionariesJ. Small farmers K. John Smith L. Texas

1. He was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in Carthage, Illinois.

2. The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a dispute with Britain over the border in _______.

3. Ran unsuccessfully for President in 1844.4. The Webster-Ashburton treaty resolved disputes

over territory in _______.5. The Oregon Trail was started by the Whitmans,

who were going West to be _____.

A. Brigham Young B. Oregon C. MaineD. Joseph Smith E. Idaho F. Henry ClayG. Isaac Singer H. James Polk I. Robert Fulton J. John Deere K. Cyrus McCormick

1. He led the Mormons west to Salt Lake.

2. Inventor of the mechanical reaper.

3. He took the first steamboat up the Mississippi.

4. The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a dispute with Britain over the border in _______.

5. Elected President in 1844.

A. Brigham Young B. Oregon C. MexicoD. Joseph Smith E. Idaho F. MaineG. Isaac Singer H. Britain I. Robert Fulton J. John Deere K. Cyrus McCormick

1. Founder of the Mormons.

2. Inventor of the sewing machine.

3. Inventor of the steel plow.

4. The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a dispute with ________ over the border in Oregon.

5. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved a dispute with Britain over the border in __________.

A. Brigham Young B. Oregon C. MexicoD. Joseph Smith E. Idaho F. MaineG. Samuel Beckworth H. Washington I. Britain J. Martin Van BurenK. James Polk L. Spain

1. Founder of the Mormons.

2. Leader who took the Mormons west to Utah.

3. Successor to John Tyler as President.

4. The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a dispute with ________ over the border in Oregon.

5. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved a dispute with Britain over the border in __________.