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POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA, KEDAHMECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
JJ508-ENGINEERING LAB 3 PRACTICAL RUBRIC
1. PRACTICAL TASK
i. Technical Skill /psychomotor(20 marks)
CRITERIANEEDSATISFACTORYGOODEXCELLENCESCORE
IMPROVEMENT(2)(3)(4)
(1)
SAFETYSafety proceduresLab is carried outLab is generallyLab is carried out
were ignored.with somecarried out withwith fully
attention toattention toattention to___X 2. 5 =
relevant safetyrelevant safetyrelevant safety
procedures.procedures.procedures.
EXPERIMENTExperiment are notExperiment needExperiment needExperiment work
SETUP &workingfor majorfor minorproperly___ X 2. 5 =
COMPLETENESSadjustment toadjustment to
workwork
SCORE
ii. Leadership & Teamwork Skill (40 marks)
CRITERIANEEDSATISFACTORYGOODEXCELLENCESCORE
IMPROVEMENT(2)(3)(4)
(1)
TEAMWORK SKILLSInactive participateFew membersMost membersAll members take
members. Taskparticipatecontribute. Taskan active role.
assignedactively.are assigned toTasks are defined___ X 2. 5 =
individually.Tasks are assignedsome members.by the group and
to few members.assigned to all
members.
PARTICIPATIONNever willing toRarely willing toOften willing toAlways willing to
participate orparticipate orparticipateparticipate and
volunteervolunteeroccasionallyconsistently
information orinformation orvolunteervolunteer
opinion. Never ableopinion. Rarelyinformation orinformation or
to respond toresponds toopinion.opinion.
questions or issuesquestions or issuesOccasionallyFrequently give___X 2. 5 =
raised.raised but oftenresponds toquick responds to
create issues.questions andquestions or
contributeissues raised.
opinion to issues
raised.
CONTRIBUTIONSRarely providesSometimesUsually providesRoutinely
usefulprovidesusefulprovides
ideas whenuseful ideas whenideas whenuseful ideas when
participating in theparticipating in theparticipating inparticipating in
group and ingroup and inthethe
classroomclassroomgroup and ingroup and in___X 2. 5 =
discussion.discussion.classroomclassroom
May refuse toA satisfactorydiscussion.discussion.
participate.groupA strong groupA leader who
member who doesmember whocontributes a lot
what is required.triesof
hard!effort.
DEMONSTRATEOften arrive lateOccasionally arriveRarely arrive lateAlways arrive on__ X 2. 5 =
GOOD MANNERSand rarelylate oror unprepared.time and
prepared.unprepared.prepared.
SCORE
2. TECHNICAL REPORT (40 marks)
CRITERIANEEDSATISFACTORYGOODEXCELLENCESCORE
IMPROVEMENT(2)(3)(4)
(1)
DATAPresentation of theAccurateAccurateData are not
data in tables orpresentation ofpresentation ofshown OR are
graphs is donedata in tables ordata in writteninaccurate.
correctly andgraphs. Graphs andform, but no____X 2.0=
accordingly. Graphstables are labeledgraphs or tables is
and tables areand titled.presented.
labeled and titled.
CALCULATIONSAll calculations areSome calculationsSome calculationsNo calculations___X 2. 0 =
shown and theare shown and theare shown and theare shown.
result are correctresult are correctresult labeled
and labeledand labeledappropriately.
appropriately.appropriately.
Analyze theExplain the trendsExplain veryNeeds to explain___X 2. 0 =
DISCUSSION (i)findings. Explainand oddities in thebriefly the trendstrends and
the trends anddata.and oddities in theoddities in the
oddities in thedata.data.
data.
Analyze theExplain the trendsExplain veryNeeds to explain___ X 2. 0 =
DISCUSSION(ii)findings. Explainand oddities in thebriefly the trendstrends and
the trends anddata.and oddities in theoddities in the
oddities in thedata.data.
data.
CONCLUSIONConclusion includesConclusionConclusionsNo conclusion____X 2.0 =
whether theincludes whetherincludes what waswas included in
findings supportedthe findingslearned from thethe report.
the hypothesis,supported theexperiment.
possible sources ofhypothesis and
error, and whatwhat was learned
was learned fromfrom the
the experiment.experiment.
SCORE
TOTAL SCORE
POLITEK NIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM M UADZAM
SHAH
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPAR TMENT
LABSHEET
JJ508
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
MECHANIC OF MACHIN E THERMODYNAMICS 2
METAL LURGY 2
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANIC OF
MACHINE
EXPERIMENT 1: BELT FRICTION
EXPERIMENT 2: COMPOUND PENDULUM 1
EXPERIMENT 2: COMPOUND PENDULUM 2
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage:5
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise:ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,Semester:5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme:DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKALTime:2 HOURS per week
Code & Course :
JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
Belt Friction Apparatus
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
i. To determine different type of belts friction.
ii. To compare different type of belts friction. iii. Influence of belt force and angle of contact.
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
i. Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
ii. Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures. (P4)
iii. Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Belt is a flexible band which is in power transmission. It is able to transfer the power from one point to the other points with minimum power loss. The belt is able to work smoothly and quietly even without the requirement of lubrication.
Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end. The friction force makes that the tension in the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction
equation. The equation used to model belt friction is, assuming the belt has no mass and its material is a fixed composition.
V-Belt : T2 = T1e.kosek.Flat Belt : T2 = T1e
where is the tension of the pulling side, which is typically the greater force, is the tension of the resisting side, is
the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and is the angle, in radians formed by the first and last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.
5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM
Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Belt Friction Apparatus
Formula:V-Belt : T2 = T1e.kosek.Flat Belt : T2 = T1eWhere: 2 : convert to radian unit.
6.0 APPARATUS:
i. LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus main frame.
ii. V-belt.
iii. Flat Belt
iv. Spring scales.
7.0 PROCEDURES
i. Place the LS-12001-BF Belt Friction Apparatus on a level table.
ii. Fix the belt brackets to both end of the V-belt. Tighten it by screws.
iii. Fix both ends of the belt brackets to spring scales. One end is normal spring scale (A) while the other end is spring scale with screw strut (E). Tighten it with screws and nuts.
iv. Open the safety acrylic door using the door handle. (Do not open the door using the bottom right end as it may break the acrylic)
v. Insert the spring scale screw strut into the inner side hole of the screw strut holder (F). Tighten it with wing nut (G). (Do not fully tighten the wing nut) vi. Place the spring scale to the spring scale holder (D) at desirable angle (i.e. 300, 600). vii. Close the safety acrylic door.
viii. Apply the load to V-belt by turning the wing nut. Use a hand to hold the screw strut while the other hands to turn the wing nut. ix. Keep an eye on the spring scale reading. Turn the wing nuts until the load apply reached desirable value. x. Take the reading at the other spring scale and record it into the table.
xi. Loosen the wing nut and repeat the experiment with other angles. (Do not repeat with the angle close to previous angle as this would not give significant difference).
8.0 RESULTS:
Angle ( 0 )Spring Scale 1 (N)Spring Scale 2 (N)Coefficient of Friction,
45
90
180
TABLE 1: V-BELT
Angle ( 0 )Spring Scale 1 (N)Spring Scale 2 (N)Coefficient of Friction,
45
90
180
TABLE 2: FLAT-BELT
9.0 CALCULATIONS:
10.0 DISCUSSION:
From this experiment;
i. What is the different between the V-belt and Flat belt?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
ii. Briefly describe your observation on belts friction with respect to the position angle.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.0 CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage:7
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise:ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,Semester:5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme:DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKALTime:2 HOURS per week
Code & Course :
JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion)
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
i. To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
i. Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
ii. Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures. (P4)
iii. Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.
Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.
5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM
Centre of Suspension
Rod
Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod
Bob weight
Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum
A compound Pendulum
O is the point of suspension G is the centre of gravity
m is the mass of the body
is the angular displacement is the angular accelerationI0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body
When the body is given a small displacement , the restoring moment about O to bring the body back to its equilibrium position is given by:
Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *
Since is small, sin = , therefore; m*g*h = I0 *
= (m*g*h ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acceleraon)
2 * ( / ) 2 * [I0 / (m*g*h)]
Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)= (1/2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]
From parallel axis theorem,I0 = Ig + mh2Ig = m k2
Where k is the radius of gyration
6.0 APPARATUS:
i. A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.
ii. A stop watch
7.0 PROCEDURES
I. If the bob weight is attached to the rod, remove it.
II. Measure and record the diameter of the rod at least at 5 locations.
III. Measure and record the length of the rod to obtain the position of centre of gravity.
IV. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension). V. Weigh and record the weight of the rod.
VI. Hang the rod at the point of suspension.
VII. Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch. VIII. Displace the rod at a small angle.
IX. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.
X. Stop the watch after the rod has excuted 5 cycles of oscillations. XI. Record this time in the Table provided.
XII. Repeat step 6 to 10 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over 5 oscillations.
XIII. Remove the rod and hang it at a new point of suspension. Measure and record the distance the point of suspension from the end of the rod (close to the point of suspension).
XIV. Repeat step 7 to 12
8.0 RESULTS
Weight of rod=kg
Length of rod=m
Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod =m
Rod Diameter (m)
Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Reading 4Reading 5Average
TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD
No. of OscillationsTime 1Time 2Average Time
secsecsec
5
10
15
20
TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION
Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations
Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.
Slope of the graph represents the periodic time
Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec
Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension
Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.
9.0 CALCULATIONS:
10.0 DISCUSSION:
From this experiment;
i. What is the frequency of motion when the distance of the point of suspension from the centre of gravity of the rod is decrease? ______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
ii. Briefly describe your observation on pendulum with respect to the position angle.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.0 CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage:7
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise:ENGINEERING MECHANICS
06000 JITRA,Semester:5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
Programme:DKM5A/5B/5C/5D/5E
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKALTime:2 HOURS per week
Code & Course :
JJ 508- ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
(MECHANIC OF MACHINE)
1.0 TITLE
Compound Pendulum (Frequency of the rod motion with bob weight)
2.0 OBJECTIVE:
i. To determine the frequency of motion of a compound pendulum.
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
i. Analyze critically the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects. (C4)
ii. Organize appropriately electrical and engineering mechanics experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures. (P4)
iii. Write critically the appropriate report in group based on the experiment results. (A2)
4.0 INTRODUCTION
A compound pendulum, in its simplest form, consists of a rigid body suspended vertically at a point which allows it to oscillates in small amplitude under the action of gravity.
Consider a bar suspended at point O and is free to oscillate.
5.0 EXPERIMENT DIAGRAM
Centre of Suspension
Rod
Screw to tightened bob weight against the rod
Bob weight
Figure 1: Experimental Setup For Compound and Simple Pendulum
A compound Pendulum
O is the point of suspension G is the centre of gravity
m is the mass of the body
is the angular displacement is the angular accelerationI0 is the mass moment of inertia of the body
When the body is given a small displacem ent , the restoring moment about O to bring the bod y back to its equilibrium position is given by:
Restoring moment, Mr = m*g*h sin Disturbing moment, Md = I0 *
Since is small, sin = , therefore; m*g*h = I0 *
= (m*g*h ) / I0 periodic me = 2 * (Displacement / acc eleration)
2 * ( / ) 2 * [I0 / (m *g*h)]
Frequency of motion, n = 1/ (periodic time)= (1 /2) * [ (m*g*h) / I0]
From parallel axis theorem,I0 = Ig + mh2Ig = m k2
Where k is the radius of gyration
6.0 APPARATUS:
i. A simple compound pendulum consisting of a rod and a cylindrical bob weight.
ii. A stop watch
7.0 PROCEDURES
I. Take the bob weight and weight it. Record its weight
AI. Measure and record the diameter of the bob weight to obtain the position of centre of gravity. III. Measure and record the thickness of the bob weight. IV.Decide the position of the bob weight on the rod.
V. Insert the rod through the hole in the bob weight until the decided location.
VI.Tightened the screw on the bob weigth against the rod to hold the bob weight in position.
VII.Measure the distance of the centre of gravity of the bob weight from the point of suspension
VIII.Take a stopwatch and set it to zero. Familiarized yourself with the operation of the stopwatch.
IX.Displace the rod at a small angle.
X. Release the rod and start the stopwatch simultaneously.
XI.Stop the watch after the rod has excited 5 cycles of oscillations.
XII.Repeat step 8 to 11 for a few more times to get the average readings of time over the measured
oscillations.
XIII.Record the time in the Table provided.
XIV.Repeat step 10 to 11 for 10, 15 and 20 oscillations.
XV.Repeat with a few more positions of the bob weight.
8.0 RESULTS
Weight of rod=kg
Length of rod=m
Distance of point of suspension from the top end of the rod =m
Rod Diameter (m)
Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Reading 4Reading 5Average
TABLE 1: AVERAGE DIAMETER OF ROD
No. of OscillationsTime 1Time 2Average Time
secsecsec
5
10
15
20
TABLE 2: TIME OF OSCILLATION
Plot the graph of average time Vs no of oscillations
Plot the trend curve (best fit curve) with equations.
Slope of the graph represents the periodic time
Time per cycle(oscillation), periodic time = sec
Calculate the mass moment of inertia about the point of suspension
Calculate the theoretical periodic time and hence the frequency of motion.
9.0 CALCULATIONS:
10.0 DISCUSSION:
From this experiment;
i. What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight is added to the rod?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
ii. What is the frequency of motion when the bob weight moves closer to the point of suspension?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
11.0 CONCLUSION:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
THERMODYNAMICS 2
EXPERIMENT 1: VALVE TIMING
EXPERIMENT 2: HEAT EXCHANGER 1
EXPERIMENT 3: HEAT EXCHANGER 2
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDULPage: 4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMANSemester: 5
Jabatan Kejuruteraan MekanikalProgramme: DKM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
VALVE TIMING (4 stroke)
1. PRACTICE: Valve Timing
2. OBJECTIVE
The objectives are:
i.students may know how valve timing works
ii.students know how to determine the valve timing of a 4-stroke reciprocating engine iii.students able to construct the valve timing diagram
3. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
i. Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.
ii. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.
4. THEORY
Figure 1 show a typical valve timing diagram and the associated terminology for example.
Figure 1
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDULPage: 4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMANSemester: 5
Jabatan Kejuruteraan MekanikalProgramme: DKM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
A= inlet valve lead
B=inlet valve lag
C= exhaust valve lead
D= exhaust valve lag
A+D= valve overlap
The sequence of opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valve is designed to increase the breathing or volumetric efficiency, of the engine, and achieved by arrangement of the valve train components, in particular the cam drive and shape of the cam lobes.
However, since the timing does not vary with the speed engine, the maximum charging and scavenging of the cylinder during a cycle are obtained only around a certain engine speed. Consequently, a racing engine with large valve leads and lags which will permit good volumetric efficiency at high speed must have a relatively high idling speed and economical fuel consumption at the lower engine speed.
5. APPARATUS:
The apparatus needed are:
a. single clylinder 4-stroke spark ignition engine
b. dial indicator
c. magnetic base
d. masking tape
e. pen knivel
f. sciencetific calculator
6. METHOD
a. Expose the flywheel and the valve by removing the flywheel cover and the cylinder head.
b. Attach masking tape around the circumference of the flywheel
c. Using a suitable datum on the cylinder block, mark TDC and BDC on the masking tape by observing the position of piston in the selected cylinder as flywheel is turned over.
d. Identify the inlet and exhaust valve and determine the direction of rotation of the engine.
e. Set up the dial indicator with the magnetic base on the top of the block. the shaft of the indicator should rest on the appropriate valve whose opening and closing to be observed.
f. Turn the flywheel clocewise slowly by hand and proceed to mark on the masking tape the point in the circle when inlet valve opens, inlet valve closes , exhaust valve opens and exhaust valve closes respectively.
g. Remove the masking tape and measure the valve leads and lags.
h. Constuct the valve-timing diagram using the cardboard.
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDULPage: 4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMANSemester: 5
Jabatan Kejuruteraan MekanikalProgramme: DKM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
5.OBSERVATION
Calculate
length of masking tape(l):mm.
length from inlet valve open (IVO) to inlet valve close (IVC)(a):mm.
length from inlet valve close (IVC) to ignition time (IG)(b):mm.
length from ignition time (IG) to exhaust valve open (EVO):mm.
length from exhaust valve open (EVO) to exhaust valve close (EVC) (e):mm.
length from inlet valve open (IVO) to exhaust valve close (EVO) (d):mm
Calculate the valves duration for:
a)induction stroke
b)compression stroke
c)power stroke
d)exhaust stroke
e)overlap
6. DISCUSSION
a.Draw the valve-timing diagram
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDULPage: 4
HALIM MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1
06000 JITRA,
KEDAH DARUL AMANSemester: 5
Jabatan Kejuruteraan MekanikalProgramme: DKM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
b) Conclusion
REFERENCES:
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage: 5
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 2 (THERMODYNAMICS 2)
06000 JITRA,Semester: 5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTProgramme: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. Calculate heat transfer rate, Q.
ii. Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m2K )
iii. Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.
iv. Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).
v. Define efficiency of heat transfer process
vi. To compare heat transfer rate for different method.
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
ii. Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Purpose of heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators ( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.
Function of heat exchangers
As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :
i. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.
ii. partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.
iii. partition emits heat to the cold medium.
Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.
The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.
Hot side
Cool side
partition
T1Medium 1Medium 2
T1
TW1
TWT
TW2
T2T2
s
Distance
Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition
Water (H20) physical properties
TemperatureDensitySpecific Heat Capacity, Cp
CK[kg/dm 3][kJ/kg.K]
02730.99984.220
202930.99824.183
403130.99214.178
603330.98304.191
803530.97204.199
1003730.95804.216
Related Formulas:
i.Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc
ii.Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =Cp Th
Cp (Th-in Th-out) iii.Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc Cp (Tc-in Tc-out) iv.Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2
v. Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin) For uni-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-in)Tmin = (Th-out Tc-out)
vi. = U Am Tm U [kJ/m2sK] = / (Am Tm )
Heat profile for uni-directional flow
T1
Tmax
T4
5.0 APPARATUS:
T2
Tmin
T3
i. Heat Exchanger Services Unit
ii. Shell and tube
iii. Medium- pipe water
Apparatus specification
Heat Exchanger TypeArea, Amin [m2]
Shell and tube0.0200
Tubular0.0227
Plat0.0400
6.0 PROCEDURES:
A. Heating of hot-water tank .
i. Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary.
ii. Switch on master switch.
iii. Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller.
iv. Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start with bleeding procedure.
B. Bleeding of heat exchanger
i. Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a danger of scalding! ii. Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible. iii. Switch on pump.
iv. Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.
v. Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.
C. Experiment
i. Set desired hot flow rates, Vh at flow-control valve same as in the table 1.
ii. Set the first rates for cold water , Vc . Wait until Thermal equilibrium is attained or stable. Take Flow rates value in the table 1.
iii. Take the inlet and outlet temperature readings for hot and cold flow.
iv. Repeat the step above with changes the cold flow rates at low value.
7.0 RESULTS:
i. Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.
ii. Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.
8.0 DISCUSSIONS:
i. Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.
ii. It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.
iii. What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.
iv. Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.
REFERENCES:
APPENDIX 1
Heat exchanger type:
TABLE 1
Unidirectional flow
SpecificWaterHeatHeatAverageHeat
HeatWatermasstransfer
Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/minsuppliedreceivedheatTmNote
CapacityDensityflowratecoefficient,
, Qh, Qctransferred
, C, mU
Cool
Noflowrate,TTc-outTh-inTh-out[kJ/kg.K][kg/m3][kg/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][C][kW/m2.K]
c-in
.vc
1
2
3
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage: 5
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 3 (THERMODYNAMICS 2)
06000 JITRA,Semester: 5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTProgramme: DKM / DMK / DJL / DTP / DEM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
1.0 TITLE: SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. Calculate heat transfer rate, Q.
ii. Determined the overall coefficient of heat transition, U ( kW/m2K )
iii. Examine the effect of fluid exchanger rate to the coefficient value, U and heat transfer rate, Q.
iv. Describe the differences of heat transfer rate between one way flow ( co-current ) and opposite flow ( counter-current ).
v. Define efficiency of heat transfer process
vi. To compare heat transfer rate for different method.
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
ii. Analyse critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Purpose of heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are used for heat transfer between two media. The media do not come into direct contact and there is no mixing. Heat is transported from the hot medium to the cold medium by way of a heat-conducting partition. Some examples of heat exchangers are car radiators ( media : water / air ), oil coolers (media : oil / air or water ) and cooling coils in refrigerators ( media : air / refrigerant ). The Heat Exchangers Service Unit uses water for both media.
Function of heat exchangers
As it flow along the partition, the hot medium emits heat to the partition and cools down in doing so. In turn, the heated partition passes heat to the cold medium flowing along the other side of the partition. This medium is thus heated. The heat transfer process at the partition can therefore can be described in term of three separate stage :
i. Hot medium emits heat to the partition.
ii. partition conducts heat from the hot surface to the cold surface.
iii. partition emits heat to the cold medium.
Figure 1.1 provides a schematic view of the temperature profile at the partition. Each of the three heat-transfer stage is assigned a temperature difference T1 , TW and T2.
The efficiency of a heat exchangers is determined by the level of heat transport in the three heat-transfer stages.
Hot side
Cool side
partition
T1Medium 1Medium 2
T1
TW1
TWT
TW2
T2T2
s
Distance
Fig. 1.1 Temperature profile with heat transfer and heat conduction at partition
Water (H20) physical properties
TemperatureDensitySpecific Heat Capacity, Cp
CK[kg/dm 3][kJ/kg.K]
02730.99984.220
202930.99824.183
403130.99214.178
603330.98304.191
803530.97204.199
1003730.95804.216
Related Formulas:
i.Mass flowrate, [kg/s] = vc
ii.Heat supplied, Qh [kJ/s] =Cp Th
Cp (Th-in Th-out) iii.Heat recieved, Qc [kJ/s] = Cp Tc Cp (Tc-in Tc-out) iv.Average heat transferred, [kJ/s] = (Qh + Qc )/2
v. Tm [C] = ( Tmax Tmin ) / ln (Tmax/Tmin)
For counter-directional flow; Tmax = (Th-in Tc-out)
Tmin = (Th-out Tc-in)vi. = U Am Tm U [kJ/m2sK] = / (Am Tm )
Heat profile for counter-directional flow
T1
T2
Tmax
Tmin
T3
T4
5.0 APPARATUS:
i. Heat Exchanger Services Unit
ii. Shell and tube
iii. Medium- pipe water
Apparatus specification
Heat Exchanger TypeArea, Amin [m2]
Shell and tube0.0200
Tubular0.0227
Plat0.0400
6.0 PROCEDURES:
A. Heating of hot-water tank .
i. Check of water level in tank and top up if necessary.
ii. Switch on master switch.
iii. Set the desired hot-water temperature at temperature controller.
iv. Switch on heater. Heating from an ambient temperature of 20 0 to 60 0 C requires approx. 20 min. While heating up start with bleeding procedure. B. Bleeding of heat exchanger
i. Set uniflow or counter-current by connecting hose with base apparatus. Only change cold-water hoses! Otherwise there is a danger of scalding!
ii. Set a high cold-water flow rate with flow control valve ( 4 L/ min ). Allow water to run until no more bubbles are visible.
iii. Switch on pump.
iv. Use flow - control valve to set high hot-water flow rate. Allow water to run briefly.
v. Carefully open bleeder valve for hot water flow and allow water to run for a short while.
C. Experiment
i. Switch off the pump.
ii. change the flow direction from the co-current to counter-current. Only
iii. change cold water hoses.
iv. Switch on pump and rewind step above in experiment 1.
v. take down the flow rates and temperatures reading in the table 1.
7.0 RESULTS:
i. Complete the result in the table 1 by using the data table given.
ii. Sketch the temperature profile for the both flow.
8.0 DISCUSSIONS:
i. Sketch the schematic diagram of heat exchanger which its shows the directions of liquid flow.
ii. It is the outlet heat energy same with the inlet heat energy. Describes.
iii. What is the effect of the heat exchanger flow rate to heat transfer rate and overall coefficient heat transition value, U.
iv. Describe the effect of flow direction changes to heat transfer operation and its relationship with the design aspect.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
Conclude the short conclusion / result that you get with refers to the experiment objectives.
REFERENCES:
APPENDIX 1
Heat exchanger type:
TABLE 1
Counter-directional flow
SpecificWaterHeatHeatAverageHeat
HeatWatermasstransfer
Hot flowrate, vb = 2.5 L/minsuppliedreceivedheatTmNote
CapacityDensityflowratecoefficient,
, Qh, Qctransferred
, C, mU
Cool
Noflowrate,TTc-outTh-inTh-out[kJ/kg.K][kg/L][kg/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][kJ/s][C][kW/m2.K]
c-in
.vc
1
2
3
POLITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH
06000 JITRA, KEDAH
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
METALLURGY
EXPERIMENT 1: METALLOGRAPHY STRUCTURE
EXPERIMENT 2: HARDNESS TESTING: ROCKWELL
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage: 4
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: EXPERIMENT 1
06000 JITRA,Semester: 5
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTProgramme: DKM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
1.0 TITLE: Metallurgy Structure
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. Understand the procedure for basic metallographic.
ii. Draw and identify the different material gain structure.
iii. Heat treatment may be influencing the properties of carbon steel.
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
i. Analyse critically data of the experimental data in ralaton to the theoretical aspects.
ii. Organize appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
The science and technology of metals and alloys. Process metallurgy is concerned with the extraction of metals from their
ores and with refining of metals; physical metallurgy, with the physical and mechanical properties of metals as affected by
composition, processing, and environmental conditions; and mechanical metallurgy, with the response of metals to
applied forces
5.0 APPARATUS:
Equipment: mounting machine, grinding machine, polishing machine, microscope
Specimen: steel, alloy copper, aluminium and other select materials
X1A - Less Pure Zinc base sand casting form
X2 - Copper Alloy tin
X4 copper alloy zinc
6.0 PROCEDURES:
1. Grind surface of the mounting specimen follower right method by grading machine
2. Polish the specimen by polishing machine, with polishing liquid on matron cloth.*
3. clean the specimen with detergent liquid and after that dry at the dryer machine
4. Etching the specimen in mixed solution agent. **
5. microstructure view under microscope.
gilap dengan menggunakan larutan BRASSO di atas kain metron dan jika tidak berkesan bolehlah
menggilapkannyadengan menggunakan adunan intan (diamond paste) saiz 1 mikron .
punarkan dengan menggunakan larutan 2% Nital or alcoholic ferrit chloride ( larutan yang mengandungi 5 gm
FeCl, 2 mlHCl pekat, 95 ml alkohol )
7.0 RESULTS:
A) base on microscope visual, draw the grain structure below .
BilSpesimenBahan , kandunganProses pemejalan atauBentuk struktur
aloi & ( jenisproduk.
struktur ).
X1AZink (Zn) yangProses pendinginan drp
kurang tulintuangan pasir.
( 1 fasa )
Struktur bijian boleh
dilihat tanpa
mikroskop
Aloi kuprum dgnProses pendinginan drp
4% Sn(strukturtuangan pasir. Penerasan
X2larutan pepejal 1(coring) pada bijian berlaku
fasa)semasa pemejalan
X4Aloi kuprum (loyang)Proses pendinginan drp
kadungan 52% Cu,tuangan pasir. Drp rajah fasa
48% Zn(strukturaloi Cu/Zn hanya fasa yang
larutan pepejal 1diperolehi untuk aloi ini.
fasa)
8.0 DISCUSSIONS:
9.0 CONCLUSION :
REFERENCES:
POL ITEKNIK SULTAN ABDUL HALIM
MUADZAM SHAH
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3
JJ508
TITLE EXPERIMENT
PROGRAMME
LECTURER NAME
DATE
A. STUDENT GROUP
NO.NAMEREGIS TRATION NUMBER
B. MARKS:
SCORE
TECHNICAL REPORTTOTAL
1234
RUBRIC(40%)
PROCEDURESx 1.0
DIAGRAMSx 1.0
DATAx 1.0
CALCULATIONSx 2.0
ANALYSIS/DISCUSSIONx 2.0
ERROR ANALYSISx 1.0
QUESTIONSx 1.0
CONCLUSIONx 1.0
TOTAL MARKS (%)
POLYTHECNIC SULTAN ABDUL HALIMPage: 4
MUADZAM SHAHLaboratory Practise: Experiment 2
06000 JITRA,HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL
KEDAH DARUL AMAN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTSemester: 5
Programme: DKM
Duration: 2 Hours per week
Code & Course:
JJ508 ENGINEERING LAB 3
1.0 TITLE: HARDNESS TESTING ROCKWELL
2.0 OBJECTIVES:
i. Perform properly Rockwell test methods
ii. Compare the value of Rockwell hardness of metals methods
3.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES :
i. Conduct appropriately experiments in groups according to the standard of procedures.
ii. Analyze critically the data of the experimental data in relation to the theoretical aspects.
iii. Write critically the appropriate report based on the experiment results.
4.0 INTRODUCTION:
Rockwell & Rockwell superficial tests consists of forcing an indenter (Diamond or Ball) into the surface of a test piece in two steps i.e. first with preliminary test force and thereafter with additional test force & the measuring depth of indentation after removal of additional test force (Remaining preliminary test force active) for measurement or hardness value
5.0 EQUIPMENT AND SPECIMENT :
i. Rockwell machine , Model : ATK F1000
ii. Steel, alloy copper, aluminum and other select materials
LCD display
beban pertama
lampu
pelekuk
andas
beban utamahandle
suis
FIGURE 1 : Rockwell Machine
6.0 PROCEDURES:
i. Set the power on (lamp lights)
ii. Set the scale, type of scale, total test force values and indenters. (referred lecturer)
= select the total test force. = select indenter type
iii. To check or change testing condition, press the MODE switch to select a desired menu. MENU1 5
iv. Replace the indenter right ( size and scale )
v. Total test force die is in right position
vi. Automatic measurement function.
a) Place a sample onto the avail/table
b) Rotate the handle slowly to make the sample press against the indenter. While applying the preliminary test force, brake is automatically. c) Sure AUTO and LODING lamp light. Waiting tim e
d) Lording lamp goes out, various data are display or out put.
e) Read indicated values, and rotate handle down.
f) Repeated step a again for another sample
7.0 RESULTS:
materialsHR__materialsHR__materialsHR__
TestreadingTestreadingTestreading
numbernumbernumber
111
222
333
444
555
AverageAverageAverage
8.0 DISCUSSIONS:
i. Why that the 1st reading should be ignored? Give your reason
ii. Discuss, why the data obtained different?
iii. Short listed the advantages and disadvantages Rockwell testing.
9.0 CONCLUSION :
REFERENCES:
1. G.L. Kehl, The Principles of Metallographic Laboratory Practice, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1949, p 229.
2. Smith, William F.; Hashemi, Javad (2001), Foundations of Material Science and Engineering (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, p. 229, ISBN 0-07-295358-6
3. www.gordonengland.co.uk/hardness/rockwell.htm