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Scientific and ManagementChallenges in Conserving the Reefs
in the
Coral Triangle Region:Lessons Learnt from Indonesia
Prof. Jamaluddin Jompa
-Director: Research and Development Center for Marine, Coastal, & SmallIslands, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
- Secretary General: Indonesian Coral Reef Society (INCRES)
ICRS 12, Cairns, Australia
Monday 9 July 2012
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WHO AM I?
Scientist (22 years) Lecturer (20 years) Secretary General of
Ind. CR Society Deputy Chair for Ind.Oceanologist Assoc.
Chief Editor: Journal ofIndonesian Coral Reefs
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 2
Managing COREMAPProjects (6 Years)
Member of National Fish
Stock Assessment (3Years)
Supporting CTI (Regional& National)
Indonesian Fisheries Association Members/advisors of various foundations
and NGOs/private sectors.
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Outline Themes
1. What is the Coral Triangle and Who Cares?
2. Review of the Science & Management Nexus in the CT
3. Introduction to the CTI and Indonesias National Plan
of Action
4. How Integrated Resources Management Links Science
& Management
5. Indonesias Coral Reef Management Approach:
Lessons Learnt from COREMAP6. Messages to the ICRS Audience
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 3
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Where is the
Coral Triangle?
-SW Pacific
-SSE Asia
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 4
THEME 1: What is the Coral
Triangle and Who Cares?
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9 Jul 2012
ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 5
Amazon Coral TriangleCongo Basin
Coral Triangle:Center for marine biodiversity
Why is the Coral Triangle Important?
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
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Coral Triangle's Significance to Global
Coral Reef Systems: Diversity & Area
76
37 53
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
% of World's Coral
Species
% of World's Coral Reef
Fish Species
% of World's Coral Reefs
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 6
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
CaribbeanHawaii
AustraliaCoral
Triangle
82 150400 600
700
1100
1500
3000
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? CORAL TRIANGLE has
MORE Coral and Fish Species Compared to
Other Seas#Coral Species
# Fish Species
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 7
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Whysave the Coral Triangle?
Ecosystem Resiliency
Pharmaceuticals Potential?
Livelihoods : 120 million people Habitats: $2.3 Billion /yr
Tourism: $12 Billion / yr
Live Reef Fish: $1 Bill / yr
50% of World Tuna stocks
60% of their protein from the sea
9 Jul 2012 8ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary
Food Securi ty
Economic
Development
Biodiversity
Conservation
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Importance of Coral Triangle: Rich
Greatest Mangrove Forests of theWorld
Worlds Most important
refuge for Marine Life.
6out of 7 Marine Turtle
Species ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 9
Habitat for Worlds
Largest Tuna Fishery
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The Coral Triangle is Special
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 10Unique and charismatic fauna Cultural Diversity and
People in Need
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What are the C Ts Problems?
~85% of CT reefs are under integrated
local threats and ~5%of CT reefs are
under global thermal and climate
change threats (vs. 75% world wide)(WRIReefs at Risk-Revisited)
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 11
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LOCAL THREATS: Destructive and
Overfishing: Affects >60% of CT Reefs
From Reefs at Risk
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 12
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9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 13
LOCAL THREATS
CoastalDevelopment
Watershed-based
Pollution Marine-based
Damage & Pollution
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GLOBAL THREATS: Climate Change
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 14
Reefs at Risk-
Revisited
Coral Bleaching Sea Level Rise; Storms
Solomon Islands
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GLOBAL THREATS: Ocean ChemistryCT at greater risk than other areas
MAP 3.4. Threat to Coral Reefs from Ocean Acidification in the Present, 2030, and 2050
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 15
2005: 380 ppm CO2
2030s: 450 ppm CO2
Red = marginal
calcification,
Blue = Optimal
Chemistry
Reefs at Risk-
Revisited
2050s: 500 ppm CO2
CT Reefs
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Reefs at Risk in the Present,
2030, and 2050 for the Countries
of the Coral Triangle Region
Mostly at high risk in 2050
Source: Burke et al. 2012 / Knight et al. 2012
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Importance of Coral Reefs for Indonesia
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 17
& Indonesia 12-15% of the WORLDs area of Coral Reefs
~240 Million People (more than of CT) Livelihood and business of millions of people
in thousands of villages
Center of the Coral Triangle
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Importance of Coral Reefs for Indonesia
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 18
Location of the Biodiversity Bulls eye (Highest # of Species)
# of Coral Species
(Veron, 2008)
BULLS EYE
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Over Fishing Destructive Fishing
Coral mining
Bleaching
Sedimentation
Corallivorous Outbreak
Pollution
Euthrofication
Diseases
Storms, earthquake, tsunami
Algal overgrowth,
Current Major Threats
for Indonesian Coral Reefs
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Indonesian Coral Bleaching
Phenomenon in 2010
Severa Locations ofCoral Bleaching
(April July 2010)
Aceh
PadangKarimunjawa ?
Lombok Strait
South Borneo
Pangkep & Makassar
Bone Bay
ButonWakatobi
Raja Ampat
Source: Jompa & Yusuf, 2010;
Setiasih et al. (2010)
Suggett et al. (in prep);Risya et al. (in prep)
June
2010
October
2010
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Past & Present Conditions of
Indonesian Coral Reefs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Percentageo
freef
s
Years
Excellent
Good
FairPoor
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How does this Sci help Managers?
Focus on LOCALTHREATS: Bigger (85 vs5% of total threat toreefs)
They can be under ourcontrol: can applypractical ICM, MPA,Fisheries Management
Measures
This will build resiliencefor future CC Threats
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 22
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THEME2: Review of the Science &
Management Nexus in the CT
SCIENCE brings:
Knowledge to
choose
MANAGEMENT
brings: Authority to act
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 23
SCIENCE/KNOWLEDGE
AUTHORITY/MANAGEMENT
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SCIENCE: Scientific Research DEFINED the
need for Management of HUMAN
ACTIVITIES in Coral Reefs
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 24
Science here is
COMPLICATED!
BIODIVERSITY HUGE AREA (4
Time Zones)
REMOTE
Large and SmallIslands, Atolls Poverty
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MANAGEMENT: Hundreds of Cultures,
Hundreds of Languages, Agencies
Involved
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 25
MANAGEMENT here
is COMPLICATED!
Culture DIVERSITY HUGE AREA (4
Time Zones)
Regional, Nationaland Local Users
REMOTE areas Requires Special
Approaches
Requires Flexibility
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SCIENCE vs. MANAGEMENT Cultures
SCIENCE Culture
Nerds
Narrow Expertise
Motivated by Frontier orDiscovery
Fact-Based
Publish for Peers
High Level of Capacity
Long Time-Line for Work
MANAGEMENT Culture
Community or Govt Workers
Wide Range of Issues
Motivated by Public Opinion/Conflict Reduction
Opinion/Scenario-Based
Publish for Guidances
Limited Capacity in CT
Time and Money Bound
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 26
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THEME 3: Introduction to the CTI-CFF
and Indonesias National Plan of Action
RESPONSE to CORAL TRIANGLE Science &
Management Challenges
2007: President Yudhoyono (Indonesia)Invited CT governments and Partners to join
together under a Coral Triangle Initiative for
Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 27
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Who are involved in the
Coral Triangle Initiative?CT6 Countries
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands Timor-Leste
Coral Sea
South
China
Sea
9 Jul 2012 28ICRS 12-Jompa PlenarySeven Initial Partners
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9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 29
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Whatis the CT Initiative?
CORAL TRIANGLE INITIATIVE
ON CORAL REEFS, FISHERIES AND FOOD SECURITY
(CTI-CFF) 2009-2020
9 Jul 201230
ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary
CT6
Leaders
DeclarationCTI Summit
2009
Six
Natl
Plans of
ActionNov 09
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Priority Seascapesdesignated andeffectively managed
SSME Tri-NationalCommittee has Strategic
Action Plan, Turtle
Network Plan and more
CTI Seascape Guide is inReview for Adoption
CTI Goal 1 in the RPoA
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 31
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Ecosystem approach tofisheries management fullyapplied
National efforts to developEAFM programs underway
CTI EAFM Policy Framework is inReview for Adoption by Sr. Officials
CTI Goal 2 in the RPoA
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 32
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Marine protected areas
and networks establishedand effectively managed
National MPA Systems indevelopment linked to ICM Mgt. Effectiveness benchmarks
shared and being tested in CT6 CTI MPA System Frameworkand Action Plan in development
for Adoption in 2012 (more....)
CTI Goal 3 in the RPoA
9 Jul 2012 33ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary
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Progress in CTI Goal 3: MPA
Will complete CTMPAS Framework in 2012Criteria design lead by Science teams
Framework drafted by both Scientists and Managers
Governance, Ecological and Social Principles,Objectives and Criteria drafted
Strategy and Implementation Planning in Progress
Will recruit 1st round of sites in early 2013
Regional Gap Analysis will be done in mid-2013
CTI MPA System to be inaugurated in Q3-2013
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 34
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Adaptation andResilience to Climate
Changestrengthened
CTI Regional Early Action Plan for CC Adaptationcomplete and ADOPTED by Sr. Officials.
Tool kit to help managers and communities assessand act is in trial and review
Training of trainers in all six countries completed forCCA approaches and Local Early Action Plans
CTI Goal 4 in the RPoA
9 Jul 2012 35ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary
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Threatened marinespecies protectionimproved
National progress on this Goal Campaigns underway on
reducing demand for turtle
and shark
Focus on by-catch mitigation
CTI Goal 5 in the RPoA
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 36
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CTI Atlas and other KM Tools
Need central info center and formats orvoiceless / can not make sound choices
Helps to integrate management
World Fish, Reef Base, TNC and CTI partnershipcreating this CT Atlas ctatlas.reefbase.org
ADB supporting the State of the Coral Triangle
Reportand national KM Centers
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 37
S H d th CTI W k?
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So How does the CTI Work?
coral triangle initiative
National
alliances and
action plans
(CTIP) CTI
Partnership
9 Jul 2012 38ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary
Joint Actions for
Transformational Change
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THEME 4: How Integrated Resources
Management Links Science & Mgt
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 39
Integrated Coastal Resources Management:
Not New in Theory; Still young in Practice
ICM Planning Process Phases SCI MGT
Issue (and Stakeholder) Identification and
Baseline AssessmentX X
ICM Plan Preparation & Adoption X X
Action Plan and Project Implementation X XMonitoring and Evaluation X X
Information Management, Education and
OutreachX X
Integrated Management of People and
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Integrated Management of People and
Natural Resources
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 40
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THEME 5:Indonesias Approach to Coral
Reef Management:
Example from COREMAP
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 41
COREMAP l d
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Institutionalization ofeffective coral reef
management at all
government levels
and broader
stakeholders;Implementing and
achieving CTI goals
PHASE -I:
INISIASIATIONEA: LIPI (1999-2003)
DEPDAGRI, DEPTAN,
DEPHUT, LH , TNI-AL
PHASE -II:
ACCELERATION &DECENTRALIZATION
EA: KKP (2004-2011)
LIPI, KEMENHUT
COREMAP is long term program to protect andsustainably use Indonesian coral reefs
To establish strong
foundation &national platform on
coral reef
management
Strengthen and
accelerate coralreef management
actions on
priority sites
through
decentralization
World Bank Asia Development Bank, AusAID (Australia Agency
for International
Development)
World Bank : IDA, IBRD,
GEF dan
Asia Development Bank
(ADB)
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COREMAP Ultimate Goals
Insure biodiversity conservation and sustainablemanagement of coral reefs and relatedecosystems;
Strengthen the capacity of communities and localinstitutions to manage coral reefs and relatedecosystems; and
Lower the incidence of poverty in the Programscoastal communities
COREMAP II Locations
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COREMAP II Locations
ADB Sites World Bank Sites3 PROP, 9 KAB/KOTA
PROP. SUMATERA UTARA;
1. KAB. TAPANULI TENGAH
2. KAB. NIAS SELATAN*
3. KAB. NIAS UTARA*
4. KAB. NIAS BARAT*
PROP. SUMATERA BARAT
1. KAB. MENTAWAI
PROP. KEP. RIAU
1. KOTA BATAM
2. KAB. BINTAN
3. KAB. NATUNA
4. KAB. LINGGA**
5 PROP/RCU, 7 KAB/PMU
PROP. SULAWESI SELATAN
1. KAB. PANGKEP
2. KAB. SELAYARPROP. SULAWESI TENGGARA
3. KAB. BUTON
4. KAB. WAKATOBI*
PROP. NTT
5. KAB. SIKKA
PROP. PAPUA BARAT
6. KAB. RAJA AMPAT
PROP. PAPUA
7. KAB. BIAK NUMFOR
NCU & CRITC Jakarta
COREMAP II: 42 Output Indicators
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Several Major Outputs/Outcome ofCOREMAP Program:
Emerging/remaining scientific questions
and
management challenges
7 Key Performance Indicators
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CORE of COREMAP
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We are still kids..!!! Please help
Small Scale
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Small ScaleLocally ManagedNo Take Area (DPL)
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Spill Over: Increased
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Spill-Over: Increasedpopulation outside NTZ?
No Take
Zone
Output Management Challenges &
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Output, Management Challenges &
Scientific Questions
Outputs: 430 village based -Small Scale- NTZ s and15 District Marine Conservation Areas
Zona Inti
Zona Inti
Zona
Penyangga
Zona
Pemanfaatan
Umum
Main Factors Affecting
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Main Factors Affecting
Effectiveness of NTZ (DPL)
Apatanah
EFEKTIF
Kembang Ragi
Laiyolo Barugaiya
Bungaiya Liya TogoBontolebang
HoruoTongaliTanamalalaLampanairi
ParakWandokaKasuariKURANG EFEKTIFSaugi
WahaBahariPajenekangTIDAK EFEKTIFKulambing WabulaPatikarya
Liya MawiWakinamboro
Kondong Bali
Samatellu Lompo WasuembaBadiSombu
Ballang Lompo Sanane
KarangrangTira
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
1. Enforcement of DPL regulation
2. Community participation on site
selection
3. Community awareness
/knowledge of DPL
4. Monitoring, Controlling &Surveillance
5. Signs of demarcation/board
Nurliah, Nessa, Ali,
Jompa 2012K3K4
P6
P4K6
P3
P1K1
K10P2
K5
P5
K7K8
K2
P7
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Analyses on 32 DPL
(2012)
Output, Management Challenges &
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Output, Management Challenges &
Scientific Questions: NTZ/DPL (continued)
Management Challenges:Legal/regulatory supports for NTZ/DPLIncentive for management effortsIncorporating with right based
fisheries
Coordinate actions (scale up)
Scientific Questions:
Minimum/optimum size each DPL?Expected significant: what, when?Self recruit vs connectivity?Adapt. design to be in lined with KKLD
to Seascape (scale down) ?
1
9
5
8
6
37
24
C h i E l ti f MPA St t
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Comprehensive Evaluation of MPA Status
in Indonesia : (in progress)
No. Main Criteria
16 Pengelolaan KKP meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat
17 Pembiayaan berkelanjutan
Effective &Sustainable
(5)
Developed
(4)
MinimumStandards Fulfilled
(3)
Created
(2)
Initiated
1 Usulan Inisiatif
2 Identifikasi & inventarisasi kawasan
3 Pencadangan kawasan
4 Unit organisasi pengelola dengan SDM
5 Rencana pengelolaan dan zonasi
6 Sarana dan prasarana pendukung pengelolaan
7 Dukungan pembiayaan pengelolaan
8 Pengesahan rencana pengelolaan & zonasi
9 Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) Pengelolaan
10 Pelaksanaan Rencana pengelolaan dan zonasi
11 Penetapan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan
12 Penataan batas kawasan
13 Pelembagaan
14 Pengelolaan sumberdaya kawasan15 Pengelolaan sosial ekonomi dan budaya
Green
Trends of Live coral cover at permanent plots at
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p p
COREMAP sites (2006-2011)
Outcome, Management Challenges &
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Outcome, Management Challenges &
Scientific Questions: % Live Coral Cover
Outcome: LCC at 5/7 districts increased; average 18.8% Management Challenges:
- Optimum targets (always increased vs maintained)?
- What if not achieved?
Scientific Questions:
- What are the best & practical
reef health indicator ?- High coral cover vs reef fish
abundances (not simple)!
Oth M j O t t /O t f
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Other Major Outputs/Outcomes of
COREMAP Program
Reduction of destructive fishing practices Significantly improved public awareness Stronger legislation and policies (national,
provincial, district, and villages)
Developed institutional capacities (LKM, SPP,Government agencies)
Improved coastal community livelihood
Certifications of marine ornamentals Provide coral reef baseline information(www.coremap.or.id)
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 57
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0 1 1
39
24
9 10 8
305
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Flat Crest Slope Flat Crest Slope Flat Crest Slope
P. Liukang Tuppabiring P. Liukang Tangaya P. Taka Bonerate
Total abundances of Angle Fish Pomacanthus
xanthometopon
individu
Ch ll f d li d d i
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Challenges for decentralized and community
based CR management in Indonesia
The four major tribes in Indonesia, fishing all over Indonesiancoral reefs (migratory fisherman) Going fishing 3-6 months
Source: Suharsono 2009
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Map of Poverty Index for Indonesian
Coastal Communities
Distribution of coastal communities
8,090 Coastal Villages 16.42 M people
3,91 Households
Individual Poverty Index 0.3214
The possible future scenarios of Indonesian
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The possible future scenarios of Indonesian
Coral Reefs??
Several Key Strategies for Optimistic - Possible Scenarios:
Legislation, law enforcement, public participations/stewardship Strong science based and adaptive management Integrated Land-Coastal-Marine Zone Management /EBM Coral reef resilience & effective MPA Networks More effective &/or proactive and Reef Rehabilitation/Restoration Climate Change mitigation and adaptation
MESSAGE 1a: Science: Take a Walk on
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MESSAGE 1a: Science: Take a Walk on
the Applied Side. But WHY?
PURE Science
Unexpected Knowledge
Frontiers of Discovery
New Paradigms
APPLIED Science
Huge and Critical Need
Informed Decision-making
Put Science to Use/ Work
StrongerScience-Based
Culture andCitizens
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 62
MESSAGE 1b: Science: Take a Walk on
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MESSAGE 1b: Science: Take a Walk on
the Applied Side. But HOW?
ImprovedICM
Conduct
Outreach toPublic,
Students
Support GradStudent
Thesis Topic
LearnAnotherSector
Serve as Local
TWG Advisor
Strengthen
GovernmentAppliedScience
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 63
MESSAGE 2a: Managers: Take a Walk
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MESSAGE 2a: Managers: Take a Walk
on the Wet Side. But WHY?
PURE Management
Political
Rational
Efficient Implementation
WET Management
Appropriate and Effective Approaches
Realistic Expectations
Empowers Implementers
StrongerReality-BasedManagementand Leaders
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 64
MESSAGE 2b: Managers: Take a Walk
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MESSAGE 2b: Managers: Take a Walk
on the Wet Side. But HOW?
ImprovedICM
Join a Field
Activity(Monitor,
Patrol, Install)
InviteResearchersto your Team
Learn SomeNew Science
Invite Usersand Experts
to TWG
Strengthen
GovernmentAppliedScience
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 65
MESSAGE 3: S&M: We Need Viral
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MESSAGE 3: S&M: We Need Viral
Tools to Create Fast, Effective Changes
Replicate
Modify for
GeneralUse
Pilot
Design
9 Jul 2012 ICRS 12-Jompa Plenary 66
Communities and
Users: The numbers are
daunting, and one-by-
one changes too littleand too slow
Scientists and Managers
(S&M) can work together todesign safe Viral
Interventions
MESSAGE 3 C C S f
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MESSAGE 3: Create Contact Surfaces
MANAGERS/GOVERNMENT
SCIENCE
SECTOR
RESOURCE USERSCIVIL SOCIETY
NGOS
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Forums Technical Working
Groups
Advisory Groups Outreach
Campaigns
Partnerships Learning Networks
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CTI Learning Networks
A group working across organizationsand/or boundaries to collectively create,
apply, test, document and sharesolutions to common challenges.
Pilot: CTI MPA Learning Network
Objectives
Connect site managers across the CT6 toimprove their capacity to manage MPAs.
Connect MPA networks and leaders
across CT6 in support of the CT MPA
System (CTMPAS).
Catalyze/accelerate learning and sharing
of information by supporting linkages
between MPA managers, existing
networks, scientists, policy makers, local
communities, and practitioners.
Learning network reaching out to
MPA Managers and Practitioners
in more than 1500 MPAs in the Coral Triangle.
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Contact Surfaces of the CTI
CTI-CFF Exhibit booth: Please go and Visit
CTI DRAFT MPA System Framework: Circulating
CTI DRAFT EAFM Framework: Circulating
CTI Regional Early Action Plan for Climate ChangeAdaptation (Already Adopted) is Available
CTI Integrated Toolkit: Circulating
www.coraltriangleinitiative.org for more info
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Photo by Nat. Geog. 2012
Photo by D. Smith
Acknowledgment:
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Acknowledgment: MaCSI Hasanuddin University
Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries
CTI-CFF Regional Secretariat Dr. S. Tighe/ TNC
Dr, Suharsono & Dr. Dirhamsyah (LIPI)
NCC CTI Indonesia
ARC C0E for Coral Reef Studies
US CTSP (Maurice Knight)
Coral Triangle Center (CTC)
Essex University (D. Smith & D. Sugget)
Naneng Setiasih
ADB-KM team NCC of CT6 Countries
Worl Bank
ADB
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Dr. Suseno Sukoyono
Eko Rudianto
Dr. Alan White Dr. Laurence McCook
Prof. Bob Pressey
Dr. Perri Alino
Prof. Ed. Gomez
Syafyuddin Yusuf
Dr. Darmawan
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Thank you.
Jamaluddin.jompa@gmail.com