Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

SUSY 1

Jan Kalinowski

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Three lectures:

1. Introduction to SUSY

2. MSSM: its structure, current status and LHC expectations

3. Exploring SUSY at a Linear Collider

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Outline

What’s good/wrong with the Standard Model?

Symmetries

SUSY algebra

Constructing SUSY Lagrangian

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

J. Wess, J. Bagger, Princeton Univ Press, 1992H. Haber, G. Kane, Phys.Rept.117 (1985) 75S.P Martin, arXiv:hep-ph/9709356H.K. Dreiner, H.E. Haber, S.P. Martin, arXiv:0812.1594M.E. Peskin, arXiv:0801.1928D. Bailin, A. Love, IoP Publishing, 1994M. Drees, R. Godbole, P. Roy, World Scientific 2004A. Signer, arXiv:0905.4630

and many others

Disclaimer: cannot guarantee that all signs are correct

Warning: be aware of many different conventions in the literature

Literature

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Why do we believe it?

Why do we not believe it?

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Renormalizable theory predictive power 18 parameters (+ neutrinos):

• coupling constants• quark and lepton masses• quark mixing (+ neutrino)• Z boson mass• Higgs mass

for more than 20 years we try to disprove it

fits all experimental data very well

up to electroweak scale ~ 200 GeV (10–18 m)

the best theory we ever had

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

inspite of all its successes cannot be the ultimate theory:

• Higgs mass unstable w.r.t. quantum corrections

• SM particles constitute a small part of the visible universe

WMAP

• neutrino oscillations

• mater-antimater asymmetry

• does not contain gravity

• can be valid only up to a certain scale

Hambye, Riesselmann

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Loop corrections to propagators

1. photon self-energy in QED

U(1) gauge invariance

2. electron self-energy in QED

Chiral symmetry in the massless limit

Mass hierarchy technically natural

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

3. scalar self-energy

Even if we tune , two loop correction will be quadratically divergent again

Presence of additional heavy states can affect cancellations of quadratic divergencies scalar mass sensitive to high scale

In the past significant effort in finding possible solutions of the hierarchy problem

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Noether theorem: continuous symmetry implies conserved quantity

In quantum mechanics symmetry under space rotations and translations

imply angular momentum and momentum conservation

Generators satisfy

Extending to Poincare we enlarge space to spacetime

Poincare algebra

Explicit form of generators depends on fields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

In 1960’ties many attempts to combine spacetime and gauge symmetries, e.g. SU(6) quark models that combined SU(3) of flavor with SU(2) of spin

generators fulfill certain algebra

Electroweak and strong interations described by gauge theories invariance under internal symmetries imply existence of spin 1

Gravity described by general relativity: invariance under space-time transformations -- graviton G, spin 2

Hironari Miyazawa (’68) first who considered mesons and baryons in the same multiplets

Gauge symmetries

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

However, Coleman-Mandula theorem ‘67: direct product of Poincare and internal symmetry groups

Here all generators are of bosonic type (do not mix spins) and only commutators involved

we have to include generators of fermionic type that transform

|fermion> |boson> and allow for anticommutators

Particle states numerated by eigenvalues of commuting set of observables

Haag, Lopuszanski, Sohnius ’75: no direct symmetry transformation between states of integer spins

{a,b}=ab+ba

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Gol’fand, Likhtman ’71, Volkov, Akulov ’72, Wess Zumino ‘73

Graded Lie algebra, superalgebra or

Remarkably, standard QFT allows for supersymmetry without any additional assumptions

transforms like a fermion

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

only one fermionic generator and its conjugate

Reminder: two component Weyl spinors that transform under Lorentz

where

spinors transform according to

spinors transform according to

Dirac spinor requires two Weyl spinors

Simplest case: N=1 supersymmetry

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Raising and lowering indices

using antisymmetric tensor

We will also need

Dirac matrices

Variables with fermionic nature with

Grassmann variables

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Technicalities:

Product of two spinoirs is defined as

For Dirac spinors Lorentz covariants

in particular

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

The Lagrangian for a free Dirac field in terms of Weyl

The Lagrangian for a free Majorana field in terms of Weyl

We will also use

Frequently used identities:

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

or in terms of Majorana

Normalization, since

Spectrum bounded from below

If vacuum state is supersymmetric, i.e.

then

For spontaneous SUSY breaking

and non-vanishing vacuum energy

Supersymmetry algebra

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

SUSY multiplets – massless representations

fermionic and bosonic states of equal mass

Since

Then

only

Equal number of bosonic and fermionic states in supermultiplet

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Most relevant ones for constructing realistic theory

Chiral: spin 1/2 and 0 Weyl fermion complex scalar

Vector: spin 1 and 1/2 vector (gauge) Weyl fermion (gaugino)

Gravity: spin 2 and 3/2 graviton gravitino

and CPT conjugate states

Supermultiplets

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Reminder: when going from Galileo to Lorentz we extended 3-dim space to 4-dim spacetime

When extending to SUSY it is convenient to extend spacetime to superspace with Grassmannian coordinates

and introduce a concept of superfields

Taylor expansion in superdimensions very easy, e.g.

scalar Weyl auxiliary

Superspace and superfields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Derivatives with respect to Grassmann variable

one has to be very careful:

since

Derivatives also anticommute with other Grassmann variables

Integration defined as

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

With Grassmann variables SUSY algebra can be written as

like a Lie algebra with anticommuting parameters

Reminder: for space-time shifts:

Extend to SUSY transformations (global)

using Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff

i.e. under SUSY transformation

non-trivial transformation of the superspace

(dimensions!)

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

In analogy to , we find a representation for generators

Convenient to introduce covariant derivatives

Check that satisfy SUSY algebra

transform the same way under SUSY

Properties:

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Most general superfield in terms of components (in general complex)

Scalar fields

Vector field

Weyl spinors

• Not all fields mix under SUSY => reducible representation • Too many components for fields with spin < or = 1

For the Minimal Supersymmertic extension of the SM enough to consider chiral superfield vector superfield

note different dimensions of fields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

left-handed chiral superfield (LHxSF)

right-handed chiral superfield (RHxSF)

Invariant under SUSY transformation

Since

is LHxSF

Expanding in terms of components:

RHxSF:

contains one complex scalar (sfermion), one Weyl fermion and an auxiliary field F

(dimensions: )

Chiral superfields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Transformation under infinitesimal SUSY transformation, component fields

boson fermionfermion bosonF total derivative

•The F term – a good candidate for a Lagrangian • Product of LHxSF’s is also a LHxSF

comparing with gives

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

General superfield

We need a real vector field (VSF)

impose and expand

(dimensions: )

In gauge theory many components are unphysical

Important: under SUSY

a total derivative

Vector superfields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

By a proper choice of gauge transformation we can go to the Wess-Zumino gauge

it is not invariant under susy, but after susy transformation we can again go to the Wess-Zumino gauge

Many unphysical fields have been „gauged away”

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Supersymmetric Lagrangians

F and D terms of LHxSF and VSF, respectively, transform as total derivatives

Products of LHxSF are chiral superfields

Products of VSF are vector superfields

Use F and D terms to construct an invariant action

SUSY Lagrangians

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Consider one LHxSF

(using )

Introduce a superpotential

We also need a dynamical part

a D-term can be constructed out of

Kaehler potential

Example: Wess-Zumino model superfields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Both scalar and spinor kinetic terms appear as needed.However there is no kinetic term for the auxiliary field F. F can be eliminaned from EOM

Terms containing the auxiliary fields read Here superpotential as a function of a scalar field

Finally

Scalar and fermion of equal massAll couplings fixed by susy

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Generalising to more LHxSF

Yukawa-type interactions

couplings of equal strength

Alternatively, Lagrangian can be written as kinetic part and contribution from superpotential

D-terms only of the type

Terms of the type forbidden – superpotential has to be holomorphic

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

General superfield

We need a real vector field (VSF)

impose and expand

(dimensions: )

In gauge theory many components are unphysical

Important: under SUSY

a total derivative

Vector superfields

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Remember that chiral superfield contains with complex

Therefore define gauge transformation for the vector superfield

where is a LHxSF with proper dimensionality

Now define gauge transformation for matter LHxSF

Then the gauge interaction is invariant since

is also a LHxSF

(for Abelian)

Gauge theory: Abelian case

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

General VSF contains a spin 1 component field

Products of VSF are also VSF but do not produce a kinetic term

Notice that the physical spinor can be singled out from VSF by

where means evaluate at

But is a spinor LHxSF since

In terms of component fields – photino, photon and an auxiliary D

Note that is gauge invariant, i.e. does not change under

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Drawing the lesson from the construction of chiral superfield theory

No kinetic term for D – auxilliary field like F

D field appears also in the interaction with LHxSF

For Abelian gauge symmetry one can also have a Fayet-Iliopoulos term

Now the auxiliary field D can be eliminated from EOM

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

But , i.e. there are other terms

In the Wess-Zumino gauge expanding

Term with 1 contains kinetic terms for sfermion and fermion

The other two contain interactions of fermions and sfermions with photon and photino

An Abelian gauge invariant and susy lagrangian then reads

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

The VSF must be in adjoint representation of the gauge group

For matter xSF

Explicitly

Extending to non-Abelian case

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Feynman rules: relations among masses and couplings

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

R-symmetry -- rotates superspace coordinate

Define R charge

Terms from Kaehler are invariant since are real

For to be invariant

component fields of the SF have different R charge

Consider Wess-Zumino

Assume as vev’s of heavy SF (spurions)

For global symmetry

Renormalised superpotential must be of

But must be regular

Only Kaehler potential gets renormalised

Non-renormalisation theorem

Jan Kalinowski Supersymmetry, part 1

Construct Lagrangians for N=1 from chiral and vector superfields

Multiplets containing fields of equal mass but differing in spin by ½

Fermion Yukawa and scalar quartic couplings from superpotential

Gauge symmetries determine couplings of gauge fields

Many relations between couplings

Summary on constructing SUSY Lagrangians

Comment on N=2: more component fields in a hypermultiplet

contains both + ½ and – ½ helicity fermions which need to transform in the same way under gauge symmetry

N>1 non-chiral