Post on 02-Oct-2020
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2011
2
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology
ISSN 1512-3154
Studies in Modern and Contemporary History
2(10)
`UNIVERSAL~
Tbilisi 2011
3
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis instituti
ISSN 1512-3154
axali da uaxlesi
istoriis sakiTxebi
2(10)
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2011
4
uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~ a-984
saredaqcio kolegia:
gia gelaSvili SoTa vadaWkoria
vasil kaWarava
igor kveselava
vaJa kiknaZe
luiji magaroto
(veneciis universiteti)
voicex materski
(poloneTis mecnierebaTa
akademia)
gela saiTiZe
(redaqtoris moadgile)
avTandil sonRulaSvili
(redaqtori)
xaTuna qoqraSvili
(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)
dodo WumburiZe
(redaqtoris moadgile)
niko javaxiSvili
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Gia Gelashvili Shota Vadachkoria Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Luiji Magaroto (Venice University) Wojciech Materski (Academy of sciences of Poland) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Niko Javakhishvili
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge
5
S i n a a r s i
Contents
The History of the Georgia
daviT javaxiSvili.................................................................................................. 11
eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi)
Davit Javakhishvili Six Episodes From the History of Marriages of Kakhetian Branch Bagrationis
Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili ..................................................................................... 22
Telavis saqalaqo mmarTvelobis istoriidan
TeimurazVakhtangishvili From The History of Telavi Municipal Management
mzia tyavaSvili ....................................................................................................... 35
leon iulonis Ze bagrationis politikuri portretisTvis
MziaTkavashvili Political Portrait of Leon Bagrationi
lela miqiaSvili...................................................................................................... 48
platon ioseliani daviT batoniSvilis Sesaxeb (`cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~-s mixedviT)
Lela Mikiashvili The Historical Portrait of the Prince David in the Works of Platon Ioseliani (According to `The Life of the King Giorgi XIII~)
dodo WumburiZe ..................................................................................................... 63
niko xizanaSvilis Rvawlis Sesaxeb
Dodo Chumburidze About the Merits of Niko Khizanashvili
oTar gogoliSvili ..................................................................................78 politikuri partiebi baTumSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi (1905 weli)
Otar Gogolishvili Political Parties in Batumi (1905)
SoTa vadaWkoria ...................................................................................................... 85
saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT osuri sabWouri avtonomiis Seqmna da qarTuli sinamdvile (werili I)
Shota Vadachkoria Creating of the Ossetian Soviet Autonomy by Capturing Georgian Territories and Georgian Reality (First Letter)
6
lela saraliZe ......................................................................................................... 114
politikuri situacia Sida qarTlSi avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Semdeg
Lela Saralidze Political Situation in Shida Kartli after Autonomous Oblast (Region) Formation
Georgia and the World
madona bedinaSvili .............................................................................................. 131
alfons dodes novelebis ilia WavWavaZiseuli Targmanebi
Madona Bedinashvili Ilia Chavchavadze’s Translations of Alphonse Daudet’s Short Stories
gela saiTiZe............................................................................................................... 137
saqarTvelos warmomadgenelTa pirveli gamosvlebi gaeros tribunaze
Gela Saitidze, Maiden Speeches of the Representatives of Georgia from the Tribune of the United Nations
badri cxadaZe............................................................................................................ 152
somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili qarTveli mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili pirveli: grigol robaqiZe)
Badri Tskhadadze The Echo of Armenian-Turkish Conflict in Georgian Writers’ Thinking (Letter 1: Grigol Robakidze)
The History of the World
niko javaxiSvili..................................................................................................... 157
qarTul-baltiuri solidarobis istoriidan (XX saukunis meore naxevari)
Niko Javakhishvili From the History of Georgian-Baltic Solidarity (2nd half of XX century)
epifane (ediSer) gvenetaZe, maia yifiani ..................................................... 178
1967 wlis israel-arabeTis eqvsdRian omSi israelis gamarjvebis faqtorebi
Epifan (Edisher) Gvenetadze, Maia Kipiani The Factor of Israel's Victory in Israel-Arabia Six Day War in 1967
zurab kvetenaZe........................................................................................................ 190
ruseTis Tanamedrove `evropuli kursi~ (gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi) Zurab Kvetenadze Russia's Contemporary 'European Couse’ (Challenges and Prospects)
7
The Policy
gela caava ................................................................................................................... 197
`gayinuli konfliqti~ afxazeTSi da saqarTvelo- ruseTis politikuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis faqtorebi
Gela Tsaava `Frozen Conflict~ in Abkhazia and Georgia - Russia Relations and the Settlement of the Political Factors
maia amirgulaSvili............................................................................................... 209
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problemebi
Maia Amirgulashvili The Problem of Social Society
qeTi jijeiSvili, giorgi CxikviSvili ......................................................... 216
Zalauflebis fsiqologia
Qeti Jijeishvili, Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Psychology of Power
igor kveselava ......................................................................................................... 226
ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso da qarTul politikaSi
Igor Kveselava Subject of the Usage of Foreign Forces in the International and Georgian Policy
Tamar darCia.............................................................................................................. 239
„varskvlavuri omebi~-s amerikuli idea da ganiaraRebis procesi
Tamar Darchia „Star Wars“ – Beginning of the Disarmament Process Between the United States of America and the Soviet Union
xaTuna qoqraSvili................................................................................................. 254
nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobis ZiriTadi momentebi
Khatuna Kokrashvili The Main Points of NATO - Georgia Relations
Religion. The History of the Church
Temo jojua................................................................................................................ 272
Tbilisis (kalas) wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesia (taZris adgilmdebareoba da istoria)
Temo Jojua Church of St. Thomas the Disciple (Kviratskhoveli) in Tbilisi (Kala) (The location of the church and its history)
8
caca CxartiSvili ................................................................................................... 292
mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis ucnobi werilebi episkopos kirionisadmi (saarqivo masalebis mixedviT)
Tsatsa Chkhartishvili Unknown Letters of the Monk Iosef Chijavadze to Bishop Kirion (According to archive materials)
irina arabiZe ............................................................................................................. 303
moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis aRmaskomi da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi (1917 w.)
Irina Arabidze The Executive Committee of Georgian National Organizations in Moscow and the Autocephaly Problems of the Church of Georgia (1917)
Historiography
merab kalandaZe ....................................................................................................... 322
amerikis aRmoCena da qarTuli istoriografia
Merab Kalandadze Discover of the America and Georgian Historiography
Ethnology
giorgi gociriZe ..................................................................................................... 335
giorgi Citaias mecnieruli aRzrdis meTodebi (seminarebi)
Giorgi Gotsiridze Giorgi Chitaia’s Methods of Scientific Upbringing (Seminars)
Source-Studies
mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili..................................................... 344
quTaisi da misi mosaxleoba (frederik diubua de
monperes naSromidan `mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~)
Mzia Mgaloblishvili, Lela Mikiashvili Kutaisi and Its Population (From `Travel in The Caucasus~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)
gia gelaSvili ........................................................................................................... 381
lazistanis sanjayi
Gia Gelashvili Lazistan and Batumi
9
gia gelaSvili ........................................................................................................... 398
ingliseli Jurnalisti beChoferi baTumis Sesaxeb
(1919-1920 wlebi)
Gia Gelashvili English Journalist Bechhofer about Batumi (1919-1920)
Criticism and Bibliography
avTandil sonRulaSvili.................................................................................... 415
mniSvnelovani gamokvleva samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, recenzia o. TurmaniZis monografiaze `saadgilma-mulo urTierTobani da agraruli moZraoba samxreT-dasav-leT saqarTveloSi (1878-1928 ww.)~, baTumi, 2009
Avtandil Songulashvili Review on Otar Turmanidze’s Monograph: `Land Relations and Agrarian Movement in The South – West Georgia (1878 - 1928)~, Batumi, 2009
dodo WumburiZe...................................................................................................... 420
axali gamokvleva ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaze
Dodo Chumburidze The New Study About Ilia Chavchavadze’s Murder
gela saiTiZe, avTandil sonRulaSvili...................................................... 423
guldasmiT wasakiTxi wigni
Gela Saitidze, Avtandil Songulashvili A Book that Should Be Red Thoroughly
View Point
nodar latibaSvili ............................................................................................... 431
brZola saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebisTvis
Nodar Latibashvili Struggle for Multi-party Elections in Georgia
The Information
institutis TanamSromelTa samecniero mivlineba SvedeTSi ........................................................................437
profesor niko javaxiSvilis samecniero mivlineba poloneTSi.....................................................................439
` ~Collection: `Studies in Modern and Contemporary History~
2007-2011 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis bibliografia.....................................................................................441
The Bibliography of Scientific Works are Published in 2007-2011
10
krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer
krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT
presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze da
Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia avtori.
redaqciis misamarTi:
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,
axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba
Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. # 10, III sarTuli
telefoni: 93 41 37
11
daviT javaxiSvili
istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaSvi-
lis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo
universiteti
eqvsi etiudi bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos
warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan
(XVII-XVIII saukuneebi)
saqarTvelos erTiani samefos arsebobis periodSi bagra-
tionTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad ucxo qvey-
nebis mmarTveli dinastiebis warmomadgenlebze qorwindebod-
nen. erTiani samefos daSlis (1466 w.) Semdeg, bagrationTa sami-
ve samefo saxlis _ kaxeTis, qarTlisa da imereTis warmomad-
genlebi qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad qarTvel warCinebulebze,
iSviaTad ki ucxotomelebzec.
bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis
istoriis sakiTxebze gamovaqveyneT aTi samecniero statia ro-
gorc saqarTveloSi [15-21; 25], aseve sazRvargareTis qveyneb-
Sic [23-24]. aqve davsZenT, rom zemoxsenebuli problema monog-
rafiulad SeviswavleT Cvens sadoqtoro disertaciaSi [22].
bagrationTa zemoxsenebuli Stos warmomadgenelTa ucxo-
tomelebze qorwinebebis istoria ganxiluli gvaqvs Cvens sta-
tiebSi [23-24], ris gamoc am sakiTxs aq aRar SevexebiT.
qarTveli xelmwifeni (da maT Soris bagrationTa kaxeTis
Stodan gamosulnic) cdilobdnen danaTesavebas ara mxolod
mezobeli qveynebis mmarTvel dinastiebTan, aramed gavlenian
qarTvel feodalebTanac, rac gansakuTrebiT XVI-XVIII saukune-
ebSi SeiniSneboda. istoriidan cnobilia amis araerTi magali-
Ti, romelTa nawilsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
winamdebare gamokvleva qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT
dalagebuli eqvsi etiudisagan Sedgeba. masSi yuradRebas gava-
maxvilebT ramdenime konkretul istoriul faqtze, saidanac
naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda qarTvel ba-
toniSvilTa qorwinebebs, rom arsebul politikur viTarebas,
anda mefe-dedofalTa obieqtur Tu subieqtur mosazrebebs
12
arcTu iSviaTad ewireboda maTi Svilebis piradi cxovreba
(bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis Stos magaliTze).
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebulis analogiuri viTareba
iyo msoflios sxva qveynebis mmarTvel samefo dinastiebSic.
I. mefe Teimuraz I-is asuli _
nestan-darejan batoniSvili
kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is (mefobda 1606-1648 wlebSi
drogamoSvebiT) asuli _ nestan-darejani (?-1668) samjer gaT-
xovda. misi pirveli qmari iyo zurab aragvis erisTavi, meore _
imereTis mefe aleqsandre III (1639-1660), xolo mesame _ bagra-
tionTa samefo dinastiis imereTis Stos Soreuli naTesavi vax-
tangi (WuWunaSvilad wodebuli). aqve davsZenT, rom pirvelad
da meored nestan-darejani mamis surviliT gaaTxoves, xolo
mesamejer igi Tavisi iniciativiT gaTxovda.
nestan-darejanis pirveli qmari zurab aragvis erisTavi _
didad gavlenian feodals warmoadgenda. 1625 wels, sparsel
dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolebSi igi mxarSi edga
Tavis siZes (dis qmars) _ giorgi saakaZes. mas Semdeg ki, rac g.
saakaZesa da Teimuraz I-s Soris SuRli Camovarda, zurab ara-
gvis erisTavi mefes miemxro. am kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT,
Teimurazma zurabs Tavisi asuli miaTxova.
z. erisTavs Tavisi piradi interesebi amoZravebda. igi
cdilobda, rom kaxeTSi emefa mis simamrs _ Teimuraz I-s, xolo
qarTlSi _ svimon II-s, raTa orive mefe misgan mudmivad dava-
lebuli da madlieri yofiliyo.
sagulisxmoa, rom Teimuraz I-ma Tavis mzakvar da orpir
siZesTan brZolis faruli gza monaxa. 1630 wels Teimurazma
zurabs moakvlevina Tavisi konkurenti qarTlSi _ gamahmadia-
nebuli mefe svimon II, xolo Semdeg, Tavis gasamarTleblad da
imavdroulad urCi feodalis mosacileblad, imave wels zura-
bic moakvlevina [2, 543].
farsadan gorgijaniZis cnobiT, sparseTis axali SahinSa-
his _ sefi I-is (mefobda 1629-1642 wlebSi) risxvis Tavidan asa-
cileblad, mefe Teimuraz I-ma, Tavis erTgul didebulebTan
erTad, Semdegi gadawyvetileba miiRo: `zurab movhklaTo da
Tavi yaens gavugzavnoTo da mefis simonis sikvdili imas dava-
13
braloTo da qarTlis mefis sisxli da eranis xelmwifis risxva
amiT avicdinoTo~ [7, 237].
amis Semdeg, Teimuraz I-ma Tavisi daqvrivebuli asuli mi-
aTxova imereTis ufliswuls aleqsandre giorgis Zes (momaval
mefe aleqsandre III-s). maTi qorwineba Sedga 1631 wlis 14 maiss,
goridan erTi dRis saval gzaze _ saporwelSi.
gulqan JorJolianis marTebuli SefasebiT, `Teimurazma
Tavisi asuli darejani, zurab erisTavis qvrivi, imereTis ba-
toniSvil aleqsandre giorgis Zeze daaqorwina da am aqtiT da-
savleT saqarTvelo mokavSired gaixada~ [8, 16].
aqve unda iTqvas, rom Tavisi asulis aRniSnul qorwilSi,
mefes miarTves wyalobis sigeli, gacemuli sparseTis SahinSa-
his sefi I-is mier, romelic adasturebda qarTl-kaxeTis mefed
Teimuraz I-is damtkicebas [7, 238].
amrigad, orive zemoxsenebul SemTxvevaSi, mefe Teimuraz
I-ma Tavisi asuli _ nestan-darejan batoniSvili piradi poli-
tikuri miznis misaRwevad gamoiyena, xolo pirvel SemTxvevaSi
TviT misi daqvrivebac ki arafrad CaTvala.
II. mefe erekle I-is Ze _ Teimuraz batoniSvili
mefe erekle I-is Ze _ Teimuraz batoniSvili (momavali me-
fe Teimuraz II) jer kidev ymawvilobisas daniSnes gavleniani
feodalis, aragvis erisTav baindur oTaris Zis asulze _ ana-
ze, Tumca maTi daqorwineba aRar moxda.
profesori ivane surgulaZe werda: `Teimuraz II _ 12 wlis
batoniSvili, politikuri mizniT baindur erisTavis qalze da-
niSnes. aseve politikuri mizniT, erisTavis qalis magier, is
vaxtang VI-is asul Tamarze daaqorwines. am qorwinebiT ganzra-
xuli iyo qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis dakavSireba~ [11, 223].
aqve unda iTqva, rom swored aRniSnuli qorwinebis wya-
lobiT, kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz II 1744 wlidan qarTlis mefe
gaxda, riTac myari safuZveli moumzada Tavisi ufrosi vaJis _
erekles (momavali mefe erekle II) qarTl-kaxeTSi gamefebas.
III. mefe Teimuraz II-is asuli _ elisabed batoniSvili
Teimuraz II-is meore colis ana-xanum beJanis asul bara-
TaSvilisagan (gardaicvala 1788 wels) SeZenili asuli elisa-
14
bed batoniSvili (1750-1770) colad hyavda qarTlis gavleniani
feodalis, Tavad dimitri amilaxvris Zes _ givi (giorgi) ami-
laxvars (Cans 1750-1802 wlebSi).
aleqsandre amilaxvari mogviTxrobs: `elisabedi erTi
wlisa iyo, rodesac qarTuli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, Cems ufros
Zmaze _ giorgize daniSnes, raTa Cvens ojaxebs Soris moyvroba
da zavi damyarebuliyo... roca Cems Zmas cxra weli Seusrulda,
mas jvari dasweres qarTuli Cveulebis mixedviT... jvrisweris
Semdegac, Cemi rZali erTxans Tavis ded-mamasTan cxovrobda,
sadac Cemi Zmac aTevda Rames... mefem SemogviTvala _ Cemi da
Sin waiyvaneTo. Cveni rZali Sin moviyvaneT da igi cxra Tves
cxovrobda Cvens mamulSi~ [1, 60-65].
1765 wels givi amilaxvari da elisabed batoniSvili erT-
maneTs daaSores. amis mizezi realurad gaxda bagrationTa ka-
xeTis Stos warmomadgeneli mefis _ erekle II-is undobloba
qarTlel feodalTa Soris gavleniT gamorCeuli amilaxvarTa
saTavado saxlis mimarT. yovelive amas mohyva dimitri amilax-
vris ojaxis wevrTa monawileoba mefe erekle II-is winaaRmdeg
mowyobil qarTlel feodalTa SeTqmulebaSi, romelic miznad
isaxavda qarTlis samefos aRdgenas da iq mefe vaxtang VI-is va-
Jis _ ufliswul paatas (1720-1765) gamefebas.
zemoTqmulis gamo, meamboxe qarTlel TavadebTan _ ami-
laxvrebTan naTesaoba qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-isaTvis
sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda.
al. amilaxvris TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `Cveni rZali mis
dedas (igulisxmeba darejan dadiani. d. j.) mivuyvaneT, xolo
Cven sakuTar saxlSi davdeqiT, maxloblad mefis sasaxlisagan.
Cemi Zma yovelTvis sasaxleSi midioda Tavis colTan Ramis ga-
saTevad... erekle mefem... Cemi Zma sasaxleSi aRar SeuSva col-
Tan Ramis gasaTevad, mamaCems ki SemouTvala, aRar msurs Seni
moyvrobao. viTomda mis Teqvsmeti wlis das SeeCivla: Svili ar
miCndeba qmris mamakacuri uZlurobis gamoo. Cemi Zma ki, maSin
mxolod Cvidmeti wlisa iyo. Tavisive dis pativis Seuracxmyo-
feli werili man miswera agreTve saqarTvelos patriarqs, ra-
Ta mas neba daerTo misi ganqorwinebisa da sxva qmarze gaTxo-
vebisaTvis...
patriarqma erekles Txovnas ganusjelad moawera xeli,
Cemi Zmis mamakacuri uZlureba daadastura, colis gancxadebis
mixedviT da maTi ganqorwinebis neba darTo, aqao da es qorwi-
15
neba isedac moklebuli iyo RvTis madls, radgan qal-vaJi mci-
rewlovanni iyvnen, roca jvari daiwereso. amitom, RvTis mier
moniWebuli ZalauflebiT, varRvev maT col-qmrobaso...…
roca loginSi mwoliare mamaCemma es ganaCeni waikiTxa, si-
cili daiwyo: _ gana didi xania Tqvenma patriarqma iseTi Zala-
ufleba miiRo, rom RvTis mier SeuRlebul qal-vaJs sTiSavso?
gana TviT ar cdilobda Cemi mcirewlovani Svilis daqorwine-
bas, Tumca me winaaRmdegi viyavio?~ [1, 65-72].
1768 wels elisabed batoniSvili colad gaayoles sameg-
relos mTavar kacia II dadians [10, 120]. maTi vaJi _ grigol da-
diani (gardaicvala 1804 wels) mogvianebiT samegrelos mTavari
gaxda. aqve unda iTqvas, rom am qorwinebis gamo, kacia II-m daan-
gria sakuTari ojaxi, kerZod igi meuRles gaeyara.
erTi cnobiT, kacia II-is meuRle iyo SarvaSiZe [14, 46], xo-
lo meore cnobis Tanaxmad _ inal-ifa (am gvaris qarTuli
formaa _ inaliSvili).
niko dadiani mogviTxrobs: `kacia dadianma ganuteva coli
_ inalisSvilis asuli da miiyvana meuRleT didiTa da saxelo-
vaniTa mziTviTa saqarTveloisa da kaxTa cxebulis mefis Tei-
murazis asuli, da saxelovanis mefis ereklesi _ elisabed,
romlisa qebani wariwereboden ama samefoTa da samTavroTa ki-
diT-kidedmde~ [5, 179].
amrigad, politikuri mosazrebiT, mefe Teimuraz II-m Tavi-
si asuli elisabed batoniSvili ymawvilobidan daniSna qarT-
lis gavleniani feodalis dimitri amilaxvris Zeze _ givi (gi-
orgi) amilaxvarze. mogvianebiT, aseve politikuri mosazrebiT
(rasac piradi motivebic erTvoda), mefe erekle II-m daaSora
givi amilaxvars Tavisi da _ elisabedi, romelic colad gaayo-
les samegrelos mTavar kacia II dadians. amrigad, gvirgvinosa-
nma mamamac da Zmamac elisabed batoniSvili piradi politiku-
ri miznis misaRwevad gamoiyenes, xolo erekle II Tavisi dis
pirveli ojaxis dangrevasac ki ar moerida.
IV. mefe erekle II-is asuli _ elene batoniSvili
erekle II-isa da darejan dadianis ufros asuls _ elene ba-
toniSvils (1753-1786) da Tavad zaqaria Tamazis Ze andronikaS-
vils (1740-1802) erTmaneTi TavdaviwyebiT uyvardaT.
16
miuxedavad amisa, erekle II-m da darejan dedofalma, elene
batoniSvili miaTxoves ara zaqarias, aramed politikuri mosaz-
rebidan gamomdinare, imereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is vaJs, mefe
solomon I-is umcros Zmas _ arCil batoniSvils.
akaki wereTeli (1840-1915) Tavis moTxrobaSi `wminda gior-
gis razmi~ ase axasiaTebs arCil batoniSvils: `arCili _ maRali
tanis kaci iyo, ZarRvebiani da Zvalmsxvili. im droSi vaJkaco-
biT da simarjviT axalgazrdebSi mas veravin Seedreboda; pir-
veli moburTave iyo, SesaniSnavi cxenosani, mojiriTe, meTofe,
mexmle da masTanac, sam nabadze axteboda. metsaxelad `wminda
giorgis mowafes~ eZaxdnen da `arCil giJs~ [13, 494].
arCilsa da elenes SeeZinaT sami Svili: daviT arCilis Ze,
momavalSi _ imereTis ukanaskneli gvirgvinosani solomon II (1772-
1815), aseve _ barbare (Tavad daviT wulukiZis meuRle) da mari-
am (Tavad malxaz andronikaSvilis meuRle) arCilis asuli bag-
rationebi.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom imereTis saxelovanma mefem solomon
I-ma Tavis memkvidred aRiara sakuTari Zmiswuli _ daviT arCilis
Ze, romelsac biZis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi imereTis samefo
taxti unda daekavebina [9, 172].
arCil batoniSvilis gardacvalebis (1775 w.) Semdeg, daqvri-
vebuli elene batoniSvili colad gahyva Tavis Zvel satrfos _
zaqaria andronikaSvils. maT SeeeZinaT xoreSan zaqarias asuli
andronikaSvili, deda gamoCenili poetisa, sazogado da samxed-
ro moRvawisa, infanteriis generlisa _ grigol zurabis Ze orbe-
lianisa.
sagulisxmoa, rom darejan dedoflis mcdelobis Sedegad,
mefe erekle II-m Tavad revaz papuas Ze andronikaSvils CamoarTva
qiziyis mouravoba da es sapatio da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdeboba
uboZa Tavis axal siZes, elene batoniSvilis meore meuRles _ Ta-
vad zaqaria Tamazis Ze andronikaSvils [3, 140].
amrigad, politikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, mefe erek-
le II-m Tavisi asuli _ elene batoniSvili colad gaayola jer
imereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is vaJs, mefe solomon I-is umcros
Zmas _ arCil batoniSvils, xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, ele-
nes yofil Seyvarebuls _ Tavad zaqaria Tamazis Ze andronikaS-
vils, romelsac qiziyis mouravobac uboZa.
17
V. mefe erekle II-is asulebi _
Tamar da qeTevan batoniSvilebi
erekle II-isa da ana zaalis asul abaSiZis (mefis meore meuR-
lis) asuli _ Tamar batoniSvili (1747-1786) colad hyavda qar-
Tlis gavlenian Tavads _ sardal daviT revazis Ze orbelians
(1739-1796). maT SesaniSnavi ojaxi hqondaT da 8 Svili hyavdaT.
Tamaris naadrevi gardacvalebis mizezad iqca misi meuRlisaT-
vis saxlTuxucesobis CamorTmeva.
1786 wels, mefe erekle II-m, zemoxsenebuli Tanamdeboba
uboZa darejan dadianTan qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebuli Ta-
visi asulis qeTevan batoniSvilis meuRles, gavlenian Tavads,
bagrationTa qarTlis Stos warmomadgenels _ ioane konstan-
tines Ze muxranbatons (1757-1800).
p. ioseliani werda: `STagonebiTa dedoflisa da ZeTa mis-
Ta, mefeca irakli miiyvanes mas mdgomareobasa, romel siZesa
missa sardalsa da saxlTuxucessa daviT yaflaniSvilsa, Tama-
ris meuRles, mouRo mefeman saxlTuxucesoba da miuboZa ese
siZesa Tvissa muxranis-batons ioanes. esreTman mefis moqceva-
man moswylo guli mefis asulis Tamarisa, romelica mwuxare-
bisa eldiTa gardaicvala 1786 welsa~ [6, 14].
mas Semdeg, rac erekle II gardaicvala da giorgi XII gamefda,
ioane muxranbatons eSinoda, rom mefe mas saxlTuxucesobas Camo-
arTmevda da am Tanamdebobas kvlav Tavis siZes (RviZli dis qmars)
_ Tavad daviT revazis Ze orbelians daubrunebda. amitom, igi
cdilobda morideboda qarTl-kaxeTis axal mefesTan pirispir
Sexvedras.
arsebobs cnoba, romlidanac irkveva ioane muxranbatonis
naadrevad gardacvalebis mizezi.
1800 wlis 1 oqtombers, mcxeToba-sveticxovlobis dRe-
saswaulze, rodesac daRestnelTa marbieli laSqris gandevnis
Semdeg, ioane muxranbatoni sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZarSi mi-
vida, man Seityo, rom iq salocavad imyofeboda qarTl-kaxeTis
mefe _ giorgi XII. eklesiis ezoSi Sesvlamde ioane cxenidan gad-
movarda da sisxlis CaqceviT gardaicvala.
zogi Tvlida, rom ioanes sikvdili gamoiwvia daRestnel mo-
TareSeTa devniT gadaRlam, xolo zogi miiCnevda, rom muxranba-
tonma Zalian ganicada mefesTan pirispir Sexvedris SesaZleblo-
18
ba, rac misi taZarSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi gardauvali gaxdeboda
[4, 113-114].
amrigad, mefe erekle II-is mier Tavisi erTi siZisaTvis sax-
lTuxucesobis Tanamdebobis CamorTmeva da meoresaTvis boZeba
gaxda mizezi jer Tamar batoniSvilis, xolo Semdeg qeTevan ba-
toniSvilis meuRlis moulodneli gardacvalebisa.
VI. mefe giorgi XII-is vaJebi _
daviT da Teimuraz batoniSvilebi
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli daviTi
(1767-1819) daniSnuli iyo qarTlis gavleniani Tavadis oTar
amilaxvris asulze _ eleneze.
es qorwineba ver Sedga, vinaidan 1800 wlis 9 ianvars da-
viTma jvari daiwera elene simonis asul abameliqze (1770-
1836). amis gamo, amilaxvrebi ganawyendnen.
p. ioselianis cnobiT: `amilaxvari oTar, ecinoda mefisa
saxlsa dawunebisaTvis misisa qalisa~ [6, 139].
imave welsve, Tavad oTar amilaxvris ojaxis Semorigebis
mizniT, mefe giorgi XII-m elene amilaxvari colad SerTo Tavis
vaJs, ufliswul daviTis umcros Zmas, ufliswul Teimurazs
(1782-1846) _ momavalSi gamoCenil mecniers.
amrigad, politikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, mefe gi-
orgi XII-is ufrosi Ze, ufliswuli daviTi daniSnes qarTlis
gavleniani feodalis oTar amilaxvris asulze _ eleneze. mog-
vianebiT, rodesac es SeuRleba ver Sedga, mefe giorgi XII-m, ase-
ve politikuri mosazrebiT, Tavisi vaJi Teimuraz batoniSvili
misive ufrosi Zmis daviTis yofil daniSnulze daaqorwina.
* * *
zemoT ganxiluli istoriuli faqtebidan naTlad Cans,
rom politikuri realobidan gamomdinare, anda gvirgvinosanTa
neba-survilis Sesabamisad, maTi Svilebis ojaxebi jer iqmnebo-
da, Semdeg _ ingreoda, xolo amis Semdeg Tavidan iqmneboda da
a. S. yovelive amas arcTu iSviaTad ewireboda batoniSvilTa da
maT meuRleTa piradi cxovreba, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi _
TviT sicocxlec ki.
19
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. amilaxvari aleqsandre, brZeni aRmosavleTisa, georgianuli
istoria; gamosacemad moamzada, SeniSnebi da biografiuli
narkvevi daurTo vaJa kiknaZem, Tbilisi, 1997.
2. akofaSvili gulCina, zurab aragvis erisTavi, qarTuli sab-
WoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, Tbilisi, 1979.
3. berZniSvili maqsime, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. I, Tbilisi,
1980.
4. berZniSvili maqsime, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. II, Tbilisi,
1983.
5. dadiani niko, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca, winasit-
yvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebi da leqsikoni
daurTo SoTa burjanaZem, Tbilisi, 1962.
6. ioseliani platon, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, akaki gawe-
relias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT,
tfilisi, 1936.
7. kakabaZe sargis, farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, `saisto-
rio moambe~, w. II, tfilisi, 1925.
8. JorJoliani gulqan, saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian
wlebSi, Tbilisi, 1987.
9. rexviaSvili mixeil, imereTi XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1982.
10. saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss., teqstebi gamo-
sacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi
daurTo avTandil ioselianma, Tbilisi, 1980.
11. surgulaZe ivane, saqarTvelos politikur moZRvrebaTa is-
toriidan, Tbilisi, 1985.
12. qiqoZe geronti, erekle II, Tbilisi, 1983.
13. wereTeli akaki, wminda giorgis razmi, wignSi: `qarTuli
proza~, t. IX, Tbilisi, 1985.
14. xorava beJan, dadianTa samTavro saxlis axali dinastia,
Tbilisi, 2001.
15. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa ojaxebi da maTi
Tanamedrove STamomavlebi, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyo-
filebis samecniero SromaTa krebuli `axali da uaxlesi is-
toriis sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, 2007, #2.
20
16. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa saqorwino
asaki, `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2008, #1(3).
17. javaxiSvili daviT, kaxeTis batoniSvilTa meuRleebi, `axali
da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2008, #1(3).
18. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bagration-
Ta dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sa-
kiTxebi~, 2008, #2(4).
19. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTvel mefeTa Svilebis raodenoba (ba-
grationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), `axali da uaxlesi isto-
riis sakiTxebi~, 2008, #2(4).
20. javaxiSvili daviT, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa STamomav-
loba (XIX-XXI saukuneebi), `axali da uaxlesi istoriis saki-
Txebi~, 2009, #1(5).
21. javaxiSvili daviT, ufliswulTa raodenoba qarTul samefo
ojaxSi (bagrationTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto), saqarTvelos
sapatriarqos sxalTis eparqiisa da wm. tbel abuserisZis sa-
xelobis universiteti, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferen-
cia Temaze: `didaWaroba~, masalebis krebuli, 1-2 maisi,
2010.
22. javaxiSvili daviT, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis
Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriidan (XV-XX sauku-
neebi), naSromi istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mo-
sapoveblad (xelnaweris uflebiT), 2011. 23. Джавахишвили Давид, Из истории династических браков кахетин-
ских Багратионов с представителями мусульманской знати (XVI-XVIII вв.), Сборник трудов Гянджинского государственного универ-ситета `Ученые записки~, Гянджа (Азербайджанская республика), 2010, 2.
24. Джавахишвили Давид, Династические браки между кахетинскими Багратионами и представителями кавказской и кавказской знати, Об-щественно-политический и культурно-исторический научный жур-нал `Ахульго~, Махачкала (Дагестанская республика), 2010, 12.
25. Джавахишвили Давид, Династические браки на службе дипломатии (на примере кахетинской ветви царской династии Багратионов), Ма-териалы международной научной конференции: `Археология, этно-логия, фольклористика Кавказа~ (Тбилиси, 27-30 сентября 2010 года). Организаторы конференции: `Фонд Кавказа~, Комиссия по на-
21
учному сотрудничеству со странами Кавказа Национальной Ака-демии Наук Грузии, Тбилиси, 2011.
Davit Javakhishvili
Doctor of History, Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University
Six Episodes from the History of Marriages of Kakhetian Branch Bagrationis
Summary
Representatives of centuries old Bagrationi royal dynasty that had ru-
led Georgia, used to get married with the representatives of foreign ruling dynasties and Georgian noble families as well.
This research consists of 6 essays, placed in a chronological order. It emphasizes on several actual historical facts, stressing the great importance of marriages of royal family members, as the political circumstances and subjective or objective verdicts of king sand queens could often inflict personal life of their children, and sometimes their lives (on an example of Kakhetian branch of Bagrationis).
22
Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili
iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis
saxelmwifo universitetis mecnier-
TanamSromeli.
Telavis saqalaqo mmarTvelobis
istoriidan
saqarTvelos qalaqebs Soris Tavisi koloritiT da mra-
valsaukunovani istoriiT Telavs erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs.
cnobilia, rom Telavi, rogorc qalaquri tipis dasaxle-
buli punqti gvian antikur xanaSi iRebs saTaves. qarTuli is-
toriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, q. Telavi Xs-Si warmoiSva. [1,
548] igi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri centri iyo
ganviTarebuli da gviandeli feodalizmis epoqaSi. kerZod,
XIs-XIIs. dasawyissa da XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi kaxeTis mefeTa re-
zidencias warmoadgenda. mas mefis mier daniSnuli mouravi da
misi damxmare sxva moxeleni marTavdnen. [2, 47-48]
miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare statiaSi Cemi kvlevis
mizans warmoadgens Telavis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis gaSu-
qeba XIX s. miwurulsa da XXsaukunis pirvel ocwleulSi (1917
wlamde),saWirod CavTvale zogadad Sevxebodi q.Telavis mar-
Tva-gamgeobis sakiTxs, kerZod ki, mouravis instituts, mis uf-
leba-movaleobebs. ramdenadac adreuli da ganviTarebuli fe-
odalizmis epoqis qarTul da ucxour istoriul wyaroebSi q.
Telavis mouravis institutis Sesaxeb masalebi Zalian Zunwia
da, SeiZleba iTqvas, faqtobrivad arc mogvepoveba, amitom,
kvlevis obieqtad gviandeli feodalizmis xanis Telavi aviRe.
mis Sesaxeb sakmaod mravali masala aqvs motanili akademikos
SoTa mesxias Tavis fundamentur naSromSi _ „feodaluri sa-
qarTvelos qalaqebi da saqalaqo wyobiloba XVII_XVIII saukune-
ebSi~. [3, 404]
saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebisgan gansxvavebiT, gvian feoda-
lur xanaSi
Telavis mouravi `bazris mouravis`an „taruRas~ saxeliT
iyo cnobili. Telavi, siRnaRis msgavsad, kaxeT-qiziyis sagam-
gebloSi Sedioda da bazris mouravic kaxeT- qiziyis mouravs
(mefis nacvals) unda damorCileboda.
23
istoriulma wyaroebma Semogvinaxes gviani feodaluri xa-
nis Telavis bazris mouravTa ara marto vinaoba, aramed maTi
funqciebi da sargoc. rogorc irkveva, Telavis mouravebad
Teimuraz II-is droidan (1740wlidan) mokidebuli, erekle meo-
risa da giorgi XII-is CaTvliT, Tavad gurgeniZeebis gvaris
warmomadgenlebi (solomoni, irodioni) iniSnebodnen. maT faq-
tobrivad es Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiT ekavaT.
istoriuli masalebi mowmoben, rom, rogorc erTiani sa-
qarTvelos samefoSi, aseve gvianfeodalur qalaqebSic, mxo-
lod mefis mier daniSnuli erTi mouravi unda yofiliyo. qa-
laqSi sxva pirebs, ymaTa sakmaod didi raodenobis mflobel
saero Tu sasuliero feodalebs gvianfeodaluri saqalaqo
ganwesebis mixedviT, ar SeiZleba TavianTi mouravebi hyolo-
daT, magram es normebi qalaqebSi gabatonebis mosurne saero
Tu sasuliero feodalebis mier, rogorc Cans irRveoda da
feodalebi cdilobdnen samefo mouravis gverdiT msxvil qa-
laqebSi sakuTari mouravebic gaeCinaT. [3, 404]
gvianfeodalur saqarTveloSi feodalebis amgvar cdas
erTgvari warmatebac hqonda da zogi qalaqi marTlac faqtob-
rivad gayofili iyo mefesa da Tavadebs Soris. magaliTad Te-
lavi, romelic TiTqmis qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erT-erTi sajdo-
mi qalaqi iyo. rogorc erekle meoris 1768 wlis dadgenili
Telavis bazris mouravis `sargodan~ Cans, faqtobrivad mefesa
da Tavadebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli. debulebis mixedviT Te-
lavis Semosavlis erTi nawili Tavadebis vaxvaxiSvilebisa da
yorCibaSvilebis ymebis mier TelavSi Semotanili saqonlis baJ-
sa da sxv. warmoadgenda. ase rom, Telavi marto mefis qalaqi
ar iyo, aramed Tavadebisac. igi mefesa, vaxvaxiSvilebsa da
yorCibaSvilebs Soris iyo ganawilebuli. cxadia, amgvar qalaq-
Si rogorc mefis, aseve Tavadebis moxeleebic moqmedebdnen.
magram Telavi mainc erTgvari gamonaklisi iyo. saqarTvelos
sxva qalaqebs ki, rogorc aRiniSna, mefis mier daniSnuli moxe-
le mouravi marTavda.
qalaqis mouravs, rogorc saTanado debulebidan Cans, un-
da ganego yovelive is, rac qalaqsa da qalaqSi mefis brZanebis
gatarebas Seexeboda.mefe Tavis brZanebebs pirvel rigSi qala-
qis mouravs acnobebda, rom mas igi dauyonebliv gaetarebina.
[3, 406-408]
qalaqis mouravs gansakuTrebiT qalaqis ekonomikuri
24
cxovrebisTvis unda edevnebina Tvalyuri. Tavisi xelqveiTi
moxeleebis daxmarebiT igi qalaqis ekonomikuri cxovrebis yo-
vel sakiTxSi ereoda. mas Tvalyuri eWira qalaqis baJze. qala-
qis mebaJenic Tu baJis ijaradnic mis moxeleebad iTvlebod-
nen, raki mouravi baJsac meTvalyureobda, mas aqedan saTanado
wili hqonda gankuTvnili. rogorc debulebidan Cans, garkveu-
li raodenobis wils iRebda Telavis mouravic.
gvianfeodalur saqarTvelos qalaqebSi, daviT batoniSvi-
lis cnobiT, vaWroba ZiriTadad mefis da qalaqis xelisufal-
Ta mier dawesebuli nixriT warmoebda. [4, 421] „kaxeT-qiziyis
sargos~ mixedviT, `kaxeTsa da qiziySi~ saerTod nixris micema
„mefis nacvals~ exeboda, magram Telavis bazarSi nixrs, ro-
gorc Cans, Telavis mouravi awesebda. irodion gurgeniZes Te-
lavis bazris mouravis sargoTa Soris CaniSnuli aqvs: `sanixro
xorci gvergeboda cxvrisa weliwadSi 50 litra~ [2; 5]. „sanixro
xorci~ Telavis bazris mouravs xorcze nixris dawesebis Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleboda miscemoda. nixri wesdeboda qalaqSi Semo-
tanil xorcze, Rvinoze, Tevzze, yurZenze da sxva saxis xilze.
[6, 18-30] mouravisa da qalaqis moxeleTa mier dawesebuli nix-
ri yvela amqrisaTvis savaldebulo iyo: nixris dacvisTvis
Tvalyuri TviT mouravs unda edevnebina da nixris damrRvevi-
damnaSave unda daejarimebina. amitomac jarima mouravis sasar-
geblod midioda.
qalaqis mouravis movaleobas Seadgenda agreTve qalaqSi
xmarebuli sazom-sawyaoTa sisworis dacvisTvis zrunva. qala-
qis mouravis nebarTvisa da winaswari Semowmebis gareSe,zoma-
wonis erTeulebi ar SeiZleboda xmarebuliyo.
amas garda, mouravTa uSualo movaleobas Seadgenda qala-
qebSi saerTo wesrigisa da wesebis dacva, qurdis, saerTod „avi
kacisa~ da cudi znis qalebis Zebna. [6, 520] maTi daWera moura-
vis brZanebiT xdeboda da saTanado jarimac mouravis sasar-
geblod midioda. [6, 527] wesrigis dacvaSi mouravs qalaqis po-
liciis warmomadgenlebi Svelodnen, saamisod saTanado moxe-
leebi (mamasaxlisi, nacvali, da dabali Cinis policielebi) iy-
vnen gamoyofili. mouravs evaleboda agreTve Tvalyuri edev-
nebina politikurad saeWvo pirebisTvis, rom isini qalaqidan
ar gasuliyvnen.
zogierTi qalaqis, maT Soris Telavis, mouravis uflebas
Seadgenda aseve qalaqi mosaxlis gayris Tu Seyris wignebis
25
damtkiceba, mamulTa, saxlTa Tu duqanTa gayidvis wignebis
damtkiceba da sxva. [7, 14]
qalaqis mouravis movaleobas Seadgenda mieRo ucxoeli
stumrebi, gamoeyo maTTvis saTanado sacxovrebeli bina; ucxo-
elebic valdebulni iyvnen TavianTi mosvla ama Tu im qalaqSi
mouravisTvis euwyebinaT da saTanado saCuqrebic mierTmiaT.
daviT batoniSvilis cnobiT, qalaqis mouravebi valde-
bulni iyvnen Tu mefe qalaqSi imyofeboda, yovel diliT moex-
senebinaT misTvis qalaqis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, magram mefe
Tu qalaqSi ar iyo, TveSi erTxel mainc miewodebinaT msgavsi
moxseneba misTvis. [4, 665]. amas garda qalaqebis mouravebi val-
debuli iyvnen qalaqis yovelwliuri Semosaval-gasavlis Sesa-
xeb wlis bolos saTanado angariSi CaebarebinaT samefos sax-
lTuxucesisaTvis. [3, 402]
qalaqis mouravebi TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebis-
Tvis samefo xelisuflebisagan jamagirs ki ar iRebdnen, ara-
med qalaqis Semosavlidan nawils, sargos. ase rom, gvianfeoda-
lur saqarTveloSi ama Tu im mouravis Senaxva mTlianad im qa-
laqze iyo dakisrebuli, romlis mouravadac igi iTvleboda.[5,
48]
Telavis bazris mouravs Tbilisisa da goris mouravTagan
SedarebiT naklebi Semosavali qonda. mas wili edo Telavis
bazris ijaraSi da Tu irodion gurgeniZes davujerebT, aqedan
mas yovelwliurad aTi Tumani ergeboda. [5, 48] Telavis samou-
ravo debulebaSi araferia naTqvami vaWarTa mier mouravisadmi
misarTmev feSqaSze, magram Telavis bazarSi gayidul da gasa-
yid saqonelze mouravs Tavisi baJi unda aeRo. aseve mas ekuT-
vnoda ~Rvinis WaSnikic~, baJi xmel Tevzze, xizilalaze, bamba-
ze, da sxva. [7, 141]
aRsaniSnavia, rom Telavisadmi erekles micemuli 1768
wlis ganwesebiT sataruRo-samouravo sxvagvari iyo, vidre
Tbilissa da gorSi ~sataruRo SeZlebulze abazi da Raribze
ori Sauri~. XVIII.s miwuruls ki Telavis sataruRo gaTanabre-
bia sxva qalaqebis sataruRo raodenobas da irodion gurgeni-
Zis cnobiT, aqac eqvsi SauriT yofila gansazRvruli. [5, 48]
amas garda Telavis ~bazris kacebi~ mouravis winaSe sxvadasxva
saCuqrebiT sxvagvar samsaxursac wevdnen. Telavis mouravis
iyo ~Tavis gasamtexlo kacze Tormeti minalTuni~, sabatono
jarimis mesamedi da sxv. Telavis bazris ukanaskneli mouravis
26
irodion gurgeniZis cnobiT, misi Semosavali saSualod 46 Tu-
mansa da 3 minalTuns (463 maneTs) udrida. [5, 84-85] TiTqmis 5-
jer naklebs, vidre goris mouravis oTar amilaxvrisa, romlis
yovelwliuri Semosavali 210 Tumani (2100 man.) iyo. [3, 417]
amgvarad, rogorc zemoganxiluli masalebidan Cans, q.Te-
lavis marTva-gamgeobas, feodaluri xanis damaxasiaTebeli ni-
San-Tviseba hqonda.
* * *
XIX saukunis dasawyisidan feodaluri saqarTvelo poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri urTierToba axal sferoSi Sevida. ru-
seTTan ZaldatanebiTi SeerTebis miuxedavad, mis Semadgenlo-
baSi Sesvla saqarTvelos ganviTarebis axal gzebs uxsnida.
axalma ekonomikurma da politikurma pirobebma, carizmis ko-
loniuri politikis miuxedavad, xeli Seuwyo saqalaqo meurne-
obisa da saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebas. ase rom, XIX sauku-
nis dasawyisidan saqarTvelos saqalaqo cxovrebaSi axali peri-
odi iwyeba.
q. Telavi saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebis msgavsad garkveul
cvlilebebs ganicdis. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis (1801
w.) Semdeg 1917 wlamde Telavi Tbilisis guberniis samazro
centri gaxda. igi Telavis mazris ufrosisa da rusuli admi-
nistraciuli sistemis sxva moxeleTa rezidencias warmoadgen-
da. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, bunebrivia, policiis TviTnebo-
bas ver egueboda da ibrZoda TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis.
XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi burJuaziuli reformebis
gatarebas mohyva kapitalizmis ganviTareba, romlis Sedegad
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda ruseTis imperiis ekonomikaSi,
mosaxleobis socialur struqturaSi. mzardi burJuazia impe-
riis centrsa da periferiebSic Tavis ekonomikur-socialur
mdgomareobis Sesaferis adgils moiTxovda politikur sfero-
Sic. ruseTis absoluturi monarqia garkveul daTmobaze wavi-
da, SedarebiT did qalaqTa mosaxleobis zedafenas SezRudu-
li, kontrols daqvemdebarebuli TviTmarTveloba uboZa.
1870 wals saqalaqo debuleba saqarTvelozec gavrcelda.
TviTmmarTvel qalaqTa rigebSi Caewera TanmimdevrobiT Tbi-
lisi, quTaisi, axalcixe, foTi, baTumi. municipalitetSi orga-
nizebuli adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi Zalebi axerxebdnen
27
ramdenadme gaeneitralebinaT TviTmpyrobelobis biurokrati-
uli aparatis moxeleTa kanonsa da SiSvel Zalaze damyarebuli
TviTneboba, aeRorZinebinaT komunaluri meurneoba, Tavisi
wvlili SeetanaT saxalxo ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dac-
vis sistemaTa srulyofaSi. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos mcire qa-
laqebis mosaxleobac ibrZoda TviTmarTvelobis mopovebisaT-
vis.
saqarTvelos mcire qalaqebSi XIX s-is 90-ian wlebamde sa-
policio mmarTveloba arsebobda. mosaxleobis (isic mxolod
zedafenis) warmomadgenlebs gadasaxadTa gawera-akrefis saqme-
Si iyenebdnen. Telavis mosaxleobas arc policia moswonda da
arc misi diqtatis qveS myofi ~deputatebis~ saqmianoba. igi
Tavis ganwyobilebasa da survils, arcTu iSviaTad, perioduli
presis meSveobiT gamoxatavda.
1889 wels vada gauvida q.Telavis Zvel deputatebs mazris
ufrosma vaWar-xelosnebi Sekriba axali arCevnebis Casatareb-
lad. Telavelebma kargad isargebles am momentiT. gazeT ~ive-
riis~ korespondenti gadmogvcems, rom ~xalxi jguf-jgufad
iyo dayofili da cxare sja-baasi hqondaT TviTmmarTvelobis
SemoRebazed. b-n TaTuzovis sityvis Semdeg .... mTelma yrilo-
bam erTxmad daamtkica iSuamdgomlos mTavrobis winaSe, rom
Telavsac mianiWos TviTmmarTveloba~. [8]
ramdenime wlis Semdeg q.TelavisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis
boZebis sakiTxi kvlav aRiZra. vinme kaxeli (i,ciskariSvilis
fsevdonimi-T.v.) ~iveriis~ redaqcias acnobebda q. Telavis fi-
nansuri siZnelebis Sesaxeb da amis mizezad policiis TviTne-
bobasa da borotmiqmedebas acxadebda. igi SeSfoTebas gamoT-
qvamda imis gamo, rom qalaqs WeSmariti patroni ar hyavda, e.w.
~deputatebis~ xalxs araferi sjera, radgan maT araviTari uf-
leba ar gaaCniaTo. . . ~vin Caaxedebs deputats qalaqis kasaSi?.
. Tu rogorme moxda, rom kasaSi fuli Secotavda, maSin ki de-
putatebo, gawereT, akrifeT, SemoitaneT da sxva amgvari brZa-
neba zed erTviso~... iqve korespondenti sinanuliT aRniSnavs,
rom fuli ixarjeba, qalaqis quCebi ki gaukeTebel-gaunaTebe-
liao. TviTmarTvelobis SemoRebam SeiZleba xarji mogvimato-
so, ~magram wesierad saqmis msjeloba yvelas aanazRaurebs da
aTasgvar naklovaneba-borotmoqmedebas bolo moeRebao~. [9]
1892 wels aleqsandre mesamem daamtkica axali saqalaqo
debuleba da ruseTis imperiaSi gatarda kontreforma. kidev
28
ufro Seikveca TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba-kompetencia. [10,
704-705] ~TviTmarTvis~ ufleba ufro advili dasaTmobi gaxda
da mcire qalaqebis mosaxleobasac mianiWes. maTTvis kanonSi
Seitanes garkveuli koreqtivi, Tavs moaxvies TviTmmarTvelo-
bis gamartivebuli struqtura. saqalaqo krebaSi xmosnebis
nacvlad unda arCeuliyvnen rwmunebulebi, qalaqis Tavis nac-
vlad mamasaxlisebi. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba mieniWaT
iseT moqalaqeebs, romelTa wliuri sufTa Semosavali as ma-
neTs aRemateboda da vinc wesierad ixdida gadasaxadebs.
Telavis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis rwmunebulTa arCev-
nebi 1896 wlis 7 aprilisaTvis dainiSna. cenziani moqalaqeebis
didma nawilma pasiuroba gamoiCina, bevrma vaWar-mrewvelma da
sxva saqmosanma erTi dRec ki ar dakarga arCevnebSi monawileo-
bis misaRebad. kenWis yraSi monawileoba miiRo samas oTxmocda
xuTi cenzianidan mxolod 89 amomrCevelma, gansakuTrebiT aq-
tiurobda cenzian moqalaqeTa erTi jgufi, romelic yovelna-
irad cdilobda rwmunebulTa krebaSi Tavis kandidatebis gay-
vanas. saarqivo masalebidan Cans, rom saarCevno komisiis Tav-
jdomare mixeil TaTuzovi aSkarad arRvevda instruqcias;
TviT dadioda yuTebs Soris, arigebda Sarebs da Tan miTiTebas
aZlevda amomrCevlebs Tu romel yuTSi unda Caegdo TeTri Tu
Savi Sarebi. aseve moqmedebda asistenti m. ciskarovic (ciska-
riSvili-T.v.). am aqtiurobam, rogorc Cans, saTanado nayofi
gamoiRo, rwmunebulebad ZiriTadad arCeulebi iqnen somxuri
warmoSobis vaWar-mrewvelebi. sul 15 rwmunebuli da 4 rwmune-
bulis kandidati. [11, 47]
1896 wlis 23 ivliss Telavis rwmunebulTa krebis meore
sxdomaze qalaqis mamasaxlisad arCeul iqna mixeil TaTuzovi,
mis TanaSemwed artem ter-sarqisovi. Tbilisis gubernatorma
orive maTgani Tanamdebobaze daamtkica da winadadeba misca
Telavis mazris ufross q.Telavis uZrav- moZravi qoneba da
saqmis warmoeba maTTvis gadaeca. [11, 106]
Telavis TviTmmarTvelobam avad Tu kargad saqmianoba da-
iwyo, magram man kargaxans ver SeZlo qalaqis cxovrebaSi arse-
biTi gardatexis moxdena. uflebebsa da saxsrebs moklebuli
TviTmarTveloba gaWirvebiT arTmevda Tavs komunaluri meur-
neobis gaZRolis sakmaod rTul saqmes. albaT amiT iyo ganpi-
robebuli is garemoeba, rom 1898 w. mamasaxlisis TanaSemwe va-
daze adre gadadga Tanamdebobidan, Tan bodiSi moixada mouc-
29
leleobis gamo jerovnad ver vasrulebdi Cems movaleobaso.
~iveriis~ korespondenti ~nadikvreli~ (fsevdonimi ilia zara-
fiSvilisa-T.v.) miesalma a. ter-sarqisovis gadadgomis faqts
da Tan imedi gamoTqva, rom ~rCeulTa kreba~ momavalSi Tanam-
debobaze aRar airCevda iseT pirovnebas, romelsac analogiu-
ri an sxva mizezis gamo qalaqis interesebisaTvis samsaxuris
saSualeba ar eqneboda, qalaqis gamgeobaSi gaiyvanda Rirseul
adamianebs. [12, 190].
Telavis mamasaxlisis TanaSemwis Tanamdebobaze dausaxe-
lebiaT ciskariSvilis, yulijanovis, miRdisovis, rostomaSvi-
lis, vaxvaxiSvilis, zurabiSvilis da evangulovis kandidatu-
rebi. ~qarTvel kandidatebs werda amasTan dakavSirebiT ~ive-
riis~ korespondenti-ganviTarebiT upiratesoba aqvT, magram
vin icis krebas ukeTesoba eqneba saxeSi Tu Tavisianoba. dRes
rCeulTa krebaSi marto erTi qarTveli b-ni ciskariSvili ure-
via da rasakvirvelia, Tu kreba ~TavisianobiT~ ixelmZRvane-
lebs, cxadia vinc iqmneba arCeuli. jer ki imedi gvaqvs, rom am
arCevnebSi kreba, yovelsave uRirs mosazrebas moklebuli, da-
adgeba keTilgonierebis mier naCveneb gzasa da am gzas ar gada-
uxvevs... vnaxoT, sikeTe gaimarjvebs, Tu boroteba.~[12, 190]
~iveriis~ korespondentis eWvi gamarTlda. somexma rwmu-
nebulebma ~TavisianobiT ixelmZRaneles da ara keTilgoniere-
biT. maT mamasaxlisis TanaSemwed isev somexi sarqis miRdisovi
airCies. aseTsave tendencias amJRavnebdnen isini Semdegac. ami-
tom iyo, rom Telavis TviTmmarTvelobis Tanamdebobaze ufro
xSirad airCeodnen vaWroba-mrewvelobaSi praqtikuli WkuiT
TavgamoCenili somexi saqmosnebi da iSviaTad qarTveli inte-
ligentebi.
Telavis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi Semdgom periodSi
Catarebul arCevnebs da somexTa moZalebas gamoexmaura didi
qarTveli pedagogi iakob gogebaSvili. man specialuri werili
gamoaqveyna gaz. „saxalxo gazeTi~-s furclebze- „oriode sit-
yva Telavis arCevnebis gamo~. igi sinanuls gamoTqvams imis Se-
saxeb, rom rwmunebulTa sabWoSi arc erTi qarTveli ar moxvda
da igi mTlianad somexi vaWar-mrewvelebiT dakompleqtda. di-
di pedagogi wers: „rogorc ukve uwyiT, warsul TveSi qalaq
TelavSi samoqalaqo arCevnebi moxda. yvelam icis, rom Telavi
iyo sataxto qalaqi kaxeTis samefosi da exlac masSi did um-
ravlesobas mcxovreblebisas qarTvelebi Seadgenen. vin moi-
30
fiqrebda, rom Telavis sabWoSi arc erTi qarTveli ar iqnebo-
da arCeuli? arc erTi Ze da Svili ar eRirseboda xmosnis ad-
gils? rogor moxda moulodneli da daujerebeli ambavi?sab-
Wos wevrebad miCneul iqnen marto somxebi, mxolod `iancebi~
eRirsnen xmosnobas. qarTvelebs ki, TviTon imaTac ki vinc sav-
sebiT Seeferebodnen am Tanamdebobas ganviTarebiT, gamocdi-
lebiT da sazogado saqmis erTgulebiT, sul yvelas Savi kenWi
Cauyares. nuTu mniSvnelobas moklebulia TviTon is faqti,
rom TelavSi ramdenime ganviTarebuli, magram qarTveli ukuR-
marTi arCevnebis gamo moaklda cxovrebisa da saqveyno arsebo-
bis saxsars da es saxsari mTlad xelSi igdes imaT, visac uimi-
sodac uzrunveli cxovreba aqvs....da gana es ganmartovebuli
SemTxveviTi faqtia? gana yvelas nabiWvrad vxedavT, rom qar-
Tvelobas xels ukraven Rirseuli RonisZiebiT ipovon cxovre-
ba da moqmedebis saxsari? qarTvelebis carielze dasma, yove-
live asparezidan gandevna Cveulebriv movlenad gadaiqca. am
antiqarTvelis process awarmoebdnen erTis mxriv Crdiloeli
(rusi-T.v.) erTmorwmuneni, meores mxriv samxreTeli (somexi-
T.v.) mezobelni. rac ise cxadad hyves brZolisTvisac ki Tela-
vuri oinia...~ [13]
axlad Camoyalibebuli Telavis TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe
dasmul gadasawyvet sakiTxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
iyo qalaqis sazRvrebis dadgenis sakiTxi.
jer kidev XIX-s-70 ian wlebSi, roca mefis nacvalma mixe-
il romanovma Telavis gegma daamtkica, qalaqis farglebSi
mohyva ramdenime Tavadaznauris mamuli. male amis Semdeg daiw-
yo mamulis sayovelTao gamijvna, romlis drosac erTi mxriv
Telavis moqalaqeTa da meores mxriv Tavad vaxvaxiSvilebisa da
yorCibaS-rusiSvilebs Soris atyda dava. „Telavelebi saqala-
qod daobdnen adgil-mamuls, Tavadni sakuTrebad, radgan am
gorebis gasadevari adgili dasaxlebuli iyo TviT amave Tava-
debis naymevebiT da radganac es iwodeboda kurdRelaurad,
davis gasarCevad, is saTavado adgilebi (vaxvaxiSvilebisa da
yorCibaSvilebisa), romlebic TelavSia, mounaTlavT kurdRe-
laurad... rac udaod qalaqs akuTvnes, mas Telavis agaraki
ewoda~.[12, 271]
saadgilmamulo dava oc welze meti gagrZelda. roca Te-
lavSi TviTmmarTveloba iqna SemoRebuli, mis teritoriaze ar-
sebul yvela saxels, maT Soris Tavadebis saxlebsac Sefasebi-
31
Ti gadasaxadi daedo. amiT ukmayofilo Tavadaznaurobam mTav-
robaSi Seitana saCivari. isini „amtkicebdnen~, Cven Telavelebi
ara varT, kurdRelauris daCaSi vcxovrobT da amdenad saqala-
qo gadasaxadi tyuilad Semogvawereso. saCivarma mravali in-
stancia gaiara da bolos senatSi moxvda. senatma momCivarTa
mamuli da karmidamo sof. kurdRelaurad CaTvala da saqalaqo
gamosaRebisagan gaaTavisufla. am gadawyvetilebis Sedegad,
„Semoevlo xazi q. Telavs. am xazs gareT darCa aTasamde mcxov-
rebeli, romelTagan mcire ricxvi TavadaznaurTa da sxvani
Telavis moqalaqeTa ricxvSi myofni mama-papaTa; amasTan xazis
gareT darCenilTa 90% qarTvelobaa~.[12, 271] maT umravleso-
bas TiTqmis araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda soflis meurneobas-
Tan, maTi interesi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqalaqo cxov-
rebasTan. bunebrivia, xelovnurad qalaqgareT datovebul am
moqalaqeebs ar moewonaT Seqmnili aranormaluri mdgomareoba.
maT TavadaznaurTa winaaRmdegobis muixedavad, saCivari aR-
Zres, qalaqis farglebSi dabruneba moiTxoves.
TiTqmis yvela Telaveli am azrisa iyo, rom TviTmmarTve-
loba mxars dauWerda e.w. „kurdRelaurel~ moqalaqeTa saCi-
vars, ibrZolebda faqtiurad qalaqis am teritoriis forma-
lurad SemoerTebisaTvis, magram es molodini ar gamarTlda.
amis Semdeg qalaqis farglebidan gayvanilma moqalaqeebma Tbi-
lisis gubernators mimarTes. gubernatorma gaugebrobad miiC-
nia qalaqis xelovnurad gayofa da Telavis mazris ufross da-
avala, rom qalaqis mamasaxlisTan SeTanxmebiT TelavisaTvis
axali mijna Semoevlo. am mijnis SigniT moexvedrebina „kur-
dRelaurel moqalaqeTa saxlebic. mamasaxlisma m. TaTuzovma
dasaxelebul moqalaqeTa Telavis farglebSi moqcevis winapi-
robad gamoacxada maT mier boqaulisa da 7 straJnikis jamagi-
ris gadaxda da Tavis xarjiT qalaqis am nawilis mokirwyvla.
„iveriis~ korespondentma („nadikvreli`-ilia zarafiSvili) yo-
fil TelavelTaTvis aseTi ultimatumis wayeneba usamarTlo-
bad miiCnia. misi azriT, m. TaTuzovis aseT pozicias Telave-
lebi imiT xsnidnen, rom „xazs gareT darCenilebSi, jer erTi,
sakmaod iyvnen samamasaxliso kacebi da maTi SiSiT ise gasdide-
bia Tvalebi, rom sawyal moqalaqeebs veRar xedavso; meore-
xazs gareT darCenili moqalaqeni TiTqmis mTlianad qarTvele-
bi arian da maTi SemoerTebiT TviTmmarTvelobac gaqarTvel-
debao.`
32
„b-ma gubernatorma, _ gamagrZobs korespondenti, _ rasak-
virvelia, uwyis damokidebuleba adgilobriv mkvidrTa da ime-
dia, ar miiRebs im sabuTebs, romlebiTac daCrdilulia WeSma-
riti mizezi uaryofisa. imedia, gubernatori Seva am mama-papiT
moqalaqeTa mdgomareobaSi, miiRebs mxedvelobaSi rom maT ga-
sofleleba.... ar SeuZliaT... da ise dasdebs Tavis msjavrsa~.
[12, 272]
magram gubernatorma, rogorc Cans, ver dasdo swori
„msjavri~ qalaqis gaerTianebis sakiTxi XX-s. dasawyisSi gada-
uWreli iyo, bevri Telaveli isev kurdRelaurelad iwodebo-
da. qalaqis qarTuli mosaxleoba xelovnurad iyo Camocilebu-
li TviTmmarTvelobas, rac somxur burJuazias Tavis sasargeb-
lo saqmianobas uadvilebda.
sxvadasxva xasiaTis masala cxadyofs, rom Telavis saqa-
laqo mmarTvelobis mesveurebi viwro klasobriv politikas
atarebdnen, mxolod burJuaziis interesTa dacvaze zrunav-
dnen. amitom mosaxleobis dabalma da saSualo fenebma guli
aiyares TviTmmarTvelobaze, boikots ucxadebdnen mas. aSkara
ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda cenzianTa nawili. bevri maTgani
arCevnebSic ki ar monawileobda.
Telavis TviTmmarTvelobam fexi aidga, saqmianoba daiwyo,
magram karga xans ver SeZlo qalaqis cxovrebaSi gardatexa See-
tana. gaWirvebiT arTmevda Tavs komunaluri meurneobis gaZ-
Rolis sakmaod rTul saqmes, ver axerxebda skolebisa da sam-
kurnalo dawesebulebaTa dafinansebas. amis ZiriTadi mizezi
iyo municipalitetis SezRuduloba sabiujeto-finansuri uf-
lebebis sferoSi. debulebis Tanaxmad saqalaqo TviTmmarTve-
lobas ufleba hqonda daedo gadasaxadebi uZrav qonebaze (sac-
xovrebeli saxlebi da sameurneo daniSnulebis Senobebisa, sa-
vaWro-samrewvelo dawesebulebebis, sasaklaoze da sxv. Sefase-
biTi gamosaRebis odenobas gansazRvravda saqalaqo TviTmmar-
Tveloba, magram igi ar unda ascileboda dasabegri obieqtis
1% da sufTa Semosavalis 10%-s.
saqalaqo reformis gatarebamde q. Telavis biujetis Se-
mosavlis nawils Seadgenda: 1894 wels _ 9427 man; 1895 wels —
9177 man, 1896 wels _ 8087 maneTs. gasavali daaxloebiT Semosa-
vals emTxveoda.
reformis Semdeg qalaqis biujetis Sedgenis ufleba Te-
lavis TviTmmarTvelobis xelSi gadavida, magram gadasaxadebs
33
Zveleburad mTavrobis policia krebda. igi ganawyenebuli iyo
biujetis daxarjvis uflebis dakargviT da Tavs maincdamainc
ar iwuxebda, zogjer ki aRebuli Tanxis nawils TviTon iTvi-
sebda. amitom iyo, rom Telavis biujeti Semosavlis nawilSi
xSirad ar sruldeboda. 1897 wels, magaliTad, saSemosavlo bi-
ujeti ganisazRvra 11451 man. odenobiT, faqtiurad Semovida
8939 maneTi, 1898 wels namdvili Semosavali udrida 10752 man.
1901 wels _ 11473 maneTs. [14, 22-24]
Telavis TviTmmarTveloba biujetis xarjvaSic ar iyo
mTlianad Tavisufali, igi valdebuli iyo Tanxis garkveuli
nawili mTavrobis miTiTebiT daexarja. 1900 wels Telavis
TviTmmarTvelobam daxarja: mTavrobis policiasa da jarze-3
aTasi man, TviTmmarTvelobis aparatze-3364 man., komunalur
meurneobaze _ 2000 maneTi. 1910 wlis biujetidan policiaze
da jarze daixarja 3108 man, TviTmmarTvelobis aparatze-4864
man., qalaqis keTilganwyobaze-8923 maneTi.[15, 143-150]
policia Tavs ar iwuxebda q. Telavis keTilmowyobisaT-
vis. 1896 wels Telavis TviTmmarTvelobam bevri dangreuli da
moukirwylavi quCa, mouvleli baRi, mouwesrigebeli ganaTebis
sistema gadaibara. komunalur meurneobaSi gardatexa ucbad
ar momxdara. ukeTesoba qalaqs daetyo TviTmmarTvelobis Se-
moRebidan 10-15 wlis Tavze. 1902 wels qalaqis keTilmowyoba-
ze (quCa-moednebis mokirwyvla, xidebis SekeTeba, wyalsadeni,
ganaTeba da sxv.) daixarja 3683 man, 1910w. -1995 man, 1911w.-1954
man, 1913w.-2168 maneTi. [15, 155] qalaqis sanitarul-samedicino
momsaxurebaze TviTmmarTveloba yovelwliurad saSualod
aTas maneTs xarjavda.
safuZveli gvaqvs davaskvnaT, rom Telavis saqalaqo TviT-
mmarTveloba cdilobda gaeumjobesebina komunaluri meurneo-
ba, Tavisi wvlili Seetana skolebis qselis gazrdisa da same-
dicino momsaxurebis gafarToebis saqmeSi. sapolicio mmarTve-
lobasTan SedarebiT TviTmmarTveloba ufro nayofierad saq-
mianobda, magram reaqciuli kanonmdeblobis moqmedebisa da
finansuri saxsrebis simciris porobebSi igi ver axerxebda
drois moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gardaeqmna saqalaqo cxovreba.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qar-
Tlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.
34
2. S. mesxia, masalebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samoxeleo wyo-
bis istoriisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1948.
3. SoTa mesxia, feodaluri saqarTvelos qalaqebi da saqala-
qo wyobileba XVII-XVIII ss, saistorio Ziebani, t. II, Tbilisi,
1983.
4. Царевичь Давид, Обозрение Грузии, пригатовил к изд. Ениколофов, Тбилиси, 1942.
5. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,
f. 229, saq. 34. 6. saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. 2, tfilisi, 1909.
7. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,
f. 229, saqme 34.
8. gaz. „iveria~, 1889, #5.
9. gaz. „iveria~, 1893, #273.
10. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. V, Tbilisi, 1970.
11. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,
fondi 29, saqme 105.
12. gaz. „iveria~, 1898, #190.
13. „saxalxo gazeTi’, 1911, #261.
14. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,
f. 29. saq. 180.
15. h. daTiSvili, saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomiuri ganviTa-
reba da mSromelTa ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola XX s. pir-
vel ocwleulSi, Tbilisi, 1976.
TeimurazVakhtangishvili
IakobGogebashviliTelavi State University, research scientist
From The History of Telavi Municipal Management
Summary
The activity of Telavi Municipal Management at the end of the 19th
century and in the beginning of the 20th century is discussed in the article. On the basis of new materials communal economy, the school and other cultural and social organizations, the level of medical service etc. is studied in the article.
35
mzia tyavaSvili
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-
logis institutis axali da uaxlesi
istoriis ganyofilebis mecnier-Ta-
namSromeli
leon iulonis Ze bagrationis politikuri
portretisTvis
qveynis politikuri damoukideblobis dakargva da erov-
nuli mmarTvelobis gauqmeba udidesi tragediaa nebismieri
erisTvis. aseTi sabediswero periodi qarTvel ers XIX sauku-
nis dasawyisSi daudga. erTmorwmune da saukuneebis ganmavlo-
baSi qarTl-kaxeTis politikur mokavSired miCneulma ruseTis
saimperatoro karma qveynis damoukidebloba maSin gaauqma, ro-
desac realuri mokavSiris gareSe darCenili qarTveli eris mi-
er sakuTari ZalebiT damoukideblobisTvis brZola uperspeq-
tivo Canda.
qveyanaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba daiwyo.
ruseTis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis darazmva tradiciulad
bagrationebma iTaves. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis
Sesustebis mizniT ruseTis xelisufleba 1803 wlidan samefo
sagvareulos wevrTa ruseTSi gadasaxlebas Seudga. ruseTis
winaaRmdeg Seupovari mebrZolebi: iulon da farnaoz batoniS-
vilebi ojaxebianad 1805 wels ruseTis gzas gauyenes. es udi-
desi dartyma iyo erovnuli ZalebisTvis.
mTiuleTis ajanyebis (1804 w.) CaxSobis da ruseTis mowina-
aRmdege batoniSvilebis qveynidan gadasaxlebis Semdeg ruseT-
ma amierkavkasiaSi poziciebi gaimyara. Tumca qarTvel ers far-
xmali ar dauyria. isini erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-
bis organizatorebad sparseTSi myof batoniSvilebs: aleqsan-
dre erekles Zes, Teimuraz giorgis Zes da leon (igive levan)
iulonis Zes moiazrebdnen. amis SesaniSnavi magaliTia baramisa
da gedeonis werili mirmanoz erisTavisadmi: `gebrZanaT amis
uaresad Tqven Tavs nu gaiubedurebTo da fu, Cvens kacobasa,
rom Tu farnaoz mefis Ze gaubedurdeba, CvenTvis sikvdili sa-
natreli ar iyos... Tu farnaoz daiWires, _ aleqsandre, Teimu-
36
raz da levan xom isev arian~ [2, 145]. erekle II-is vaJi _ aleq-
sandre sikvdilis bolomde darCa ruseTis Seurigebel mebrZo-
lad. mas kargad icnobs qarTuli sazogadoebrioba. Teimuraz
giorgis Ze bagrationi 1803 wels gaiqca sparseTSi. igi 1810
wlis seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi sakuTari nebiT Cabarda rusebs.
igi aris avtori saistorio Txzulebis `axali istoria~.
qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Rirse-
uli da sruliad gamorCeuli warmomadgenlia leon iulonis Ze
batoniSvili. man ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola adreuli asakidan
daiwyo da sicocxlis bolomde gaagrZela. misi saxeli usamar-
Tlod aris miviwyebuli. leoni dakavSirebulia osebis 1810-
1811 wlebis ajanyebasTan, romelsac gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs qarTvelebis mier rusebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi. am amboxebam gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina dRevandeli daZabuli politikuri
viTarebis pirobebSi, radganac mis fonze sruliad gansxvavebu-
lad warmoCindeba qarTvelebisa da osebis urTierToba.
leonis Sesaxeb pirveli sagazeTo statia 1883 wels gazeT
`droebaSi~ daibeWda [18, 2-3]. misi avtori g. CoCiSvilia. 30
wlis Semdeg, 1913 wlis 25 dekembers gaz. `saxalxo gazeTma~
(#1077) kvlav gamoaqveyna ak. abesaZis statia `levan batoniSvi-
li oseTSi da oseTis amboxeba (1810-1811 w.)~. leon batoniSvi-
lis xelmZRvanelobiT mowyobil ajanyebas saistorio naSro-
mebSi garkveuli adgili dauTmes mefis ruseTis droindelma
istorikosebma: n. dubrovinma [6, 371-390], p. butkovma [8, 393,
395], p. kovalevskim [7,] da a. S. Cveni azriT, yoveli zemoT mox-
seniebuli publikaciis safuZveli kavkasiis arqeografiuli
komisiis aqtebis IV da V tomebis gamosvla (1872, 1873 wlebi) da
am sakiTxze aq ganTavsebuli mdidari dokumenturi masala gax-
da. leonis xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinare osebis ajanyebas uyu-
radRebod ar toveben, Tumca fragmentulad ganixilaven osi
sabWoTa istorikosebi: s. gabaraevi [9, 111-114], z. vaneevi [10,
150-162], g. TogoSvili [11, 10] da a. S. leons namdvilad ar
swyalobs qarTuli istoriografia. pirvel rigSi vgulis-
xmobT, umaRles saswavleblebisTvis Tu saSualo skolebisTvis
gankuTvnili saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebis mier aRniSnuli
sakiTxis mimarT gamoCenil srul gulgrilobas. garkveulwi-
lad es ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom qarTveli istorikosebi
TavianT samecniero naSromebSi leonis da 1810-1811 wlebis am-
37
boxebis Sesaxeb mxolod mokle informacias sjerdebian. leo-
nis, an Tundac iseTi mniSvnelovani politikuri movlenis Sesa-
xeb, rogorsac warmoadgenda osebis 1810-1811 wlebis amboxeba,
2008 wlamde [13, 69-94] ar arsebobda araTu monografiuli naS-
romi, samecniero statiac ki. qarTveli istorikosebi, ra Tqma
unda, icnobdnen im mdidar dokumentur masalas, romelic kav-
kasiis arqeografiuli komisiis mier Sedgenil aqtebSia gamoq-
veynebuli da leons da aRniSnul politikur movlenas exeba,
Tumca maT dumils erTaderTi axsna SeiZleba movuZebnoT. ara-
visTvis saidumloebas ar warmoadgens, rom sabWoTa ideologi-
is pirobebSi, ar iyo aRniSnuli movlenis obieqturi gaSuqebisa
da swori daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. am sakiTxze yalbi
istoriis daweras da qarTveli sazogadoebriobis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas qarTvel istorikosTa umravlesobam, rogorc Cans,
Tavi Segnebulad aarida.
vin iyo leon batoniSvili? leoni erekle II-isa da dare-
jan dedoflis SviliSvili, maTi ufrosi vaJis _ iulonis uf-
rosi Svilia. deda _ salome, revaz amilaxvaris asuli iyo. le-
ons hyavda ori umcrosi Zma: luarsabi (13 wlis 1801 wels) da
dimitri da ori da: Tamari (11 wlis 1801 wels) da erTic mci-
rewlovani (romlis saxeli ucnobia) [1, 199-200]. leon batoniS-
vilis dabadebis TariRad, savaraudod, 1786 weli unda iqnas
miCneuli. am SemTxvevaSi Cven veyrdnobiT erT-erT rusul ofi-
cialur wyaros, romelSic leonis asakad 15 welia miTiTebu-
li. dokumenti daTariRebuli ar aris, Tumca igi mTeli rigi
monacemebis mixedviT 1801 wels miekuTvneba [1, 199-200]. es ki
gvaZlevs safuZvels, leonis dabadebis TariRis gamosaTvle-
lad aTvlis wertilad swored es weli miviCnioT. am mosazre-
bas sxva wyaroebis arapirdapiri monacemebic uWers mxars. jer-
jerobiT CvenTvis ucnobia leonis dabadebis adgilic. tradi-
ciulad saxelis darqmevisas iTvaliswinebdnen qristianuli
wmindanebis xsenebis dReebs [21, 3]. Cveni azriT, swored amasTan
gvaqvs saqme leonis SemTxvevaSic. Tumca ar gamoiricxeba isic,
rom leonisTvis saxeli, erekle II-is naadrevad gardacvlili
vaJis – leonis sapativsacemodac daerqmiaT.
iulonis ojaxi leonis dabadebis momentSi TbilisSi
cxovrobda. arsebuli saistorio wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom sa-
mefo sagvareulos wevrTa saxlebi avlabarSi, erTmaneTis siax-
loves iyo ganlagebuli. maT xSiri urTierToba hqondaT er-
38
TmaneTTan, rac gvaZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas, rom leoni faq-
tiurad samefo karze izrdeboda. es ki aucileblad gulis-
xmobda karg ganaTlebas, uryev qristianul rwmenas da sauke-
Teso zneobriobas (kacTmoyvareobas, Tavmdablobas, gaWirvebu-
lis daxmarebas, Tavganwirvas, moyvasis siyvaruls da a. S).
samefo sagvareulos warmomadgenlebis swavla-ganaTleba
mcire asakidan iwyeboda, romelic qarTuli wera-kiTxvis swav-
lebasa da swori metyvelebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad orien-
tirebuli iyo ucxo enebis codnazec (upirvelesad igulisxme-
ba mezobeli xalxebis enebis codna: somxuris, TaTrulis, ber-
Znulis). Svidi wlis asakidan mozardis swavleba seriozul sa-
fexurze gadadioda _ mas, upirveles yovlisa, unda Seeswavla
qarTuli sasuliero da saero mwerloba [21, 5-7]. marTlac,
1794 wels mamas – iulons, leonisTvis maswavleblad auyvania
mTels saqarTveloSi Tavisi codniTa da sibrZniT ganTqmuli
dekanozi ioane qarTveliSvili. aRniSnuli pirovnebis sayovel-
Tao ganswavlulobas erTxmad aRniSnavdnen rusi oficialuri
pirebic. ioane qarTveliSvili leonis moZRvaric iyo da amde-
nad did rols asrulebda misi zneobrivi saxis CamoyalibebaSi.
igi iulonis ojaxSi 1802 wlamde (ianvramde) darCa, rac gulis-
xmobs, rom misi uSualo monawileobiT leonis swavla-ganaTle-
ba am dromde gagrZelda. Seqmnili politikuri viTarebidan ga-
momdinare, ioane iZulebuli gaxda iulonis ojaxi daetovebina.
savaraudod, am drosve dasrulda leonis swavla-ganaTlebac
[12, 403-404].
iulonis ojaxma Tbilisi 1795 wels, krwanisis omSi qar-
Tvelebis damarcxebis Semdeg, rigiT moqalaqeebTan erTad, da-
tova. iulonma ojaxi jer duSeTSi, Semdeg ki mTiuleTSi gaxiz-
na, mcire xnis Semdeg (amave wlis oqtomberSi) ki qarTlSi (jer
gorSi, Semdeg ki patara liaxvis xeobaSi) gadaiyvana [22, 73, 76].
am dros leoni 9 wlis ymawvili iyo. patara liaxvis xeobaSi iu-
lonis ojaxi sofel beloTSi cxovrobda. aq iulons hqonda
cixe-simagre da samsarTuliani saxli. aRniSnuli samflobelo
iulons 1777 wels, samefo darbazis gadawyvetilebiT, qsnis
erisTvebisTvis mamulis CamorTmevis Semdeg, gadaeca. am peri-
odSi beloTSi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, Tumca didi da patara
liaxvis zemo weli ukve osebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. iulons maT-
Tan yoveldRiuri urTierToba hqonda. igi agvarebda maT So-
ris arsebul davebs da sxva yofiT problemebs. giorgi XII-is
39
gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1801 wlis aprilSi, iuloni ojaxianad
imereTs gadavida da solomon II-es Seekedla. mas erTi wuTiTac
ar Seuwyvetia brZola qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da bagrationTa
dinastiis aRdgenisTvis. am dros leoni 15 wlis iyo. imereTis
mefis karze qveynis sve-bedze mimdinare bWoba didi politiku-
ri skola iyo leonisTvis.
leonis aqtiuri da uSualo Cabma politikur procesebsa
da ruseTis sawinaaRmdego samxedro moqmedebebSi mTiuleTis
ajanyebas ukavSirdeba. 1804 wels leoni 18 wlis gaxda, ese igi,
qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT, ukve srulwlovani iyo. 1804
wlis maisSi cicianovma erevanze gailaSqra, rasac mTiuleTis
ajanyeba mohyva. imereTSi myofi iuloni da farnaozi ivnisis
bolos qarTlSi gadmovidnen. rusebma iuloni ramdenime mxle-
belTan erTad Seipyres. am dros masTan farnaozis garda imyo-
febodnen misi Svilebic (leoni da luarsabi) [2, 129, 133], rom-
lebmac moaxerxes alyidan Tavis daRweva. luarsabi kvlav ime-
reTSi dabrunda, leoni ki farnaozTan erTad sparseTSi, iq
myof aleqsandre batoniSvilTan, gadavida.
sparseTSi leoni ukve mniSvnelovani politikuri figura
gaxda da saxifaTo politikur TamaSebSi Caeba. SesaZlo iyo
ruseT-sparseTis urTierTobis daregulirebis SemTxvevaSi
(romlis cdebic iyo XIX saukunis dasawyisSi) igi advilad gae-
wira sparseTis samefo kars da garigebis obieqti gamxdariyo.
leons xifaTi im SemTxvevaSic moeloeda, Tu sparseTisTvis mi-
uRebel nabijs gadadgamda. erTi sityviT, leonis bedi mTlia-
nad sparseTis mxareze iyo damokidebuli. es kargad icoda ma-
mam _ iulon bagrationma, romelic, leonis sparseTidan gad-
moyvanis da masTan gagzavnis moTxovniT, werils werilze ag-
zavnida ruseTis saimperatoro karze da kavkasiur administra-
ciasTan [4, 110]. rogorc Cans, man kargad icoda Tavisi vaJis
leonis Seupovari xasiaTi da misi Seurigebeli damokidebuleba
rusebis mimarT _ ojaxis da mamis gareSe saqarTveloSi marto
darCenili leoni aucileblad Caebmeboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi _ es ki kargs arafers uqadda axalgazrda batoniS-
vils. iulons undoda igi TavisTan hyoloda da ase aeridebina
misTvis xifaTi. iulon erekles Zis SiSi gamarTlda. 1804 wlis
ivlisis bolos da agvistos dasawyisSi sparselebma cicianovi
erevnis baRebTan alyaSi moaqcies. rusebis armia uimedo mdgo-
mareobaSi aRmoCnda. erevanTan sparselebis rigebSi aleqsandre
40
bagrationis gverdiT leon batoniSvilsac vxedavT. amave dros
aleqsandres, farnaozisa da leonisTvis baba-xans miucia 6000
rikabekis meomari, aseve, yazaxebis, borCaloelebis, SamSadile-
lebisa da fambakelebisgan Semdgari jari da `saqarTveloSi
myofi rusebis winaaRmdeg gamolaSqrebis neba daurTavs~ [2,
397]. erevanTan rusebi saswaulma, Tu rusuli diplomatiis
warmatebulma muSaobam ixsna _ sparseTis samefo karze areu-
loba daiwyo, ris gamoc abas-mirzam erevans alya moxsna da Te-
iranisken gaeSura. rusebma amierkavkasiaSi poziciebi kvlav ga-
imyares, qarTl-kaxeTis ganTavisufleba ki momavlisTvis gadai-
do.
1805 wlis ivnisSi cicianovi ukve sparseTis dedaqalaqze
laSqrobiT da iranuli qalaqebis: mazanderanis da gilianis
dapyrobiT imuqreboda, Tumca zavilevskisTan miweril weril-
Si aRniSnavda, rom Tanaxma iyo dagegmili operacia SeeCerebina,
Tuki baba-xani ruseTis xelisuflebas aleqsandre erekles Zes,
Teimuraz giorgis Zesa da maT naTesav _ leon iulonis Zes ga-
dascemda [2, 702, 832]. kavkasiis rusuli administracia arc Tu
usafuZvlod SiSobda, rom sparseTi Seecdeboda leoni mis wi-
naaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis dasarazmavad gamoeyenebina. aqedan
irkveva, rom leoni metad mniSvnelovani figura iyo rogorc
sparseTis, aseve ruseTis mxarisTvisac. Teimuraz giorgis Zis
leonisadmi 1810 wlis zafxulSi miwerili werilidan irkveva,
rom rusi moxeleebi kvlav aqtiurad cdilobdnen leonis gada-
birebas. Teimurazi leons afrTxilebda, rom araviTar Sem-
TxvevaSi ar Semcdariyo da ar Cabareboda rusebs [5, 40].
1805 wlis Semdeg leonis Sesaxeb cnobebi faqtiurad ar
arsebobs. Cven mxolod is SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igi sparseTis
Sahis karze myof aleqsandre erekles Zisa da Teimuraz gior-
gis Zis mudmivi yuradRebisa da mfarvelobis qveS iqneboda. am
ukanasknelebs sakmaod maRali Tanamdebobebi ekavaT sparseTis
samxedro struqturebSi. raime samxedro Tanamdeboba hqonda
Tu ara leons, CvenTvis ucnobia. Tumca is faqti, rom am peri-
odSi sparseTis jarebs evropul yaidaze, Tanamedrove moTxov-
nebis Sesabamisad, wvrTidnen jer safrangeTis (1807 wlamde),
Semdgom ki inglisis samxedro oficrebi da aRniSnuli qveyne-
bis biujetidan sakmaod soliduri Tanxebi ixarjeboda spar-
selTa SeiaraRebisTvisac [14, 100-111; 135-149], gvaZlevs ufle-
bas, davaskvnaT, rom leoni karg samxedro gamocdilebas Sei-
41
Zenda. amaze izrunebdnen aleqsandre da Teimurazic, sparse-
Tis samefo karic da evropuli saxelmwifoebis misiebic. mona-
wileobda Tu ara leoni am periodSi mimdinare ruseTsa da
sparseTs Soris mimdinare sabrZolo operaciebSi, CvenTvis uc-
nobia. qarTvel batoniSvilebs sparseTSic da osmaleTSic gan-
sakuTrebiT ufrTxildebodnen.
iranisa da osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebi xvdebodnen, rom
ruseTTan brZolaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda maT mier
dapyrobili xalxis pozicias _ kerZod, ki imas qarTvelebi ga-
agrZelebdnen rus okupantTa winaaRmdeg brZolas, Tu dayrid-
nen far-xmals da Seeguebodnen beds. seriozuli sakiTxi iyo _
moisurvebda Tu ara saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iranisa da osma-
leTis agresiiT Sewuxebuli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba maTTan
gaerTianebas da rusebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi gamosvlebis
mowyobas. iranma da osmaleTma kargad icodnen isic, rom ruse-
bis winaaRmdeg maT samxedro moqmedebas mxolod da mxolod
bagrationi batoniSvilebis monawileoba SesZenda qarTvelebis
TvalSi ganmaTavisuflebel xasiaTs da mxolod ase gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli qarTveli xalxis CarTva am brZolebSi [13, 72].
amis gamo sparseTsa da TurqeTSi qarTvel batoniSvilebs kar-
gad iRebdnen da saWiro daxmarebasac pirdebodnen.
1810 wels iran-TurqeTs Soris miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba
rusebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi sabrZolo moqmedebis Sesaxeb.
am saqmeSi jer safrangeTma, Semdgom ki inglisma iTamaSa gadam-
wyveti roli. [1, 753-54]. Sedga samoqmedo gegmac, romlis mi-
xedviTac amierkavkasiaSi myofi ruseTis jarebisTvis oTxive
mxridan unda SeetiaT [1, 76].
1810 wlis ivlisSi ajanyebul imereTSi axalcixidan dab-
runda solomon II da saTaveSi Caudga ajanyebas. man saaTabago-
dan Camoiyvana 24 wlis leon iulonis Ze bagrationi da qar-
Tlis Crdilo raionebSi Segzavna. metad mniSvnelovania is faq-
ti, rom osmaleTma da sparseTma sami bagrationidan leon iu-
lonis Ze amoirCies da sakmaod axalgazrda batoniSvils daa-
kisres iseTi mniSvnelovani funqcia, rogoric qarTveli xal-
xis ajanyebis xelmZRvaneloba iyo.
1810 wlis 26 ivniss leoni ukve qarTlSi, kerZod ki so-
fel kexvSi imyofeboda. igi CasvlisTanave Seudga ajanyebis
samzadiss; man daiwyo proklamaciebis gavrceleba mTel aRmo-
savleT saqarTveloSi, romlebiTac ajanyebisken mouwodebda
42
mosaxleobis yvela fenis warmomadgenels. leonma sakmaod
swrafad SeZlo ajanyebulTa Sekreba, misi xelmZRvanelobiT
ajanyebulebi cxinvalSi mdgom rusul garnizons daesxnen Tavs
[23, 77].
1810 wlis 5 seqtembers axalqalaqTan rusebma sastikad
daamarcxes osmalTa jari. seqtemberSi xaniswyalTan solomon
II-ec damarcxda. solomoni axalcixeSi gadavida. amis Semdeg
leoni faqtiurad marto agrZelebda brZolas ruseTis winaaR-
mdeg. rusebs xel-fexi gaexsnaT qarTlis CrdiloeT raionebze
SetevisTvis. 1810 wlis seqtembris bolos ruseTis kavkasiurma
administraciam leonis da ajanyebuli osebis dasasjelad gag-
zavna polkovniki stali. 30 seqtembers patara liaxvis xeobaSi
moxda sisxlismRvreli brZola rusTa jarsa da 2000 oss So-
ris, romelic am ukanasknelTa damarcxebiT damTavrda [4, 648].
osebi javis xeobaSic damarcxdnen. moxda sastiki angariSswo-
reba. rusebma oci sofeli dawves, daangries sagvareulo koS-
kebi. rusebis SesaCereblad am xeobis mosaxleobam gagzavna 12
uxucesi, maT miesajaT Tbilisis quCebSi yelze xmalCamokide-
bulebs gaevloT, ris Semdegac tormasovma Seiwyala isini [4,
648]. rusebma qarTveli Tavadebic dasajes: luarsab maCabeli
ruseTSi gagzavnes. baadur bortiSvili ki Tbilisis sapyrobi-
leSi mokvda [23, 77]. 1811 wlis 7 Tebervals gorSi CamoaxrCves
Tox da bibo sanakoSvilebi da kasia, maTi ojaxebi ki cimbirSi
gadaasaxles. 1810 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos mTavarmmar-
Tvelma tormasovma ubrZana polkovnik simonoviCs, rom Seekra
imereTisa da qarTlis CrdiloeTi raionebis damakavSirebeli
gzebi. leoni iZulebuli gaxda dvaleTSi naras xeobaSi gadasu-
liyo [23, 77].
axalgazrdobis miuxedavad leoni gasaocar politikur
simwifes iCenda. es pirvel rigSi vlindeboda misi damokidebu-
lebidan im sakiTxebis mimarT, romelic qveynis interesebs exe-
boda. rodesac mis winaSe dadga arCevani ojaxi, Tu qveynis in-
teresebi, man uyoymanod meore airCia. niSandoblivia, rom man
axloblebTan kavSiri maSinve gawyvita, rogorc ki iuloni
tyved Cavarda. leoni, albaT, ar iwonebda mamis da biZis mier
ojaxebis ruseTSi wayvanasac. igi ar pasuxobda mamis werilebs,
civad xvdeboda da upasuxod tovebda masTan misuli axloble-
bis nebismier SeTavazebas misi ruseTis mxares gadasvlis Sesa-
xeb. leonisTvis ruseTTan molaparakeba yovlad miuRebeli iyo
43
da qarTveli erisTvis imis maniSnebeli iqneboda, rom maT qvey-
nis damoukideblobisTvis brZola SeewyvitaT da rusebis bato-
nobas Seguebodnen.
adamianuri sisusteebidan leonisTvis gansakuTrebiT miu-
Rebeli Ralati da orpiroba iyo. Seqmnil politikur situaci-
aSi aRniSnul mankierebebs gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebis mota-
na SeeZlo. maSin rodesac qveynis gadarCenis erTaderTi gza
qarTveli eris erTianoba iyo, Ralatis erTeul SemTxvevasac
erSi undobloba da gaTiSuloba SeeZlo daeTesa. leonma ico-
da, rom mis saqciels magaliTis Zala hqonda, amitom igi gansa-
kuTrebiT sastikad eqceoda moRalateebs. leonis saqarTvelo-
Si gadmosvlis Semdeg ruseTis xelisufleba mis Sepyrobas swo-
red masTan daaxlovebuli pirebis mosyidviT cdilobda. cno-
bilia leonis mier dasjili ieremia bagrationis istoria, ro-
melic RalatisTvis CerqezeTSi iqna gayiduli [4, 119-120].
leonis biografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saqar-
Tvelos kaTalikois-patriarqis _ anton II-is ruseTSi gamgzav-
rebasTan dakavSirebul movlenebs. anton II-is ruseTSi gamgzav-
rebas ruseTis saimperatoro kari 1810 wlis zafxulisTvis
gegmavda. saqarTvelos mTavarsardal tormasovisTvis cnobili
gaxda, rom leon iulonis Zes gzidan misi gataceba hqonda gan-
zraxuli. amis gamo ruseTis kavkasiurma administraciam sif-
rTxilis gansakuTrebul zomebs mimarTa. SemuSavda mTeli rigi
punqtebi. rusebs unda gadaemowmebinaT aRniSnuli xmebi. sabo-
lood, anton II Tbilisidan peterburRs 1810 wlis 3 noembers
gaemgzavra. leon batoniSvilis mxridan misi gatacebis SiSiT
ruseTis xelisuflebam igi kazakTa gaZlierebuli dacviT gaa-
cila. anton II ruseTSi aResrula [4, 161-162; 15].
leoni sparseTisa da osmaleTis warmogzavnili da maT
mier dafinansebuli iyo. miuxedavad amisa igi mainc axerxebda
damoukidebel moqmedebas. dokumenturi masalidan irkveva,
rom leoni, ra Tqma unda, angariSs uwevda iransac da osmaleT-
sac. Tumca is faqti, rom ajanyebis ramdenimegzisi damarcxebis
Semdeg sparseTis Sahisa da axalcixis faSis araerTi Txovna, _
daetovebina saqarTvelo, _ leonma upasuxod datova da saqar-
TveloSi darCa, miuTiTebs imaze, rom leoni sakmaod negatiu-
rad iyo ganwyobili am saxelmwifoebis mimarT da ar endoba
maT mesveurebs.
44
leoni ar uSindeboda gaWirvebas. mas didi xnis ganmavlo-
baSi ukiduresi gaWirvebis atana uwevda [4, 115], Tumca sxva sa-
xelmwifoSi fufunebaSi da uzrunvelad cxovrebas Tavis qveya-
naSi siduxWireSi yofnas arCevda.
leoni xalxSi siyvaruliTa da erTgulebiT sargeblobda.
amis dadasturebaa is faqti, rom igi alyidan yovelTvis axer-
xebda Tavis daRwevas da rusebi mravali mcdelobis miuxedavad
ver axerxebdnen mis Sepyrobas. dokumenturi wyaroebi mowmo-
ben, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan sakmaod seriozuli
sasjelis miuxedavad, rogorc maRali, aseve dabali socialu-
ri fenis warmomadgenlebi, uyoymanod, aSkarad Tu farulad,
exmarebodnen da erTgulobdnen mas.
erTgulebas leonic sapasuxo grZnobiT pasuxobda. igi
iTvaliswinebda osi xalxis mdgomareobasac, romlis winaaRmde-
gac rusebi sastik zomebs mimarTaven: amyofeben ekonomikur
izolaciaSi, fizikurad uswordebodnen, ojaxianad asaxleb-
dnen cimbirSi, apatimrebdnen maT da maTi ojaxis wevrebs. das-
jis erT-erT zomas CamoxrCoba warmoadgenda. os mosaxleobas
gansakuTrebul zians sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ayenebda, rom-
lis drosac rusebi cecxls ukidebednen osebis soflebs da
naTesebs, angrevdnen sagvareulo koSkebs... leonma saqarTvelo
mxolod maSin datova, rodesac misi aq yofna faqtiurad SeuZ-
lebeli da Zalian saSiSi gaxda rogorc misTvis, aseve osebis-
Tvis. rusebisgan Seviwrovebulma leon iulonis Zem axalcixeSi
wasvla gadawyvita. gzad borjomis xeobaSi, gogias cixesTan,
Seisvena, sadac qarTls saTareSod momavali lekebis msxverpli
gaxda.
levanis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb bagrat batoniSvili wers:
`welsa 1812, okdombris 26, waremarTa axalcixes... Ze iulonisa
leon. misrulni ese xeobaSi petresa cixesa, istumres lekTa.
ra leons ara hyva kaci garna samisa da ra ganusvenes, mZinare
leon mokla lekman da sxvanica misTana myofni moswyvitnes...
ganZarcves igi da wariRes axalcixes. mxilvelman mefeman so-
loman icna iaraRi misi. hkiTxa lekTa da scna sikvdili misi.
didad damZimda mefe soloman smenisa amisTvis da auwya ese fa-
Sasa axalcixisasa. maSin faSaman Seipyrna lekni igi da moaSTo
ZelTa~ [17, 117-118; 16, 43].
bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlis mkvleloba
arc daRestnelebma apaties TavianT Tanamemamuleebs. bagrat
45
batoniSvili werda: `msmenelTa daRestansa Sina lekTa iwyines
ese, reca dadebad sisxlisa samefosa saxlisa saqarTveloisa.
soflis mis kacTa hqmnes aboxi da sruliad moswyvitnes saxle-
ulni maT lekTani, romelTa moeklaT leon~ [16, 43].
leoni ukanasknel gzaze gaacila ciciSvilebis xvedure-
Telma ymam dionosim, romelmac `mefis asulisa mariamis Txo-
viT daasaflava yincvisis wmindis nikolozis gauqmebulsa mo-
nasterSi~, mZovreTis xeobaSi [21, 159].
1810-1811 wlebis antirusuli ajanyeba damarcxda. rusebma
Tavisi poziciebi kavkasiaSi gaafarToves, gavlena ki ganimtki-
ces. gauqmda imereTis samefoc. qarTveli xalxis erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebel moZraobas ganumeorebeli elferi SesZina
axalgazrda leon iulonis Ze bagrationma. misi tragikuli aR-
sasruli gansakuTrebul Saravandeds matebs mis saxels.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. I, Тифлис, 1866.
2. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. II, Тифлис, 1868.
3. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. III, Тифлис, 1869.
4. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. IV, Тифлис, 1870.
5 Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, ред. Ад. Берже, т. V, Тифлис, 1873
6 Н. Дубровин, История войны и владычества русских на кавказе, т. V, Тифлис, 1887.
7 К. Ковалевскии, Покоренний Кавказ, Санкт-Петербург, 1914. 8 П. Г. Бутков, Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803
год, ч. III, Санкт-Петербург, 1869. 9 С. Габараев, Очерки истории юго-Осетии, ч. I, Цхинвали, 1969. 10 З. Ванеев, Крестьянский вопрос и крестьянское движение Юго-Осе-
тий в XIX веке, Сталинир, 1989. 11 g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba,
1801-1921 ww., Tbilisi, 1969.
46
12 l. miqiaSvili, ioane qarTveliSvilis `memuarebis~ mniSvne-
loba qarTul istoriografiaSi, kr: axali da uaxlesi is-
toriis sakiTxebi, II (4), red. av. sonRulaSvili, Tbilisi,
2008. 13 m. tyavaSvili, osebis 1810-11 wlebis ajanyeba leon bato-
niSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi is-
toriis sakiTxebi, red. av. sonRulaSvili, II (4), 2008. 14 z. SaraSeniZe, iranis Sinapolitikuri viTareba da sagareo
urTierTobani XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, Tbilisi, 1984. 15 v. guruli, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefa-
liis gauqmeba (1811-1814), http://burusi.files.wordpress.com/2009/ 06/p1000977.jpg
16 n. javaxiSvili, grigol I _ ukanaskneli qarTveli mefe, Tbi-
lisi, 2008. 17 daviT batoniSvili, axali istoria, bagrat batoniSvili,
axali moTxroba, T. lomouris gamocema, Tbilisi, 1941. 18 g. CoCiSvili, gaz. `droeba~, 1883, XI, 20, #234. 19 ak. abesaZe, levan batoniSvili oseTSi da oseTis amboxeba
(1810-1811 w.), gazeTi `saxalxo gazeTi~, 1913, 25 dekemberi,
#1077. 20 al. bendianiSvili, qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos ganvi-
Tarebis etapebi, Tbilisi, 2006. 21 pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, red. ak. gawe-
relia, Tbilisi, 1978. 22 ioane qarTveliSvilis memuarebi, teqsti gamosca a. ioseli-
anma, Tb., 1952. 23 Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, teqsti gamosacemlad
moamzada da saZieblebi daurTo l. miqiaSvilma, Tbilisi,
1983.
47
MziaTkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javarhishvili Tbi-lisi State University, Ivane Javarhishvili In-stitute of History and Ethnology, Researcher Scientist of the Department Modern and Contemporary History
Political Portrait of Leon Bagrationi
Summary
In the beginning of XIX c. Russian Imperator Alexsander I abolished Old Georgian State structure and the Bagrationis royal dynasty.
The Georgian people have never put up with this event and continued their fighting against the Russian management. They were led by Bagrationi Princes.
In 1810 rebellion seized Imereti and Northern part of Kartli. Imereti rebellion seized was led by Solomon II, and Kartli rebellion by 24-year-old Leon Iulonis-dze Bagrationi.
Leon Iulonis-dze Bagrationi was born approximately in 1786. He was well educated. Leon was in Persia in 1804-1810 years.
1810-1811 anti-Russian movements took place in the Northern Caucasus as well. At the same period Iran and Turkey began attacks. The Russians managed to stop them. Solomon II was also defeated.
Rebellion was still going on in northern region of Kartli. At the end of July the rebels majority of which were represented by the Ossetians, attacked the Russian garrison in Tskhinvali, then they retreated and strengthen themselves in Kartli mountains. The Russians organized military expedition against them.
In summer of 1811 Leon made his way to Akhaltsikhe. But on the way he was killed by a Lek who came to Kartli for robbery. Akhaltsikhe Pasha punished the murderer unmercifully.
Leon was buried in Kintsvisi, in St. Nikiloz monastery.
48
lela miqiaSvili
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-
is institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis
ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSrome-
li
platon ioseliani daviT batoniSvilis Sesaxeb
(`cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~-s mixedviT)
personaJTa mravalricxovan galereaSi, romelic aRniS-
nul monografiaSia warmodgenili, mniSvnelovani adgili eTmo-
ba qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtis ukanasknel memkvidres, gior-
gi XII-is Zes daviT batoniSvils, rac savsebiT kanonzomierad
gveCveneba: garda imisa, rom es ukanaskneli, Tavisi statusidan
gamomdinare, XVIII-XIX ss-Ta mijnaze ganviTarebuli politiku-
ri movlenebis erT-erTi mTavari gmiria, amavdroulad igi Ta-
visTavad Zalze saintereso da mravalmxrivi pirovnebaa: sazo-
gadoebriv-politikuri moRvawe, samxedro saqmis specialisti
da sabrZolo niWiT dajildoebuli jaris winamZRoli, samar-
Talmcodne da kanonSemoqmedi, mwerali da mTargmneli.
sanam uSualod daviT batoniSvilis pirovnebis platon
ioselianiseuli daxasiaTebis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, sasur-
velia, mis mokle biografias gavecnoT; samefo ojaxSi dabade-
bulma daviTma im droisaTvis qarTulTan erTad evropuli
swavla-ganaTleba miiRo: erekles mier am mizniT mowveul iqnen
jer avstrieli getingi (1789 w.), Semdeg ki iakob reinegsi. swo-
red maT aziares ufliswuli dasavleT evropul literatura-
sac da politikur istoriasac. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom yvelaze didi gavlena mis pirovnebaze mainc qarTvel swav-
luls _ daviT reqtors mouxdenia: man Caunerga taxtis mem-
kvidres qarTuli kulturis, mwerlobisa da istoriis siyvaru-
li. amitom iyo rom sicocxlis bolomde daviTs masTan kavSiri
ar gauwyvetia da mudam didi pativiscemiT epyroboda (amis sa-
nimuSod gamodgeba misive wignebi warweriT: `miiRe, lalao Ce-
mo, Sroma ese gazrdilisa Senisa, niSnad siyvarulisa Cemisa~ [1,
126].
49
daviTi ymawvilobidanve, xSirad Tavisi papis _ erekles
davalebiT, aqtiurad monawileobda qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo
cxovrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT _ samxedro, saganmanaTleblo da
samarTlis xaziT. sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia misi samxedro
damsaxurebebi: igi erekles ndobiT sargeblobda, 1789 wlidan
uSualod monawileobda samxedro operaciebSi da am mxriv
TvalsaCino warmatebebic hqonda. amis Sesaxeb sakmaod didi ma-
sala moipoveba istoriul wyaroebSi, maT Soris, sagangebod
misdami miZRvnil misive umcrosi Zmis _ Teimuraz bagrationis
naSromSi `daviT bagrationis istoria~ [2], amitom aq sityvas
aRar gavagrZelebT.
bunebrivia, aseTive aqtiur moRvaweobas eweoda igi Tavisi
mamis giorgi XII-s xanmokle mefobis periodSic. am ukanasknelis
gardacvalebis Semdeg daviTi, rogorc cnobilia, qarTl-kaxe-
Tis samefos gamgeblad daniSnes (1801 wlis ianvridan ivnisam-
de) ruseTidan gadawyvetilebis miRebis molodinSi. Tumca me-
fobas mainc ver eRirsa: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sem-
deg ruseTis mTavrobis gankargulebiT sxva batoniSvilebTan
erTad daviTic saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gadaasaxles. amrigad,
sicocxlis ukanaskneli periodi 1803 wlidan 1819 wlamde (gar-
dacvalebamde) daviTma peterburgSi gaatara. aqve isic unda
iTqvas, rom igi ruseTSi 1803 wlamdec imyofeboda: jer kidev
1787-1789 wlebSi ereklem miavlina ruseTis samefo karis ga-
sacnobad da `evropuli~ ganaTlebis gasaRrmaveblad; ori wlis
manZilze igi swavlobda da msaxurobda. mogvianebiT, 1797-1798
wlebSi daviT batoniSvili ukve samxedro samsaxurSia peter-
burgSi, preobraJenskis polkSi. 1798 w. meore naxevarSi igi
samSobloSi brundeba general-maioris wodebiT [3, 8]. 1800
wlidan igi general-leitenantia, xolo mogvianebiT, ruseTSi
Casvlisas, mas senatoroba uboZes da materialuradac saTana-
dod uzrunvelyves (iyo wm. anas da wm. aleqsandre nevelis or-
denebis kavaleri).
aqve Zalian mokled mimovixiloT, Tu rogor ganviTarda
movlenebi 1800 wlis 28 dekembris Semdeg, kerZod giorgi XII-s
gardacvalebis Semdeg: jer kidev 1800 w. 18 dekembers pavle I-
ma xeli moawera manifests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan
SeerTebis Taobaze da saidumlod gamougzavna igi knorings. am
ukanasknels, miRebuli instruqciis Tanaxmad, unda `uzrunve-
leyo~ qarTveli xalxis Semzadeba `mfarveli~ imperiis mier sa-
50
xelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis aqtisadmi da mefis gardacvale-
bisTanave unda gamoeqveynebina igi. Tumca, Seqmnili viTarebi-
dan gamomdinare, knoringma es ver gabeda da gadawyvita ufro
xelsayrel situacias dalodeboda. erT-erTi gadamwyveti faq-
tori, romelzec igi imperatorisadmi gagzavnil werilSi miu-
TiTebda, iyo isic, rom zamTris pirobebSi saqarTvelos okupa-
ciisaTvis saWiro jaris darialis gziT gadmoyvana SeuZlebe-
lia, amitom urCevda, gazafxuls dalodebodnen (1801 wlis 12
marts pavle I SeTqmulebma mokles, Tumca saqarTvelos moma-
valze amas didad ar umoqmedia: samefo taxtis bedi ukve ga-
dawyvetili iyo).
amasobaSi aqtiurad moqmedebda lazarevi (mis Sesaxeb uf-
ro vrclad ix. qvemoT), romelmac giorgi XII-s gardacvalebis-
Tanave samxedro Zalebis mobilizeba moaxdina, qarTveli Tava-
debi Sekriba da sakmaod bundovnad da orazrovnad gaacno `im-
peratoris survilebi~, kerZod, ganucxada, rom qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos momavals imperatori gadawyvetda, Tumca taxtis mem-
kvidris dadginebis Taobaze mis gamosvlaSi garkveviT araferi
iyo naTqvami. generlis sityvebs misive ndobiT aRWurvili Tar-
jimani Targmnida, magram iqve myofma solomon lioniZem, ro-
melmac mSvenivrad auRo alRo ruseTis mzakvrul politikas,
SekrebilT gamoucxada, gen. lazarevi daviT batoniSvils me-
fobas ulocavso, razec gagulisebuli lazarevis pasuxi mii-
Ro: «В переводы не вмешиваться!» swored am faqtis gamo solo-
mon lioniZe odnav mogvianebiT daapatimres (qvemoT am epizods
kvlav davubrundebiT) [4, 812-813].
amrigad, daviT batoniSvili saqarTvelos `memkvidred da
mmarTvelad~ gamocxadda, dapirebis Tanaxmad igi unda dalo-
deboda imperatoris mier taxtze damtkicebas. 1801 w. Teber-
vlidan 1802 w. maisamde qarTl-kaxeTSi daisadgura e.w. Suale-
durma xanam damoukidebeli saxelmwifodan ruseTis provinci-
amde: ruseTis xelisuflebam ar dauSva axali mefis gamocxade-
ba, Tumca daviT batoniSvils, rogorc taxtis memkvidres,
mmarTvelis uflebazec uari ver uTxra. magram qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba ukve mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo da
1802 wlis maisSi igi aleqsandre I-s xeliT ganxorcielda: Tbi-
lisSi Camosulma knoringma daviTi CamoaSora marTva-gamgeobas
da imperatoris miTiTebis Tanaxmad, Camoayaliba droebiTi
umaRlesi mmarTveloba general-maior lazarevis meTaurobiT
51
(Semadgenloba _ qarTveli mdivanbegebi: zaal baraTaSvili, eg-
nate TumaniSvili, ioane ColoyaSvili, sulxan TumaniSvili da
Tbilisis meliqi darCia bebuTovi) [5, 27]. amis Taobaze daviT
batoniSvili gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda:`Лазарев, выбрав четырех плутов, определил их в грузинское правительство: Игнатий (князь Туманов) как может управлять Грузиею?~ [6,125]; an kidev: «Четыре плута и один дурак (lazarevi – l. m.) правят всею здешнею землею~ [7, 297].
swored gamgeblobis dRidan iwyeba urTulesi periodi da-
viT batoniSvilis cxovrebaSi: imis nacvlad, rom mosalodneli
safrTxis winaSe erTiani brZola gamoecxadebinaT, Tavs iCens
samefo ojaxis wevrTa urTierTSoris dapirispireba, asparezze
gamodian giorgis Zmebi (darejan dedoflis Svilebi), romle-
bic daJinebiT iTxoven erekles e. w. `pirvandeli anderZis~
Sesrulebas da samefo taxtis memkvidreobis wesis Secvlas, es
dapirispireba TiTqmis aSkara brZolaSic ki gadadis. sagareo
safrTxis paralelurad daviTs uwevs Sinaur mowinaaRmdegeTa
gamklavebazec izrunos: sazogadoebis nawili daiyo iulonisa
da daviTis momxreebad. Seqmnil viTarebas TvalsaCinod warmo-
aCens Cvenamde moRweuli ori sabuTi: saqme exeba ereklesagan
odesRac Serisxuli qsnis erisTavebisaTvis mamulebis dabrune-
bas, ris Taobazec TiTqmis erTdroulad gacemulia ori sige-
li _ 1801 w. 17 ianvriT daTariRebuli _ iulon batoniSvilis
mier [8] da amave wlis 20 Tebervals _ daviTis mier [9]. rogorc
Cans, am faqtis Sesaxeb daviTs 9 Tebervals Seutyvia da amis
Taobaze weriliTac miumarTavs iulonisaTvis: `gavige, rom li-
axvi migicia Seni siZisaTvis _ revaz erisTavisTvis~ da mouwo-
debs, rom amgvari saqcieliT kidev ufro amZimebs Tavis mdgo-
mareobas. amave dros, `rogorc WeSmariti qristiani~, sTava-
zobs miiRos erTgulebis fici da amiT yvelaferi mieteveba
[10, 300]. literaturaSi sakmaod kargad aris gaSuqebuli erTis
mxriv darejan dedoflisa da misi Svilebis, meore mxriv ki da-
viTisa da misi momxreebis dapirispirebis amsaxveli masala,
amitom aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT.
am yvelafers emateboda ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomad-
genelTa saziano qmedebebi; pirvelyovlisa es exeba gen. laza-
revs, romelsac daviTze uSualo meTvalyureoba hqonda dawe-
sebuli da misi yoveli nabijis Sesaxeb saTanado moxsenebiTi
baraTebiT auwyebda ruseTSi. amis Taobaze, rogorc misive we-
52
rilidan irkveva, daviTma mSvenivrad uwyis (sailustraciod
mxolod erT nawyvets moviyvanT lazarevis `patakidan~: «Есть у него в приближенных князь Соломон Тарханов, который, сказывали мне, будто весьма при царевиче порочил произведенное в действие покойным царем и старался развращать царевича; но так как здесь все друг другу злобствуют, то может быть и сие клевета. Потому формально В-му Пр-ству не представляю, а имею около него двух надежных шпионов и что далее узнаю, Вам донести не премину… Еще счастье, что имеет малую доверенность ко мне, но и сей боюсь, что скоро потеряю» [10, 329]. es is lazarevia, romelic lamis ruseTis im-
peratorze metad aris mowadinebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-
riobis dasasamareblad da saamisod Tavis mosxenebiT baraTeb-
Si arsebuli viTarebis aSkara gayalbebasac ar erideba:^ «Живу-чи здесь полтора года, еще не видал такого совершеннаго удовольствия, как нынче существует. Со дня полученя манифеста все как снова переродилось и ожило; даже можно сказать, что сердятся, если их назовут грузинами, а не говорят, что они русские!» [7, 201].
aseTi, sakmaod rTuli viTarebis fonze daviTis pirovne-
bis garSemo ra Tqma unda araerTgvarovani azri unda Seqmni-
liyo. vfiqrobT, amis TvalsaCino gamoZaxilia pl. ioselianis
TxzulebaSi daculi zogierTi cnobac. zemoT Cven vaxseneT
daviTis literaturuli moRvaweoba. masSi didi adgili uWi-
ravs Targmanebs, maT Soris _ im droisaTvis mowinave dasavleT
evropel avtorTa, rogorebic iyvnen monteskie (`kanonTa rju-
lis Sesaxeb~), volteri (`SobisaTvis~), ansilioni (`estetikeb-
rni gansjani~), da sxv. es Txzulebebi umetesad rusulidan
aris Targmnili. amave dros daviTs im doneze scodnia frangu-
lic, rom ori nawarmoebi nawilobriv dednidan uTargmnia (mon-
teskie da volteri) [11, 022]; bunebrivia, frang ganmanaTlebel-
Ta, gansakuTrebiT _ volteris, ideebiT daviTis gatacebas Ta-
namedroveTa Soris araerTgvarovani Sefasebebi mohyolia, ra-
sac pl. ioseliani giorgi XII piriT araerTxel axmovanebs: ro-
gorc Rrmadmorwmune qristiani, es ukanaskneli ukiduresad
SeSfoTebula taxtis memkvidris `urwmunoebiT~: `didad ewuxe-
boda, rom daviT batoniSvili ar iqceoda ise, rogorc mamas
iameboda, radgan daviT memkvidre ruseTSi iyo gazrdili (ro-
gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelodan iZulebiT gadasaxle-
bamde daviT batoniSvili mxolod orjer imyofeboda ruseTSi,
Tumc vfiqrobT, es garemoeba misi `ruseTSi gazrdilobis~ sa-
53
buTad ver gamodgeba – l. m.) marxvas sWamda da sarwmunoeba-
zed sustad iyo. gaugzavna mefem mociqulad eliazar mdivani
falavandovi da SeuTvala, Tu Cemi siamovneba gindao, marxvis
Wamazed xeli aiReo da eklesiaSic xSirad iareo. iman SemouT-
vala: rac me mwams, is Sen gagiwyreso da Sen raca gwams, me ga-
miwyreso. am sityvas ver ubedavda eliazar mefesa, magram Za-
liT aTqmevina. maSin brZana fsalmuni ese: `dadga igi yovelsa
gzasa ara keTilsa da boroti mas ara moewyinao~. an kidev: `da-
viT mosruli ruseTiT, ver iqceoda survilisamebr mamisa.
amisTvis swuxda urwmunoebisaTvis misisa wesisamebr wmindisa
eklesiisa~ da Semdeg mohyavs giorgi mefis saubari patr niko-
lasTan da misi reaqcia volteris saxelis xsenebaze: `volte-
ri! megobari Cemis Svilisa daviTisa, Cemis memkvidrisa! vai Sen-
sa giorgisa! ruseTSi myofman Seiswava misi urjulo swavla,
moitana aqa misi saxe, romelica samarTlianad davswvi cec-
xlsa... RmerTo da macxovaro Cemo, Sen apatie Svilsa Cemsa da-
viTs danaSauli misi. Sen moaqcie WeSmaritsa gzazed da daam-
kvidre Sensa siyvarulze~ [12, 70-71]. igive sakiTxebs aseTive
SemarTebiT ganixilavs al. jambakur-orbelianic, Tumca aq
sul sxva mizezebia savaraudo [13, 42-43].
daviTis mimarT avtoris arcTu obieqtur ganwyobaze mow-
mobs mis mier moyvanili ori epizodi solomon lioniZesTan da
Teimuraz batoniSvilTan dakavSirebiT: zemoT ukve vaxseneT
solomon lioniZis dapirispireba lazarevTan imperator pavle
I-is manifestis gacnobisas, ris Semdegac solomon lioniZe da-
patimrebul iqna. Cvenamde moRweulia am ukanasknelis mier sap-
yrobilidan knoringisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelSic igi
Tavis udanaSaulobas amtkicebs. raoden gasaocaric unda iyos,
pl. ioseliani lioniZis datyvevebaSi daviT batoniSvils sdebs
brals, rac simarTles ar Seesabameba: `mefis Ze da memkvidre
daviT, viTarca regenti anu ganmge saqarTveloisa, eloda we-
rilTa TvisTa miwerilTa imperatorisadmi pavlesa, pasuxTa.
Sesuli reca srulsa ganmgeobiTsa Zalsa, iqmoda samarTalsa,
miiRebda moCivarTa da uZRvida samefosa. ganrisxebulman vieT-
Tame gvamTa zeda viTamca urCTa, brZana da misca sapyrobilesa
sardali oTar amilaxvari da sxvanica, amaT Soris iyo TviT
uugonieresi solomon lioniZe~, magram rogorc cnobilia,
sol. lioniZis gaTavisuflebaSi daviTs Tavad miuRia monawi-
leoba; garda amisa, riT SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom Tavad lioniZe
54
knoringisadmi miweril werilSi arsad axsenebs daviTs da Tavis
ubedurebis mizezad vinme somex `oqivaters~ asaxelebs [10, 323].
rac Seexeba oTar amilaxvars, romelic marTlac daviTis
mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi iyo (mis biZebs emxroboda) da amave
dros misi usayvarlesi Zmis Teimurazis simamric gaxldaT, aq
arc ise martivad iyo saqme: erTis mxriv, platon ioseliani
garkveulwilad sayvedurobs daviTs, rom am ukanasknelma, miu-
xedavad araerTi Segonebisa (igive sol. lioniZis sityvebi moh-
yavs: ~dasamSvideblad mefobisa da aRreulobisa dasacxrome-
lad, miiReT zoma mtkice, hqmeniT, raca ars saqmneli, aCveneT
Zali da Zliereba Tqveni... dumili Tqveni da sisuste racaRaTa
aZlierebs TqvenTa metoqeTa, daec zari da mexi~ da a.S.), ar mi-
iRo mkacri zomebi mowinaaRmdegeTa asalagmad, meores mxriv, _
rogorc ki daviTma gamoiCina simtkice da Sesabamisi nabijebic
gadadga, iqve sayvedurobs, rom oTar amilaxvris dakavebis ga-
mo (romlis qaliSvilzec daviTi adre yofila daniSnuli da es
qorwineba ar Sedga) esre iqmna mizezad, romel mefis Ze Teimu-
raz, siZe oTarisa, gaiqca sparseTad da eaxla yeens~ [12, 223].
magram sinamdvileSi Teimurazi 1803 wlis 25 Tebervlamde (anu
daviTis ruseTSi gadasaxlebis dRemde) TbilisSi imyofeboda
da mxolod ciciSvilis mier daviT da farnaoz batoniSvilebis
ruseTs gasaxlebis Rames gaipara aleqsandre batoniSvilTan da
1810 wlamde iranis Sahis karze cxovrobda.
calke ganxilvis sagania daviTis piradi cxovrebis prob-
lemebi:
`mefis Zeman da memkvidreman daviT ruseTsa yofnisa dro-
sa gaicna da moineba SerTva colad romlisRaca tatisCevis qa-
lisa. ... mefesa giorgis didad surda SerTva qalisa mis rusTa
gvarisa... raTa magaliTiTa amiT dakavSirdes ruseTTan TviT
da erica misi da raTa moaSoros arawmindebiT cxovrebasa ba-
yal avetiqas qalTan daumalvelad~ [12, 135]. da meoregan ki
wers: `1799 welsa mefis Ze da memkvidre daviT, urCi mamisa,
TviTneba da mgonebeli brZnad Tavisa Tvisisa... Sevida gansac-
delsa Znelsa; sixarbeman fulisa da nivTTa molodebaman, sne-
ulebasa gamo mamisa Tvisisa ukurnebelisa, mefobisa, romlisa
ZaliTa advilad daxsnida qorwinebasa, _ aqmnevina ese, rom ar-
Ra ineba SerTva daniSnulisa maszeda elene amilaxvris sar-
dlis oTaris qalisa, arca tatiSCevis qalisa ruseTs, da Seir-
To survilisamebr mamisa svimon aRad wodebulisa abi meliqis qa-
55
li xamfervan ... garna TviT daviT, mosuli gonebasa, Sevida si-
nanulsa: arca gvari Tavadobisa, arca siZvele da Cinebuleba,
arca mefobiTi aRzrda hazriTa da qceviTa _ ara aqvnda mefis
rZalsa da memkvidrisa colsa sadedoflod bagrationis tax-
tisaTvis momzadebulsa~ [12, 138-139]. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi platon ioseliani saku-
Tar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan imave gverdze (odnav zemoT)
vkiTxulobT: `mefe TviT daeswra rZlisa Tvisisa mironcxebasa
sasaxlisa wmindis giorgis eklesiasa Sina. TanaSemweTa aRsru-
lebisaTvis esreTisa saqmisa ioane andronikaSvilsa, ducal ba-
raTaSvilsa da egnati ioseliansa… ubrZanebda mefe, idumal
daaxlovon misda Svili misi daviT. dResa mesamesa qorwilisa
mefeman, raTa mterTa ara misces metad mizezi dResaswaulobi-
sa, dasustebisaTvis mefobiTisa Rirsebisa, _ TviT warvida, na-
xa rZali Tvisi, amborsuyo da akurTxa da uboZa piris sanaxa-
vad qarvasla saxaso q. Tfiliss... da sofeli gurjaani saxaso
ymebiTa da mamuliTa... hgonebda mefe, romel esreTiTa qorwi-
nebiTa Ze misi daviT gamovidoda codvidam da ganutevebda ba-
yal avetiqas qalsa, Seyvarebulsa adriTve...~ [12, 138]. rogorc
vxedavT, `urCi da TviTneba~ daviTis qorwineba sulac ar Sem-
dgara mamis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, piriqiT _ moyvanili amona-
ridis mixedviT giorgi XII TviTonve yofila am kavSiris mom-
xre. savaraudod, platon ioselianis amgvari urTierTgamom-
ricxavi msjeloba sruliad konkretuli mizeziT aris gamowve-
uli; kerZod, `axali istoriis~ Teimuraz batoniSviliseuli
xelnaweris erT nusxaSi [14], romelic bagrat batoniSvils ga-
dauweria, vkiTxulobT: `garna vinaiTgan iyo ese daviT friad
dedaTa moyvare, ese SeacTuna Tana aRzrdilman mis Tana mTa-
var-diakonman egnatem, onisimes Zeman, martyofelman, romeli-
ca iyo friad filasofos da eswavaT erTadca amas da daviTsa,
romelica iyo friad misando misi. aman moibira da SeauRla
qalsa somxisa moqalaqisasa aRa ter simonaSvilis asulsa zeda
elenes, romlisa gamo gulnaklul iqmnen viTarca Zmani, egreT-
ve Cinebulnica qarTvelTani~ [15, 67-68]. aq naxsenebi `mTavar-
diakoni egnate~ platon ioselianis mama – giorgi XII-s moZRva-
ri egnate onisimes Ze ioseliania [16, 57]. aqedan gamomdinare,
savsebiT bunebrivia Cveni avtoris pozicia: cdilobs ra gaa-
qarwylos samefo ojaxis wevrTa braldeba sakuTari mamis wina-
aRmdeg, igi arcTu ise saxarbielod aRwers taxtis memkvidris
56
saqciels. niSandoblivia isic, rom egnate da platon ioselia-
nebs axlo urTierToba hqondaT daviTis meuRlesTan, rasac
adasturebs am ukanasknelis werilebi egnate ioselianisadmi
da Tavad platon ioselianis sityvebi: `TviT elene mefis rZa-
li da memkvidrisa coli iyo embaziT mimqmeli Cemi. amisTvis
vicnobdi mokled mas, moaruli masTan 4 welsa sankt-peter-
burgs (1831-1835)...~ da a.S. [12, 140-143].
unda iTqvas, rom daviT batoniSvilis piradi cxovreba mi-
si sicocxlis bolomde erTgvarad politizirebuli iyo: gior-
gi XII-s gardacvalebis Semdeg man aRZra saqme ganqorwinebaze
da TxovniT mimarTa sasuliero dikasterias, magram uari eT-
qva, razec, savaraudod, saTanadod `izruna~ p. cicianovma (ix.
qvemoT). ruseTSi gadasaxlebisas mas meuRle Tan ar wauyvania,
es ukanaskneli 1810 w. Cavida peterburgSi da qmrisgan gancal-
kevebiT cxovrobda (gardaicvala 1836 w.). miuxedavad araer-
Tgzis mcdelobisa, ukve ruseTSi mcxovrebma daviT batoniS-
vilma ver miiRo ganqorwinebis nebarTva, Tumca sababi, rome-
lic safuZvlad edo amgvar gadawyvetilebas da romelic moy-
vanilia p. cicianovis werilSi sinodis ober-prokuror goli-
cinisadmi (1805 wlis 28 Tebervals), aradamajereblad JRers:
«На отношение ко мне от 17-го сентября 1804 г. … о доставлении письма вашего первенствующему архиепископу Грузинскому, называемому католикосу, Антонию, о разсмотрении просьбы царевича Давида о разводе с его женою и о содействовании с моей стороны в скорейшем и законном окончании сего дела, имею честь препроводить к вам, м. г. мой, отношение со вложением копий с определения учиненнаго по сему предмету в его дикастерии... Надеюсь, что не отречетесь защищать сказанную царевну, сколько потому, что она умными доводами доказала свою правость, столько и для того, что в земле набожности полный развод сей произвесть может неприятности и черта, почитающая русских малосохраняющими предания церковные, еще более удостоверится столь явным нарушением брака без всяких причин… Наконец долгом звания моего считаю повторить, что развод сего недостойного царевича с его супругой много повредит в умах здешних жителей, христианской верою исполненных и удаленных от вольнодумства, относительно Российского правления, едва в оную землю внесенного, когда и то, что многие русские едят по постам мясо
57
неблагонамеренными растолковано было народу при возмущении прошлаго лета» [17, 179-181].
albaT paradoqsia isic, rom miuxedavad p. ioselianis ga-
mokveTilad kritikuli ganwyobisa, amave monografiaSi gvxvde-
ba daviTis qeba-didebac: `mefesa didad uyvarda Svili Tvisi
daviT, yovelTa SvilTa da ZmaTa Soris uugonieresi, cqviti,
fxizeli da marjve sityviTa da saqmiTa. mefis Zeni ornive _
daviT da ioane iyvnen gonierni, mxneni da saqmisa kacni; TviT
mefe iraklisTan didad Tamamad da Tavisuflad Sevidodnen da
didad uyvarda eseni papasa maTsa~ [12, 69]; vfiqrobT, daviT ba-
toniSvilis pirovnebis Sefasebisas erTi ukiduresobidan meo-
reSi gadasvla ara mxolod pl. ioselianisTvis aris damaxasia-
Tebeli (romelic daviTis sikvdilamde aTiode wliT adre dai-
bada): arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, batoniSvils bevri
Sinauri mteri hyavda, ramac ganapiroba mis Sesaxeb urTierTsa-
winaaRmdego cnobebis siuxve, mag. misi regentobis periodidan
arsebobs cnobebi, lamis yoveldRiuri saCivrebi knoringTan
imis Taobaze, rom daviTi aviwroebda, konfiskacias axdenda,
mamulebis CamorTmeviT sjida garkveul adamianebs, Tumca amis
sawinaaRmdegod SexvdebiT cnobas imis Taobazec, rom igive da-
viTma regentobisas imdeni wyalobis sigeli gasca, rom Semdeg
maTi gauqmebac ki mouxdaT [1, 127].
samwuxarod, daviTis mimarT araobieqtur Sefasebas bevri
sxva, maT Soris zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevris naSromSic
SexvdebiT, rasac safuZvlad daedo erTi fraza misi werilidan
gen. lazarevisadmi (1801 wlis 18 ianvari): Е. В.-ву благоугодно было, чтобы я, будучи признан наследником, управлял в сем звании Грузиею, и как я есмь раб Государя, то и повиновался совершенно, и ныне известно В. Пр.-ву, что Грузия ныне уже не есть Грузия, а Россия, и жители оной суть отныне подданные Империи (xazgasma
Cvenia _ l. m.). Как они теперь дерзают прямо бунтовать и раззорять селения грузинския, когда Вы здесь находитесь, то нужно и необходимо им – дядям моим – увещание и прямое запрещение для их усмирения» [10, 298]. konteqstidan amoglejili Cvens mier xazgasmuli es
fraza, ra Tqma unda, mTlianad Secvlida werilis azrs.
udavod daviTis mravalmxrivobisa da araordinalurobis
damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT isic, rom misi pirovnebiT Tavis
droze dainteresda qarTveli poeti g. leoniZe, romelmac
1938 wels (!) `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ mis moRvaweobas
58
sakmaod kargi analitikuri werili miuZRvna. savsebiT misaRe-
bia poetis Semdegi Sefaseba: `daviTi xarbad ewafeboda da
swrafad iTvisebda axal azrebs, SeZenili codna Tu Sexedule-
bani mas umalve da zogjer _ garemos angariSgauwevlad saaSka-
raoze gamohqonda, amasTanave, sakmaod mouridebeli iyo Tavis
Cveva-saqcielSi. amitom sakvirveli rodia, Tu daviTs maSindel
qarTul sazogadoebaSi ufro radikaluri moazrovnis saxeli
gaeTqva, vidre is namdvilad iyo, xolo am sazogadoebis kon-
servatiul nawilSi zerele adamianis reputaciac ki Seeqmna~.
marTlac sruliad SeuTavsebelia, rom TanamedroveTagan
`volterianobis~ gamo lamis urwmunod Seracxuli batoniSvili
Cveuli gulmodginebiT Targmnis da amuSavebs sasuliero xasi-
aTis Txzulebebs: `simvolo qristianuli sarwmunoebisa~ 1800
wels daiwera im mizniT, rom `simvolo anu aRsareba unda hqon-
des Cvens xalxs aRmosavleTis eklesiis yaidaze Sedgenilio~
da es wigni mamamiss miarTva; `xelxleba anu gangebiTi RvTis-
metyveleba~ da `hindTa RvTismetyveleba~ [18].
dabolos, batoniSvili, romelic zereled da ugulisyu-
rod uyurebda cxovrebas, wlebis manZilze daZabuli Sromis
fasad ar Seqmnida (garda zemoT aRniSnuli Targmanebisa) iseT
seriozul naSromebs samarTlisa da istoriis dargebSi (`samar-
Tali batoniSvilis daviTisa~, saqarTvelos samarTlisa da ka-
nonmcodneobis mimoxilva~, `narkuevi~, «Краткая история Грузии» da sxv.), garda amisa masve ekuTvnis araerTi literaturuli na-
warmoebic (leqsebi, proza).
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa daviT batoniSvilis
Sefaseba mis politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, mag. ai, rogor
axasiaTebs mas gacnobisTanave (1784 wels) p. potiomkini: «Стар-ший сын Гeоргия, Давид, был 17-ти лет, казался неглуп, и при свойстве яром, он являет быстроту ума, особую сметливость и охоту к войне» [19, 326]. rogorc Cans, daviTis pirovnebaSi marTlac iyo raRac
iseTi, rac ase afrTxobda rusebs da aiZulebda maT, mudmivad
fxizlad yofiliyvnen misi yoveli nabijis mimarT; aviRoT
Tundac daviTis survili evropaSi mogzaurobis Taobaze: tax-
tis dakargvis Semdeg daviT batoniSvils ocnebad gadaeqca re-
voluciuri safrangeTis _ volterisa da monteskies samSob-
los xilva; 1802 wels, ruseTSi gadasaxlebis molodinSi, jer
kidev ar hkargavda amis imeds, Tumca ruseTis xelisuflebis
mxridan amasac ki didi sifrTxiliT moekidnen da sakmaod se-
59
riozuli saidumlo mimoweris Semdeg (В разговорах его весьма заметен восторг его к Бонапарту, к коему он исполнен почтительного удивления) amazec uari eTqva [17, 58].
dabolos, aseve naklebad sarwmunoa pl. ioselianis azri
imis Taobaze, rom ruseTs gadasaxlebuli daviTi `saqarTvelos
saqmeTa Sina arRara ereoda~ da moridebul, mSvid cxovrebas
eweoda (Tavi davaneboT imas, rom swored ruseTSi daasrula
ori didi naSromis _ monteskiesa da volteris Txzulebebis
Targmna). faqtebi sul sxvas metyveleben: daviTis Semoqmedebas
am dros aqtiuri politikuri zraxvebis kvali dahyveba; ra
Tqma unda, mas ubralo sakiTxav wignad ar Seuqmnia arc
«Обозрение Грузии по части прав и законоведения» da arc amave
Txzulebis sawyisi, qarTulad damuSavebuli varianti `samar-
Tlis~ saxiT. igi peterburgSi dReniadag proeqtebze muSaobs,
1812 wels imperator aleqsandre I-is saxelze Seaqvs moxseneba
`saqarTvelos ukeT mowyobisaTvis, romelSic dasaxulia Ro-
nisZiebani saSinao mmarTvelobasa da sameurneo dargebSi. mis
sxva RonisZiebebs sarCulad udevs daJinebuli mtkiceba imis
Taobaze, rom batoniSvilTa qveynidan gaZeveba saqarTvelosaT-
vis uaRresad sazianoa da mis mmarTvels aucileblad unda mie-
Cinos damxmared erT-erTi batoniSvili. es moxsenebiTi baraTi
daskvnisaTvis gadaeca saqarTvelos yofil mTavarsardals pa-
uluCis, romlis gamoxmaurebac, ra Tqma unda, friad arasaxar-
bielo da zogadad, qarTvelTaTvis Seuracxmyofelic kia, Tum-
ca erTSi igi namdvilad marTalia, roca wers, rom:
«…Обширные затеи царевича Давида Георгиевича, который под предлогом лучшего устройства Грузинского края наклоняет все сие единственно к восстановлению там по-прежнему царя…
… Он давно уверяет, что русские не умеют управлять Грузиею… …таковым замыслам своим (он) делает теперь пробу… есть ли
воспримут проекты его желаемый успех, то никому более неприлично воспользоваться сей честью, как ему – пользовавшемуся некогда титулом наследника и менее участвовавшему в бунтах» [20, 131-132, 139].
1817 wels, sikvdilamde oriode wliT adre, daviT bato-
niSvili kvlav daJinebiT imeorebs senatis sxdomebze Tavis Se-
xedulebebs, moiTxovs traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebas da Ri-
ad acxadebs, rom qarTuli samefo saxli elis, rom aleqsandre
I mas aRadgenso [11, 042], rasac Sedegad mohyolia arakCeevis
60
cnobili muqara: «…Просьбы вовсе неосновательные… если и после сего не будет жить спокойно, тогда последует уже повеление, чтобы отставить его от службы и выслать из Петербурга».
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. tr. ruxaZe, daviT batoniSvili da misi literaturuli mem-
kvidreoba, literaturuli Ziebani, I, Tbilisi, 1943. 2. Teimuraz bagrationi, daviT bagrationis istoria, teqsti
gamosca T. enuqiZem, Tbilisi, 1972. 3. daviT bagrationi _ saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanon-
Tmcodneobis mimoxilva, ap. rogavas redaqciiT, Tbilisi,
1959. 4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1973. 5. al. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-
1921, Tbilisi, 1980. 6. Н. Дубровин, Закавказье от 1803-1806 гг., Тифл., 1866. 7. Н. Дубровин, Георгий XII – последний царь Грузии, Тифлиси, 1897. 8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, Sd-1701. 9. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, Sd-1702. 10. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, I, Тиф-
лиси, 1866. 11. samarTali batonisSvilis daviTisa, d. furcelaZis gamoc.,
Tbilisi, 1964.
12. platon ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, a. gawere-
lias redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1936.
13. al. jambakur-orbeliani, mefis iraklis drois cocota an-
bebi, (ix. sargis kakabaZis `werilebi da masalebi saqarTve-
los istoriisaTvis, w. I, Tbilisi, 1914). 14. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, A-1766. 15. Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, gamosca l. miqiaS-
vilma, Tbilisi, 1983. 16. m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qar-
Tuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, II, Tbilisi, 1983. 17. Акты собранной Кавказской Археографической комиссией, II, Тиф-
лиси, 1868. 18. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1938, 10, X.
61
19. Aл. Хаханов, Очерки по истории грузинской словесности, вып. III, Тифл., 1901.
20. И. К. Ениколопов, Две записки царевича Давида `О лучшем устрой-стве Грузии», _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istorii-
saTvis, Tbilisi, 1942, nakv. I.
Lela Mikiashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
The Historical Portrait of the Prince David in the Works of Platon
Ioseliani (According to `The Life of the King Giorgi XIII~)
Summary
The last heir of the Kartl-Kaheti throne –the Prince David as many
sided and interesting person left a significant trace in the history of Georgia. He was a political and public figure, specialist of military affaires, talented military leader, jurist and legislator, writer and translator.
At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries on the background of the extremely difficult situation in Kartl-Kalkheti (the annulling and annexing of the principality by Russia) the attitude towards the prince David, the mere witness of which are some data preserved in Platon Ioseliani’s work, was not simple and similar.
Based on the historical materials the important aspects of the prince David’s political activity, his legislative and literary heritage are analyzed in the article. On the basis of the factual material it is proved that Platon Ioseliani’s attitude to the heir of the throne is not often objective and that is why the information often is contradictory and not clarified in the work. One of the most difficult periods in the Prince David’s life began when he was appointed as a ruler of the country. Instead of consolidation and fighting against the possible threats the members of the royal family opposed each other. The brothers of the king Giorgi XII appeared on the political stage (sons of the queen Darejan) who insisted on fulfilling king Erekle’s so called
62
`original last will~ and on changing the rule of handing down the throne. This opposition nearly became an obvious fight. Besides the foreign threat David had to resist the opposition in the country. The whole society divided into: adherents of Iulon and David. That is why it was natural that David gained a name of a more radical politician in the society than he really was and an enviable person among the conservative part of the same society.
63
dodo WumburiZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-
vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa
da eTnologiis instituti, axali da uaxle-
si istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier
TanamSromeli
niko xizanaSvilis Rvawlis Sesaxeb
XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli presa savsea im droisaT-
vis aqtualur istoriul da samarTlebriv Temebze dawerili
statiebiT, romelTa avtori TanamedroveTa Soris kargad cno-
bili, avtoritetuli iuristi da sazogado moRvawe niko xiza-
naSvili iyo. is sxvadasxva fsevdonimebiT werda, romelTa So-
ris yvelaze cnobilia n. urbneli, plebsi, n. xizanovi, n.x.li,
p. s...
niko xizanaSvilis erTtomeuli iuridiuli nawerebis
krebuls warmoadgens, publicists aqvs mravali istoriuli da
eTnografiuli statia, rasac Tavis droze didi gamoxmaureba
hqonda da dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba, Tumca yvela
maTgani calke wignad jerac ar gamoqveynebula. es statiebi
ZiriTadad ilias `iveriaSi~, aseve ivane maCablis `droebasa~ da
Jurnal `imedSi~ qveyndeboda 1882-1902 wlebSi. am nawerebidan
aRsaniSnavia: `wodebaTa istoria saqarTveloSi~, `imuniteti sa-
qarTveloSi~, `liparit mesame orbeliani~, `giorgi brwyinvale,
mefe saqarTvelosi~, `daviT aRmaSenebeli da misi dro~, `Cveni
cxovrebis evolucia~, `gujrebi al. xaxanaSvilisa~ da sxva. mas
gansakuTrebulad ilia afasebda. rodesac, 1885 wels `iveria~
yoveldRiur gazeTad gadakeTda, misma redaqtorma imdroinde-
li sazogadoebis gamorCeul wevrebs , mxolod misgan gamorCe-
ulebs, mimarTa TxovniT, _ eTanamSromlaT mis gazeTSi. maT
Soris n. xizanaSvilic iyo. `iveriaSi~ muSaobisas igi kidev uf-
ro dauaxlovda did mwerals. xizanaSvili misi xSiri stumari
yofila saguramoSi. ivane mansvetaSvilis mogonebebSi vkiTxu-
lobT: `Cems dros yvelaze metad SelazRandarebuli ilia Wav-
WavaZesTan iyo niko xizanaSvili, kaci enawyliani, sityvamos-
wrebuli, kargi mosaubre, oxunji, amasTan Wkviani, kargad ga-
naTlebuli da bevrad nakiTxi. sxvebisgan Tu ilia wkipurts ar
miikarebda, amisgan bevrs iTmenda~ [1, 119-124]. cnobili sazoga-
64
do moRvawe giga yifSiZec axasiaTebs mas, rogorc gonebagax-
snilsa da sityvamoswrebul adamians [2, 10-11].
nikoloz Tadeozis Ze xizanaSvili daibada 1851 wels Sida
qarTlis sofel maRla dovleTSi, soflis mRvdlis ojaxSi. ma-
mis saqmianobis gamo ojaxs ramdenjerme mouxda sacxovrebeli
adgilis Secvla. ymawvilobis gatarebam mas sofel ceronisSi
mouwia, sadac qarTlis momxiblavi bunebis siyvaruli, xalxuri
zepirsityvierebis Seswavlis interesi gasCenia. mas zepirad
uswavlia folkloruli nimuSebi, cota mozrdils ki rusTave-
lis `vefxistyaosani~.
goris sasuliero saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg n, xi-
zanaSvili Sevida Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, romlis
kursi 1870 wels daasrula. berZnul da laTinur enebSi speci-
aluri momzadebis Semdeg man Caabara gamocdebi da 1871 wels
Caericxa odesis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze. am uni-
versitetSi, romelic axali daarsebuli iyo, maSin ruseTis
mniSvnelovani samecniero Zalebi moRvaweobdnen. magaliTad:
seCenovi, meCnikovi, kovalevski, volski, pavlovi, petre meli-
qiSvili, vasil petriaSvili da sxvebi. iuridiul fakultetze
mas leqciebs ukiTxavda am dargSi gamorCeuli specialisti
leontoviCi, romelic kavkasiis mTielTa adaT-wesebs aswavli-
da da SemdegSi, 1882 wels, am sakiTxze, kovalevskize adre ga-
moaqveyna naSromi. 1876 wels niko xizanaSvilma warCinebiT da-
amTavra odesis universiteti da samSobloSi dabrunda. samsa-
xuri jer zangezurSi daiwyo, Semdeg cxinvalSi gadmovida.
cxinvalidan igi jer suramSi, aqedan ki TianeTSi gadaiyvanes
gamomZieblad. colad hyavda cnobili sazogado moRvawe da
msaxiobi elisabed CerqeziSvili. 1903 wels is avad gaxda, aR-
moaCnda mZime asTmuri mdgomareoba da samkurnalod meuRles-
Tan erTad evropaSi gaemgzavra. jer berlinSi imkurnala, amis
Semdeg ki, col-qmarma parizi, lozana, Jeneva da vena moinaxu-
la [3, 12].
provinciaSi muSaobis dros n. xizanaSvili gulmodgined
akvirdeboda xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, hkrebda masalebs da ik-
vlevda maT. es interesi universitetidan gamohyva. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT nayofieri misi TianeTSi muSaobis periodi iyo.
mas samsaxureobrivi movaleobis gamo xSirad uwevda TianeTis
soflebSi Casvla, sargeblobda SemTxveviT da xalxisgan eT-
nografiuli yofis amsaxvel masalebs iwerda. n. xizanaSvilis
65
pirveli statia _ `korespondencia cxinvalidan~daibeWda
`droebaSi~, amas mohyva misi aqtiuri publicisturi moRvaweo-
ba.
yvela Tanamedrove, vinc kargad icnobda am moRvawisa da
Semoqmedis mravalmxriv interesebs, erTxmad aRniSnavda mis ni-
Wierebas, farTo ganaTlebas, mkvlevrisTvis aucilebel alRo-
sa da polemikis saocar unars. Jurnalisti da literaturis
kritikosi romanoz fancxava (xomleli) mas `axali qarTuli
literaturis mnaTobs~ uwodebda da ilias, akakisa da niko ni-
kolaZis gverdiT asaxelebda. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es Se-
faseba cota gazviadebuli Cans, magram Tu im epoqaSi gadavi-
nacvlebT da Tvals dakvirvebiT gavadevnebT nikoloz urbne-
lis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas, mivxvdebiT, rom swored am
bumberazTa gverdiT idga yovelTvis es, Tavad mokrZalebuli
da saqarTvelosTvis Tavdadebuli adamiani. xomlelis mogone-
bebSi vkiTxulobT: `1894 wlis ianvris Tvidan Cvens mier daar-
sebulma `qarTuli wignis gamomcemelma amxanagobam~ daiwyo
TbilisSi Tviuri Jurnalis_`moambis~ gamocema. 1885 wels rom
ilias Jurnali `iveria~ moispo, mas Semdeg qarTvelebs Tviuri
Jurnali ar Rirsebia 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1894 wlamde, axal
Jurnals qarTveloba Sexvda ise, rogorc arabeTis udabnoSi
qaravani Sexvdeba wyals. axali qarTuli literaturis didi
mnaTobni erTad TavmoyriT mogrovdnen am axali Jurnalis ir-
gvliv. JurnalSi didi xalisiT daiwyes TanamSromloba: niko
nikolaZem, ilia WavWavaZem, akakim, profesorma vasil petriaS-
vilma. nikoloz urbnelma~...[4, 443].
urbnelis, rogorc mecnieris moRvaweobas didi Sefasebas
aZlevda ivane javaxiSvili. Tavisi `qarTuli samarTlis istori-
is~ SesavalSi igi werda: `n. urbneli iyo XIX saukunis 80-iani
wlebis moRvawe, romelmac qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi ara-
erTi monografia gamoaqveyna. igi niWieri damkvirvebeli iyo. mis
naSromebSi araerTi sagulisxmo sakiTxia gaSuqebuli~ [5, 12].
didi Sefaseba misca urbnelis eTnografiul nawerebs
profesorma giorgi Citaiam. man es nawerebi 1940 wels calke
wignad gamosca. SesavalSi Citaia urbnels qarTuli eTnologi-
is yamiris gamtexad, niWier da gonebamaxvil mkvlevrad miiCnev-
da. is werda: `n. xizanaSvili qarTveli eTnografebis im plea-
das ekuTvnoda, romelmac ilia WavWavaZis xelkurTxeviT daiw-
yo moRvaweoba da qarTuli eTnografiis gautexel yamirs Rrma
66
kvali gaavlo. es adamiani, misi drois Sesaferisad kargad mo-
zadebuli, romelsac Wkua da niWi uWrida, kalami emorCilebo-
da, romelic xalxis zne-Cveulebebis ostat-damkvirvebeli da
gonebamaxvili mkvlevari iyo, am pleadis yvelaze TvalsaCino
wevria. amitom aris, rom mis eTnografiul nawerebs, rac dro
gadis, ufro meti Sefaseba eZleva~ [6, 7].
giorgi Citaias azriT, urbnelma pirvelma aRmoaCina qar-
Tvel tomebSi winagvarovnuli sazogadoebisa da matriarqatis
arsebobis faqti, esaa is debulebebi, romlebic SemdgomSi rus-
ma profesorma kovalevskim saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb
wamoayena da romelic zogad samecniero literaturaSi kova-
levskis aRmoCenadaa cnobili.
saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis sakiTxebiT ur-
bneli Tavisi moRvaweobis meore etapze dainteresda. Tumca
adamianis cxovrebis etapebad dayofa arcTu gamarTlebulia,
magram XIX saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi iseTi Semoteva daiw-
yo ucxouri ideologiebis, rom adamianebs swori arCevanis ga-
keTeba gauWirdaT. is, vinc narodnikul moZraobas emxroboda,
misi sruli kraxis Semdeg an socialistur partiebSi gaerTian-
da, an erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, TergdaleulTa
mier dasaxul gzas daadga. amaT Soris iyo niko xizanaSvilic.
ilia WavWavaZesTan urTierTobam didi gavlena moaxdina masze
da saqarTvelos istoriiT daintereseba Tu samoRvaweo aspa-
rezze arCeuli moqmedebis miseuli programa ilias gavleniT
Camouyalibda. urbnelmac kargad gaiTavisa is azri, rom Tu is-
toria ar viciT, `ver gavigebT rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad
SesaZloa viyvneT kvlavadac~, rogorc werda didi mwerali
`iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul daviT aRmaSeneblisadmi miZRvnil we-
rilSi [7, 17]. ilias aRizianebda saqarTvelos istoriuli war-
sulis CrdilSi yofna, misdami rusi Sovinistebis damokidebu-
leba, amitom eZebda niWier xalxs, romelTa namoRvawariTac na-
Teli moefineboda saqarTvelos warsuls. aseT pirovnebad mi-
aCnda mas nikoloz urbnelic. artur laisti werda: `ilia did
pativs scemda n. xizanaSvils im SromisaTvis, romelic man sa-
qarTvelos siZveleTa gamokvlevebs uZRvna~ [8, 51].
narodnikuli ideologiis zegavlenis periodSi is serio-
zulad ar uyurebda istoriul-eTnologiur kvlevebs, akriti-
kebda kidec dimitri baqraZes amgvari moRvaweobisaTvis. 1883
wels `droebaSi~ dabeWdili misi werili exeba baqraZis mier
67
qsnisa da urbnisis xelnaweri saxarebis teqstebis Sedarebas da
am sakiTxze `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul werils. am masalas is
arafrismTqmels uwodebda. `mkiTxvelisTvis am referats inte-
resi ara aqvs, _werda igi, _ da Tu igi dabeWdilia JurnalSi,
albaT imitom, rom `iverias~ masala Semohklebia.~ miuxedavad
imisa, rom urbnelis narodnikobas qarTuli mecniereba xSirad
eWvqveS ayenebs, SeuZlebelia am ideologiis saqarTveloSi ar-
seboba Seswavlili iqnes misi im werilebis gareSe, romelebic
1881-1883 wlebSi narodnikuli mimarTulebis Jurnal `imedSi~
gamoqveynda. `imedis~ jgufisa da qarTveli narodnikebis rol-
ze qarTveli mecnierebi, upirvelesad, urbnelis RvawliT
msjeloben. mkvlevari simon xundaZe werda: `imedis~ jgufma
naTlad dainaxa is Rrma ufskruli da brZola, romelic arse-
bobda soflad memamuleTa da glexTa Soris. am brZolis um-
Tavresi mizezi, narodnikebis gagebiT, ekonomiur pirobebSi
emarxa. im dros, 80-ian wlebSi, narodniki urbnelis ekonomiku-
ri xasiaTis narkvevebi garkveul pasuxs iZlevian mis Sesaxeb,
Tu saidan, ra wyaroebidan momdinareobda wodebaTa brZola
CvenSi~ [9, 66].
urbneli, `imedis~ sxva publicistebTan erTad, gamodioda
glexTa interesebis damcvelad. is gansakuTrebuli gulistki-
viliT werda saqarTveloSi droebiTvaldebul glexTa insti-
tutis Seqmnaze, im adamianebze, romelTa mdgomareoba baton-
ymobis gauqmebam da Tbilisis guberniaSi gatarebulma 1864
wlis manifestma kidev ufro daamZima. igi werda: `iq, sadac
glexi droebiTvaldebulia Tavisi batonisa, kanonis winaSe Ta-
nasworobas ufro Teoretikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre praq-
tikuli. iq Tanasworoba mSvenieri sityvaa da ara ganxorciele-
buli principi. TanasworobisaTvis saWiroa ekonomiuri da
sxvagvari Tavisufleba~[10].
n. urbnelma `imedSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilebiT naTeli
gaxada, rom saqarTveloSi mudam arsebobda klasobrivi brZo-
la, romelsac ekonomikuri faqtori gansazRvravda. . Jurnal
`imedis~ daxurvis Semdeg igi TanamSromlobda `droebaSi~ da
radikalurad ilaSqrebda Tavadaznaurobis winaaRmdeg. magram
gavida sul mcire dro da n. urbneli sxva narodnik moazrov-
neebTan erTad ilias `iveriis~ TanamSromeli gaxda. `iveriaSi~
`plebsis~ fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul werilebSi igi ukve imas
amtkicebda, rom wodebaTa arseboba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
68
kanons warmoadgens da bunebrivi da misaRebiao. msoflmxedve-
lobis amgvari swrafi cvlileba, erTi mxriv, saerTod iyo da-
maxasiaTebeli imdroindeli qarTveli xalxosani inteligenci-
isTvis. meore mxriv ki, didi ilias siaxlove da `iveriaSi~misi
gadasvla ar SeiZleboda amgvari cvlilebiT ar dagvirgvinebu-
liyo.
n. urbneli winaaRmdegi iyo ucxouri mecnieruli azrov-
nebis Tu tradiciebis ukritikod miReba-gaziarebis, saqarTve-
los sinamdvilisTvis Seuferebeli sazogadoebrivi movlenebis
meqanikurad gadmotana_ `SemoRebis~. misi azriT, qarTvel mec-
niers, upirvelesad unda SeenarCunebina qarTuli istoriul-
kulturuli tradiciebi, ucxouridan mxolod is gadmoetana,
rac erovnul tradicias SeinarCunebda. ~ evropuli mecniere-
ba, _ werda igi, _ miucileblad saWiroa, magram marto aseTi
mecnierebiT Cveneburi mkvlevari saqarTvelos socialur evo-
lucias verc Tavs gaugebs da verc bolos... ~ da iqve dasZenda,
rom `didad saWiroa Cveni warsuli da awmyo cxovrebis Seswav-
la da codnao~[11].
erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebis upirveles pirobad Ta-
vis istoriul da eTnografiul nawerebSi n. urbneli Tvlida
im qarTuli tradiciebisa da adaTebis SenarCunebas, rac qar-
Tvels sxva erebisgan ganasxvebda da rasac progresuli Sede-
gebis motana SeuZlia. `eTnografiul nawerebSi~ igi aRniSnavda:
`iqneba gegonoT, rom Cven gvsurs yvela Cveulebis dacva, ara,
Cveulebasac Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba aqvs da, Tu igi xalxis
vinaobis gamomxatvelia da amasTanave zneobiTs kanons ar ewi-
naaRmdegeba, misi dacva yovlad saWiroa. sxvaTa Soris, swored
aseTi Cveuleba aZlevs xalxs gansakuTrebul fers, xasiaTs.
rogorc yvela calke pirisaTvis saWiroa misi pirovnuli Tavi-
sebureba, vinaoba, ise xalxisaTvis saWiroa gonivruli xalxos-
nuri Cveuleba. sadac ase ar aris, iq arc progresia SesaZlo.~
adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, mis sulier da fizikur formi-
rebaSi igi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda istoriul-geografiul
garemos. mTielisa da baris mcxovrebi adamianebi, misi azriT,
sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan da am Tvisebebs geogra-
fiuli garemo ganapirobebs. rogorc iuristi da kavkasieli
xalxebis samarTlebrivi tradiciebis mkvlevari, is did yurad-
Rebas uTmobda saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobis socialur da
samarTlebriv azrovnebas, ar izRudeboda mxolod faqtebiT,
69
analizisa da sinTezis meTodiT cdilobda mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis monaxvas da maTi cxovrebis Seswavlas. istoriuli
mecnierebis ganviTareba mas kompleqsurad esaxeboda eTnolo-
giis, arqeologiis, samarTlis, lingvistikis, paleografiis da
sxva dargebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT. maSin, rodesac es
dargebi saqarTveloSi jer ar iyo ganviTarebuli, is Tavad
eZebda siaxles da xSirad meTaur sityvasac ambobda jerac uc-
nob sxvadasxva sferoSi. istorikosisagan urbneli sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebisa da mecnierebis mravali dargis codnas moiT-
xovda da amas aRniSnavda kidec 1892 wels `iveriaSi~ gamoqvey-
nebul werilSi _`gujrebi aleqsandre xaxanaSvilisa~[12].
igi amtkicebs, rom istorikosma movlenebi ki ar unda gad-
mosces mxolod, aramed unda gaanalizos da amas sworad da
Rrmad mxolod didi codnis Sedegad Tu SeZlebs. wyaroebis
gamoyenebas misTvis ubralo, publicisturi werilis daweris
drosac didi mniSvneloba hqonda, zogjer arc asaxelebda wya-
ros, magram imdenad detalurad aRwerda istoriul pirovneba-
sa Tu movlenas, rom eWvi aRar rCeba avtoris sagangebod in-
formirebulobaze. magaliTisTvis erTi statiac ikmarebs, ro-
melic urbnelma krwanisis brZolis as wlisTavze gamoaqveyna
`iveriaSi~. aq man TiTqmis mwerlis ostatobiT daxata aRa-mah-
mad-xanis portreti. misi aRwera emTxveva ingliseli istori-
kosis _ malkolmis mier aRweril sparsi sardlis saxes. es teq-
sti iase cincaZem sagangebod moitana Tavis wignSi _ `aRa mah-
mad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze~, romelic 1959 welsaa gamo-
cemuli. Cans, urbnelma icoda es teqsti. amaSi gasakviri ara-
feria, Tu warmovidgenT, rom igi iliasTan ara marto muSaob-
da, aramed megobrobda kidec. yvela ucxouri samecniero in-
formacia, rac saqarTvelos istoriul warsuls exeboda, am
adamianebisTvis rom nacnobi iyo, es ilias `qvaTa RaRadidan~
Tu sxva werilebidanac kargad Cans. miTumetes, urbnelma ico-
da evropuli enebi da ganaTlebiT Tavis TanamedroveebSi gamo-
irCeoda. urbneliseuli aRa mahmad-xanis portreti Zalze
hgavs cincaZis naSromSi motanil ingliseli istorikosis por-
trets. `warmoidgineT saxe, gamxdari, daRmanWuli, uwverulva-
So, ToTxmet-TxuTmeti wlis bavSvis msgavsi moxuci, ymawvilo-
biTve dasaWurisebuli, mudam braziani, gulaRrenili....amas
zed daurTeT usazRvro Tavmoyvareoba, uzomo batonobis sur-
70
vili, siflide, yovelgvari simzakvre da Tqven win aRa mahmad-
xanis namdvili suraTi iqneba~[13, 194].
wyaroebis gamoyeneba aZlevs urbnelis istoriul Temaze
daweril naSromebs damajereblobas da maTSi motanili faqte-
bisadmi mecnier-mkvlevarTa ndobas iwvevs.
n. xizanaSvili Tavgamodebuli icavda sazogadoebis ganvi-
TarebaSi axali ideebis rols, progresuli ideebi, misi azriT,
Soben did sazogadoebriv movlenebs. mas safrangeTis revolu-
cia `franguli filosofiis memkvidred da RviZl nayofad~ mi-
aCnda [14]. misi azriT, sazogadoebaSi mudmivad Cndeba siaxle
da icvleba moTxovnilebani, axali ideebi mxolod maSinaa misa-
Rebi da gasaziarebeli, rodesac isini gamiznulia srulyofili
socialuri urTierTobis dasamyareblad. Tavad yoveli axali
Taoba, misi axali ideebi `miucilebeli Sedegia cxovrebis
cvlilebisa~[15].
sxva samocianelTa msgavsad, man ara marto sazogadoebrivi
problemebisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis Serwymis idea wamoaye-
na, aramed aRiarebda am ideebis aqtiur ukuqmedebiT rols maT
warmomSob sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. urbnelis azriT, sazoga-
doebriv cxovrebas Tavisi kanonebi gaaCnia da cxovrebis ganvi-
Tareba am kanonebs emorCileba.
qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebis ga-
Suqebisas xizanaSvili warmatebiT sargeblobda dasavleT ev-
ropis qveynebis magaliTebiT. rodesac is ayenebda ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis upiratesobis koncefcias, mohyavda inglisis ma-
galiTi, sadac iuridiuli Tavisufleba iyo, magram realurad
adamianebi ar iyvnen Tavisufalni ekonomikuri uTanasworobis
gamo. es magaliTebi mas Wirdeboda reformis Semdgomi qarTve-
li glexis cxovrebis Sesafaseblad. misi Tezisi iyo: iuridiu-
li Tavisufleba Zalas kargavs ekonomikuri uTanasworobis pi-
robebSi, amitom, sazogadoebis mowinave nawilma unda ibrZo-
los socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis. umiwo glexi soflis meur-
neobaSi axali tqnikis dasanergad Tu meurneobis gasaumjobe-
seblad ver izrunebs. 1883 wels `droebaSi~ urbneli Seexo erT
faqts: cxinvalis mazris erT-erTma mebatonem sulxaniSvilma
Semoitana axali guTani da glexebi mis gasinjvaze miipatiJa.
mas surda daemtkicebina axlis upiratesoba ZvelTan, Tumca
glexoba uinteresod Sexvedria am faqts. amis mizezad statiis
avtors _ urbnels glexTa umiwoba miaCnda. `am gulgrilobiT,
71
_ werda igi, _ glexi pirdapir acxadebs, oRondac mamuli sak-
mao mqondes da axali guTani saWiro ar ariso~[16].
n. urbneli Tavis istoriul nawerebSi exeba pirovnebis
rols. igi did misias akisrebs pirovnebas, magram mis moqmede-
basa da warmatebas arsebuli istoriul-politikuri momentiT
xsnis da acxadebs, rom `mefisa Tu sxva sazogadoebrivi moRva-
wis saqmeTa ganxilva da gansja SesaZloa istoriul garemoeba-
Ta mixedviT. droTa viTarebas didi gavlena aqvs sazogado
cxovrebis brunvaze.~ istoriul movlenebs safuZvlad udevs
Sesaferi `droTa viTareba~. misi azriT, didi pirovneba isaa,
visi moRvaweobac da ideebic progress emsaxureba, sakuTari
qveynis winsvlasa da Tavisuflebas iTvaliswinebs. amitom akri-
tikebda igi napoleon bonapartes, romelmac, urbnelis azriT,
`daamsxvria safrangeTis demokratia da daaarsa iseTi politi-
kuri sisulele, rogoric cezarizmi iyo~. marTalia, demokra-
tias Cveni mkvlevari zogadad xotbas asxams, magram yovelTvis
gamarTlebulad ar miiCnevs. magaliTad, daviT aRmaSeneblisad-
mi miZRvnil naSromSi is miuTiTebs, rom mefis mtkice da Zli-
erma erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis politikam XII saukuneSi sa-
qarTvelos Sinauri da gareSe mtrebis damarcxeba ganapiroba.
daviT aRmaSenebels is samagaliTo, eris gamorCeul gmirad mi-
iCnevda da axalgazrdobis aRzrdaSi misi magaliTis gamoyene-
bisken mouwodebda. saerTod, miaCnda, rom istoria axalgazrda
Taobebis patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdis saSualebad un-
da qceuliyo. krwanisis gmirebze `iveriaSi~ werda: `CvenTvis
Rirssanatreli da samaradisod mosagonebelia is Tavganwiru-
li, aRfrTovanebuli wminda mamuliSviloba, romelic Cvenma
winaprebma krwanisis velzed gamoiCines da saTakilod unda
migvaCndes mxolod, roca dumilni faraven erTgulTa ZeTa~.
werilSi is akritikebda Tanadroul sazogadoebas, uazro qe-
ifsa da drostarebaSi garTuls asi wlis winandeli tragedia
rom daviwyeboda da axla amave adgilze dros atarebda.
n. urbnels sakuTari azri aqvs samarTlian da usamarTlo,
gamarjvebul da damarcxebul omebze. istoria marto gamarjve-
bulebs ar ajildoebs, wers igi, gamarjveba mxolod maSin aris
Rirseuli, rodesac brZolis mizani humanuri da samarTliania.
misi azriT, zogjer damarcxebac ki sapatioa da mas istoria
SaravandiT mosavs, gamarjvebuls ki igive istoria kicxavs, vi-
naidan mis moqmedebas arahumanuroba ganapirobebs. `Tqven mipa-
72
suxebT, rom krwanisis velzed saqarTvelos gmiroba STainTqa
da damarcxda, Tayvansacemi aq ra ariso. magram amisTana pasuxi
xom ugnureba iqneba. damarcxebac sxvadasxvagvaria, zogjer da-
marcxeba ufro Saravandeds hfens TviT damarcxebuls, vidre
gamarjvebuls~, _ werda igi.
sabWoTa drois mkvlevrebi xSirad akritikebdnen urbne-
lis mier daviT aRmaSenebelze daweril statiaSi gamoTqmul
Tvalsazriss, sadac is TamarTan SedarebiT maRla ayenebda aR-
maSeneblis pirovnebas. amgvari kritika arasworia, radgan ur-
bneli Tamaris pirovnebas ki ar amcirebda, aramed faqts aRniS-
navda, rom daviTma miwasTan gasworebuli qveyana Caibara, gaa-
Tavisufla mtrebisgan, gaaerTiana da ganavrco da ise gadasca
politikur memkvidreebs. urbnels miaCnda, rom Tamar mefis
kulti iyo sazogadoebaSi da daviT aRmaSenebels naklebi pati-
viscema hqonda, rasac arasworad Tvlida. saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifos Senoba daviTma aago da misma memkvidreebma mxolod mi-
si dacva itvirTeso. aRmaSeneblis Rvawlis win wamoweva iliam
daiwyo da samocianelebma es tradicia gaSales. XIX saukunis
mamaTa da SvilTa dapirispireba am sakiTxiTac gacxadda. Cven
gvaxsovs, rom ufrosi Taobis SemoqmedebaSi qarTvel mefeTa So-
ris Tamaris saxe iyo gamokveTili, iliam da misma gundma ki win
aRmaSeneblis pirovneba wamoswies. urbnelis es Sromac am mizans
isaxavda.
urbnelis bevri istoriuli mosazreba sworia da dResac
miseuli interpretaciiTaa miRebuli Cvens istoriografiaSi,
magaliTad demetre mefis brZola taxtis memkvidreobisaTvis Zma
_ vaxtangTan da ufros ZesTan_daviTTan.
urbneli miiCnevs, rom vaxtang-cvata demetrem samefo
kars 30-ian wlebSi CamoaSora, urbnels akritikebs mkvlevari
giorgi nadiraZe da miiCnevs, rom istoriaSi miRebuli daviTis
ajanyebebi mamis winaaRmdeg, romelic 50-iani wlebis dasawyiss
aris mikuTvnebuli, sinamdvileSi iyo vaxtangis gamosvlebi
taxtis dasakaveblad da 1145 wlisaTvis unda damarcxebuliyo
demetres mowinaaRmdege vaxtangi. Tanamedrove saistorio kon-
cefcias urbnelis Sexeduleba ufro Seesabameba.
urbnelma gaakritika platon ioselianis Tvalsazrisi,
rom ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba iyo `eretikosTa~ winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli. misi azriT, daviT aRmaSenebelma is moiwvia urCi
feodaluri aristokratiis asalagmavad, romelic eklesias
73
centralizebuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, mis dasasusteblad
da TavianTi moRalaturi gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad iyeneb-
dnen. urbneli am faqts saeklesio sjulmdeblobis saukeTeso
codniT gvimtkicebs. marTalia, `ZeglisweraSi~ xatis Segineba
moixsenieba, magram mkvlevars miaCnia, rom es ar iyo dokumen-
tis mTavari saTqmeli. am dros gavrcelebuli nestorianelo-
bis dogmaturi dedaazri, rasac es kreba unda SebrZoleboda,
ar iyo xatis Segineba. mefes ufro didi politikuri zraxva
hqonda da es iyo eklesiis erovnuli, erTiani saxelmwifos sam-
saxurSi Cayenebis survili da ara `sqolastikuri varjiSi da
sja sxvadasxva dogmatzed~.
urbnels Taviseburi mosazreba aqvs yivCaRTa monawileoba-
ze didgoris omSi. misi azriT, mefem imitom ar gamoiyena yiv-
CaRTa 25 aTasiani rezervi da marto 15 aTasi meomari Seiyvana
brZolaSi, radgan icoda, rom isini ayal-mayalsa da uwesivro-
bas iyvnen miCveulni da omis drosac ver eleodnen am Tvisebas.
mefes mkacri wesrigi uyvarda da am sapasuxismgeblo Jams ami-
tom ar gamoiyena srulad maTi jario. sxvagan es Tvalsazrisi
ar gaJRerebula, dRes sxva koncefciaa am faqtTan dakavSire-
biT, Tumca, meCveneba, rom am konceptsac aqvs Tavisi argumen-
ti, Tundac is, rom yivCaRebi monRoluri warmoSobis tomebi
iyvnen da monRoluri sabrZolo wesebi specialurad iTvalis-
winebda yvirilsa da xmaurs mowinaaRmdegis dasabnevad. es ki
maTTan mebrZol qarTvelebs (maTi mokavSireebi iyvnen Tu mowi-
naaRmdegeni), romlebic sxva samxedro wesrigs iyvnen miCveul-
ni, saocrad abnevdaT.
urbnels aqvs mosazreba, rom aRmaSeneblis mier daarsebu-
li qsenoni iyo ara saavadmyofo, aramed samedicino akademia. amis
damamtkiceblad moaqvs maSindel periodSi amgvar saavadmyo-
foTa arseboba bevr qalaqsa da saxelmwifoSi, mematiane ki
wers, rom mefem `kualad sxua moigona saqmeo~. anu is gaakeTa,
rac arsad iyo gakeTebulio. esec hipoTezaa da damafiqrebeli.
urbneli saubrobs XI saukuneSi aRmaSeneblis mier qristi-
anobis farTod gavrcelebaze kavkasiis mTianeTSi, yivCaRebis
gaqristianebaze, axali qristianuli dResaswaulebis danergva-
ze, qarTuli kulturis evropulTan daaxloebaze, axali qar-
Tuli, erTiani samwerlobo enis warmoSobaze, rac Tbilisis
aRebam da quTaisidan samefos centris gadmotanam ganapiroba.
bevri es mosazreba dResac angariSgasawevi da misaRebia.
74
urbnels ekuTvnis mniSvnelovani mosazrebani da dakvirve-
bebi monRolTa saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb. miTume-
tes,rom kanonmdebloba, romelic monRolebma me-13 saukuneSi
SemoiRes Cingiz-yaenis mier SemuSavebuli kanonebis mixedviT,
daikarga da monRolebze msjelobas msoflios istorikosebi
maT mier dapyrobili xalxebis istorikosTa nawerebiT axerxe-
ben, gansakuTrebiT, Cinuri cnobebiT. urbnelic amgvar cno-
bebs eyrdnoboda da saintereso daskvnebs iZleoda monRolTa
laSqrobebis, sagadasaxado sistemis, sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis Sesaswavlad. evropel istorikosTa garda, igi eyrdnoboda
arabi istorikosebis _ ibn al-asiris, axmed an nesevis, gamus-
limanebuli ebraeli warmoSobis sparsi istorikosis raSid-ad-
dinis, somexi istorikosebis _ vardan didis da kirakos ganZa-
kelis cnobebs.
sainteresoa urbnelis mier mefe daviT VI_is Sefaseba. de-
metre II-is vaJs _ mefe daviT VIII-s is VI-d moixseniebs da sruli-
ad uaryofiTad axasiaTebs mis rols qarTveli xalxisa da sa-
xelmwifos winaSe. misi azriT, urCoba im dros, rodesac mon-
Rolebi TavianTi siZlieris mwvervalze iyvnen, qarTveli xal-
xis Ralats udrida, radgan misi urCobis gamo mterma uamrav-
jer aawioka udanaSaulo mosaxleoba. aqac aris istoriuli
logika da mkvlevars aqvs Tavisi logikuri simarTle.
niko xizanaSvili aucileblobad Tvlida, magram yovel-
mxriv ewinaaRmdegeboda wyaroebis, maT Soris `qarTlis cxov-
rebis~ ukritikod gamoyenebis faqts. am sakiTxze swavluli
farTod msjelobda naSromSi _`gujrebi al. xaxanaSvilisa~.
urbnelis Tvalsazriss wodebaTa Soris dapirispirebaze
aseve emTxveva ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba am sakiTxze. XIX
saukuneSi gaCnda azri, rom saqarTveloSi wodebaTa Soris
brZola ar yofila, rasac urbneli ar iziarebda, 1904 wels ga-
moqveynebul werilSi `mamuliSviloba da mecniereba~ es Tval-
sazrisi daicva ivane javaxiSvilmac. is miiCnevda, rom aseTi
ram, kidec rom yofiliyo, saqebari ar iqneboda qarTuli sa-
xelmwifosTvis. urbneli xedavda warsulSi wodebaTa Soris
konfliqts, roca beqa da aRbuRas samarTlis Sesaxeb msjelob-
da, is askvnida, rom ymisa da batonis damokidebuleba ise gam-
wvavebula, saWiro gamxdara `JamTa siavisaTvis~ yuradReba mi-
eqciaT. swored amitom daurTo aRbuRam papis samarTals `sxva-
dasxva uwesoTa saqmeTa samarTali~. urbnels sworad esmoda
75
sakiTxi, rom wodebaTa Soris brZola, socialuri dapirispire-
ba qveynis ganviTarebis maCvenebeli iyo da ara piriqiT, Tavis
mosawonebeli da qarTuli saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli niSani,
rogorc amas aleqsandre orbeliani da sxva XIX saukunis moR-
vaweebi aRniSnavdnen.
sanam ilias `iveriaSi~ moxvdeboda, urbneli winaaRmdegi
iyo sxvadasxa wodebis erTi droSis qveS darazmvisa, akritikeb-
da sergei mesxs, romelic aqeTken mouwodebda. arsebul viTa-
rebaSi, rodesac ruseTis imperiuli Savrazmuli Zalebi eb-
rZodnen qarTul enasa da kulturas, qarTveli xalxi erTiani
ZaliT unda gaerTianebuliyo erovnul interesTa dasacavad,
erTmaneTTan ar unda ekamaTaT, erT azrze unda damdgariyve-
nen. urbnelma maSin an ver gaigo TergdaleulTa `saerTo nia-
dagis Teoria~, an jer kidev xalxosnuri azrovnebis tyveobaSi
iyo. is werda: `ara batonebo, amgvari brZola aravis ar daasus-
tebs, aramed ufro gagvaZlierebs da agvamaRlebs, suliTa da
grZnobiT gangvaviTarebs. sastiki literaturuli brZola Se-
degia xalxis gonebis warmatebisa da saWiroa es brZola Cven-
Sic male gaCaRdes, vinc am brZolis aRorZinebas xels uSlis,
is mteria logikisa~ [17].
amave periodSi Tavisi statiebiT man daundobeli brZola
gaaCaRa ianovskis antiqarTuli saganmanaTleblo politikis wi-
naaRmdeg. werilSi_`safuZvlebi saxalxo ganaTlebisa~_ is wer-
da, rom skolebis simravle sulac ar metyvelebs eris ganaT-
lebaze. Tu skolebSi humanuri swavlebis principi ar aris, ma-
Sin aseTi ganaTleba bevrs verafers SesZens verc ers da verc
kacobriobas. urbnelis sityviT, kulturuls da ganaTlebuls
ver davarqmevT adamians, romelsac keTilSobileba Ralatobs,
ganaTleba maSin iZens cxovelmyofel Zalas, roca zneobrivi
siwminde axlavs. skola, sadac saxelmwifos gavlenaa, sadac po-
litikuri ideologia gabatondeba, `gonebis cixed~ iqceva da
verasodes uzrunvelyofs keTilSobili moqalaqeebis aRzrdas.
ase msjelobda publicisti urbneli da Tavisi statiebiT im-
droindel Jurnal-gazeTebSi ibrZoda ganaTlebis rusuli da
prusiuli wesebis winaaRmdeg, sadac humanizmis nacvlad sam-
xedro Zaladoba iyo gabatonebuli.
urbnelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo logikuri azrovneba,
WeSmaritebis dadgenis survili. mas miaCnda, rom moazrovne
WeSmaritebas mxolod maSin miwvdeba, Tu did ganaTlebasTan
76
erTad patiosani, zneobrivad amaRlebuli da Sinaganad Tavisu-
fali pirovneba iqneba. misi istoriuli naazrevi imdenad aris
mniSvnelovani, rom im dros, calkeuli werilebis garda, jer
kidev ar arsebobda vrceli istoriuli gamokvlevebi, qarTuli
istoriografia TiTqmis CanasaxSi imyofeboda. meorec, is Ter-
gdaleulTa Tvalsazriss adga da istoriisa da sazogadoebri-
vi ganviTarebis procesebs mTlianad erovnul WrilSi ganixi-
lavda; mesamec: mas miRebuli hqonda Tavisi droisaTvis kargi
ganaTleba, trialebda qaTuli sazogadoebis yvelaze mowinave
wreSi, icnobda da mraval enaze kiTxulobda misTvis saWiro da
saintereso mecnierul naSromebs. yvelaferma aman mis naazrevs
sicocxle gauxangrZliva da Cven droSic aqtualoba SeunarCu-
na.
niko xizanaSvili 1906 wels, avadmyofobas gadarCenili da
evropidan samSobloSi dabrunebuli, mkvlelis mier nasrol
tyvias emsxverpla. igi didubis panTeonSia dakrZaluli.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. ivane mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 2006.
2. giga yifSiZe, `xizaniSvili da misi saliteraturo moRvawe-
oba~, almanaxi `qarTveli eri~, 1909.
3. elisabed CerqeziSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 1967.
4. xomleli, rCeuli nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1963.
5. ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTuli samarTlis istoria~, 1928.
6. n. xizanaSvili, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tbilisi, 1940.
7. ilia WavWavaZe, `daviT aRmaSenebeli~, gazeTi `iveria~, 1885.
8. artur laisti, saqarTvelos guli, Tbilisi, 1963.
9. s. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi, t. II,
Tbilisi, 1927.
10. n. urbneli, `Cveni glexkacoba da axali samarTali~, J.
`imedi~, 1883, #3.
11. n. urbneli, Cveni cxovrebis evolucia, `iveria~, #11 1902.
12. n. urbneli, `gujrebi aleqsandre xaxanaSvilisa~, `iveria~,
1892, #68.
13. n. urbneli, `krwanisis brZola~,gazeTi `iveria~, 1895.
14. n. urbneli, safuZvlebi saxalxo ganaTlebisa, J. `imedi~,
1881 #7.
77
15. n. urbneli, Zveli da axali Taoba, gazeTi `droeba, 1883,
#94.
16. n. urbneli, ekonomia Tu agronomia? `droeba~, 1883, #248.
17. n. urbneli, Cvens literaturul keTilsindisierebazed,
gaz. `droeba~, 1883, #99.
Dodo Chumburidze
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
About the Merits of Niko Khizanashvili
Summary
Niko Khizanashvili’s letters of historical character are discussed in the article and analysed in comparison with modern scientific viewpoints. It is said that like other representatives of the 60-es he not only put forward the idea of joining the social ideas and practical activities, but also believed that these ideas actively counteract, effect reality, the real social life which gave a birth to these ideas. In the opinion of Niko Khizanashvili social life has its own rules and the development of life is determined by them.
When evaluating current problems of the Georgian society, Niko Khizanashvili was successfully using the examples of western European countries. When he was putting forward the priority of economic development, was using an example of England, where there was juridical independence, but people where not independent factually because of economic inequality. He needed these examples to show and evaluate the life of a Georgian peasant after reform. His thesis was following: juridical independence lapse, loses its meaning in the conditions of economic inequality. That is why elite should fight for social development.
The author of the article comes to a conclusion that the opinions of Khizanishvili about the merits of David the Builder, the role of Kipchaks in the battles of Didgori and Krtsanisi, the rank oppositions in Georgia etc. is topical and worth of interest.
78
oTar gogoliSvili baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis
saxelmwifo universitetis, istoriis,
arqeologiisa da eTnologiis departa-
mentis profesori
politikuri partiebi baTumSi meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi (1905 weli)
carizmis mmarTvelobis periodSi qalaq baTumisaTvis gan-
sakuTrebiT mSfoTvare da daZabuli iyo 1905 weli. qalaqSi
1900 wels dawyebuli muSaTa demonstraciebi, gaficvebi da ga-
mosvlebi, romelTac tons aZlevdnen iq arsebuli politikuri
partiebi kulminacias aRwevs 1905 wels.
im droisTvis eTnikurad da socialurad Wrel qalaqSi
arsebobda ruseTis imperiis masStabiT sakmaod mravalricxova-
ni politikuri partiebi da moZraobebi.
Cven SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT organizaciuli siZlierisa
da mosaxleobaSi gavlenis mixedviT, baTumSi 1905 wels arsebu-
li politikuri speqtri.
istoriografiuli, saarqivo da samuzeumo masalebidan
irkveva, rom 1905 wels baTumSi funqcionirebda ruseTis soci-
al-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis baTumis komiteti ori fraq-
ciiT _ menSevikebiT da bolSevikebiT, socialist-federalis-
turi partiis baTumis biuro, socialist-revoluciuri parti-
is baTumis organizacia, erovnul-demokratiuli moZraoba,
anarqistuli partiis patara jgufi, somxuri politikuri par-
tiebi `daSnakcuTiuni~, `hnCaki~, `droSaki~, ebrauli politiku-
ri organizacia `bundi~, rusuli ultranacionalisturi par-
tia `rusi xalxis kavSiri~.
politikuri partiebis mier ganxorcielebuli mTavrobis
sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebis Sedegad 1905 wels baTumSi fabri-
ka-qarxnebis umravlesoba daixura, vaWroba Cakvda, dacarielda
navsadguri da maRaziebi, navTobi iSviaT SemTxvevebSi igzavne-
boda gemebiT ucxoeTSi, Sewyda samgzavro reisebi, moiSala
rkinigzis muSaoba. revoluciur politikur partiebs mitmasni-
li pirebi eweodnen fulis gamoZalvasa da mosaxleobis date-
rorebas. [13, 327].
79
1905 wels baTumSi arsebuli politikuri partiebidan yve-
laze Zlieri organizacia hqondaT social-demokratebs, rom-
lebic fraqciul diskusiebSi iyvnen Cafluli. [12, 27] ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis baTumis organizaciaSi
im dros aTasxuTasamde wevri iricxeboda. [3, 33]
fraqciul diskusiebSi 1905 wlis aprilamde dominireb-
dnen bolSevikebi, xolo aprilis bolos baTumSi Catarda so-
cial-demokratiuli partiis baTumis komitetis arCevnebi, ro-
melic uaRresad daZabul situaciaSi mimdinareobda. baTumSi
Camovidnen noe ramiSvili da ioseb juRaSvili, romlebmac sami
dRis ganmavlobaSi uSeRavaTo debatebi gamarTes qalaqis muSa-
Ta klasis krebebze. Sidapartiuli diskusia xelCarTul CxubSi
gadaizarda. [15, 42] menSevikebis gamarjveba baTumis komitetSi
maT sasargeblod gadaixara, noe Jordanias Casvlis Semdeg, ro-
melic baTumSi ori kviris ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda. baTumis
aTas xuTaskacianma social-demokratiulma organizaciam noe
Jordanias xelmZRvanelobiT airCia Svidkaciani menSevikuri
komiteti. [6,193-194]
1905 wlis aprilidan social-demokratiuli partiis ba-
Tumis organizaciam miiRo menSevizmis ideuri da organizaciu-
li principebi.
menSevikuri baTumis komiteti karlo CxeiZis xelmZRvane-
lobiT (romelic komitetSi ar iyo arCeuli magram maT aRiare-
bul liderad iTvleboda) wina planze ayenebda mitingebisa da
demonstraciebis Catarebas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg da aqedan ga-
momdinare upirispirdeboda bolSevikebis moTxovnas SeiaraRe-
buli ajanyebis dawyebis Taobaze. 1905 wlis aprilidan baTumSi
mimdinare procesebma naTlad warmoaCina menSevikebis strate-
giisa da taqtikis popularoba.
politikurma terorma ruseTis imperiaSi im dros maRal
dones miaRwia. ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiac
teroriT cdilobda xelisuflebis dezorganizacias. social-
demokratiuli partiis baTumis organizaciaSi teroristuli
sistemis mimarT ori gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobda. men-
Sevikebi uaryofdnen teroris amoqmedebas, xolo bolSevikebi
mas miiCnevdnen miznis miRwevis ualternativo saSualebad. [7,
558]
miuxedavad fraqciebis gansxvavebuli Sexedulebisa soci-
al-demokratiuli partiis baTumis organizaciam 1905 wlis
80
ganmavlobaSi moawyo 30-ze meti teroristuli aqti carizmis
moxeleebis winaaRmdeg. [18, 144]
social-demokratiuli partiis baTumis organizaciam re-
voluciis aRmavlobis wels (1905) `barcxanis gubernatoris~
xelmZRvanelobiT baTumSi moawyo 25 ianvris, 20 Tebervlis, 8
maisis, 23 oqtombris muSaTa mitingebi da 28 noember 1 dekem-
bris SeiaraRebuli gamosvla kazakebisagan qalaqis dasacavad.
(Tumca 28 noember _ 1 dekembris SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba inter-
partiuli xasiaTis iyo). [19, 173]
1904 wlis zafxulSi baTumSi Camoyalibda socialist-fe-
deralisturi partiis biuro, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen
svimon mdivani, memed abaSiZe, parmen sabaSvili, vasil wereTe-
li, zia abaSiZe da sxvebi. [10, 15] 1905 wels isini baTumSi ga-
moscemdnen gazeT `golos baTumas~. [8, 13-14]
socialist-federalisturi partiis baTumis biurosTan
axlo urTierTobaSi imyofebodnen nestor kalandariSvili,
grigol qiqoZe da sevasti WeliZe. [11, 377]
socialist-federalisturi partia social-demokratebis
Semdeg baTumSi 1905 wels yvelaze mZlavr organizaciad Camo-
yalibda. [16, 294]
1905 wlis revoluciis dros baTumSi opoziciis mier Ca-
tarebul mitingebze erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri oratori iyo
socialist-federalisti svimon mdivani. [9, 140-141]
1905 wlis 15 noembers odesidan baTumSi Camoasvenes rusi
Savrazmelebis mier mokluli mecnieri saba kldiaSvili. `azi-
zies~ moedanze Catarda grandiozuli antisamTavrobo demon-
stracia. am demonstraciaSi monawileobas iRebda socialist-
federalisturi partiis baTumis biuro. [11, 380-381]
socialist-federalisturi partiis baTumis biuro em-
xroboda carizmis winaaRmdeg demonstraciebisa da mitingebis
Catarebas, Tumca maT samoqmedo arealSi aseve Sedioda tero-
ristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebac. magaliTad baTumSi xSirad
Camodiodnen socialist-federalisti teroristi Zmebi qiqave-
bi, romlebmac ramdenjerme ganaxorcieles teroristuli aqti
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis CinovnikTa winaaRmdeg. [18, 13]
socialist-federalisturi partiis baTumis biuro aqti-
ur monawileobas iRebda 29 noember _ 1 dekembris SearaRebul
gamosvlaSi. socialist-federalisturi partiis warmomadgene-
li xelmZRvanelobda 400 kacian SeiaraRebul razms, romelic
81
Cadga baTumis quCebSi baTumelebis jariskacebisa da kazakebi-
sagan dasacavad. [5]
socialist-revoluciuri partiis baTumis komiteti daar-
sda 1904 wels. mas hqonda aralegaluri stamba. komitetSi ga-
wevrianebuli iyvnen inteligentebi da moswavle axalgazrdoba.
socialist-revoluciuri partiis baTumis komiteti miznad
isaxavda muSaTa da glexTa revoluciuri moZraobis organize-
bas, Tumca maTi gavlena baTumis mosaxleobaze 1905 wlisaTvis
susti iyo. [11, 374]
1905 wlis ianvarSi socialist-revoluciuri partiis ba-
Tumis komitetis wevrebi iyvnen sakara (komitetis xelmZRvane-
li), Stimpeli, mixailovi, ginkulovi, fefelovi da sxva. [11,
376]
socialist-revoluciuri partiis baTumis komitets hyav-
da teroristTa razmi, romelic Sedgeboda kriminaluri ele-
mentebisagan. isini asrulebdnen komitetis davalebebs tero-
ristuli aqtebis mosawyobad.
1905 wlis 30 agvistos socialist-revoluciuri partiis
baTumis komiteti orasi momxriT gaemgzavra qobuleTSi da
rkinigzis sadgurSi Caatara mitingi carizmis winaaRmdeg ga-
mosvlebis mowodebiT. [2, 23-24]
saqarTveloSi 1905 wels arsebobdnen erovnul-demokra-
tiuli moZraobis jgufebi. baTumSi erovnul-demokratebi Tavs
iyridnen ivane andronikaSvilis, ivane mesxis da grigol vol-
skis garSemo. [4, 21] 1905 wels qalaqSi gaxSirebuli uwesrigo-
bebis gamo, ivane andronikaSvili da misi jgufi, TviTmmarTve-
lobis saxeliT, baTumis general-gubernatorisgan jarisa da
kazakebis umsgavso moqmedebebis aRkveTas moiTxovdnen. [5]
baTumis qalaqisTavma ivane andronikaSvilma 1905 wlis 2
martis sabWos sxdomaze warmoadgina sakuTari azri carizmis
`damyarebuli saxelmwifo wyobilebis~ Sesacvlelad. man xeli-
suflebisagan moiTxova sityvis, sindisis, sarwmunoebis, krebe-
bis, presisa da pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebebi. [4, 21]
1905 wels baTumSi arsebobda anarqistebis mcirericxova-
ni jgufi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeodnen g. gvazava, i. sixaru-
liZe, i. dixaminjia, s. gamsaxurdia. baTumeli anarqistebi so-
cial-demokratiuli partiis baTumis komitetis wevrebs yaCa-
Rebs uwodebdnen, ris gamoc xSirad imarTeboda maT Soris ara
marto diskusiebi, aremed xelCarTuli Cxubic. [8, 32]
82
baTumSi 1905 wels funqcionirebda sami somxuri politi-
kuri partia `daSnakcutiuni~, `droSaki~ da `hnCaki~. baTumSi im
dros cxovrobda daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde kaci, maTSoris 5200
suli somexi, rac Seadgenda mosaxleobis 17%. [14,115] sakmaod
mravalricxovani baTumeli somxebis umravlesoba `daSnakcuti-
uns~ uWerda mxars, Semdeg `hnCaki~ modioda, xolo bolos
`droSaki~. [1, 18-20]
`daSnakcutiunis~ politikuri liderebi did mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen baTumSi mZlavri politikuri organizaciis Camoya-
libebas, ris gamoc xSirad Camodiodnen partiis liderebi ste-
fane zoriani da andranik ozaniani. [17, 90]
1905 wels `daSnakcutiunis~ baTumis komitetSi Sediodnen:
saribek aruTiuniani (Tavmjdomare), sumbaT aruTiunianci, ar-
zuman avakovi, grigol danielovi, parin darmaniani, gracia
adamianci, qristefore danieliani. [11, 377]
1903 wels baTumSi daarsda ebrauli politikuri partia
`bundi~, romlis SemadgenlobaSi ebraeli muSebi iyvnen gaerTi-
anebuli. [1, 18]
1905 wels `bundis~ liderebi baTumSi iyvnen: dinini (Tav-
mjdomare), Certkovi, Smaevski, feigini, gertzoni, Cerelkini.
[11, 377]
1903 wlidan baTumSi moqmedebda rusuli politikuri or-
ganizacia `rusi xalxis kavSiri~. es iyo tipiuri nacionalis-
tur-Sovinisturi partia, romlis wevrebi cdilobdnen gaeRvi-
vebinaT SuRli qristianebsa da musulmanebs Soris. isini gansa-
kuTrebiT agresiulebi iyvnen qristiani qarTvelebis mimarT.
[1, 18]
1905 wlis ianvar-maisisa da oqtomber-dekembris baTumis
revoluciuri procesebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalebi iy-
vnen iq arsebuli politikuri partiebi. eTnikuri da socialu-
ri siWrele baTumSi ganapirobebda sxvadasxva erovnuli da so-
cialuri interesebis gamomxatveli politikuri partiebis ar-
sebobas.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, saq. 1520.
2. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 1, saq. 17.
83
3. axvlediani x., 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis gamoZaxili
aWaraSi, baTumi 1987.
4. gaz. `iveria~, 1905, 6 marti, #21.
5. gaz. `cnobis furceli~, 1905, 4 dekemberi, # 2968.
6. guruli v., vaCnaZe m., qarTuli social-demokratiis isto-
ria, Tbilisi, 1999.
7. giorgaZe gr., sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi
batonymobis gadavardnidan pirveli revoluciamde (1861-
1905), Tbilisi, 1928.
8. gogoliSvili o., sazogadoebriv politikuri viTareba ba-
Tumis olqSi ruseTis pirveli revoluciis periodSi (1905-
1907) Tbilisi, 1994.
9. kldiaSvili d., Cemi cxovrebis gzaze, baTumi, 1984.
10. komaxiZe T., memed abaSiZe, baTumi, 1993.
11. maxaraZe f., amierkavkasia 1905 wels, Tbilisi, 1929.
12. saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, Tbilisi, 2003.
13. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, aWara
III, baTumi, 2008.
14. siWinava vl., baTumis istoriidan, baTumi, 1958.
15. SaraZe g., ucxoeTis cis qveS, w. III, Tbilisi, 1994.
16. SveliZe d., politikuri partiebis warmoSoba saqarTvelo-
Si, federalistebi, Tbilisi, 1993.
17. CaCxiani a., daSnakTa nacionalistur-eqspansionisturi ide-
ologia da somxeT-saqarTvelos 1918-1919 wlebis omi, Tbi-
lisi, 2007.
18. Чулок И. очерк истории Батумской коммунистической партии, Батуми, 1970.
19. cqvitaria p., aWaraSi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriis
narkvevebi (1890- 1914), baTumi, 1959.
84
Otar Gogolishvili Doctor of History, Professor of the Georgian Patriaechate saint Tbel Abuseridze University
Political Parties in Batumi (1905)
Summary
In 1905 in Batumi was functioning Russian Social Democratic Working
Class Committee of Batumi, Socialist- Federalist Party Batumi Bureau, So-cial Revolutionary Party Batumi Committee, Group of National Democratic Movement, Anarchists Small Group, Armenian Political Parties `dashnaktsution~, „hachaki~, „droshak~ Jewish political Party `bundi~ and Russian Ultra National Chauvinistic Party `Union of Russian People~.
Among these political Parties in Batumi, The most influential was rsdwp Batumi Committee, which was divided into two factions.
Social Democratic Party Batumi Committee was the current revolu-tionary processes main ruling Opposition Political party in Batumi, in 1905.
Among the Georgian Political parties at that time in Batumi existed Socialist Federalist Party Batumi Bureau.
It couldn’t have been formed like political party, but in Batumi functioned the group of national democrats leaded by Ivane Andronikashvili holding the same views as Ilia Chavchavadze .
Socialist Revolutionary Organization Batumi Committee influence at that time was insignificant.
In Batumi was also functioning Anarchist Small Group. Armenian population interests in Batumi protected Political parties
`dashnaktsutian~,`hnchaki~, `droshak~. From 1903 in Batumi existed Jewish political organization `bundi~. A Tsarism interest in Batumi, in 1905 was protected by Ultra National
Chauvinistic Party, `Union of Russian People~.
85
SoTa vadaWkoria
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiS-
vilis istoriisa da eTnologiis insti-
tutis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli
saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebiT osuri
sabWouri avtonomiis Seqmna da qarTuli
sinamdvile
(werili I)
gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier osebTan
mimarTebaSi aRebuli politikuri kursi, `samxreT oseTis~ rev-
koms, Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawilis teritoriis mitacebis
realur SesaZleblobas uqmnida. aSkarad iyo gamokveTili is
xelSemwyobi konturebi, romelic osebis ufrosi Taobis mier
Cafiqrebul `istoriul misias~ _ osebis mTidan barSi Camosax-
lebas da saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze osuri saxelmwifo
warmonaqmnis Seqmnas ganapirobebda. am mimarTulebiT `samxreT
oseTis~ revkoms winaswari mosamzadebeli sauSao Catarebuli
qonda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs goris mazris mTian zonaSi da mo-
mijnave mazrebis (duSeTi, raWa, Sorapani) garkveul teritori-
aze gavlenis sferoebis TviTneburad gafarToeba, Temebisa da
soflebis osuri revkomis iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemdebareba. es
procesi imdenad aSkarad da swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda, rom
`samxreT oseTis~ revkomis droulad SeCereba da samarTleb-
riv CarCoSi moqceva aucileblobas warmoadgenda. rogorc sa-
arqivo masalebidan irkveva, maSindeli saqarTvelos revkomi,
centraluri komiteti da kavbiuro, am mimarTulebiT konkre-
tuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan Tavs ikavebda. arada, dro-
is faqtori Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa sazianod moqmedebda.
Seqmnili situacia problemis saRi gonebiT Sefasebas da swori
gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucileblobas saWiroebda. miTume-
tes, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis n.ga-
dievis mier, saqarTvelos revkomisadmi 1921 wlis 5 ivlis war-
dgenili moxsenebis meoTxe punqtSi, specialuri komisiis Seq-
mnisa da samarTlebrivad ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ admi-
86
nistraciuli erTeulis sazRvris saswrafod dadgenis moTxov-
na iyo dayenebuli. [1, 72a] aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebidan ga-
momdinare, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis xelmZRvanelobisadmi
raime sababis armicemis da maTi samoqmedo sivrcis garkveul
CarCoSi samarTlebrivad moqcevis mizniT, mimdinare politi-
kuri procesebi pragmatuli xasiaTis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
aucileblobas sWirdeboda. miTumetes, amas pirvel rigSi Sida
qarTlis qarTvelTa interesebi moiTxovda. am mxriv, gabeduli
nabiji Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma gadadga. mxedvelo-
baSi maqvs, imave komisariatis mier 1921 wlis 20 ivlis miRebuli
dadgenileba _ `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesa-
xeb.~ teritoriis TvalsazrisiT Tu ra farglebSi iTvaliswineb-
da aRniSnuli dokumenti osuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas da misi
praqtikulad gatareba ramdenad momgebiani aRmoCndeboda saqar-
TvelosaTvis, amis sailustraciod dadgenilebis srul teqsts
movitan da dRevandeli gadasaxedidan misi avkargianoba Tavad
mkiTxvelma gansajos. `1) Seiqmnas avtonomiuri samxreT oseTis
olqi Semdegi Svidi yofili sazogadoebisagan: a) rokis, wunaris,
yornisis, javis, yemulTis, ortevis da beloTis; b) is soflebi,
romlebSiac mosaxleoben qarTvelebi; vanaTi, awrisxevi, sacxene-
Ti, xoSori, xadurianTkari, dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi,
darCebian goris mazris cxinvalis raionSi; 2) samxreT oseTis sab-
WoTa pirveli yrilobis mowvevamdis mTeli xelisufleba miniWe-
buli aqvs samxreT oseTis revkoms, romlis centrad droebiT
aRiarebuli iqnas qal. cxinvali; 3) sabWoTa yriloba airCevs aR-
masrulebel komitets, romelsac mieniWeba mazris aRmasrulebe-
li komitetis ufleba; 4) daevalos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komi-
sariats Seqmnas Sereuli komisia samxreT oseTis sazRvrebis dad-
genisaTvis; 5) daevalos goris revkoms dauyovnebliv gadasces
samxreT oseTis revkoms yvela saqmeebi, romelic exeba samxreT
oseTis teritorias da mis mcxovreblebs.~ es dokumenti mraval-
mxrivaa sayuradRebo: 1) `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli saz-
Rvari mxolod goris mazris CrdiloeTi nawilis 7 sasoflo-sa-
zogadoebiT ifargleboda da igi duSeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis
mazris sazRvrebSi ar iWreboda. Tuki am dokuments goris mazris
administraciul erTeulebad damyofi komisiis mier Sedgenil
proeqts SevudarebT, davrwmundebiT, rom sasoflo sazogadoebe-
bis TvalsazrisiT, isini identuria. aqedan gamomdinare, sruli
safuZveli maqvs ganvacxado, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisa-
87
riatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadgenilebis amosaval safuZvels,
goris samazro komisiis proeqti warmoadgenda; 2) marTalia, dad-
genilebis meore muxlis mixedviT `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis
droebiT rezidenciad q. cxinvalia dasaxelebuli, magram, imave
dokumentis pirveli muxlis b punqti, q.cxinvalsa da mis garSemo
arsebul qarTul soflebs, goris mazris Semadgenel nawilad ac-
xadebda. aqedan gamomdinare, es dadgenileba `samxreT oseTis~
centrad q.cxinvals saTaveSive gamoricxavda; 3) `samxreT oseTis~
sabWoebis yrilobis mier arCeuli xelisuflebis umaRlesi orga-
no _ aRmasrulebeli komiteti, samazro aRmasrulebeli komite-
tis uflebebiT isargeblebda; 4) `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris sabo-
lood dasadgenad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan Sereu-
li komisia unda Seqmniliyo, romelsac mxolod zemoT CamoTvli-
li 7 sasoflo-sazogadoebis farglebSi unda emoqmeda. aRniSnu-
li dokumenti osuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas Sida qarTlSi im etap-
ze Seqmnili urTulesi situaciis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebis
safuZvelze axdenda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki am dadgenilebas saqar-
Tvelos revkomi samoqmedo programad aRiarebda, administraci-
uli sazRvrebis damdgeni Sereuli komisia faqtis winaSe aRmoC-
ndeboda da sazRvrebTan mimarTebaSi mxolod `kosmetikuri~
cvlilebebis Setanis SesaZlebloba miecemoda. Cems mier zemoT
motanil dokuments, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saq-
meTa saministros 1919 wlis proeqtTan mimarTebaSi is upira-
tesoba gaaCnda, rom raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebis teritoriebs
ar exeboda. `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi dasaxelebili
mazrebidan arcerTi sasoflo sazogadoeba da sofeli ar Se-
yavda. am faqtis gaTvaliswinebidan gamomdinare, es dadgenile-
ba osur separatizms frTebs maqsimalurad ukvecavda, saqar-
Tvelos winaSe wamoWril Sida qarTlis mTiani zolis arsebul
osur problemas, goris mazris CrdiloeT nawilSi qarTuli
mosaxleobis teritoriuli Seviwroebis gareSe, ZiriTadad qar-
TvelTa sasargeblod wyvetda. manamde miRebuli dadgenilebe-
bis fonze, igi udaod wingadadgmul nabijad CaiTvleboda im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas saqarTvelos revkomi daamtkicebda, ka-
nonis datvirTvis funqcias SeZenda da realurad aamoqmedeb-
da.
dokumenturi masaliT irkveva, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-
xo komisariats, osuri problemis aRniSnuli formiT gadawyve-
ta im etapze erTaderT gamosaval saSualebad miaCnda. igi
88
dadgenilebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebas da saqarTvelos
revkomis faqtis winaSe dayenebas yovelmxriv cdilobda. amis
saukeTeso nimuSad 20 ivlisis dadgenilebis mixedviT `samxreT
oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis rukis Sesadgenad mi-
Rebuli gadawyvetileba gamodgeba. dasaxuli miznis gansaxor-
cieleblad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari b.kvirkvelia,
saqmeTa mmarTveli iv.yifiani da administraciul erTeulTa
ganyofilebis gamge gr.gvelesiani, respublikis mTavari Stabis
topografiuli ganyofilebisadmi gagzavnili oficialuri we-
riliT (1921 wlis 8 agvisto), saqarTvelos xuT verstiani to-
pografiuli da fizikuri rukis axali gamocemis administraci-
ul erTeulTa ganyofilebisadmi gagzavnas moiTxovda. jer-je-
robiT SeuZlebeli xdeba imis dadgena, aRniSnuli moTxovna
dakmayofilebili iqna Tu ara. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma,
rom `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiis teritoriisa da misi revko-
mis moqmedebis sazRvrebis garkveviT, saqarTvelos umaRlesi
saxelisuflebo organoebis mTeli rigi uwyebebic iyo dainte-
resebuli. amis dadasturebas janmrTelobis saxalxo komisari-
atis samkurnalo ganyofilebisa da iusticiis saxalxo komisa-
riatis mier Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi SekiT-
xvis saxiT gagzavnili werilebi (1921 wlis 28 ivlisi #1850;
1921 wlis 15 agvisto #253) warmoadgens. am dokumentebSi xaz-
gasmiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-
ats zemoaRniSnuli uwyebebisadmi ecnobebina; ra teritorias
moicavda `samxreT oseTis~ samazro erTeuli da imave `samxreT
oseTis~ revkoms ra sazRvrebSi hqonda moqmedebis ufleba. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaris,
saqmeTa mmarTvelis da administraciul erTeulTa ganyofile-
bis gamgis xelmoweriT gagzavnili sapasuxo werilebi (1921
wlis 10 agvisto #23; 1921 wlis 20 agvisto #29), 1921 wlis 20
ivlisis dadgenilebis pirvel muxls emyareboda da Semdegi
formulirebiT iyo warmodgenili: `gacnobebT, rom Tanaxmad
droebiT saxelmZRvanelod miRebuli dadgenilebisa (ama wlis
20 ivlisis dadgenileba Sin. saq. sax. komisariatisa) samxreT
oseTis revkomis moqmedebis farglebi isazRvreba Svidi Semde-
gi soflis sazogadoebiT: 1) orteviT, 2) beloTiT, 3) yorni-
siT, 4) javiT, 5) yemulTiT, 6) rokiT da 7) wunariT. amasTanave
unda aRvniSnoT, rom ortevis, beloTis da wunaris sazogadoe-
baSi Sedis rva wminda qarTuli soflebi (vanaTi, awrisxevi,
89
sacxeneTi, xoSura, xadurianTkari, dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo
avnevi), romelnic droebiT, vidre sakiTxi maT Sesaxeb sabolo-
od gadawydebodes, zemoT aRniSnuli dadgenilebis Tanaxmad
datovebulni arian administraciulad cxinvalis raionSi da
maSasadame samxreT oseTis revkoms ar eqvemdebareba.~
saarqivo maslis Seswavlis Sedegad irkveva, rom Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis doneze Seqmnili aseTi saxis
oficialuri dokumentebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos maSindeli
mmarTveli xelisuflebisa da kavbiuros ZalisxmeviT, Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadgenile-
bas praqtikulad ar umuSavia. amis dadasturebas, Sinagan saqme-
Ta saxalxo komisaris mier, saqarTvelos revkomis Tavmjdoma-
risadmi 1921 wlis noemberSi gagzavnili Suamdgomloba warmo-
adgens. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari, revkomis Tavmjdoma-
res TxovniT mimarTavda; qarTvelTa da osTa Soris urTier-
Tobis mowesrigebamde, revoluciuri komitetis xelmZRvane-
lobas, `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis
sakiTxze droebiT Tavi Seekavebiona da ZalaSi 1921 wlis 20 iv-
lisis dadgenileba daetovebina. am winadadebis miReba, `sam-
xreT oseTis~ revkomis usazRvro pretenziebis Sekvecas da
konkretul samarTlebriv sazRvrebSi moqcevas niSnavda. samwu-
xarod, es kanonieri Txovna im etapze gaTvaliswinebuli ar iq-
na. am faqtma, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomsa da saerTod, os sepa-
ratistebs aqtiurad amoqmedebis stimuli misca. mxedvelobaSi
maqvs, osi separatistebis mier Cafiqrebul sazRvrebSi `samxreT
oseTis~ teritoriis samarTlebrivad dakanonebis Tavgamodebu-
li mcdeloba. am mimarTulebiT, osebis partiuli elita, drois
faqtorisa da politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, koordi-
nirebulad SesaSuri enrgiiT moqmedebda. amis saukeTeso dadas-
turebas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis, partkomisa da pasuxismgebe-
li partiuli muSakebis 1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembris gaerTianebuli
sxdomis masalebi warmoadgens. miRebuli dokumentebidan, amje-
rad yuradRebas `samxreT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respub-
likis sazRvrebis proeqtze~ SevaCereb. masSi, `samxreT oseTis~
sasazRvro xazi mTebis (simaRleebis CvenebiT), borcvebis, xevebis,
mdinareebis da soflebis dasaxelebiTaa warmodgenili. am proeq-
tis mixedviT, raWis, Sorapnis, gorisa da duSeTis mazrebidan
`samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi 1 qalaqi (cxinvali) 21 soflis
sazogadoeba da mxolod is 47 sofelia dasaxelebuli, romlis
90
mosaxleoba ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo da `samxreT oseTis~ Semad-
genlobaSi Seyvanaze xelisuflebas SeiZleba uari eTqva. rac See-
xeba CamoTvlili soflebis boloSi darTul _ sxvas, Zneli saT-
qmelia, am cnebaSi osi separatistebi kidev ramden sofels gu-
lisxmobda.
Tuki osebis erovnuli sabWos mier 1918 wlis 10 ianvars
amierkavkasiis komisariatisadmi wardgenil proeqtSi da osi
social_ demokratebis 1919 wlis aprilSi miRebul dadgenile-
baSi gacxadebul pretenziebs `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisa da
partkomis 1921 wlis 6, 8 seqtemberis sxdomaze miRebul er-
Tobliv proeqts SevadarebT, davrwmundebiT, rom amjerad, osi
separatistebis mxridan qarTuli teritoriebis mitacebisa da
misi `samxreT oseTad~ dakanonebis mada TiTqmis identuri iyo.
osebis aseT mizanmimarTul swrafvas, saqarTveloSi im etapze
samTavrobo doneze Seqmnili politikuri situaciac uwyobda
xels. dokumenturi masalis safuZvelze dgindaba, rom aRniS-
nuli proeqtis avtorebma, mxolod is soflebi daasaxela,
romlebic geografiuli, ekonomikuri da mosaxleobis erovnu-
li Semadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebSi
mosalodnel moxvedras, samTavrobo komisiis mxridan kiTxviTi
niSnis qveS ayenebda. aseTi svliT, osi separatistebi Tavs wi-
naswar izRvevda im TvalsazrisiT, rom sazRvrebis damdgeni
komisiis sxdomebze warmoqmnili diskusiis dros, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi `damTmoblis~ scenari gaeTamaSebina da `kompromi-
suli~ variantis SeTavazebis SesaZlebloba miscemoda. aseTi
politikuri eSmakobiT fiqrobdnen `samxreT oseTis~ terito-
riis maT mier Cafiqrebul ZiriTad sazRvrebSi SenarCunebas.
isic angariSgasawevia, rom es proeqti, samTavrobo komisiis
Seqmnasa da mis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs uZRoda win. am
faqtiT, osi separatistebi mTavrobas ara marto Tavis pozicias
sTavazobda, aramed `samxreT oseTis~ mosalodneli teritoriu-
li sazRvrebis winaswar afiSirebas akeTebda. xelisuflebaze da
misgan Seqmnili komisiis wevrebze garkveuli zemoqmedebis mox-
denas cdilobda. rogorc saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, aRniSnu-
li dokumenti osebma saqarTvelos revkoms warudgina. igi revko-
mis 1921 wlis 16 noembris prezidiumis sxdomam ganixila da miRe-
bul dadgenilebas Semdegi saxis formulireba misca: `sazRvre-
bis sakiTxis gadawyveta manam gadaidos, vidre adgilobriv momu-
Save komisia saTanado moxsenebas warmoadgens.~ [1, 92, 106] dadge-
91
nilebaSi naxseneb `adgilobriv momuSave komisiaSi~ _ gorisa da
Sorapnis mazrebSi adgilebze saqmis Sesaswavlad Sinagan saqmeTa
saxalxo komisariatis mier gagzavnili komisiebi (komisiis Tav-
mjdomareebi: iobiZe, ratiSvili, xoveliZe, SveliZe) unda igu-
lisxmebodes. swored maT mier Sekrebili masalebi daedo safuZ-
vlad im moxsenebas, romelic Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-
tis saqmeTa sammarTvelom saqarTvelos revkoms 1921 wels gada-
ugzavna.
saqarTvelos revkomis dadgenilebidan Cvens mier motani-
li amonaweris mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris sakiTxis
gadawyveta, adgilebze momuSave komisiebis moxsenebebze day-
rdnobiT gakeTebuli ganmazogadebeli daskvnis Seqmnamde unda
gadadebuliyo. miuxedavad amisa, zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebis
miRebidan meore dRes (17 noemberi), saqarTvelos komunisturi
partiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumma, a.jatievisa da
m.oraxelaSvilis moxsenebebis safuZvelze, sawinaarmdego xasi-
aTis dadgenileba miiRo. am dokumentis mixedviT, qalaqi cxin-
vali jer kidev ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri
olqis centrad iqna gamocxadebuli.[2. 67] am faqtiT, saqarTve-
los revkomis 16 noembris dadgenilebis anulireba moxda. cen-
traluri komitetis prezidiumis 17 noembris dadgenilebas
rom samarTlebrivi saxe SeeZina, `samxreT oseTis~ politikuri
erTeulis sasazRvro xazis gavleba iseTi komisiisaTvis unda
daevalebinaT, romelic saboloo daskvnaSi mmarTveli partiis
pozicias gaiziarebda. miTumetes, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris
gamorkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, kavbiuros 1921 wlis 31 oqtom-
bris dadgenileba, saqarTvelos revkomisa da `samxreT oseTi-
is~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis warmomadgenlebisgan erToblivi
komisiis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. [2, 67] cnobili faqtia, rom am
mimarTulebiT praqtikuli nabiji saqarTvelos kompartiis cen-
traluri komitetis prezidiumis 1921 wlis 23 noembris dadgeni-
lebiT gadaidga. am SemTxvevaSi, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis gam-
mijnavi `Sereuli~ komisiis (k. kakabaZe _ Tavmjdomare, elerdovi,
Soti, a.jatievi, s.gagloevi) Seqmna maqvs mxedvelobaSi. Tuki komi-
siis erovnul Semadgenlobas gadavxedavT, paritetis principis
darRveva (erTi qarTveli da 4 araqarTveli) aSkarad warmoCndeba.
arada, sakiTxis mogvareba, mxolod os-qarTvelTa SemadgenlobiT
Seqmnili komisiisaTvis unda miendoT. Tuki es ar gakeTda, winas-
war gamiznuli qmedebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, radgan komisiis
92
sxdomebze nebismieri sadao sakiTxis miReba-armiReba, xmaTa um-
ravlesobiT wydeboda.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SekveTis formiT
winaswar iqna gansazRvruli Tu rogori saxis dadgenileba unda
mieRo komisias. amis damadastureblad, imave komisiis pirvel
sxdomaze (momxsenebeli elerdovi), miRebul dadgenilebaSi
vkiTxulobT: `uzrunvelyofili iqnas saqarTvelos centralu-
ri komitetis dadgenilebis (1921 w. 17 noemberi S.v.) cxovreba-
Si ganxorcieleba, romliTac cxinvali samxreT oseTis admi-
nistraciul centrad iqna cnobili.~ [1, 3, 168] dokuments komi-
siis sami wevri da mdivani awerda xels. es imas niSnavda, rom
komisiis mier Semoxazul `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebSi cxinva-
li aucileblad unda Sesuliyo. Tuki es miTiTeba Sesrulde-
boda, bunebrivia, cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT mdebare 51 wminda
qarTuli sofeli `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi moeqceoda.
dasaxuli amocanis ganxorcieleba garkveul sirTuleebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom `samxreT oseTis~ revko-
misa da misadmi daqvemdebarebuli miliciis ganyofilebebisagan
ganawamebi qarTuli mosaxleobis poziciis garkveva aucileb-
lobas warmoadgenda. amis saWiroeba k.kakabaZis komisiis wev-
rebs kargad esmodaT. miTumetes, Sida qarTlis qarTvelTa da-
Zabulobis mSvildi imdenad iyo daWimuli, rom mis argaTva-
liswinebas SeiZleba ubedurebis talRis agoreba moyoloda. am
SemTxvevaSi, komisiam gulSematkivris niRabi aifara da mosalod-
neli aalebadi cecxlis ganelebis mizniT, cxinvalSi eqvskaciani
SemadgenlobiT Cavida. mas xalxisTvis garegnulad unda eCvenebi-
na, rom gamokiTxvisa da problemis safuZvlianad Seswavlis Sede-
gad obieqturi daskvna gakeTdeboda. es iyo cxinvalis raionis
qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobisaTvis winaswargaTvaliswinebu-
li satyuari bade. aseTi gancxadebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas is
saarqivo dokumenturi masalebi iZleva, romelic k.kakabaZis ko-
misiis mxilebas Seicavs. mxedvelobaSi maqvs qarTuli soflis
mosaxleobis mier mTavrobisadmi gagzavnili saprotesto weri-
lebi. am masalebidan irkveva, rom 1921 wlis 5 dekembers cxin-
valSi gamarTuli qarTuli soflebis warmomadgenelTa krebas,
cxinvalis CrdiloeTiT arsebuli 45 qarTuli soflis 5-5 war-
momadgeneli e.i. 225 kaci eswreboda. gansaxilvelad dRis wes-
rigSi erTaderTi sakiTxi iyo Setanili; cxinvalis da misi rai-
onis `samxreT oseTis~ administraciul mmarTvelobaSi mosa-
93
lodneli gadasvlis Sesaxeb _ moxseneba elerdovma gaakeTa. mi-
si azriT, `samxreT oseTisadmi~ cxinvalis gadacemaze da avto-
nomiuri olqis administraciul centrad gamocxadebaze qar-
Tvelebi winaaRmdegni ar unda yofiliyvnen. aqedan gamomdina-
re, principulad daayena sakiTxi, raTa es pozicia krebis mona-
wile delegatebsac oficialurad daedasturebina. elerdovis
mier SeTavazebuli winadadeba qarTvelebis mier uaryofili
iqna. am gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi isini erTsulovanni iyvnen.
amis Sesaxeb erT-erT dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `rac Seexeba...
q.cxinvali Tavisi raioniT gadaeces samxreT oseTs, aseTi moT-
xovnileba krebam mizanSeuwonlad da ukanonod scno, radgan
igi gamoiwvevs Cveni eris politikurad da zne-Cveulebriv da-
Cagvra-damonavebas. krebam didi protesti erTxmad ganucxada
komisias cxinvalis da misi raionis samxreT oseTis marTva-gam-
geobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb.~ es imas niSnavda, rom cxinvali da
mis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare 45 qarTuli sofeli, `samxreT
oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi ar unda Sesuliyo da oficialurad
goris mazras daqvemdebareboda. momxdari faqtiT, k. kakabaZem
da elerdovma, Sesabamisi uwyebisagan miRebuli davaleba ver
Seasrula. amitom iyo, rom komisiis xelmZRvanelobam, krebis
monawileTa nebis gamomxatveli rezoliuciis im dResve wakiT-
xvisagan Tavi Seikava. krebaze warmodgenil delegatebs ganuc-
xada, rom rezoliuciis teqsts meore dRes gaacnobda, xolo
ramdenime dReSi Sesabamis dokuments TiToeuli soflis rev-
koms werilobiT gadaugzavnida. am xerxiT, krebis monawile 225
qarTveli delegati eqscesebis gareSe daiTxova. imave delega-
tebidan, TiTo warmomadgeneli _ 45 kaci meore dResac cxin-
valSi darCa da komisiisagan rezoliuciis teqstis miRebas
elodeboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sofel tirZnisis Temis
mcxovrebTa 26 dekembriT daTariRebul gancxadebaSi vkiTxu-
lobT: `sagamomZieblo komisias delegatebma mosTxoves weri-
lobiT ecnobebinaT... gamoZiebis Sedegebi da miRebuli rezo-
liucia. pasuxs meore dRemdis ucades... magram amaod. maT vera
gaiges ra da TavianT saxlebSi dabrundnen. egonaT, simarTles
revkomis SemweobiT gavigebTo, magram vera gaiges ra da dar-
Cnen motyuebulni. dRemdisac velodiT _ gavigebT rameso, mag-
ram tyuilad.~ k.kakabaZis komisiis am qmedebam, cxinvalis raio-
nis qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobis safuZvliani guliswyroma
da protesti gamoiwvia. amis udao dadasturebas 1921 wlis 24
94
dekembridan 31 dekembris CaTvliT, saqarTvelos mTavrobis sa-
xelze gagzavnili werilebi warmoadgens. qarTuli soflis mo-
saxleoba kategoriuli formiT moiTxovda: a)`gagvagebinon Si-
naarsi im gadawyvetilebisa, rac gadawyda mTavrobis komisiis
mier daba cxinvalSi saxalxo yrilobis dros, romeli yrilo-
bac mowveuli iyo komisiis mier dekembris pirvel ricxvebSi.~
b)`Tu ramdenad gauwia angariSi komisiam xalxis protests, an
ranairi rezoliucia gamoitana, aris Tu ara igi xalxis survi-
lis damakmayofilebeli, dRevandlamdis am komisiis dadgeni-
lebis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb Cven araferi ar gagvigia. amitom ama-
zed mivmarTavT s.s.r. mTavrobas, raTa Cven mier amorCeuli
delegatebis piriT gvacnobos viTareba am friad saWiro sa-
kiTxis Sesaxeb.~ g)`komisiis mier daba cxinvalSi mowveuli rai-
onis soflebis warmomadgenelTa yrilobaze gamoirkva, rom
xalxi erTxmad winaaRmdegia saqarTvelos respublikas Camo-
Sordes cxinvalis raioni da mieweros oseTis respublikas. mi-
uxedavad aseTi aSkara protestisa, yrilobaze oficialurad
ar iyo gamotanili rezoliucia... aseTi mopyroba mSromeli
xalxisadmi sruliad usamarTlod migvaCnia, vinaidan xalxma ar
icis, komisia ra azriT da gadawyvetilebiT warsdgeba s.s.r.
mTavrobasTan am friad mwvave da mniSvnelovani sakiTxis Sesa-
xeb.~ imave dokumentebiT irkveva, rom cxinvalis raionis sofle-
bis qarTvelobam, yoveli soflidan ndobiT aRWurvili TiTo war-
momadgeneli airCia da 40 kaciani delegacia, aRniSnul saprotes-
to werilebTan erTad, TbilisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da Si-
nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis winaSe warsdga. am faqtma,
k.kakabaZis komisia iZulebuli gaxada, cxinvalis qarTuli sof-
lebis 1921 wlis 5 dekembris krebis rezoliucia oficialurad
Seedgina. iZulebuli gaxdao imitom vambobT, rom amis Tqmis Se-
saZleblobas TviT imave rezoliuciis teqsti iZleva. marTalia,
am dokumentiT `samxreT oseTisadmi~ cxinvalis gadacemis sakiT-
xTan mimarTebaSi krebis monawileTa protestia dadasturebuli,
magram, iqve aRniSnulia, rom krebis umravlesoba kulakur-menSe-
vikur elements warmoadgenda, romlebmac adgilobriv komunis-
tebs, TiTqos maT winaaRmdeg sityviT gamosvlis SesaZlebloba ar
misca. [3, 69, 174] am dokumentidan ise gamodis, rom cxinvalis
CrdiloeTiT mdebare 45 qarTuli soflis mier wargzavnili 225
delegati, kulakebi da menSevikebi iyvnen mxolod imis gamo, rom
cxinvalisa da 45 qarTuli soflis `samxreT oseTisadmi~ gadace-
95
mas mxari ar dauWira. rezoluciis meore nawilis forma am Sem-
TxvevaSi aSkarad darRveulia. mxedvelobaSi maqvs kulakur- men-
Sevikuri elementebis mxridan komunistebisadmi sityvis armice-
maze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. ramdenadac saqme qarTvelTa krebis
mier miRebul rezoluciasTan gvaqvs, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba imis
Tqma, rom cxinvalis qarTvelTa krebaze, komisiis wevrebi rezo-
luciis aseTi saxis teqstis wardgenas ver gabedavdnen. ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, krebis monawileTa Seuracmyofeli (kulakur- menSe-
vikuri elementebi) rezoluciis bolo nawils, igive kreba nam-
dvilad ar daamtkicebda. meore mxriv, momxdari faqti garkveuli
formiT Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisadmi gagzavnil sap-
rotesto werilebSiac aisaxeboda. zemoaRniSnuli rezolucii-
sadmi komisiis mxridan ideologiuri datvirTvis micema, rome-
liRac uwyebis winaSe Tavis marTlebis mcdelobas warmoadgen-
da. amis erT- erT safuZvels imave komisiis mier 5 dekembers
cxinvalSi Catarebuli qarTuli soflebis komunisturi ujre-
debis krebis mier miRebuli dadgenileba iZleva. am dokumen-
tiT, cxinvali, jer kidev ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ avto-
nomiuri olqis centrad iqna gamocxadebuli. [1, 3, 169]
Cvens mier motanili faqtebiT aSkarad ikveTeba, rom es
dokumenti, cxinvalis qarTvelTa krebis gadawyvetilebis sapi-
rispirod iqna miRebuli. komisiis wevrebs maTi damkveTisadmi
unda daedasturebina, rom, Tuki cxinvalis raionis `kulakur-
menSevikuri~ nawili `samxreT oseTisadmi~ cxinvalisa da 45
qarTuli soflis gadacemis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, imave raio-
nis komunisturi ujredebis warmomadgenlebi (raodenoba dasa-
xelebuli ar aris) gansxvavebul poziciaze idga da `samxreT
oseTis~ revkomis interesebs icavda. xelisuflebis mxridan
qarTvelTa sawinaaRmdegod gamiznuli Canafiqri, komisiam mxo-
lod nawilobrivad Seasrula. miuxedavad amisa, Semdegi nabi-
jis gadasadgmelad man garkveuli safexuri moamzada. am Sem-
TxvevaSi `samxreT ioseTis~ sazRvris gammijnavi komisiis 1921
wlis 8 dekembris sxdomis # 4 oqmi maqvs mxedvelobaSi. es do-
kumenti ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. pirveli, uSualod `samxreT
oseTis~ sazRvars exeba. am dikumentSi sasazRvro xazi mTebis,
maRlobebis, uReltexilebis (simaRleebis CvenebiT), mdinaree-
bis, xevebis da soflebis dasaxelebiT aris warmodgenili. Tu-
ki mas osebis mier 1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembers miRebul proeqts
SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba rom masSi mxolod umniSvnelo `kosme-
96
tikuri~ cvlilebaa Setanili. rogorc Cans, mTavrobis winaSe
pirnaTlad gamosvlis mizniT, k.kakabaZis komisiam, problemis
safuZvlian Seswavlas Tavi aarida, osebis mier Sedgenil pro-
eqts daeyrdno da sasazRvro xazis aRmniSvneli mTebis, uRel-
texilebis (simaRleebis CvenebiT), xevebis, mdinareebisa da da-
saxlebuli punqtebis geografiuli saxelwodebebi ucvleli
TanmimdevrobiT gaimeora. gamotovebulia mxolod simaRle _
7,234 da sofeli mrtkadJini. Cvens mier zemoT motanili faqte-
bidan irkveva, rom Sida qarTlis teritoriis misataceblad da
`samxreT oseTad~ gasaTaviseblad, saqarTvelos mTavroba da mis
mier Seqmnili k. kakabaZis komisia os separatistebs aSkarad uw-
yobda xels. am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis da tendenciurobis Se-
niRbvis mizniT, imave oqmis meore nawils komisiam Semdegi saxis
formulireba misca: 1) sasazRvro xazis Sesaxeb Sinagan saqmeTa sa-
xalxo komisariatisa da `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis warmomadgen-
lebs Soris, komisiis sxdomaze TiTqos raime saxis urTierTsawi-
naaRmdego pretenzia ar gamoTqmula; 2) sadao sakiTxebis gamok-
vlevas, arsebuli masalebis damatebiTi Semowmebis safuZvelze
komisia adgilebze moaxdenda. dokumentis es meore nawili, wina-
aRmdegobaSi modis pirvelTan im TvalsazrisiT, rom a) `samxreT
oseTis~ sasazRvro xazi, komisiis mier naCqarevad miRebuli dad-
genilebiT faqtiurad iqna daadasturebuli, ris gamoc misi sa-
fuZvlianad gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba saTaveSive gamoiricxa; b)
komisiis mier `samxreT oseTis~ teritoriis Semofargvlis es
procedura, arsebuli masalebis damatebiTi gadamowmebisa da sa-
daod qceuli sazRvris sakiTxis adgilebze gamokvlevis gverdis
avliT ganxorcielda. aseTi logikuri winaaRmdegobis Semcvlel
oqms, xels komisiis Tavmjdomare k.kakabaZe awerda. misi erTi pi-
ri saqarTvelos revkoms, xolo meore Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-
misariatis administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebas gadaegzav-
na.
saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom k.kakabaZis komisiis mi-
er Sedgenili es dokumenti, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-
atTan arsebuli administraciul erTerulTa ganyofilebis
xelmZRvanelis gr.gvelesianis sagangebo ganxilvis sagani gax-
da. amis damadastureblad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisaria-
tis saxelze mis mier gagzavnili moxseneba gamodgeba. Tu ra
pozicia daiWira gr.gvelesianma am proosur da antiqarTul
dadgenilebasTan mimarTebaSi, amis sailustraciod imave moxse-
97
nebidan Sesabamis amonawers movitan da Sida qarTlis qarTuli
soflebis interesebidan gamomdinare, k.kakabaZis komisiis saq-
mianobas Tavad mkiTxvelma gamoutanos ganaCeni. `1) komisiis mi-
er sazRvrebis Sesaxeb miRebul dadgenilebas _ wers gr.gvele-
siani _partiisa da mTavrobis sanqcia ar aqvs, amitom, dekretis
Sedgenis dros mas araviTari savaldebulo da saxelmZrvanelo
mniSvnelobis Zala ar eqneba, radgan komisiis es oqmi damtkice-
buli da dadasturebuli ar aris mTavrobisa da partiis cen-
traluri komitetis mier. es sxvaTa Soris iqedanac Cans, rom
partiis 12 dekembris da mTavrobis 20 dekembris dadgenilebeb-
Si naTqvami ar aris imis Sesaxeb, rom komisiis am dadgenilebas
savaldebulo Zala eZleodes. piriqiT, meore muxli orive
dadgenilebisa saWirod scnobs sazRvrebis detalizacias. cxa-
dia, es oqmi Cven SegviZlia gavsinjoT rogorc marto masala
sazRvrebis sakiTxSi; 2) da rogorc masala rom gavsinjoT, ko-
misiis dadgenileba radikalurad ewinaarmdegeba partiisa da
mTavrobis zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebebs: a) samxreT oseTis
avtonomiur olqSi Setanilia dasavleTiT raWisa da Sorapnis
mazris nawilebi; b) aRmosavleTiT didi nawili duSeTis mazri-
sa; g) samxreTiT, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis terito-
riaSi Setanilia mTeli wyeba soflebisa, romelnic partiisa da
mTavrobis zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebaTa Tanaxmad (muxli me-
same), Setanili unda iqnas am teritoriaSi mxolod im SemTxve-
vaSi, Tu goris mazris osTa Soris qarTuli mosaxleoba Tu me-
zoblad mcxovrebi, gamoTqvams Tavis kategoriul survils_
dadges osTa avtonomiuri xelisuflebis qveS. manamdi ki es
qarTveli mosaxleoba eqvemdebareba goris mazris xelisufle-
bas.~ marTalia, gr.gvelesianis es pozicia dokumentur masalas
emyareboda da safuZvlian argumentebs Seicavda, magram, k.kaka-
baZis komisiis saqmianobasTan da mis mier Seqmnil proeqtTan
mimarTebaSi, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebas gamok-
veTili formiT ar daufiqsirebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, `samxreT
oseTis~ sazRvrebis sakiTxze miRebul dadgenilebebSi aseTi
ram ar dasturdeba. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom saqarTve-
los revkomi da centraluri komiteti, mis mier Seqmnili komi-
siisagan (k.kakabaZis komisia) SemuSavebuli antiqarTuli proeq-
tis oficialur kritikas Segnebulad gaurboda. aseTi Sexedu-
lebis gamoTqmis safuZvels, saqarTvelos kompartiis plenu-
mis, politbiuros da orgbiuros 1921 wlis 12 dekembris da sa-
98
qarTvelos revkomis prezidiumis imave wlis 20 dekembris dad-
genilebebi (# 39, # 94) iZleva. marTalia, 12 dekembris sxdo-
mebze k. kakabaZis, g.gagloevis da b.kvirkvelias moxsenebebi iq-
na mosmenili, magram, misi mikvleva SeuZlebeli gaxda. arada,
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan am masalebis gansakuTrebuli Rire-
buleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi meSveobiT SesaZlebloba
mogvcemoda gagverkvia: 1) ra poziciaze idga TiToeuli mom-
xsenebeli da iTvaliswinebdnen Tu ara qarTuli saxelmwifos
interesebs; 2)ama Tu im debulebis gasamyareblad ra argumen-
tebs iSveliebdnen da ramdenad Seesatyviseboda igi Sida qar-
Tlis qarTuli mosaxleobis moTxovnebs; 3)es moxsenebebi imi-
Tac iqneboda saintereso, rom erovnul saxelmwifosTan mimar-
TebaSi, im etapze qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis donesac
warmoaCenda. samwuxarod, imave sxdomebis stenografiuli Cana-
werebic ar arsebobs. Tuki sabWoTa xelisuflebis CinovnikTa
saqmis warmoebis specifikas gaviTvaliswinebT, samTavrobo do-
neze Catarebuli mniSvnelovani sxdomis stenograma yovelTvis
iqmneboda. mosmenil moxsenebasTan erTad, am dokuments miRe-
bul dadgenilebas urTavdnen. rogorc Cans, garkveuli poli-
tikuri mosazrebebidan, an saarqivo saqmis armcodneTa dau-
devrobidan gamomdinare, es masalebi Semdgom etapze `meorexa-
risxovnad~ iqna miCneuli da ganadgurda. datoves mxolod
dadgenilebebi, romelTa meSveobiT sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Ses-
wavla da srulyofili suraTis aRdgena SeuZlebeli xdeba. ar-
sebuli dokumentebis mixedviT, k.kakabaZis komisiis proeqtSi
garkveuli cvlilebebi iqna Setanili. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: 1) Ca-
savlis sazogadoebis raWis mazris SemadgenlobaSi datoveba; 2)
duSeTis mazrisadmi CamosaWreli teritoriidan, misi CrdiloeTi
nawilis _ kobi _ Trusos raionis isev duSeTis mazrisadmi gada-
cema. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imave dadgenile-
bis meore muxliT, `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvris dawvrilebiTi ga-
mokvleva, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatsa da k. kakabaZis
komisias erToblivad daevala. rac Seexeba mesame muxls, igi cxin-
valis kuTvnilebis sakiTxs exeboda. arCevani ori mimarTulebiT
_ `samxreT oseTi~ an goris mazra _ unda gakeTebuliyo. saqarTve-
los kompartiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis 1921 wlis
17 noembris, k. kakabaZis komisiis 5 dekembris da imave dRes cxin-
valis raionis qarTuli soflebis komunisturi ujredebis mier
miRebuli dadgenilebebi, ramdenadac cxinvals `samxreT oseTis~
99
centrad acxadebda, am fonze, 1921 wlis 12 da 20 dekembris dadge-
nilebebi wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs
am dokumentebis mesame punqti, romelic cxinvalis kuTvnilebis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebebis anuli-
rebas axdenda. `im dromde- vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ sanam cxin-
valis raionis qarTveli mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareoba ar
Seicvleba q. cxinvalis raionis avtonomiuri oseTis teritoriis
miCnevis sasargeblod, q.cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebuli qar-
Tuli mosaxleobis soflebSi Zalaufleba dautovos saraiono
revkoms, romelic Sedis goris mazraSi.~
dadgenilebis am muxls im etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba hqonda im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi, cxinvalisa da mis garSe-
mo arsebuli qarTuli soflebis samomavlo bedis gadawyvetas,
cxinvalis raionis mosaxleobis plebiscitis Sedegebs ukavSi-
rebda. Tuki am mimarTulebiT xelisuflebis mxridan pragmatuli
nabiji gadaidgmeboda da mosaxleobis interesebis gaTvaliswine-
ba moxdeboda, Sida qarTlis osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris wamoW-
rili urTulesi problemis am fonze mogvareba samarTlebriv sa-
xes miiRebda. samwuxarod, maSindeli saqarTvelos xelisufleba
da kavbiuro, oficialurad miRebuli dadgenilebebis sawinaaR-
mdego praqtikul saqmianobas eweoda. aseTi gancxadebis gake-
Tebis SesaZleblobas 20 dekembris dadgenilebis pirveli vari-
antis meoTxe muxli iZleva. `daevalos adgilobriv partiul
organizaciebs_ vkiTxulobT masSi _ awarmoon muSaoba (propa-
ganda, agitacia, kampaniebi), rom saWiroa qal. cxinvali da max-
lobeli raioni Sevides avtonomiur samxreT oseTis olqis Se-
madgenlobaSi.~ es muxli, dadgenilebis mesame muxls ewinaaR-
mdegeba da faqtiurad xelisuflebis winaswargamiznul proo-
sur pozicias adasturebs. amitom, ideologiuri da politiku-
ri mosazrebidan _ Sida qarTlis qarTul mosaxleobaSi mTav-
robisadmi undoblobis arSeqmnidan gamomdinare, igi dadgeni-
lebis oficialuri teqstidan iqna amoRebuli. miuxedavad ami-
sa, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Sesabamisi organoebi praqti-
kul saqmianobas dadgenilebidan amoRebuli meoTxe uxlis mi-
xedviT anxorcielebda. mxedvelobaSi maqvs xelisuflebis mier
osuri avtonomiis sasargeblod dawyebuli kampania. Sesabamisi
saarqivo masaliT dasturdeba, rom garkveuli uwyebebi am mi-
marTulebiT saTanado dokumenturi masalis Seqmnas cdilob-
da. ramdenadac k. kakabaZis komisiam mTavrobis maRalCinosanTa
100
dakveTa ver Seasrula, saqmeSi saqarTvelos kompartiis cen-
traluri komiteti CaerTo. amis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSs
levan dokaZis xelmZRvanelobiT 1921 wlis 30 dekembers sofel
aCabeTSi mowveuli `mitingis~ damadasturebeli oqmi warmoad-
gens. am dokumentidan irkveva, rom RonisZiebas cxinvalis rai-
onis 15 qarTuli soflidan 2000 kaci daswrebia. moxseneba _
`samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna qalaq cxinvaliT,~
saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis Tavmjdomarem
k.kokoSaZem gaakeTa. TanamoxsenebiT goris samazro partiuli
komitetis mdivani a.gorgaZe gamovida. miRebul dadgenilebaSi
miTiTebulia, rom `mitingis~ monawileni erTxmad miesalmebian
saqarTvelos muSaTa da glexTa centraluri xelisuflebis
dadgenilebas qalaq cxinvalis centriT `samxreT oseTis~ av-
tonomiuri olqis Seqmnas. iqve aRniSnulia, rom sakiTxis am
formiT gadawyveta, mSromeli glexobis mSvidobiani erTobli-
vi cxovrebis mtkice fundamenti gaxdeboda `samxreT oseTSi.~
am dokumentidan yuradReba Semdeg ZiriTad sakiTxebze
unda iqnas gamaxvilebuli: 1) oqmSi zogadadaa aRniSnuli `sa-
qarTvelos muSaTa da glexTa centraluri xelisuflebis dad-
genileba.~ am SemTxvevaSi, gaurkveveli rCeba, romeli ricxviT
miRebul dadgenilebazea saubari. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
sakiTxi cxinvalis `samxreT oseTis~ administraciul centrad
aRiarebas exeboda, am mxriv, samecniero wreebisaTvis mxolod
saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis
1921 wlis 17 noembris dadgenilebaa cnobili. magram, misi anu-
lireba, rogorc zemoTac gvqonda miTiTebuli, saqarTvelos
kompartiis plenumis, politbiuros, orgbiuros 12 dekembris
da saqarTvelos revkomis 20 dekembris dadgenilebebma moaxdi-
na. aseTi saxis dokumentebis miRebidan 10 dRis Semdeg, 17 no-
embris dadgenilebis isev winwamoweva, xelisuflebis mzakvru-
li CanafiqriT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli; 2)yuradReba un-
da mivaqcioT im garemoebasac, rom 12 da 20 dekembris dadgeni-
lebebis mesame muxli, sakiTxis gadawyvetas plebiscitis Sede-
gebs ukavSirebda. safiqrebelia, rom am `mitingisaTvis~ xeli-
suflebas, plebiscitis funqciis dakisreba qonda miznad dasa-
xuli. Tuki am mosazrebas oponentebi gamouCndebian, keTili
inebon da pasuxi gascen kiTxvas: a) 1921 wlis 12 da 20 dekem-
bris dadgenilebebis mesame muxls, partiis centralurma komi-
tetma ratom gaukeTa ignorireba. miTumetes, Sinagan saqmeTa
101
saxalxo komisariatTan da revkomTan Seqmnil komisias, `sam-
xreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT im etapze mu-
Saoba srulyofilad damTavrebuli ar qonda; b) `samxreT ose-
Tis~ sakiTxis forsirebuli tempiT gadawyvetas ratom Cqarob-
da saqarTvelos centraluri komiteti. visi miTiTebiT Caata-
ra l.dokaZem 1921 wlis 30 dekembers `mitingi.~ ra uflebiT
moaxdina cxinvalis raionis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi 1921 wlis
17 noembris anulirebuli dadgenilebis isev win wamoweva da
misi mxardamWeri dokumentis miReba; 3)dokumenturi masaliT
dasturdeba, rom aRniSnul `mitingTan~ mimarTebaSi oqmis Sem-
dgenlebi, uaRresad winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi aRmoC-
ndnen im TvalsazrisiT, rom maTi mxridan, Sida qarTlis qar-
Tuli mosaxleobis politikuri neba nawilobrivadac ar iqna
gaTvaliswinebuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: a) oqmis mixedviT, 30
dekembers sof. aCabeTSi gamarTuli mitingis monawileTa Soris
is 15 qarTuli sofelia dasaxelebuli, romlebmac saprotesto
werilebTan erTad TavianTi warmomadgenlebi xelisuflebas
TbilisSi gaugzavna. kuriozuli situacia iqmneba soflebis_
TamaraSensa da dgvrisTan mimarTebaSi. l.dokaZis mier Sedgeni-
li dokumentis mixedviT, mis mier mowveuli `mitingis~ muSao-
baSi TamaraSenisa da dgvrisis moasxleobac monawileobda, ro-
melmac TiTqos mxari cxinvalis `samxreT oseTis~ administra-
ciul centrad gamocxadebas dauWira. saarqivo masalebiT das-
turdeba, rom momxdari faqtidan meore dRes _ 31 dekembers,
imave TamaraSenis (52 komli) da dgvrisis (277 komli) mosaxleo-
ba, cxinvalis `samxreT oseTisadmi~ mosalodneli gadacemis ga-
mo, saqarTvelos mTavrobas saprotesto werilTan erTad, 40
qarTuli soflis 40 kacian delegaciaSi Tavis warmomadgenel-
sac agzavnis. ise gamodis, rom TamaraSenisa da dgvrisis mosax-
leobam, 30 dekembers TiTqos l. dokaZis mier SeTavazebul
dadgenilebas dauWira mxari, xolo 31 dekembers mowveul sof-
lis yrilobaze sawinaaRmdego dadgenileba miiRo. analogiuri
mdgomareoba gvaqvs sxva qarTul soflebTan mimarTebaSiac.
osebis mier ganawamebi qarTuli soflis mosaxleobisagan aseTi
orpiri TamaSi gamoricxuli iyo. amas xelisuflebisadmi gag-
zavnil werilebSi mkacri da kategoriuli formiT gamoTqmuli
protestic adasturebs; b) Tuki cxinvalis raionis `samxreT
oseTisadmi~ gadacemis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, cxinvalis Crdi-
loeTiT mdebare qarTuli soflebis Seurigebel da ukompro-
102
miso pozicias gaviTvaliswinebT, l.dokaZis xelmZRvanelobiT
`mitingis~ mowveva da qarTuli soflis mosaxleobis mxardaWe-
ris namdviloba eWvqveS dgeba. es mitingi marTlac rom Catare-
buliyo da zemoaRniSnuli saxis dadgenileba mieRo, ideolo-
giuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, xelisufleba mas Sida
qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis saprotesto werilebisa da de-
legaciis sawinaaRmdegod aucileblad gamoiyenebda. meore
mxriv, aRniSnuli faqti Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis
da masTan arsebuli Sesabamisi komisiebis moxsenebebSi, revko-
misa da partiis centraluri komitetis dadgenilebebSi sxva
dokumentebis msgavsad garkveuli formiT aisaxeboda. saarqivo
fondebze Cems mier guldasmiT Catarebuli muSaobis miuxeda-
vad, aseTi saxis dokuments jerjerobiT ver mivakvlieT.
cxinvalisa da mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTuli soflebis
mosaxleoba xelisuflebasTan garigebas rom ar awarmoebda da
goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi darCenas dabejiTebiT moiTxovda,
amis utyuar dadasturebas 1921 wlis 24 dekembridan 1922 wlis
oqtombris CaTvliT saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi gagzavnili qar-
TvelTa werilebi warmoadgens. es masalebi, Sida qarTlis qarTu-
li mosaxleobis poziciis ara marto dadasturebas, aramed arse-
buli xelisuflebis mxilebasac Seicavs. erovnuli cnobierebis
mqone nebismieri pirovneba, visac eris gasaWiri gaTavisebuli
aqvs, am dokumentebis gacnobisas SeuZlebelia aRSfoTeba ar ga-
moxatos im usamarTlobis gamo, rasac gasabWoebuli saqarTve-
los marionetuli mTavroba da kavbiuro iCenda cxinvalis raio-
nis qarTul mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi. ramdenadac, cxinvalisa
da misi CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTuli soflebis teritoriulad
miweris sakiTxis gadawyveta 12 da 20 dekembris dadgenilebebis
Sesabamisad mosaxleobis nebis gamovlinebas unda ganesazRvra,
qarTvelobam, momavlis ganWvretis TvalsazrisiT SesaSuri sif-
xizle, windaxeduleba, erTsulovneba da maRali donis organize-
buloba gamoamJRavna. mxedvelobaSi qarTuli soflebis yrilo-
bebze miRebuli is dadgenilebebi maqvs, romlebic werilobiT
ramdenime nakadad xelisuflebis Sesabamis uwyebebs gaegzavna. mi-
si avtorebi da xelismomwerebi ara marto cxinvalis raionis
`samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi moqcevas aprotestebdnen, ara-
med, aRniSnul sakiTxze mTavrobis winaSe konkretul kiTxvebsac
svamdnen da kategoriuli formiT misgan pasuxs moiTxovdnen.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime magaliTs movitan: sof. sverisa
103
da qemertis mcxovrebTa mier Sedgenil werilSi vkiTxulobT:
`erovnebaTa TviTgamorkvevis aRsasruleblad raisTvis unda
viqneT moqceulni osebis TviTgamorkvevis farglebSi?~ aseTi
saxis SekiTxvaze qarTul mosaxleobas oficialuri pasuxi sam-
wuxarod ar miuRia. xelisuflebis mxridan problemisadmi ase-
Ti gulgrili damokidebulebis gamo, saprotesto muxti qar-
Tul mosaxleobaSi Zlierdeboda. sofel browleTis 60 komlis
mier soflis yrilobaze miRebul dokumentSi xazgasmiT iyo
miTiTebuli: `ganmeorebiT vacxadebT protests cxinvalisa da
misi raionis osebis xelSi gadacemis Sesaxeb.~ `Cven sof. qor-
dbis mcxovrebni_ 100 komli, ganmeorebiT vucxadebT protests
osebis xelSi cxinvalis gadacemis Sesaxeb miRebul gadawyveti-
lebas.~ `Cven 120 komli mcxovrebni sof. meRvrekisisani ganmeo-
rebiT vacxadebT protests cxinvalisa da misi raionis osebze
gadacemis Sesaxeb.~ am amonawerebidan kargad Cans, rom Sida
qarTlis qarTuli soflis mosaxleoba arsebul xelisuflebas
protestiT meored mimarTavda. imave werilebSi kategoriuli
formiT iyo sakiTxi dasmuli, _ cxinvalisa da mis CrdiloeTiT
mdebare qarTuli soflebis goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi dar-
Cenis aucileblobaze. am masalis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qarTuli mosaxleoba undoblobas uc-
xadebda k.kakabaZis komisias da xalxis dasakiTxad cxinvalSi
axali komisiis gagzavnas moiTxovda. imavdroulad xazgasmiT
miuTiTebda: `saqarTvelos mTavroba Tu moisurvebs danamdvi-
lebiT gaigos Cveni gulis pasuxi, Cveni gulis nadebi da am Cve-
nis oqmiT ver dakmayofildeba,... maSin Cven delegatebis magier
Tundac qudze kacs gamovagzavniT. Cven vacxadebT, cxinvali
Tavisi raioniT darCes ise, rogorc iyo aqamde, e.i. s.s.s. res-
publikis farglebSi.~ am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, soflebis:
zemo da qvemo niqozis, zemo da qvemo xviTis mcxovrebTa 1921
wlis 27 dekembriT daTariRebul dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT:
`cxinvali uxsovari droidan, rogorc istoriulad ise eTnog-
rafiulad Seadgenda da Seadgens saqarTvelos guls _ saqar-
Tvelos ganuyofel nawils. mas CrdiloeTiT, Tormeti versis
manZilze, e.i. sof. sveris Tavamde, Crdilo _ aRmosavleTis
mxriv 25-30 versis manZilze, e.i. sof. awrisxevis Tavamde, aR-
mosavleTiT meWuris xevis zonis midgmamde, samxreTiT 16 ver-
sis manZiliT da dasavleTiT 8-12 verszed Semortymuli aqvs
wminda qarTuli mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli 42 qarTuli sofe-
104
li, romelTa komlTa raodenoba udris 5500 da Seadgens cxin-
valis raions. TviT q.cxinvalis umravles nawils mosaxleobi-
sas... Seadgens namdvil qarTvel ebraelTa mosaxleoba. amitom,
erTxmad vadgenT: eTxovos saqarTvelos s.s. respublikis mTav-
robas... miiRos Cveni Txovna da q. cxinvali Tavisi raioniT da-
tovos qarTvelTa eris_ saqarTvelos mTavrobis marTva_ gam-
geobaSi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi neba ar misces samxreT oseTis
revkoms iqonios raime administraciuli centri arc cxinvalSi
da arc mis raionSi, Tu mTavrobas ar unda Cvensa da osebs So-
ris gaiTxaros saSviliSvilo ufskruli.~
am dokumentSi gamoTqmul angariSgasawev mosazrebasTan er-
Tad, uaRresad sayuradRebo faqtebicaa motanili: 1) qarTuli
soflebis CaTvliT dazustebulia cxinvalis raionis sazRvrebi;
2) konkretuli cifriTaa warmodgenili cxinvalis raionis qar-
Tuli mosaxleobis komlTa raodenoba; 3) Sesabamisi faqtebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, TviTneburi qmedebe-
bidan gamomdinare ucxo saxelmwifos mmarTvel organosTanaa
asocirebuli. 4) savsebiT kanonzomieradaa dasmuli sakiTxi,
cxinvalis raionSi `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis arganTavsebisa da
imave raionis saqarTvelos mTavrobis _ anu goris mazris iuris-
diqciis SemadgenlobaSi moqcevis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aRniS-
nuli moTxovnis farglebSi sakiTxis gadawyveta, cxinvalis raio-
nis 42 qarTul sofels goris mazras samarTlebrivad dauqvemde-
barebda, da rac mTavaria, osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris `saSviliS-
vilo ufskrulis~ samomavlod Seqmnis albaToba minimumamde iq-
neboda dayvanili. swori gadawyvetilebis miReba mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, Tuki amosaval safuZvlad,
erovnuli saxelmwifosa da qarTvelTa interesebis dacva xeli-
suflebis mier prioritetad gamocxaddeboda. arc is iyo gamo-
ricxuli, rom sabWouri ideologiidan gamomdinare, internacio-
nalizmisadmi upiratesobis micema da osuri separatizmis mta-
cebluri madis dakmayofileba, mmarTvel politikur partias
pirvelxarisxovan amocanad mieCnia. ramdenadac saqarTvelos ma-
rionetuli xelisufleba arCevanis winaSe idga, arsebuli prob-
lemis osebis sasargeblod gadawyvetis didi albaToba arsebob-
da. es faqti, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan Seqmnili ko-
misiis (gr. gvelesiani _ Tavmjdomare, d.kariWaSvili, s. gorgaZe)
wevrebs yuradRebis miRma ar darCenia da cxinvalis raionis Sesa-
xeb wamoWrili sakiTxis siRrmiseul Seswavlas maqsimalurad
105
cdilobdnen. amis utyuar dadasturebas imave komisiis mier mom-
zadebuli moxseneba warmoadgens. dokumentur masalaze day-
rdnobiT komisiis wevrebi qveynis xelisuflebas Seaxsenebda, rom
Sida qarTlis `mTeli qarTuli mosaxleoba osTa mosazRvre, ara-
erTxel gamoTqvams Tavis kategoriul da uryev survils darCes
goris mazris xelisuflebis qveS. maT aseT survils naTels
hyofs... im drois sabuTebi, rodesac samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
teritoria jer kidev... sabolood Semofargluli ar iyo. mog-
vyavs am sabuTebis nusxa Sinaarsis sqematurad gadmocemiT: a)ga-
suli wlis oqtomber_ noembris TveebSi, rodesac xmebi gavrcel-
da, rom cxinvalis raioni qalaqiTurT unda gadavides samxreT
oseTis xelisuflebaze, mTelma qarTvelma mosaxleobam cxinva-
lis raionisa, saxeldobr soflebma; kexvma, qvemo aCabeTma, zemo
aCabeTma, arbom, dicma, qordma, qvemo niqozma, zemo niqozma, avnev-
ma, Zarwemma, dgvrisma, nulma, zemo xviTma, yelqceulma, qurTam,
TamaraSenma da TviT cxinvalma, ese igi, 20 sofelma gamogzavna Si-
nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi Tavisi werilobiTi dadgeni-
lebani, romlebiTac isini Txoulobdnen Zvel administraciul
e.i. goris mazris farglebSi darCenas. Suamdgomloba amaTi imde-
nad kategoriuli formiT iyo gamoTqmuli, rom aravis eWvi ar Se-
parvia maTi aseTi neba_ survilis sinamdvilesa da gulwrfeloba-
Si.~ imave dokumentiT irkveva, rom goris mazraSi darCenas,
qarTvelebTan erTad cxinvalis raionis somexi da ebraeli mo-
saxleobac iTxovda. amis Sesaxeb komisiis daskvnaSi vkiTxu-
lobT: `a) ama wlis (1922 weli S.v.) ianvris TariRiT komisari-
atma miiRo qal. cxinvalis qarTvel, somex da ebraelTa sazo-
gado dadgenileba, romliTac moiTxovdnen cxinvalis da misi
raionis kvlav istoriul sazRvrebSi darCenas; b)igive survili
gamoTqves cxinvalis raionis mcxovreblebma piradad gadmoce-
miT, specialuri delegaciis TbilisSi warmogzavnis saSuale-
biT, romlebSiac am raionis TiTqmis yvela soflis warmomad-
geneli Sedioda (ricxviT 40 kaci) da wels warudga rogorc sa-
qarTvelos mTavrobas, ise Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisars da
mTeli saqmis viTareba auxsna. amasTan warudgina soflebis ga-
naCeni, romlebiTac isini Suamdgomlobdnen maTi soflebis go-
ris mazris teritoriis farglebSi datovebas.~ imave komisiis
daskvnidan isic irkveva, rom mTel rig soflebSi mcxovrebi
osebi, osuri revkomisagan CamoSorebas da goris mazraze miwe-
ras moiTxovdnen. `bevria imisTana magaliTebi_ vkiTxulobT
106
dokumentSi,_ rom sxvadasxva raionebSi osebi acxadeben sur-
vils, raTa isini CamovaSoroT oseTis revkoms, radgan maT
surT qarTvelebTan erTad cxovreba.~ amis damadastureblad
xurvaleTis Temis sof. winagaris osebis mier 1922 wlis 13
martiT daTarirebuli dadgenilebaa motanili, romlis mixed-
viTac isini uerTdebodnen qvemo Walis TemSi Semavali sofle-
bis (qvemo baRebi, zemo baRebi, gudiaanTkari, saRoreTi, biCia-
anTkari, metesmani, RvduleTi) 1922 wlis 12 martis dadgenile-
bas. `Cven xurvaleTis Temis sof. winagaris mcxovrebTa warmo-
madgenelni: xubuluri da biCanaSvili (osebia)_ vkiTxulobT
dokumentSi, _ Cveni soflis mcxovrebTa davalebiT vacxadebT
survils zemoxsenebul dadgenilebaSi aRniSnul soflebTan
erTad... SevuerTdeT qvemo Walis raions, rogorc vyofilvarT
mamapapurad, radgan ufro axlo da moxerxebulia CvenTvis.~ am
faqtTan dakavSirebiT, imave komisiis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT; `ras
gviCvenebs es saintereso dokumenti? a) rva soflis osoba Txou-
lobs qarTvelTagan nu gamogvTiSavT da qvemo Walis xelisufle-
bis qveS dagvtoveTo; b) es rva sofeli ise ekuTvnis udao wminda
qarTul teritorias, rogoric aris xurvaleTis Temi; g)preten-
zias Zalauflebis gavrcelebisas am rva qarTul sofelze acxa-
debs, rogorc Cans arwevis ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare soflis
aRmaskomi, sadac avtonomiuri oseTis xelisufleba gaCenila.~ am
da sxva saxis masalebze dayrdnobiT, komisia akeTebda daskvnas:
`amgvarad, qarTveli mosaxleoba goris mazrisa daJinebiT, kate-
goriulad erTsa da imaves iTxovs. ara erTxel da sxva dros, sxva-
dasxva saxiT (werilobiT Tu piradi deputaciis saSualebiT) er-
Tsa da imave survils gamoTqvams oTxjer, ar daumorCilon igi
osTa xelisuflebas. aseTive survils gamoTqvams raWis da duSe-
Tis mosaxleoba. maSasadame, Cven sruli safuZveli gvaqvs
vsTqvaT, rom SekiTxva am mosaxleobisa, rasac... mTavrobisa da ko-
munisturi partiis centraluri komitetis 12 da 20 dekembris
dadgenilebaTa me- 3 muxli gulisxmobs, faqtiurad ukve moxda,
da rom am SemTxvevam cxadad gviCvena;_ goris mazris da kerZod
cxinvalis raionis qarTveloba, agreTve raWis da duSeTis mazre-
bisa, winaaRmdegia imisa, rom qarTuli soflebi da raionebi go-
ris mazrisa, kerZod qal. cxinvali da misi raioni, agreTve duSe-
Tis da raWis mazrebis nawilebi SeuerTdes samxreT oseTis avto-
nomiur olqs.~
107
komisiis daskvnidan Cvens mier motanili am amonaweridan
kargad Cans: 1) cxinvalis raionis qarTulma mosaxleobam, 1921
wlis maisidan 1922 wlis ianvris CaTvliT, cxinvalis raionis
`samxreT oseTTan~ SeerTebis dasmis sakiTxi oTxjer gaaprotes-
ta da goris mazraSi darCena kategoriuli formiT moiTxova; 2)
komisiis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-
xo komisariatSi Sesuli qarTvelTa saprotesto werilebze day-
rdnobiT gakeTebuli daskvnis mixedviT, komisiam plebisciti Ca-
tarebulad CaTvala. aqedan gamomdinare, 12 da 20 dekembris dad-
genilebaTa gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze, arsebuli problemis
savsebiT kanonzomierad qarTvelTa sasargeblod gadawyveta mo-
iTxova. Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis maRali erovnuli
TviTSegnebis faqtorma, saxelisuflebo piarkampaniis ramdenime
RonisZiebis Cavardnam, saqarTvelos xelisufleba gamouval
mdgomareobaSi Caayena. garkveuli mcdelobis miuxedavad, xeli-
suflebam sazogadoebaSi iseTi foni ver Seqmna, romelic proo-
suri politikuri kursis sasargeblod, xalxis saxeliT Cafiqre-
buli oficialuri dokumentis miRebas Seuwyobda xels. piriqiT,
qarTuli mosaxleoba mTavrobas meramdened Seaxsenebda: `Cven Tu
gvekiTxebian am saganze,... cxadad da gulaxdiT vambobT: Cven
gvsurs vicxovroT saqarTvelos respublikis farglebSi... Cven
vacxadebT: cxinvali Tavisi raioniT unda darCes ise, rogorc iyo
aqobamde.~ e.i. goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi. yuradReba unda mi-
vaqcioT im garemoebas, rom qarTvelTa am samarTliani preten-
ziis paralelurad, meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo win wamo-
weuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis javaSi
gadatanis moTxovna. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sofel browleTis
mcxovrebni soflis yrilobaze miRebul dadgenilebaSi wer-
dnen: `moviTxovT, rom oseTis revkomma izrunos Tavisi bina
daidos d.javaSi.~ sof. qordbis mcxovreblebis mier saqarTve-
los mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `s.s.r.
mTavrobisagan kidev moviTxovT, rom samxreT oseTis revkoms
da maT xelqveiT osebs amcnos, rom izrunon, raTa TavianTi bi-
na daidon d.javaSi, romelic aris maTTvis Sua adgili.~ sof.
tirZnisis mcxovrebni xelisuflebas Seaxsenebda: `osebis rev-
komma izrunos, Tavisi revkomi gadaitanos d. javaSi. iq awar-
moos Tavisi saqmeebi ise, rogorc TiTona surT. ai es aris Cve-
ni gulis pasuxi.~ aseTi saxis kategoriuli formiT gamoTqmu-
li pretenziebia dafiqsirebuli cxinvalis raionis qarTuli
108
soflebis mosaxleobis yrilobebze miRebul im uamrav gancxa-
debebsa da dadgenilebebSi, romlebic qveynis Senagan saqmeTa
saxalxo komisariatsa da revkomSi Sevida. yvela am dokumen-
tur masalaSi qarTvelTa optimizmnarevi rwmena iyo gamoTqmu-
li. `gamovTqvamT imeds, rom muSur_ glexuri mTavroba anga-
riSs gauwevs xalxis samarTlian moTxovnas.~ im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki saqarTvelos xelisufleba sakiTxs qarTvelTa sasargeb-
lod ar gadawyvetda, Sida qarTlis qarTuli soflebis mosax-
leoba mamapapeuli sacxovrisidan asaxlebas da saqarTvelos
sxva regionSi dasaxlebas moiTxovda. `vTxovT saqarTvelos
mTavrobas: mogvcen sxva adgilas sacxovrebeli bina da dagva-
saxlon s.s. respublikis farglebSi iseT adgilas, saidanac
verc Cveni Tvali da verc guli ver miswvdes Cvens mier dato-
vebul midamoebs.~ ra donis boroteba unda Caedina osebs qar-
Tul mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi, rom qarTvel kacss, winaprisa-
gan memkvidreobiT miRebuli sacxovrisisa da gamarTuli meurne-
obis datovebis, sxvagan gadasaxlebisa da yvelafris Tavidan daw-
yebis moTxovnis survili gasCenoda. qarTvelTa am donemde miyva-
na, Sida qarTlSi osebis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili urTulesi
politikuri situaciisadmi saqarTvelos mTavrobis mizanmimar-
Tul siyrueze, qarTuli mosaxleobis interesebis ignorirebaze
da misi damcavi meqanizmis aramoqmedebaze metyvelebs. es tenden-
cia, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli
dRidanve SeiniSneboda da igi droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT
Rrmavdeboda. am process osi separatistebi `gamadidebeli Su-
SiT~ Sehyurebda da nebismieri xelsayreli momentis gamoyenebas
maqsimalurad cdilobda. gr.gvelesianis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
TavianTi interesebis win wamowevis safuZvelze, osebi `qarTveli
eris xarjze teritoriul gamdidrebas, mTliani osuri terito-
riis Seqmnas~ da mis samarTlebrivad dakanonebas cdilobda. amis
dadasturebas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis, partkomisa da pasu-
xismgebeli partiuli muSakebis 1921 wlis 6- 8 seqtembris gaerTi-
anebul sxdomaze miRebuli `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialis-
turi respublikis konstituciis proeqti warmoadgens. es doku-
menti 15 muxlisgan Sedgeba da Sida qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxs dedaqalaqi
cxinvaliT ayenebda. imave dokumentis meore da mesame muxlis
mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respubli-
ka, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi federaciuli principiT unda
109
Sesuliyo da misi xelisuflebis mowyoba sabWoTa ruseTis fe-
deraciuli respublikis konstituciis safuZvelze momxdari-
yo. am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebis igno-
rireba xdeboda im TvalsazrisiT, rom konstituciis es proeq-
ti, `samxreT oseTis~ politikuri erTeulis mmarTvelobiT
struqturas ara adgilobrivi, aramed ucxo qveynis (dampyrob-
lis) saxelmwifos modelis mixedviT agebda. es faqti imazedac
migvaniSnebs, rom osi separatistebi ara marto ruseTisaken
swrafvis tendencias inarCunebdnen, aramed, saqarTvelos xe-
lisuflebas garkveuli formiT qveynis mowyobis ruseTis fe-
deraciis models sTavazobdnen.
rac Seexeba konstituciis proeqtis meoTxe da mexuTe
muxlebs, `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis
mmarTvel organod adgilobriv sabWoebs, centralur aRmasru-
lebel komitets (25 kacis raodenobiT) da saxalxo komisarTa
sabWos acxadebda. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom konstituciis
proeqtis arcerT muxlSi ar figurirebs, qarTvelTa ra rao-
denobis warmomadgenloba iqneboda daSvebuli zemoT dasaxe-
lebul mmarTvelobiT organoebSi. imave dokumentis meeqvse
muxli, `samxreT oseTis~ 9 saxalxo komisariatis (Sinagan saqme-
Ta_ fosta- telegrafis sammarTveloTi, iusticiis, ganaTle-
bis, janmrTelobis dacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis, sasur-
saTo, miwaTmoqmedebis, finansTa, Sromis, saxalxo meurneobis
sabWo_ gzaTa mimosvlis ganyofilebiT, muSaTa da glexTa in-
speqcia) Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. aqedan, 6 maTgani (Sinagan saq-
meTa, iusticiis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis dacvis, socialuri
uzrunvelyofis, saxalxo meurneobis) TavianT saqmanobaSi sa-
qarTvelos mTavrobisagan damoukidebelni iyvnen (muxli 9).
imave dokumentSi gakeTebuli SeniSvnis mixedviT, sagareo saq-
meebi da vaWroba, saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis daq-
vemdebarebaSi rCeboda im pirobiT, rom isini `samxreT oseTis~
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis winaSe iqnebodnen angariS-
valdebulni. es imas niSnavs, rom gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos
Sesabamis uwyebebs, sagareo saqmeebisa da sagareo vaWrobis sa-
kiTxebTan mimarTebaSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegebis Se-
saxeb, angariSi `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi res-
publikis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis unda Caebarebina.
axladSeqmnili politikuri subieqtis teritoriaze sam-
xedro saqmis xelmZRvaneloba (muxli 10), osur samxedro komi-
110
sariats evaleboda. marTalia, igi saqarTvelos saxalxo sam-
xedro komisariatis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda, magram misi
xelmZRvanelis daniSvna `samxreT oseTis~ saxalxo komisariat-
Tan SeTanxmebiT unda momxdariyo. aRniSnuli formulireba,
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas avaldebulebda_ osebis mier war-
dgenili kandidatisaTvis, Tundac igi qarTvelTa moZule da
Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis miuRebeli yofili-
yo_ angariSi gaewia. qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebis sawina-
aRmdego moTxovnaa dasmuli imave konstituciis proeqtis me-
TerTmete muxlSi. mxedvelobaSi maqvs kontrrevoluciasTan
brZolis sababiT `samxreT oseTis~ sagangebo cxenosani samxed-
ro nawilis Seqmnis aucilebloba. Tuki, qarTul mosaxleobas-
Tan mimarTebaSi osebis namoqmedaris warmosaCenad Cvens mier
motanil dokumentur masalas gaviTvaliswinebT, sruli SesaZ-
lebloba gveZleva ganvacxadoT, rom sityva_ `kontrrevolu-
ciasTan brZola,~ osi separatistebis niRabs warmoadgenda.
amis safuZvels, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier saqarTvelos
centraluri komitetisadmi gagzavnili moxseneba (1921 wlis 12
maisi) iZleva. am dokumentSi garkveviTaa aRniSnuli, rom `sam-
xreT oseTis~ qarTul soflebSi xelisuflebas ar daeSva qar-
Tveli glexebis bneli da Seugnebeli elementebis amboxeba. mi-
Tumetes, osi `devnilebis~ winaaRmdeg provokacias da momak-
vdinebel Sovinistur agitacias TiTqos menSevikebi eweoda.
aseTi fonis SeqmniT, imave moxsenebis mexuTe muxli, kontrre-
volucionerebisa da aqtiuri agitatorebis winaaRmdeg, saqar-
Tvelos centraluri komitetisagan kategoriuli formiT rep-
resiuli RonisZiebebis dauyovnebliv gatarebas moiTxovda.[4.
167] osi separatistebi am motiviT Tuki sagangebo cxenosani
osuri samxedro nawilis Seqmnis da konstituciurad dakanone-
bis nebarTvas miiRebda, es samxedro Zala maT mier Sida qar-
Tlis im qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobis dasaSineblad, dasar-
bevad da istoriuli sacxovrisidan gamosadevnad iqneboda ga-
moyenebuli, romlebic `samxreT oseTis~ revkoms ar emorCile-
boda da goris mazraSi darCenas kategoriuli formiT moiT-
xovda. miTumetes, qarTuli soflebis es mosaxleoba, osi sepa-
ratistebis mxridan ukve kontrrevolucionerebad iyo gamoc-
xadebuli. am mimarTulebiT maTi mxridan rapresiebis gatareba
srul realobas warmoadgenda, radgan qarTuli soflis mosax-
leobis Seupovari winaaRmdegoba da simtkice, osebs yelze
111
hqonda mibjenili. miTumetes, imave konstituciis proeqtis 15
punqtian dokumentSi erTi sityviTac ar iyo naxsenebi maT mier
`samxreT oseTad~ moazrebuli teritoriis farglebSi mcxov-
rebi qarTvelebis uflebebis dacvis garantiis Sesaxeb. es do-
kumenti Tavidan bolomde osuri separatizmis saxes atarebs
da iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom `samxreT oseTis~ respub-
likis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, im politikuri erTeulis sazRvreb-
Si mcxovrebTa Semadgenloba TiTqos wminda osuri mosaxleoba
iqneboda. es yalbi Tvalsazrisi konstituciis proeqtisadmi
darTul `mokle ganmartebiT baraTSia~ Cadebuli.
amrigad, Cvens mier motanili dokumenturi masalis anali-
zidan gamomdinare, Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba
gveZleva: 1)saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze, `samxreT oseTis~
revkomis mxridan osuri saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnis mcde-
lobiT ganpirobebuli urTulesi situaciis daregulirebas, Si-
nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis 1921 wlis 20 ivlisis dadge-
nileba iTvaliswinebda. igi osuri separatizmisadmi frTebis Sek-
vecas, `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqcevas
da Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis interesebis dacvas isa-
xavda miznad. am dokumentis Rirseba imaSiac mdgomareobda, rom
`samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqs cxinvalisa da mis garSemo
arsebuli 51 qarTuli sofelis gareSe, goris mazris CrdiloeTi
nawilis mxolod 7 sasoflo sazogadoebiT Semofarglavda. ax-
lad daarsebul administraciul erTeuls, samazro uflebebs aZ-
levda. saqarTvelos revkomis mier am dokumentis Tavis droze
ardamtkicebiT daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworebis mcdelobas,
imave dadgenilebis mixedviT, revkomis mier `samxreT oseTis~ av-
tonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb momzadebuli dekretis proeq-
ti (1922 w. 20 marti) warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
mier am dokumentis miRebis SemTxvevaSi; a)Sida qarTlis qarTuli
mosaxleobis moTxovnebi srulad iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli,
xolo misi usafrTxoeba_ daculi; b)erovnuli saxelmwifos inte-
resebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis
SenarCunebis myari garantia Seiqmneboda; 2)`samxreT oseTis~ rev-
komis, partkomisa da pasuxismgebeli partiuli muSakebis gaerTi-
anebul sxdomaze (1921 wlis 6_ 8 seqtemberi) miRebuli `samxreT
oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis sazRvrebis proeq-
ti, mtaceblur xasiaTs atarebda. igi goris, duSeTis, raWisa da
Sorapnis mazrebisadmi CamoWrili teritoriebis xarjze (1 qala-
112
qi_ cxinvali, 21 soflis sazogadoeba da 47 qarTuli sofeli) ose-
bis administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. `sam-
xreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos centralur komi-
tetTan arsebuli k.kakabaZis komisiis 1921 wlis 8 dekemberis dad-
genileba (oqmi #4), osebis zemoaRniSnuli proeqtis gameorebas
warmoadgenda. Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis saprotesto
werilebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos centraluri komitetis
da revkomis 1921 wlis 12 da 20 dekembers miRebulma dadgenile-
bebma, k.kakabaZis komisiis dadgenilebis anulireba moaxdina da
qarTuli soflebi goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi datova.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f.
281, aRw. 1, saq. 50.
2. l. ToiZe. rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqi, Tbilisi, 1991.
3. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, f.
281, aRw. 2, saq. 3.
4. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, f. 14. aRw. 1. saq. 48.
furc. 167
Shota Vadachkoria Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology of Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, senior research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
Creating of the Ossetian Soviet Autonomy by Capturing Georgian Territories and Georgian
Reality (First Letter)
Summary
On the basis of documentary material in the work is stated that: 1) ex-tremely difficult situationdetermined by the attempt of creating Ossetian state unity at the expense of Georgian territory was to be regulated by resolution of
113
people's commissariat of July, 20, 1921. The aim of the resolution was to prevent Ossetian separatism, to put `Revolutionary Committee of Ossetia~ in the frames of law regulations and defend the interests of Shida Kartly popula-tion. According to this document South Ossetian autonomous republic was embracing only 7 village communities in the North of Goriuyezd (district), the territory without Tskhinvali and 51 Georgian villages round it. It was giving newly established administrative unit the right of a district (uyezd). The decry project prepared by revolutionary committee of Georgia about formation of the `South Ossetia~ autonomous region (oblast) in March, 20, 1922 was an attempt to correct a mistake when the committee did not receive the mentioned document. If the document should have been received: a) the demands of Shida Kartly Georgian population should have been completely taken into consideration and security defended; b) from the point of view ofnational stateinterests, it should have been the guarantee of the whole county unity. 2) On the united meeting of the revolutionary committee, party committee and high-ranking party members of the `South Ossetia~ (Septem-ber, 2-8, 1921) the received project on the borders of the `South Ossetia~ Socialist Republic was of `capturing~ character. On the account of territories cut from Gori, Dusheti, Racha, Shorapani districts (uyezds) (one town-Tskhinvali, 21 village communities and 47 Georgian villages) the formation of the administrative unit of Ossetians was planned.
114
lela saraliZe
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-
is da eTnologiis institutis axali
da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
politikuri situacia Sida qarTlSi
avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Semdeg
1922 wlis 20 aprils sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa cen-
traluri aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da saqarTvelos saxalxo
komisarTa sabWos dekreti #2-iT istoriuli Sida qarTlis
teritoriaze Seiqmna e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi
sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi [1,78]. am faqtma mniSvne-
lovani dapirispireba gamoiwvia adgilobriv mcxovreblebs So-
ris, romelTa umetesoba mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. e.
w. „samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi mravali qarTuli sof-
lis xelovnuri gaerTianebiT Seiqmna. ase miviReT „samxreT
oseTi~ centralur saqarTveloSi [2, 17].
saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis Semdeg, ruseTis xeli-
sufleba amzadebda pirobebs os separatistTa moTxovnebis da-
sakmayofileblad. 1921 wlis 5 maiss, saqarTvelos sabWoTa
respublikis revoluciuri komitetis prezidiumma, e. w. `sam-
xreT oseTis~ revkomis funqciis gansazRvris mizniT, miiRo ga-
dawyvetileba Sida qarTlSi specialuri komisiis gagzavnis Se-
saxeb. gadawyda XI armiis orasi cxenosnisagan Semdgari nawili
cxinvalSi gaegzavnaT. osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris damokide-
bulebis mosagvareblad, prezidiumma miiRo dadgenileba, cxin-
valSi amxanag xutulaSvilis gagzavnasTan dakavSirebiT. igi
dainiSna Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevrad
da saxalxo komisris moadgiled [3, 21]. aqedan naTlad Cans, Tu
rogor cdilobdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis mesveurebi, Tavi-
dan aecilebinaT mosalodneli garTuleba, rac, bunebrivia,
ukanono olqis Seqmnas mohyveboda.
e. w. `samxreT oseTisTvis~ avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxma
sabWoTa mTavroba Tavidanve rTuli amocanis winaSe daayena,
rac obieqturi mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli. gasarkvevi iyo ro-
115
mel teritoriaze da ra saxis avtonomia unda mieniWebinaT
osebisTvis, radgan Sida qarTli osebiT dasaxlebuli ZirZveli
qarTuli miwa iyo. rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros,
saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets da revoluci-
ur komitets, Tavdapirvelad gauWirdaT e. w. `samxreT oseTis~
revoluciuri komitetisa da partiuli komitetis mier avto-
nomiis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba.
sabWoTa saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma, osebi-
saTvis avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis
mizniT, raTa Tavidan aecilebina Sida qarTlis regionSi mosa-
lodneli dapirispirebebi, kontr-revoluciasTan, SpionaJTan,
spekulaciasTan da banditizmTan sabrZolvelad sagangebo ko-
misia Seqmna. 1921 wlis 6 oqtombriT daTariRebul erT-erT
dokumentSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos sagangebo komitetis Tav-
mjdomarem centralur komitets gaugzavna Semdegi Sinaarsis
werili: `Cems mier mipovebuli monacemebis mixedviT, cxinvalis
raionSi urTierTdamokidebuleba osur da qarTul soflebs
Soris jer kidev ar aris daregulirebuli. adgili aqvs nebis-
mier provokacias. orive mxare daZabul mdgomareobaSi imyofe-
ba. gansakuTrebiT gaurkvevelia urTierTobebi qalaqis mazra-
sa da cxinvalis revkomebs Soris, Sesabamisi raionebi ar aris
gamijnuli. xSirad xdeba gaurkvevlobebi imis safuZvelze, Tu
vin unda marTos esa Tu is raioni, nebismieri moqalaqis yove-
li dapatimreba am ori xelisuflebis ganxeTqilebis vaSli
xdeba. igive xdeba saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze kobis raionSi.
Setakebebis safuZveli xSirad aris is, rom Tavdasxmebis dros,
osebi arTmeven qarTvelebs TiTqosda moparul Sinaur pi-
rutyvs. am sakiTxSi tyuis rogorc erTi, ise meore mxare. saWi-
roa miRebul iqnas raime zomebi aseTi mdgomareobis likvida-
ciisTvis. me SemogTavazebdiT Seqmniliyo Sereuli komisia,
Tundac ori kardinaluri sakiTxis dasaregulireblad: 1) xe-
lisuflebis gavlenis sferoebis gamijnva da 2) Sinauri pirut-
yvis warTmevasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mosagvareblad,
Tu ck isurvebs gavakeTeb ufro dawvrilebiT moxsenebas. we-
rils xels awers saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare
[4, 123].
Sida qarTlSi politikuri situaciis gamwvaveba xelovnu-
rad Sekowiwebuli e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis ukanonod
dadgenam gamoiwvia. saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis da sabWo-
116
Ta xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvel dReebSi sabWoTa mTavro-
ba saerTod ar iyenebda termins _ `samxreT oseTi~, rasac adas-
turebs 1921 wlis 9 agvistos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisa-
riatis dadgenileba, sadac naxsenebia, mxolod goris mazris
cxinvalis raioni. dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: `ocdaxuTi sof-
lis revkomis warmomadgenelTa yrilobis Suamdgomlobis Ta-
naxmad, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, miiRo ra mxedve-
lobaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis marTva-gamgeobis da adgilob-
rivi mosaxleobis interesebi, daadgina: goris mazris cxinva-
lis raionSi dawesdes xuTi saTemo revkomi Semdeg qvemoT da-
saxelebul soflebSi: a) qvemo aCabeTSi, b) zemo aCabeTSi, g)
dicSi, d) ZarwemSi, e) vanaTSi. qvemo aCabeTis Tems Seadgens
soflebi: dgvrisi, TamaraSeni, zemo aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi,
kverneTi da monasteri. zemo niqozis Tems: qvemo niqozi, zemo
xviTi, dvani, avnevi da nuli. dicis Tems Seadgens soflebi: ko-
di, arbo, eredvi, bJoleTi, tirZnisi, meRvrekisi da ergneTi.
Zarwemis Tems, soflebi: qemerti, xeiTi, sveri. vanaTis Tems _
soflebi: sacxeneTi, beloTi da awyurisxevi. am dadgenilebis
asli gaegzavnos goris mazris revkoms da agreTve respublikis
mTavar miliciis sammarTvelos saTanado gankargulebis mosax-
denad~ [5, 14]. dadgenilebas xels aweren Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-
xo komisari besarion kvirkvelia da administraciul erTeul-
Ta ganyofilebis gamge gr. gvelesiani.
avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnas win uZRoda Sinagan saqmeTa
saxalxo komisariatis daskvna. moxsenebiT baraTSi, romelsac
xeli moaweres Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma besarion
kvirkveliam da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa
mmarTvelma v. xaxanaSvilma, sakiTxis detaluri analizis sa-
fuZvelze aRniSnuli iyo, rom osebis raodenoba qarTul sof-
lebSi imdenad mcirea, maTi calke mazrad gamoyofac ki SeuZ-
lebeli xdeboda [6, 121]. miuxedavad uaryofisa, saqarTvelos
Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris daskvnam, mainc erTgvari gav-
lena moaxdina rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros 1921
wlis 31 oqtombris gadawyvetilebaze. kavbiurom garkveulwi-
lad kompromisuli dadgenileba miiRo, roca e. w. `samxreT
oseTs~, revoluciuri komitetis mier moTxovnili sabWoTa so-
cialisturi respublikis nacvlad, avtonomiuri olqis statu-
si mianiWa [7, 285].
117
e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
dekreti #2-is gamoqveynebamde, 1921 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi,
rodesac gavrcelda xmebi, rom cxinvalis raioni qalaqiTurT
e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis xelisuflebas unda
gadascemoda, oci qarTuli sofeli: 1. kexvi, 2. qvemo aCabeTi,
3. zemo aCabeTi, 4. arbo, 5. dici, 6. kordi, 7. qvemo niqozi, 8.
avnevi, 9. Zarwemi, 10. dvgrisi, 11. nuli, 12. zemo xviTi, 13. qve-
mo xviTi, 14. zemo niqozi, 15. yelqceuli, 16. qemerta, 17. qur-
Ta, 18. TamaraSeni, 19. vanaTi, 20. cxinvali, win aRudga am usa-
marTlo gadawyvetilebas da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa sa-
xalxo komisariatisgan kategoriulad moiTxova Zvel adminis-
traciul, anu goris mazris farglebSi darCena. am faqts gamo-
exmaura TviT cxinvalis revkomi, romelic zedmiwevniT flob-
da informacias raionSi arsebuli daZabuli situaciis Sesaxeb
da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats mouwo-
debda droebiT SeeCerebina am sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sisxlisRvra gardauvali iqneboda. Ta-
vis mxriv, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma 1921 wlis no-
emberSi saqarTvelos revkoms warudgina Suamdgomloba, rom-
liTac kategoriulad moiTxova e.w. `samxreT oseTisTvis~ ad-
ministraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxis revkomis msjelobi-
dan droebiT moxsna, vidre ar mowesrigdeboda daZabuli ur-
TierToba qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris.
sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam e. w. `samxreT ose-
Tis~ avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi cxinvalis mosalod-
neli gadacemis Sesaxeb, rogorc qarTveli, aseve osi mosaxle-
obis samarTliani guliswyroma gamoiwvia. cxinvalis raionis
da axlomaxlo mdebare qarTuli soflebis mcxovrebni kvlav
goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi iTxovdnen darCenas. miuxedavad
mosaxleobis aRSfoTebisa, jer kidev 1921 wlis 8 dekembers,
Sereulma komisiam gamoitana dadgenileba e. w. `samxreT ose-
Tis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. komi-
siaSi sazRvrebis dadgenis dros principuli xasiaTis winaaR-
mdegobebs adgili ar hqonia. mxolod zogierTi qarTuli sof-
lis e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi
Sesvlis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres komisiis wevrebma _ Sotma da
elerdovma, Tumca komisiis umravlesobam maTi azri ar gaizia-
ra. radgan ukve arsebobda saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-is 1921 wlis
17 noembris dadgenileba, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri
118
olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb centriT cxinvalSi, komisiam SesaZleb-
lad scno gaevlo sasazRvro xazi e. w. `samxreT oseTs~ da go-
ris mazras Soris cxinvalis da sof. ergeTis zeviT, ris gamoc
e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ SemadgenlobaSi, cxinvalis garda moeqca
qarTuli soflebi: dgvirisi, TamaraSeni, aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi,
qemerTa, zarcemi, skveri, xeiTi. miuxedavad aseTi seriozuli
darRvevebisa, dadgenilebas e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sazRvrebis
Sesaxeb, komisiis yvela wevrma moawera xeli. amis Semdeg, saqar-
Tvelos komunisturi partiis ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembris
dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, Sereulma komisiam yvela es masala ima-
ve wlis 11 dekembers gadaugzavna partiis centralur komi-
tets.
sakiTxi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seq-
mnis Sesaxeb centriT q. cxinvalSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier
gadawyvetili faqti iyo. cxinvalisa da momijnave qarTuli
soflebis e. w. `samxreT oseTisTvis~ usamarTlod gadacemas,
bunebrivia, mosaxleobis ara erTi protesti mohyva. sabWoTa
mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda droebiT ukan daexia da angariSi
gaewia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis moTxovnebisTvis.
saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma, aseve komunis-
turma partiam TavianTi dadgenilebiT (kompartiis plenumis
dadgenileba #39, 1921 wlis 12 dekembris da saq. rev. komite-
tis 1921 wlis 20 dekembris #94), q. cxinvali (1804 wels cxin-
valSi osebis 12 komli cxovrobda, 1900 w. -0, 1922 w. - 623). e.
w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis administraciul cen-
trad aRiares, magram es aRiareba pirobiTi iyo da ara katego-
riuli. sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebidan naTeli iyo, rom
cxinvalis raioni im dromde, vidre raionis qarTuli mosaxle-
oba ar moisurvebda SeerTeboda e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtono-
miur olqs, unda daqvemdebareboda goris mazris xelisufle-
bas.
1921 wlis 20 dekembers, saqarTvelos revkomma, moismina
e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis gamom-
rkvevi Sereuli komisiis moxseneba goris mazraSi Seqmnili vi-
Tarebis Taobaze da miiRo Semdegi dadgenileba: 1. `samxreT
oseTis~ avtonomiuri mxaris administraciul centrad CaiTva-
los q. cxinvali, avtonomiuri xelisuflebis im teritoriaze
gavrcelebiT, sadac osebi arian dasaxlebuli, garda Casavlis
sazogadoebisa da kobis raionisa, romelTagan pirveli unda
119
darCes raWis mazraSi, xolo meore duSeTis mazraSi. 2. miendos
Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats avtonomiuri oseTis saz-
Rvrebis dawvrilebiT gamokvleva sazRvrebis gamomrkvev arse-
bul komisiasTan erTad. 3. im dromde, sanam cxinvalis raionis
qarTuli mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareoba Seicvleba q. cxin-
valis raionis avtonomiuri oseTis teritoriad miCnevis sa-
sargeblod, q. cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebul qarTul sof-
lebSi, Zalaufleba datovebul iqnas saraiono revkomis xelSi,
romelic Sedis goris mazraSi~ [8, 123].
sabWoTa saqarTvelos mesveurebma, yovelgvari samar-
Tlebrivi normebis gverdis avliT, Seqmnes e. w. „samxreT ose-
Tis~ avtonomiuri olqi da mis SemadgenlobaSi sruliad ukano-
nod Seiyvanes 40 qarTuli sofeli da erTi qalaqi, sadac 20.
000-mde qarTveli cxovrobda, xolo osebis raodenoba 1.100
suls Seadgenda. saqarTvelos ssr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-
misariatis specialurma komisiam (Tavmjdomare gr. gvelesiani,
wevrebi: d. kariWaSvili, s. giorgaZe) Seadgina im qarTuli sof-
lebis sia da sofelTa erovnuli Semadgenloba, romlebic sa-
qarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos 1922 wlis 20 aprilis
dekretiT (#2) e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqs gadae-
ca. avtonomiuri olqi ise Seiqmna, rom sazRvrebis sakiTxi sa-
bolood garkveuli ar yofila, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom sa-
kiTxis gadawyveta sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan ga-
rigebiT wydeboda, romelsac faqtiurad sabWoTa ruseTi kar-
naxobda misTvis sasurvel gegmas [9, 358]. sruliad saqarTve-
los cak-ma Sereuli komisia gamoyo, romelmac didi muSaoba
Caatara e. w. `samxreT oseTisaTvis~ sadavo teritoriebis sa-
kiTxis mosawesrigeblad. komisiam muSaoba mxolod 1922 wlis
seqtemberSi daamTavra. 1922 wlis 29 seqtembers mowveuli iqna
e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ partiis saolqo komitetis prezidiumis
sxdoma, sadac moismines Sereuli komisiis wevris s. gagloevis
moxseneba: `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis
ganmsazRvreli komisiis mier muSaobis damTavrebisa da olqis
administraciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb.
e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ ukanono avtonomiuri olqis Seq-
mnam, Sida qarTlSi kidev ufro gaamwvava politikuri situa-
cia. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uaryofiTad Sexvda olqis Seq-
mnas, radgan eTnikuri gansxvevebuloba da saqarTvelos miwa-
wyalze osebis kompaqturi dasaxleba, maTTvis politikuri av-
120
tonomiis miniWebis araviTar safuZvels ar qmnida, radgan te-
ritoria, sadac osebi saxlobdnen saqarTvelos ar daupyria da
arc am erovnuli umciresobebisTvis waurTmevia. es miwa-wyali
istoriulad saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda, romelic garkveuli po-
litikuri movlenebis Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi osebma dai-
kaves, rodesac iq Casaxldnen.
politikur situacias amwvavebda isic, rom osebis mier,
sruliad ukanonod Seqmnili olqisTvis, TviTneburad xdeboda
sazRvrebis dadgena. 1922 wlis 2 ivliss, qalaq cxinvalSi, sam-
xareo partiuli komitetis da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ centra-
luri aRmasrulebeli komitetis gaerTianebul sxdomaze, ro-
melsac Tavmjdomareobda k. jatievi, n. gasievi (mdivani), miiRes
dadgenileba, romlis ZaliTac administraciuli urTierTobis
TvalsazrisiT e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi gaiyo
3 kantonad: 1) javis, centriT javaSi, 2) cxinvalis, centriT _
cxinvalSi da 3) qsnis centriT _ axalgorSi. Tavis mxriv, cxin-
valis kantonSi Sedioda: a) wunaris, b) yornisis, g) oqonis, d)
cxinvalis, e) orTevis, v) beloTis, z) andoreTis raionebi.
qsnis kantonSi _ a) lexuris, b) axalgoris, g) monastris
raionebi. saboloo jamSi olqi sam kantonad da 14 raionad
iyofoda. dadgenilebis mixedviT, mmarTvelobis organoebi un-
da yofiliyo: olqis centrSi e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ avtonomi-
uri olqis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti, sam kanton-
Si muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis sakontrolo aRmasrulebeli
komitetebi, raionebSi _ raionebis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi.
javaSi, cxinvalSi da axalgorSi raiaRmaskomis funqciebi sa-
kontrolo aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelSi gadadioda [10, 18].
mosalodneli dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,
1922 wlis 16 ivliss, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma aleqsan-
dre gegeWkorma oficialuri weriliT mimarTa sruliad saqar-
Tvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiums. we-
rilSi naTqvami iyo: `vadgen ra amasTanave Sinagan saqmeTa saxal-
xo komisariatTan arsebul specialuri komisiis moxsenebas, faq-
tiuri masaliT dasabuTebuls da mimaCnia ra saWirod, rom or
mezobel erTa Soris erTxel da samudamod moeRos bolo yove-
live uTanxmoeba-konfliqtebs, teritorialur niadagze aRmo-
cenebuls da damyardes maT Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba da
TanamSromloba, vSuamdgomlob sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa
centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiumis winaSe, ra-
121
Ta miRebul iqmnas jerjerobiT principialuri gadawyvetileba
_ gadasinjul iqnas dekreti #2, rac Seexeba im sakiTxis deta-
lur garkvevas, Tu ra cvlilebani iqnas Setanili am dekretSi,
es miendos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats, romelsac dae-
valos sakiTxis ganxilva specialur komisiaSi samxreT oseTis
warmomadgenlis monawileobiT~ [11, 79].
sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari-
atma, 1922 wlis 20 ivliss, erTiani wesrigis da uflebrivi
mdgomareobis gansazRvris mizniT, vidre detalurad damuSav-
deboda mwvave sakiTxi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, qarTvelebiTa da
osebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi droebiTi dadgenileba miiRo,
romlis Tanaxmad, e. w. „samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli er-
Teuli Svid yofil soflis sazogadoebas Seicavda goris maz-
raSi: 1. orTevis 2. beloTis, 3. yemulTis, 4. yornisis, 5. ro-
kis, 6. javis, 7. wunarisis. aRniSnuli erTeulebis administra-
ciul centrad gamocxadda sofeli java. sakiTxi orTevis, be-
loTis da wunaris sazogadoebebidan cxra wminda qarTuli
soflis gamoyofis Sesaxeb, goris samazro revkomis daskvnis
Tanaxmad, sazRvrebis gamomrkvevi komisiis muSaobis damTavre-
bamde Riad iqna datovebuli. saubari iyo Semdeg qarTul sof-
lebze: vanaTi, beloTi, awyurisxevi, sacxeneTi, xaSura, xaduri-
anT kari, dvani; zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi, romlebic cxinva-
lis raions miaweres. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, osTa probleme-
bis irgvliv muSaobas, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo
komisariatis administraciul erTeulTa ganyofileba da mas-
Tan daarsebuli specialuri mudmivi komisia xelmZRvanelobda.
saqarTvelos administraciul erTeulTa ganyofileba
statistikur aRricxvas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. centralu-
ri statistikuri sammarTvelos mier, Zveli aRweris mixedviT,
Sedgenili iqna detaluri nusxa osi mosaxleobis raodenobis Se-
saxeb mTel saqarTveloSi, romelSic naCvenebi iyo yoveli sof-
lis mcxovrebTa raodenoba, dadgenili iqna procentulad, ro-
gorc qarTveli, ise osi mosaxleoba. aucilebeli gaxda aseve,
osi mosaxleobis axali statistikuri aRwera yvela im mazrebSi,
sadac isini cxovrobdnen. amasTanave, miRebuli iqna gadawyveti-
leba siebSi ar SeetanaT osi mosaxleobis is nawili, romelTac
mxolod odesme hyavdaT osi STamomavlobis winaprebi, realu-
rad ki savsebiT gaqarTvelebulni iyvnen, rogorc eniT, sarwmu-
noebiT, zne-CveulebiT, kulturiT da sxva tradiciebiT. garda
122
amisa, isini sruliad arafriT ar gansxvavdebodnen qarTvelebis-
gan, romlebTanac erTadac iyvnen Wirsa da lxinSi da rac mTava-
ria yvela sferoSi qarTul saxelmwifoebriv-politikur da sa-
zogadoebriv-kulturul orientacias iziarebdnen. isini Tavi-
anT Tavs TviTonve qarTvelebad aRiarebdnen, rodesac maT wina-
Se erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi idga.
administraciuli ganyofileba jer kidev muSaobis pro-
cesSi iyo, rodesac cxinvalidan Casulma osTa delegaciam sab-
WoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe kidev erTxel daayena sa-
kiTxi „samxreT oseTis~ olqisTvis avtonomiuri uflebis mini-
Webaze, aseve, administraciuli sazRvris dawesebaze. aRniSnul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, osebma SuamdgomlobiT mimarTes sa-
qarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralur komitets da ru-
seTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis kavkasiis
biuros (kavbiuro).
Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis specialuri komisi-
is daskvnaSi detalurad iyo aRwerili Sida qarTlSi Seqmnili
mdgomareoba. #2 dekretiT goris mazris mravali qarTuli so-
feli Tu raioni unda miezomaT xelovnurad Seqmnili avtono-
miuri olqisTvis, rasac adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis
samarTliani aRSfoTeba mohyva.
Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi araerTi saCivris
werili Sevida, saidanac naTlad Canda, rom osebsa da qarTve-
lebs Soris urTierToba ufro da ufro mwvavdeboda ZirZveli
qarTuli soflebis e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiur olqze
xelovnurad miweris gamo. ukmayofilebis mizezi ZiriTadad ga-
mowveuli iyo: ekonomikuri mizezebiT, zne-CveulebaTa sxvadas-
xvaobis, enis ucodinrobis, xelisuflebis SecvliT gamowveuli
mimosvlis garTulebiT, kulturuli sxvaobiT da sxva mizeze-
biT. qarTveli mosaxleoba daJinebiT moiTxovda goris mazris
xelisuflebis farglebSi darCenas.
1922 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos Sinsaxkoms gadaeca qa-
laq cxinvalis qarTvelTa, somexTa da ebraelTa erToblivi
dadgenileba, romliTac isini cxinvalisa da misi raionis Tavis
bunebriv istoriul sazRvrebSi darCenas moiTxovdnen. msgavsi
moTxovniT gamovidnen, aseve, sofel nedleTis, xundisubnis,
Sindaris, TiRvis, alabaris, sacxeneTis, zemo da qvemo oqonis
mcxovrebni. aRniSnuli soflebi gomis raions ekuTvnoda, ro-
melic yovelTvis udavo qarTul raionad iTvleboda da qar-
123
TvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. dekretis mixedviT, e.w. `samxreT
oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebSi moyva soflebi TiRva,
oqona, sunisi, nabakevi, tyisubani, Sindarisi, nedlaTi, aliba-
ri, axalSeni da xundisubani. am soflebis mcxovrebTa saCivar-
Si naTqvami iyo: `samxreT oseTis sazRvris gavlebis dros mov-
yeviT mis farglebSi, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-
risiT did uxerxulobas: 1. cxinvalSi siaruli ar gvexerxeba,
ZvelTagan Cveulni varT gomSi, suramSi da gorSi siaruls, ro-
melTa bazriTac vsargeblobdiT mudam da sadac saRdeba yove-
li Cveni nawarmi; 2. cxinvalis mxris gzebi imdenad Zneli sasia-
ruloa, rom yovlad autanelia CvenTvis da Cveni saqonlisaT-
vis; 3. dawesebulebebSi siarulis dros, Cveni saqmeebisa gamo,
migvaqvs imave dros gasasyidlad yoveli Cveni nawarmi da amiT
vimatebdiT samuSao dReebs... davadgineT: vinaidan samxreT
oseTis olqze miwera gamoiwvevs Cvens daRupvas, kategoriulad
moviTxovT, raTa Cveni soflebi darCes goris mazris fargleb-
Si da mieweros maxlobel sacixuris Tems~ [12, 82].
Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saxelze mravali
iseTi gancxadebac iyo Sesuli, romliTac sxvadasxva raionebSi
mcxovrebi osebi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisagan CamoSore-
bas da qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrebis survils gamoTqvamdnen.
isini Tvlidnen, rom qarTvelebTan araferi hqondaT gasayofi.
1922 wlis 12 marts sof. xurvaleTis mcxovreblebma aseTi Si-
naarsis werili gaugzavnes Sinsaxkoms: `Cven qvemo Walis raio-
nis soflebis: 1)zemo baRebis, 2)qvemo baRebis, 3) gudianT ka-
ris, 4) saRoreTis, 5) CanaanT karis, 6) metesmanis da 7) Rvdu-
leTis warmomadgenlebma davadgineT: radganac arwevis me-3 ra-
ionis aRmaskomi ZaliT moiTxovs am soflebis mcxovrebTagan
maTTan SeerTebas administraciulad da axdens Cvens mimarT
sxvadasxva gankargulebebs, Cven ki maTTan kavSiri ar gvsurs,
ugzavnis dadgenilebas umaRles mTavrobas, raTa man winadade-
ba misces me-3 raionis sof. arwevis aRmaskoms (osuri aRmasko-
mia), rom igi Camogvexsnas, radgan Cveni Rrma survilia veqvem-
debarebodeT qvemo Walis raionis aRmaskoms (qarTuli aRmas-
komia), rogorc es mTavrobisagan aris dawesebuli~ [12, 84].
dadgenilebas xels awerda zemoT dasaxelebuli soflebis 14
warmomadgeneli. maT xelmoweras adasturebs qvemo Walis aR-
maskomis Tavmjdomare sakuTari xelis moweriT da beWdis das-
miT. dadgenilebas amasTanave erTvoda Semdegi Sinaarsis dama-
124
teba: `1922 wlis 13 marti, qvemoWala. Cven, xurvaleTis Temis
sof. winagaris mcxovrebTa warmomadgenelni, xubuluri da bi-
CanaSvili (osebia), Cveni soflis mcxovrebTa davalebiT, vacxa-
debT survils zemoxsenebul dadgenilebaSi aRniSnul sofleb-
Tan erTad SevuerTdeT qvemo Walis raions, rogorc vyofil-
varT mamapapurad, radgan ase ufro axlo da moxerxebulia
CvenTvis~ [12, 84]. adgilobriv mcxovrebTa xelmowerebs adas-
turebda qvemo Walis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare. dokumentidan,
romelic, aseve, asaxulia Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris
moxsenebaSi, naTlad Cans, rom rva soflis osuri mosaxleoba
daJinebiT moiTxovda, raTa qarTvelebisgan ar gamoeTiSaT da
qvemo Walis xelisuflebis qveS daetovebinaT, radgan es rva
sofeli ekuTvnoda iseT udavo wminda qarTul teritorias,
rogoric iyo xurvaleTis Temi. am rva sofelze Zalauflebis
gavrcelebaze, 1922 wlis 20 aprilis #2 dekretis gamocxade-
bis Semdeg, pretenzias acxadebda arwevis CrdiloeTiT mdebare
soflis aRmaskomi, sadac e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri
olqis mmarTveloba vrceldeboda.
1922 wlis 5 ivniss sof. ZvileTis mcxovreblebma Semdegi
TxovniT mimarTes Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats: `sof.
ZvileTi aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da samxreTiT garsSemor-
tymulia qarTuli soflebiT da es soflebi da TviT ZvileTi
ekuTvnian zemo qarTls. winaT dirbis sazogadoebaze viyaviT
miwerilni, anu Semdeg dirbis Temze, axla migvaweres samxreT
oseTis olqze. Cven pitalo qarTvelebi varT, osuri ena sru-
liad ar viciT; dirbis sasamarTlo Cvengan sam verszea, xolo
Tu samxreT oseTis farglebSi davrCiT, maSin wunarSi 15 ver-
sze mogvixdeba siaruli. amasTanave, sof. dvanis mdinare frone
didia da CvenTvis Zalian Znelia iq siaruli, amitom gTxovT
migvaweroT isev dirbis Temze, goris mazraze~ [12, 83].
raWis mazris aRmasrulebeli komiteti, 1922 wlis 20 ag-
vistos, saqarTvelos Sinsaxkoms atyobinebda: `raWis mazris
qarTveli glexobis sabuTebiT SeZenili uZravi qoneba, saxnavi,
saZovari miwebi da tyeebi mohyva samxreT oseTis olqSi da
dRes TiTqmis sadavo xdeba es maTi sakuTreba, radgan am adgi-
lebs osebi TavianT sakuTrebad miiCneven ... glexobisaTvis
tyiT sargebloba im mxriTac uxerxuli xdeba, rom nebarTvis
asaRebad isini cxinvalSi unda wavidnen, romelic 70 versis
manZilzea... aRm. komiteti Txoulobs: SeCerebul iqnas oseTis
125
farglebSi Setana im tyeebisa, romlebic qarTveli glexebis
sakuTrebas Seadgenen, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, konfliqti oseb-
sa da qarTvelebs Soris mosalodnelia~ [12, 83].
tyviavis Temis sofel disevis da kulbiTis mosaxleoba
1922 wlis 21 agvistos ganaCeniT samarTlianad moiTxovda:
`samxreT oseTze Cveni miwera arc istoriulad, arc geografi-
ulad, arc eTnografiulad da arc ekonomikurad mizanSewoni-
lad da samarTlianad ar migvaCnia, amitom imedi gvaqvs, rom
mTavroba Cven qarTvelebs gvartomobiT, ucxo tomis xelSi ar
gadagvcems, romelTanac Cven ar gvakavSirebs rogorc zemoxse-
nebuli garemoebani, ise arc ena da arc zne-Cveulebani`[12, 83].
Tavis mxriv, sofel Warebis mcxovrebni 1922 wlis 23 ag-
vistos dadgenilebiT moiTxovdnen: `Warebi gadadis osebis, sa-
xeldobr, cxinvalis aRmaskomze, romelic daSorebulia Cvengan
30 versiT, Camodis mdinare patara liaxvi, romelmac modideba
icis pirveli Tebervlidan seqtembris gasvlamde, ase, rom am
mizeziT kaci ver gadis ... garda amisa Cven qarTvelebi varT da
ar viciT osuri ena ... am mosazrebaTa gamo, gvinda ara osebis,
aramed tyviavis raionis aRmaskomze viyoT miwerilni, romelic
CvenTan axloa~ [12, 83].
aseve samarTliani pretenziebiT gamovidnen raWis mazris
wedisis Temis sof. wedisis, qvedis da iras mcxovrebTa warmo-
madgenlebi. isini, 1922 wlis 6 seqtembers, saq. centraluri
aRmasrulebeli komitetisadmi gagzavnil gancxadebaSi wer-
dnen: `osebis sazRvrebSi moxvda zemo raWis TiTqmis yvela
satyeo agarakebi, saTibebi da saxnavi yanebi, romelTa Soris
ufro sayuradReboa wedisis Temis satyeo agaraki, saxnavi da
saTibi adgilebi, rac zemoaRniSnuli soflebis sakuTrebas Se-
adgens, axla ki oseTis gankargulebaSi gadavida. unda movaxse-
noT centralur aRmaskoms, rom Tu is ar miaqcevs yuradRebas
aseTs mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, iZulebuli gavxdebiT yvelam Tave-
bi davixocoT da Cveni ojaxebi wyalSi CavyaroT, magram Cven
imedi gvaqvs, Cvens agaraks, saTibebs, saxnav miwebs isev Cven
dagvibrunebT...~ [12, 83-84].
qsnis Temis warmomadgenlebi, 1922 wlis 21 oqtombris,
saCivarSi aRniSnavdnen: `gamogvecxada ra, rom qsnis Temi gada-
dis samxreT oseTze, Cven es yovlad SeuZleblad migvaCnia: a)
cxinvali daSorebulia Cvens Temze 50 versiT metze da am si-
Soreze siaruli saCivrebisa Tu sxvadasxva saqmisa gamo SeuZ-
126
lebelia, radgan moiTxovs muSa kacisagan mocdenas, wasvla-wa-
mosvlaSi ara nakleb 3-4 dRisa, rac damRupveli iqneba Cveni
meurneobisaTvis; zamTarSi xom SeuZlebeli iqneba iq siaruli,
maSin rodesac duSeTi Cvengan 18 versis manZilzea... rac unda
gagviWirdes Cven cxinvalSi ver vivliT da bevri usamarTloba
da Cveni gaWirveba darCeba mTavrobas gaugebari. Zlier mniS-
vnelovania isic, rom Cven mezobel soflebTan, romlebic mde-
bareoben duSeTisaken, gvaqvs axlo damokidebuleba mamulis da
sxva saqmeebisa gamo da amaTTan saqmis mosagvareblad unda via-
roT duSeTSi da isini ki Tu Cvenze saCivari eqnebaT _ cxin-
valSi. amnairad, sul agveweweba saqme, amitom vTxovT mTavro-
bas migvaweros isev duSeTs da agvacdinos mravali gaWirveba
da usiamovneba...~ [12, 84].
amgvarad, Sida qarTlis mosaxleoba daJinebiT, kategori-
ulad erTsa da imaves iTxovda, ar… daeqvemdebarebinaT isini
osTa ukanono xelisuflebisTvis. igive pretenziebiT gamovida
raWis da duSeTis mosaxleoba.
1923 wlis martSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo
komisariatma miiRo dadgenileba goris mazris administraci-
ul erTeulebad dayofis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRniSnulia: `Sina-
gan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, ganixila ra goris mazris
aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenili nusxa mazris ad-
ministraciul erTeulebad (Temebad) dayofisa da miiRo ra
mxedvelobaSi: a) rom nusxaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod is
Temebi, romelnic goris mazris farglebSia datovebuli, Sede-
gad samxreT oseTisaTvis avtonomiuri olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb
gamocemuli dekreti #2-isa; b) rom nusxaSi CamoTvlil TemTa
Soris moxsenebulia agreTve borjomis Temi, miuxedavad sru-
liad saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis me-
ore sesiis mier warsul wels miRebuli dadgenilebisa, romli-
Tac borjomis raioni calke administraciul erTeuladaa ga-
mocxadebuli; g) rom sofeli rexa (Tbilisis mazra) nusxiT Se-
tanili ar aris goris mazris farglebSi, winaaRmdeg Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier 1922 wlis 20 noembers miRe-
buli dadgenilebisa, romliTac sofeli rexa gamoricxul iq-
mna Tbilisis mazridan da miwerili goris mazraze da sofeli
gujabauri (cxinvalis maxloblad) naCvenebi ar aris goris maz-
ris farglebSi, rac ar eTanxmeba #2-iT gamocemuli dekretis
teqsts samxreT oseTis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romlis meore mux-
127
li ambobs, rom samxreTiT sazRvari gaivlis `dvani-gujabauris
gzis paralelurad Crdilo-dasavleTis mxriT~, miiRo ra mxed-
velobaSi yvela es mosazreba daadgina: 1) goris mazris aRmas-
rulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenili nusxa mazris adminis-
traciul erTeulad dayofisa damtkicdes masSi Semdeg Seswo-
rebaTa SetaniT: a)nacvlad `borjomis Temisa~ nusxaSi Setanili
iqmnas `borjomis raioni~ da maSasadame, TemTa ricxvi Semcir-
des erTiT e. i. mazra unda Seicavdes ara 17-s, aramed 16 Tems
da 1 raions, b) sofeli rexa mieweros goris mazris atenis
Tems da g) sofeli gujabauri Setanili iqnas goris mazris
farglebSi da 2) piri am dadgenilebisa gaegzavnos yvela sa-
xalxo komisariats, goris mazris aRmasrulebel komitets, ama-
ve mazris miliciis ufross, gadasaxadTa sammarTvelos da Si-
nagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis samilicio, saerTo sain-
struqtoro-sainformacio, safinanso da momaragebis ganyofi-
lebebs, agreTve, Jurnal `moambes~ (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo ko-
misariatis yovelkvireuli organo _ l.s.) redaqcias~ [13]. dad-
genilebas goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad dayofis
Sesaxeb xels awerdnen: sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa
saxalxo komisari a. gegeWkori, saqmeTa mmarTveli d. Ciqovani
da administraciuli gadanawilebis sakiTxTa Sesaxeb konsul-
tanti gr. gvelesiani.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis
Semdeg, goris mazris farglebSi faqtiurad savsebiT ukanonod
daarsda e.w. „samxreT oseTis~ calke administraciuli erTeu-
li ise, rom aRniSnuli erTeulis sazRvrebi realurad dadge-
nili ar yofila. miuxedavad mosaxleobis saCivrebisa da Sina-
gan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier miRebuli araerTi dad-
genilebisa, goris mazris mravali qarTuli sofeli da raioni
ukanonod Seqmnil avtonomiur olqs dauqvemdebares. swored,
sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli usamarTlo ga-
dawyvetilebis gamo, istoriuli Sida qarTli, politikuri
procesebis Sedegad, dResac droebiT aris mowyvetili qar-
Tul miwa-wyals.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionebis sta-
tusi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi (1917-1988), politikur-
128
samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli da
mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tbilisi, 2004.
2. iToniSvili vaxtang, qarTul-osur urTierTobaTa istori-
idan, gamomcemloba `legia~, Tbilisi, 1995.
3. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo
arqivi (suicsa), fondi 281, aRwera 1, saqme #23.
4. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa), fon-
di 14 aRwera 1, saqme #309.
5. dadgenileba #30, Jurnali moambe (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo
komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), 1921, #15, 10 seq-
temberi.
6. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa), fon-
di 14, aRwera 1, saqme #10, kvirkvelia besarion (Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisari), v. xaxanaSvili (Sinagan saqmeTa
saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa mmarTveli), moxsenebiTi ba-
raTi samxreT oseTis calke administraciul erTeulad ga-
moyofis Sesaxeb (1921 w).
7. ToiZe levan, saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (1921-1923
wlebi), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,
1999.
8. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yof. mlisfpa), fondi
14 aRwera 1, saqme #10.
9. saraliZe lela, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis
sazRvrebis sakiTxisaTvis (1922 w). krebulSi: istoriul-eT-
nologiuri Ziebani, XI, Tbilisi, 2009.
10. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi (suic-
sa), fondi 14, aRwera 1, saqme #278.
11. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa),
fondi 14, aRwera 1, saqme # 263.
12. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis arqivi (suicsa), fondi, 284,
aRwera 1, saqme #62.
13. dadgenileba goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad
dayofis Sesaxeb, Jurnali `moambe~ (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo
komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), #49, 29 marti, 1923.
14. sonRulaSvili avTandil, `samxreT oseTi saqarTveloSi?!~,
`universali~, Tbilisi, 2009.
15. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa), fon-
di 14, aRwera 1, saqme # 48.
129
Lela Saralidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist- researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
Political Situation in Shida Kartli after Autonomous
Oblast (Region) Formation
Summary
On the basis of the archive documents and scientific literature analyses the political situation that took place after establishing autonomous oblast in Shida Kartli is studied in the article. It is mentioned that autonomous oblast of so called `South Ossetia~ was formed with artificial union of many Georgian villages. From the very beginning the Soviet government was facing difficult aim to form so called `South Ossetia~. The difficulties were determined by objective reasons. It should have been worked out on which territory and what kind of autonomy should have to be given to Ossetians, as Shida Kartli, populated with Ossetians as well, was ancient Georgian territory. It is underlined in the article that after forced Sovietisation of Georgia and in the first days of establishing Soviet rule Soviet government did not use the term `South Ossetia~. It is also mentioned that the formation of the autonomous oblast was against the will of the native population as well as the resolution of the People’s Commissariat of the Ministry of Internal Affairs where obviously was written that the amount of Ossetians in Georgian villages was so small that it was impossible to form it as a separate uyezd.
It is also mentioned in the work that the decision of the Soviet government of possible attaching Tskhinvali to the so called `South Ossetia~ autonomous oblast, caused fair anger of Georgian as well as Ossetian population. Georgian population living in the villages of Tskhinvali region and nearby was asking to stay again in Gori uyezd.
On the basis of the archive documents the resolutions of the village council are showing the protest of the Georgian and Ossetian population that was caused by forming illegal autonomous oblast. More than one complaint was sent to People’s Commissariat of the Internal Affairs of Georgia, by
130
which Georgian, Jewish and Ossetian population of Tskhinvali and Shida Kartli villages (Nedleti, Khundisubani, Tighva, Satskheneti, Higher and Lower Okona, Nabakevi, Tkisubani, Akhalsheni etc.) were demanding to stay in natural historical borders. Illegal borders caused great economical as well as administrative problems for the population that is well reflected and seen in their complaints. Because the real history was falsified, these documents for many ears were inaccessible for Georgian scientists.
131
madona bedinaSvili
soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis
doqtoranti
alfons dodes novelebis ilia WavWavaZiseuli
Targmanebi
mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas saqarTveloSi didi da xan-
grZlivi istoria aqvs. jer kidev aTas xuTasi wlis winaT iTar-
gmna saxareba, wmida mociqulTa da mowameTa hagiografiuli
teqstebi da sxva saeklesio Txzulebani. safiqrebelia, manam-
dec, warmarTobis xanaSic, gvqonoda mTargmnelobiTi xasiaTis
teqstebi da tradicia. amas gvafiqrebinebs farnavazis droin-
deli qarTlis samefo karis saqmian-mwignobrobiTi mimoweris
Cveuleba, samefo karze ramdenime enisa da anbanis Tavisuflad
floba-gamoyeneba (somxuri, laTinuri, xazaruli, asuruli,
berZnuli...., qarTulTan erTad).
amrigad, mTargmnelobiTi tradicia ZvelTaganve aqtualu-
ri yofila. Cveni winaprebi tradiciulad did yuradRebas aq-
cevdnen ucxoeTSi mimdinare kulturul-aRmSeneblobiT da
mwignobrul procesebs. am kuTxiT aqtualuri movlenebisadmi
yuradReba XIX saukuneSic gamoirCa, radgan swored am droidan
samwerlo asparezze gamodian e. w. `qarTveli samocianelebi~
anu `Tergdaleulebi~.
axali Taobis liderma ilia WavWavaZem, mraval sasikeTo
saqmesTan erTad, didi yuradReba dauTmo mTargmnelobiT moR-
vaweobasac. igi, bevr sxva RirsSesaniSnav ramesTan erTad, wina-
parTagan danergil mwignobrul-mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebis
TvalsaCino gamagrZelebladac mogvevlina.
axalgazrdobis wlebSive ilia WavWavaZe aqtiurad ecnobo-
da rus da evropel mwerlebs, cdilobda maT mier gamoTqmuli
progresuli ideebi gaecno qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. ivane
maCabelTan erTad Seqspiris qarTulad Targmnas mogvianebiT
swored ilia WavWavaZem Cauyara safuZveli. sayovelTaod cno-
bilia `qarTuli Seqspiriana~, romlis saTaveebTan ilia WavWa-
132
vaZe moiazreba ivane maCabelTan erTad. swored maT Targmnes
erToblivad, pirvelebma, uiliam Seqspiris `mefe liri~.
`iveriis~ furclebze XIX s. 70-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda al-
fons dodes istoriuli Targmanebi, romlebSic Zalian kargad
aris asaxuli erovnuli an pirovnuli Cagvris motivebi.
aRsaniSnavia alfons dodes moTxrobebis iliaseuli Tar-
gmanebi. dodes `ukanaskneli gasakveTi~ da `Turkosi kommunel-
Ta Soris~ gamoirCeva mkveTri politikuri SeferilobiT, ro-
melsac safuZvlad erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZeba da
mZafri protesti udevs.
alfons dodes `ukanaskneli gasakveTi~ da `Turkosi kom-
munelTa Soris~ qarTuli Targmani iliam `iveriaSi~ gamoaqveyna
(1877-1879 ww.). saTanado yuradReba miiqcia Tavad alfons do-
des Tematikam, rac aseve axlobeli da misaRebi aRmoCnda qar-
Tuli sinamdvilisaTvis.
gamoCenili frangi mwerali alfons dode `ukanasknel ga-
sakveTSi~ mwvave politikur moments aRwers; patara moswavlis
TvaliT gadmogvcems umniSvnelovanes movlenas _ prusiis mier
elzasis mierTebas da frangebis damarcxebas. meore novela
`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~ aranaklebi simwvavis mqone nawar-
moebia, sadac patara adamianis uazro cxovreba da aRsasrulia
mocemuli. Turkosi alJireli jariskacebis zogadi saxelia,
xolo novelis gmiri erT-erTi mcirewlovani alJirelia, rome-
lic frangebs medafdafed hyavdaT. alfons dodes yuradRebis
centrSi alJireli mozardis xanmokle da gauazrebeli cxov-
reba moxvda, romelic erovnuli Cagvris obieqtia, igi ver gai-
azrebs Tavis mdgomareobas da pirovnul uiRblobas Seewireba.
ilia WavWavaZem sagangebod SearCia alfons dodes orive nove-
la, radgan maTSi swored is problemebia mxatvrulad gadmoce-
muli, romelic saqarTvelosTvis nacnobi da mniSvnelovani
iyo. erovnul Cagvras da pirovnul gaurkvevlobas ruseTis im-
periaSi mravali eri grZnobda; saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi
mwvaved ganicdida rogorc erovnul, ise socialur uTanaswo-
robas. ilia WavWavaZe mTeli SegnebiT cdilobda Tavisi xalxis
xvedris Semsubuqebas. igi aseve eswrafvoda evropel xalxTa
cxovrebaSi arsebuli problemebi gaecno qarTvelebisaTvis da
cotaTi gaemxnevebina Cagruli eri.
`ukanasnkeli gasakveTis~ qvesaTaurSi weria: `naambobi pa-
tara elzaselisa~, xolo Tavad iliaseuli ganmarteba aseTia:
133
`elzasi is qveyanaa, romelic perusiam waarTo safrangeTsa am
ukanasknel dros da romlisac suli da guli dResac safran-
geTisaken aris~ [1, 71]. prusia-safrangeTis urTierToba XIX sa-
ukunis 70-ian wlebSi Zalian hgavda ruseTisa da misi mezoble-
bis urTierTobas. prusia yovelmxriv cdilobda SemoeerTebina
teritoriebi, romelTa mosaxleoba misas esazRvreboda. al-
fons dodem safrangeTis okupacias, mis mZime politikur
mdgomareobas mravali nawarmoebi miuZRvna, romelTa nawili
Sevida mis cnobil krebulSi _ `werilebi Cemi wisqvilidan~.
alfons dodes `bolo gakveTili~ ilia WavWavaZem Targmna, ro-
gorc `ukanaskneli gasakveTi~. masSi mTavaria erovnul-patrio-
tuli grZnobis Casaxva da gaRviveba frang xalxSi. mwerali pa-
tara frangi moswavlis gancdebs gadmogvcems, detalurad
gviCvenebs mosaxleobis sasowarkveTas, maswavleblis Zalisxme-
vas, misi bolo gakveTilis zneobriv magaliTs.
`ukanaskneli gasakveTi~ pirvelive suraTidan Seicavs dra-
matul ganwyobas. patara frangi Sinagan mousvenrobas grZnobs
da skolisaken gaswevs, miuxedavad imisa, rom tyeSi sagangebod
wavida gasarTobad da drois gasatareblad. gzaze prusielebis
wvrTnas Seeswro. amiT alfons dode migvaniSnebs, rom yvela-
feri ise mSvidad rodia, rogorc es patara udardel frangs
hgonia. qalaqis centrSi yvelaferi gasagebi xdeba, sadac ori
welia erTimeoreze cud ambebs agebineben mcxovreblebs: `sul
cudi ambebi gvesmoda: xan is, rom ai ama da am adgilas Cveni
jari damarcxdao, xan is, rom prusielebma dagvarbieso, xan es
brZaneba gamovida prusielebTagano, xan isao da sxva amgvari‘’
[1, 72]. nawarmoebi agebulia mTavar RerZze, rac prusielebis
axal brZanebas iTvaliswinebs. maswavlebeli gameli amcnobs
moswavleebs: `ymawvilebo! dRes Cemi ukanaskneli swavlebis
dRea. berlinidam brZaneba movida, rom elzas-lotaringiaSi
marto germanuliRa unda aswavlon. xval sxva axali maswavle-
beli geyolebaT. dRes ukanasknelad unda gaikveToT franguli
ena. gTxovT, yuradRebiT, yuradRebiT iyvneT~ [1, 73].
maswavlebeli gameli tragikul situaciaSi garegnul sim-
Svides inarCunebs, igi cdilobs ar SeimCnios Seqmnili mdgoma-
reobis mTeli tragizmi. alfons dodem sagangebo yuradReba
dauTmo mawavleblis personaJs. mweralma sagangebod gausva xa-
zi maswavleblis Cacmulobas, mis saubars, mis qcevebs. alfons
dodem maswavlebeli mtkice da TavdaWeril kacad daxata, ro-
134
melic sevdas da mwuxarebas ar imCnevs, cdilobs magaliTi mis-
ces sxvebs da momavlis rwmenac ar daukargos.
ilia WavWavaZis yuradRebas alfons dodes `ukanaskneli
gasakveTi~ maswavleblis amgvari amaRlebuli da tragikuli sa-
xis gamoc miiqcevda. ilias mTeli Semoqmedeba moZRvris, osta-
tis mniSvnelobis xazgasmas eZRvneba, erovnuli TviTmyofado-
bis SenarCunebis aucileblobas hqadagebs. alfons dodes mas-
wavlebeli gameli swored imgvari personaJia, romelic Tavisi
xalxis sulier siZlieres emsaxureba da warmarTavs.
`ukanaskneli gasakveTi~ warmoadgens erovnuli Cagvris
suraTs, sadac adamianTa gancdebi saswavlo dawesebulebaSi
mJRavndeba. amgvari erovnul-patriotuli paTosis gamo `uka-
naskneli gasakveTi~ axlobeli da misaRebia mTeli saqarTvelos
erisTvis da misi saukeTeso Svilis, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis, ro-
melic yovelTvis iswrafvoda erovnuli TviTSegnebis stimu-
laciisaTvis ruseTis mier ukiduresad Seviwroebul saqarTve-
loSi.
`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~ alfons dodem, rogorc ze-
moT, dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, miuZRvna alJirel patara biWunas,
romelic gauazreblad gamohyva frangebis laSqars safrangeT-
Si da Tavisi samSoblo miatova. medafe (medole) afrikeli biWi
martodmartoa da ver erkveva safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi mom-
xdar ambebSi. safrangeTis koloniad qceul alJirSi kaduri
SeuerTda frang jariskacebs, man ar icis franguli ena da ve-
rafers igebs, misTvis marto brZolis yiJina, frangi jariska-
cebi da tyvia-wamlis zuzuni arsebobs. SemTxveviT ajanyebul
xalxs SeuerTdeba patara Turkos kaduri da maT winaaRmdeg
mosuli damsjeli jari maSveli Zala hgonia. kaduri sixaru-
liT Cabardeba frang jariskacebs, romlebic mas kldesTan mia-
yeneben da daxvreten: `ise mokvda, ver gaigo, ra, ra ambavi iyo~
[1, 323].
Turkosis bedi mravali damprobeli qveynis mkvidris beds
mogvagonebs. sxvadasxva eris Svilebi xSirad gauazreblad ixo-
cebodnen omebSi, romlebic maTTvis sruliad ucxo miznebi-
saTvis warmoebda. dapyrobili da daCagruli qveynis Svilebis
tkivili, maT mier gaRebuli msxverpli da maTi arafrad Cagde-
ba patara eris Svilebis tragediaa. alfons dodem igrZno da
aRwera amgvari mdgomareoba, misma didsulovnebam mravali ada-
miani Caafiqra amgvar problemaze.
135
rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, ilia WavWavaZem es moTxroba
(`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~), `iveriaSi~ 1879 wels dabeWda.
alfons dodes am novelis meSveobiT man Tavis Tanamemamuleebs
Seaxsena, rom sxvaTa sisxlis Rvras da uazro sikvdils aravis-
Tvis moaqvs sikeTe.
ilia WavWavaZis mdidar mTrgmnelobiT saqmianobaSi al-
fons dodes novelebs arcTu umniSvelo adgili ukaviaT, maTi
meSveobiT didma mweralma Tavis ers Seaxsena erovnul-patrio-
tili suliskveTebis gaRvivebis aucilebloba da daanaxa, rom
marto saqarTvelo ar iCagreboda erovnuli da socialuri
niSniT.
`Turkosi kommunelTa Soris~ sagangebod Rirsi nawarmoe-
bia, radgan parizis komunis Tema ilia WavWavaZem Tavadac kar-
gad gaisigrZegana da daamuSava. bunebrivia, rom man, rogorc
mweralma, da moqalaqem Tavad ganicada evropis SuagulSi mim-
dinare revoluciuri procesebi. alfons dodes am moTxrobis
arCeviT iliam Tavisi piradi Sexedulebebis Tanmxvedri movle-
na SearCia. mixeil zandukelis azriT, ilias SemoqmedebaSi ko-
munis movlenebis Semdgom SemoiWra `Sromis axsnis~ Tema mTeli
ZaliT: `ilia WavWavaZe Cvens literaturaSi pirvelia, romelic
revolucias dadebiTad afasebs, misaRebad Tvlis da aucileb-
lad miaCnia cxovrebis dasamSvideblad, dasawmendad, mosawes-
rigeblad~ [2, 316]. revoluciis konteqstSi zis `Sromis axsnis~
problema da adamianis Cagvridan gaTavisufleba, rac yvela
progresulad moazrovne mwerlis miswrafebas warmoadgenda
ilias droindel ruseTsa da evropaSi.
ilia WavWavaZe mTlianad iziarebda mowinave moRvaweebis
azrebs, igi aRzrdili iyo demokratiul-progresul ideebze.
p. ratiani wers, rom: `ilia WavWavaZis filosofiis azri ramde-
nime sityviT ase gamoiTqmis: cxovreba cudad aris mowyobili
da igi Rirsia SeCvenebisa, magram adamianma igi mainc ar unda
miatovos, aramed imuSaos da ibrZolos cxovrebis gasaumjobe-
seblad, qveynis samarTlianobisa da kacTa Soris Zmobis dasam-
yareblad~ [3, 128]. iliam kargad uwyoda, rom misi Tanamemamu-
leebi mravalgvar wnexs ganicdidnen saqarTveloSi. erovnul
Cagvras Tan erTvoda socialuri uTanasworoba da masebis gau-
naTlebloba, rac ilias da misi Tanamoazreebis mudmiv yurad-
Rebas iqcevda. isini maqsimalurad cdilobdnen Tan gamoeRvi-
ZebinaT eri da amave dros gaemxnevebinaT da eCvenebinaT, rom
136
amis msgavsi problemebi sxva erebsac aqvT, isini ar nebdebian,
ibrZvian da imsaxureben ukeTes yofa-cxovrebas. am kuTxiT
marTlac saintereso da niSandoblivia alfons dodes gadmo-
qarTuleba, misi zemoT xsenebuli orive nawarmoebis SemoTava-
zeba qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis swored amis dasturia.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, t. III, Targmanebi (TxzulebaTa
krebuli oc tomad.), Tbilisi, 1988.
2. m. zandukeli, Txzulebani, t. V, Tbilisi, 1989.
3. p. ratiani, ilia WavWavaZe (filosofiuri da socialur-po-
litikuri Sexedulebani), meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 1954.
Madona Bedinashvili Doctoral Student of the Sokhumi state University
Ilia Chavchavadze’s Translations of Alphonse Daudet’s Short Stories
Summary
Ilia Chavchavadze’s translations are significant for Georgian culture. During his adolescence the author examined European writers’ contemporary publications and ventured to introduce them to Georgian society. Throughout 1877-1879 Ilia Chavchavadze published essential themes of Alphonse Daudet’s tales – national or personal dignity defense, in `Iveria~. With these translations Ilia Chavchavadze informed Georgian society, that even great France was facing the same problems.
137
gela saiTiZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-
ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis, ivane ja-
vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis mTavari mecnier-Tanam-
Sromeli, profesori
saqarTvelos warmomadgenelTa pirveli ]
gamosvlebi gaeros tribunaze
de faqto da de iured aRiarebulma saqarTvelom, ver
moaswro pirveli universaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciis _
erTa ligis sruluflebiani wevri gamxdariyo. bolSevikurma
ruseTma ZaliT waarTva damoukidebloba da misi okupacia da
aneqsia moaxdina. ssrk-Si 70-wlianma yofnam ki TiTqos sabolo-
od Cakla wiTeli urCxulisgan Tavis daRwevis imedi. Tumca ga-
regnulad Cveni qveyanac, sxva mokavSire respublikebis msgav-
sad, TiTqos damoukideblobas inarCunebda, magram saerTaSo-
riso arenaze gamoCenas imTaviTve moklebuli iyo. respubli-
kas, romelsac ar gaaCnda damoukideblobis maCvenebeli iseTi
atributebi, rogoricaa _ sakuTari armia, sakuTari fuli, sa-
kuTari diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobani, sakuTari kavSirgab-
mulobis uwyeba, ra Tqma unda, misi arseboba, rogorc damouki-
debeli saxelmwifosi, fiqcia iyo.
saqarTvelos ssr-is saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi mTlia-
nad ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministros meSveobiT xor-
cieldeboda... marTalia, emigraciaSi iZulebiT gaxiznuli da-
moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba, garkveuli drois ganmav-
lobaSi cdilobda Cveni qveynis warmomadgenloba ekisra, mag-
ram meore msoflio omis dawyebis win, es formaluri SesaZleb-
lobac sabolood amowuruli iqna... 700 000-mde omSi gawveuli
saqarTvelos moqalaqe misTvis ararsebul samamulo omSi Re-
bulobda monawileobas da wiTeli ruseTis interesebis dasa-
cav brZolebSi swiravda sicocxles.
faSizmis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebulma didma sameulma, ro-
gorc pirveli msoflio omis dros, msoflios xalxTa mSvido-
bisa da uSiSroebis garantad _ saerTaSoriso kavSiris _ gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis Seqmna gadawyvita. ideis rea-
138
lurad ganxorcielebisaTvis uzarmazari Zalisxmeva iqna gawe-
uli.
... 1941 wlis 4 dekembers sabWoTa kavSirsa da faSisturi
germaniis mier okupirebuli poloneTis droebiT mTavrobas
Soris dadebul megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis deklara-
ciaSi, aRniSnuli iyo: `omis gamarjvebiT damTavrebisa da hit-
lerul damnaSaveTa Sesabamisi dasjis Semdeg, mokavSire saxel-
mwifoTa amocana iqneba mtkice da samarTliani mSvidobis uz-
runvelyofa. amis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod saerTa-
Soriso urTierTobaTa axali organizaciis SeqmniT, romelic
daeyrdnoba demokratiuli qveynebis mtkice kavSirSi gaerTia-
nebas. aseTi organizaciis Seqmnisas gadamwyveti momenti unda
iyos saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarT pativiscema, misi dacva
yvela mokavSire saxelmwifos koleqtiuri SeiaraRebuli Zale-
biT~ [1, 6].
aq, isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stalinma, romelic ukmayo-
filo iyo erTa ligis saqmianobiT da misi damokidebulebiT
ssr kavSirTan, ufro Zlieri saerTaSoriso kavSiris daarseba
miiCnia mizanSewonilad. ideis praqtikuli xorcSesxma ki maSin
daiwyo, roca aSS-is prezidentma franklin ruzveltma da didi
britaneTis premier-ministrma uinston CerCilma atlantis
okeaneSi, sabrZolo xomald `uelsis princze~ _ SeTanxmebas
moaweres xeli. am SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv ecnoba
sxva qveynebis mTavrobebs.
1942 wlis 1 ianvars aSS-is dedaqalaq vaSingtonSi gamar-
Tul Sekrebas 26 qveynis warmomadgeneli eswreboda, romleb-
mac SeimuSaves da miiRes `gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracia~.
aRniSnuli dokumenti yvelasTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda. ase daiw-
yo antihitleruli koaliciis iuridiuli gaformebis procesi
[1, 10].
swored am procesis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda 1943 wlis
30 oqtombers moskovSi aSS-is, ssr kavSirisa da didi britane-
Tis (male maT CineTic SeuerTda) sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis
konferencia, romelzedac xelmowerili iqna deklaracia uax-
loes periodSi sayovelTao uSiSroebis saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb; organizacias safuZvlad daedeboda
yvela mSvidobismoyvare saxelmwifos suverenuli Tanasworo-
bis principi. misi wevroba, miuxedavad teritoriisa da mosax-
leobis raodenobisa, yvelas SeeZleboda. 1943 wlis noember-
139
dekemberSi sami saxelmwifos meTaurTa Teiranis konferencia-
ze, kidev ufro ganmtkicda moskovis deklaraciis debulebebi;
1944 wels aSS-Si, kerZod dumbarton-oqsSi gamarTulma konfe-
renciam gaero-s saboloo Camoyalibebisaken gadadga nabiji;
xolo 1945 wlis TebervalSi, yirimSi (ialta), sami saxelmwifos
meTaurTa (ruzvelti, stalini, CerCili) Sexvedraze miRebul
iqna SeTanxmeba zogierT sadavo sakiTxze da, amasTan erTad,
iqve gadawyda, rom proeqtis saboloo ganxilvisa da miRebi-
saTvis san-franciskoSi (aSS) imave wlis 26 ivniss mowveuli yo-
filiyo saerTaSoriso konferencia [1, 10].
daTqmuli droisaTvis kaliforniis StatSi, san-francis-
kos, redvud grouSi, gaimarTa gaero-s damfuZnebeli kreba,
romelmac miiRo yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti _ gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, romelsac 50 saxel-
mwifos warmomadgenelma moawera xeli. wesdeba ZalaSi Sevida
1945 wlis 24 oqtombers. mas Semdeg 24 oqtomberi msoflios
masStabiT aRiniSneba, rogorc gaero-s Seqmnis dRe.
gaero-s nebas gansazRvraven misi wevri saxelmwifoebi,
romlebic gadawvetilebebs Rebuloben konsesusis, an kenWis-
yris safuZvelze. gaero-s wevr qveynebs, ganurCevlad terito-
riis sididisa, mosaxleobis raodenobisa, samxedro Tu ekono-
mikuri siZlierisa, mxolod erTi xmis ufleba aqvs. gaero-s
wesdeba umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa.
prof. levan aleqsiZis TqmiT: `gaerTianebuli erebis or-
ganizacia universaluri da zogadi tipis saxelmwifoTaSoriso
organizaciaa, unikaluria Tavis kompetenciiTa da struqtu-
riT; igi ar aris `zesaxelmwifoebrivi~ dawesebuleba, raime
`msoflios mTavrobis~ msgavsi instituti. sxva saerTaSoriso
organizaciis msgavsad, gaero saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT
(wesdebiT) aris Seqmnili da am wesdebis farglebSi moqmedebs.
amave dros msoflio mSvidobis dacvisa da uSiSroebis sferoSi
wesdebiT nakisri valdebulebebi am organizacias gansakuTre-
bul xasiaTs aniWebs. gaero Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobaTa yvela sferos momcveli TanamSromlobis centria,
aTasi ZafiTaa dakavSirebuli sxva saerTaSoriso organizacieb-
Tan, romelnic cnoben mis xelmZRvanel rols da aRiareben mis
avtoritets~ [1, 75].
im ormocdaaT saxelmwifosTan erTad, romlebsac pativi
xvdaT wilad gaeros wesdebis xelmomwerTa Soris yofiliyvnen,
140
mxolod ukrainisa da belorusiis sabWoTa respublikebi mox-
vdnen, rogorc yvelaze didi msxverplis gamRebni hitlerel
faSistTa winaaRmdeg brZolebis dros, xolo danarCenni kidev
didxans agrZelebdnen ssr kavSirSi, anu `borotebis imperiaSi~
yofnas.
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma,
gansakuTrebiT ki erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma gamosvlebma,
ssr kavSiris daSla gamoiwvia. amiT dauyovnebliv isargebles
mokavSire respublikebma da damoukideblobebi gamoacxades.
maT ricxvSi erT-erTi pirveli saqarTvelo iyo. SesaZlebeli
Seiqmna saxalxo referendumis gziT, saqarTvelo demokratiu-
li ganviTarebis gzas dadgomoda. referendumSi ki qveynis mo-
saxleobis 90%-ze metma (maT Soris afxazeTisa da samxreT ose-
Tis mcxovreblebic monawileobdnen) damoukideblobas dauWi-
ra mxari. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT
xelisuflebis saTaveSi zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebi movid-
nen, romlebmac mtkiced ganacxades dasavleTis demokratiisa-
ken svla da ruseTis gavlenis sferodan sabolo gamosvlis
survili... miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis qveyanaSi mZime politi-
kuri viTareba hqondaT, es miuRebeli aRmoCnda ruseTis reaq-
ciuli wreebisaTvis; maT mkacrad Seaxsenes saqarTvelos xeli-
suflebas _ xeli aeRoT ganviTarebis arCeul kursze, Torem
problemebs Seuqmnidnen. prezidentma z. gamsaxurdiam dasavle-
Tis qveynebs mimarTa Tanadgomis aRmosaCenad, magram, samwuxa-
rod, ise rogorc 1920 wlis bolos, veravin gabeda misTvis Ria
mxardaWera. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom ruseTis fe-
deraciis xelisuflebas `dayovnebis naRmebi~ aemoqmedebina: ma-
Ti mxardaWeriT waqezebulma erTma muWa separatistebma sis-
xliani gamosvlebi daiwyes jer samxreT oseTSi (cxinvalis re-
gionSi), xolo Semdeg afxazeTSi. separatistebs zurgs umag-
rebdnen qveynis SigniT arsebuli `mexuTe kolona~ da uSiSroe-
bisa da amier-kavkasiis samxedro olqis jarebi. swored maT mo-
awyves kanonieri gziT arCeuli prezidentis da mTavrobis dam-
xoba da qveynidan gandevna. respublikis marTvis sadaveebi e. w.
`samxedro sabWos~ (jaba ioseliani, Tengiz kitovani da Tengiz
sigua) xelSi gadavida. qveyanaSi daiwyo anarqia, rasac Sedegad
samoqalaqo omi da ngreva mohyva. swored am dros saqarTvelos
`mxsnelad~ da `gadamrCenelad~ moevlina, imJamad oficialuri
Tanamdebobis gareSe darCenili, ssr kavSiris yofili sagareo
141
saqmeTa ministri da skkp centraluri komitetis yofili po-
litbiuros wevri, eduard SevardnaZe. unda iTqvas, rom mas im
droisaTvis marTlac icnobdnen mTels msoflioSi, rogorc
ssr kavSiris saxelmwifo moRvawes da mixeil gorbaCovis gar-
daqmnis kursis erT-erT mTavar mxardamWers, magram misi war-
momavlobis Sesaxeb msoflios xalxebma bevri araferi icodnen.
1992 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma Sevardna-
Zem, pirveli rac gaakeTa is iyo, rom `samxedro sabWos~ nac-
vlad ufro demokratiuli instituti _ saxelmwifo sabWo Seq-
mna, romlis SemadgenlobaSi yvela misi mxardamWeri politiku-
ri partia da pirovneba Seiyvana, xolo sul male Tavisi dasay-
rdeni Zala _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri Camoayaliba.
upirveles miznad ki riggareSe saparlamento arCevnebis Cata-
reba daisaxa. misi azriT, es iqneboda `kanonieri~ gza saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebTan da demokratiul saxelmwifoebTan
kavSiris damyarebisaTvis. marTlac, Sinauri aSlilobisa da
omis mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynisaTvis am miznis miRweva arc
ise ioli iyo, magram msoflio wamyvani yveynebis maRalCinosne-
bis Suamdgomlobam da mxardaWeram (beikeri, genSeri da sxv.)
SesaZlebeli gaxada gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendacia mi-
eca Tavis morigi sesiis dRis wesrigSi saqarTvelos miRebis
sakiTxic Seetana. aqve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am droisaTvis ami-
er-kavkasiis damoukidebeli qveynebi _ azerbaijani da somxeTi,
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebi ukve iyvnen.
1992 wlis 31 ivliss gaeros sesiam saqarTvelo Tavis 179-
e wevrad miiRo. es iyo marTlac istoriuli dRe Cveni yveynis
da xalxis cxovrebaSi. erTa ligisaken swrafvis auxdeneli
survili realobad iqca. msoflios erebis didma ojaxma saqar-
Tvelo Tavis sruluflebian wevrad aRiara _ yvela sawesdebo
movaleobebis Sesrulebis garantiiT...
* * *
1992 wlis 31 ivliss, gaeroSi saqarTvelos miRebasTan da-
kavSirebiT, generaluri asambleis sxdomaTa darbazis tribuni-
dan mravalmxriv saintereso sityva warmosTqva, saqarTvelos
ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgilem, sagareo saqmeTa
ministrma al. CikvaiZem. ra Tqma unda, gamosvlis teqsti res-
publikis umaRles xelmZRvanelobasTan iqneboda SeTanxmebuli,
magram Tqmazedac bevri ram iyo damokidebuli. xazgasmiT SeiZ-
142
leba aRiniSnos, rom gamocdilma diplomatma da patriotma
pirnaTlad Seasrula masze dakisrebuli movaleoba. pirvel-
yovlisa, mis sityvaSi naTlad irekleba gamomsvlelis maRali
inteleqti da diplomatiuri eTikis srulyofili floba.
`dRes, 1992 wlis 31 ivliss, saqarTvelos respublikis
xelmeored dabadebis dRea. rogorc yvela Cvili, yrma dedae-
naze aidgams xolme enas, aseve, mec Tavs uflebas vaZlev pirve-
li sityvebi gaeroSi, msoflio Tanamegobrobis umaRles fo-
rumze, Cems mSobliur enaze, qarTulad warmovTqva~ [11, 338].
ase daiwyo Tavisi gamosvla al. CikvaiZem da Semdeg daxvewili
inglisuriT ganagrZo Tavisi saTqmeli. reglamentiT gansaz-
Rvrul droSi man SeZlo Cveni qveynis mravalsaukunovani isto-
riis ZiriTadi etapebi Seexsenebina asambleis monawileTaTvis
da im viTarebazec gaemaxvilebina yuradReba, romelic maSin
saqarTveloSi sufevda... `CemTvis Tqvens winaSe damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirveli warmomadgenlis statusiT ga-
mosvla, gansakuTrebuli pativi da Rirsebaa. Cveni xalxi da
mTavroba ganuzomeli sixaruliTa da pasuxismgeblobis grZno-
biT Sexvda uSiSroebis sabWos gadawvetilebas, rekomendacia
mieca generaluri asambleisaTvis, raTa saqarTvelos respub-
lika erTa TanamegobrobaSi gaewevrianebina... qveyanaTa umete-
sobas civilizebuli ganviTarebis mxolod erTi SesaZlebloba
eZleva... 1920-ian wlebSi, gareSe ZalTa SeiaraRebuli agresiis
Sedegad, saqarTvelom dakarga pirveli SesaZlebloba, maSin
mas, praqtikulad aravin daxmarebia... dRes, saukunis miwu-
ruls, saqarTvelos eZleva demokratiuli ganviTarebis meore
uiSviaTesi SesaZlebloba... magram, rogorc saqarTvelos, ise
sxva axali, damoukidebeli qveynebis Zalisxmeva amaod Caivlis,
Tu daxmarebis xels ar gamogviwodebs demokratiis sikeTes na-
ziarebi danarCeni samyaro... Cven ar viTxovT, Cveni saqme sxvam
akeTos, savsebiT gvesmis, rom qveyanaSi demokratiuli Senebis
warmateba upirvelesad Tavad saqarTvelozea damokidebuli...~
[11, 339].
qarTvel diplomats ar daviwynia madloba gadaexada im
qveynebis xalxebisa da mTavrobebisaTvis, romlebmac Cvens qve-
yanas humanitaruli daxmareba gauwies gasuli ramdenime Tvis
manZilze, pirvelyovlisa, myari ekonomikuri infrastruqtu-
ris SeqmnisaTvis, rac didad dagvexmareba `demokratiul cvli-
lebaTa Seuqcevadobis uzrunvelyofaSi~. magram saqarTvelo
143
rodi apirebda sxvis xelSi Semyure qveynad darCenas, misi ga-
dawvetileba `myari, ayvavebuli da demokratiuli sazogadoe-
bis~ aSeneba iyo, romelic msoflioSi mSvidobis mniSvnelovani
faqtori gaxdeboda. ra SeeZlo saqarTvelos `mravalsaukuno-
vani istoriisa da tradiciebis mqone qveyanas~, romelmac qris-
tianoba meoTxe saukunis dasawyisSi miiRo, danarCeni msoflio-
saTvis SeeTavazebina? oratoris TqmiT, es iyo `imis SesaZleb-
loba, rom saqarTvelos Tavis geopolitikuri mdebareoba sa-
erTaSoriso saqmeebSi mniSvnelovan dadebiT faqtorad eqcia~
vinaidan `es aspeqti gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens, radgan
saqarTvelo ara mxolod evropasa da azias, aramed CrdiloeT-
sac da samxreTsac akavSirebs~, rom es iyo `axali politikuri
realoba msoflio TanamegobrobisaTvis~ [11, 340].
amis Semdeg al. CikvaiZe sajarod acxadebda im oficia-
lur kurss, romelsac samomavlod msoflios erTa did ojaxSi
gawevrianebuli saqarTvelo daadgeboda. amis misaRwevad ki _
saqarTvelos respublika ixelmZRvanelebda gaeros qartiiT,
helsinkis saboloo dokumentisa da parizis qartiaSi mocemu-
li valdebulebebiT, romlebic demokratiuli institutebis
ganviTarebasa da adamianis uflebebs exeboda:
- saqarTvelos respublika, romelsac surda wvlili See-
tana saerTaSoriso stabilurobaSi, SeuerTdeboda saerTaSo-
riso SeTanxmebebs gaerTianebis Taobaze;
- saqarTvelos respublika Zalis gamoyenebas an mis muqa-
ras ar ganixilavda politikis kanonier iaraRad da nebismieri
regionuli Tu sxva konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi ibrZolebda mxo-
lod molaparakebis gziT mis gadasaWrelad;
- saqarTvelos respublika, evroTaTbiris procesis Se-
Tanxmebis safuZvelze, daicavda Tavis teritoriaze mcxovrebi
erovnul umciresobaTa interesebs (uflebebs)~.
am bolo debulebas al. CikvaiZe aseT komentars ukeTeb-
da: `udavoa erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis auci-
lebloba, magram es ar SeiZleba da ar unda xdebodes ZirZveli
mosaxleobis xarjze, risi tendenciac, samwuxarod, swrafi
tempiT izrdeba. msoflios nebismier regionSi mSvidobis Se-
narCunebaze Tanabrad pasuxismgebelia yvela, imis miuxedavad,
Tu ra statusi aqvs _ erovnuli umciresobisa Tu ZirZveli mo-
saxleobis. sasiamovnoa imis Segneba, rom am problemas gaeros
dadebiTi gamoZaxili mohyva~ [11, 341]. amis dasturad oratori
144
miuTiTebda gaeros imJamindel generaluri mdivnis butros
butros-galis mier 1992 wlis 1 ivliss gamoTqmul mosazreba-
ze: `Tu yvela eTnikuri, religiuri da lingvisturi jgufi mo-
iTxovs damoukideblobas, maSin dasasruli ar eqneba daqucma-
cebas da mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da ekonomikuri keTildReo-
bis miRweva yvelasaTvis gacilebiT gaZneldebao~ [11, 341].
Tavis mxriv, al. CikvaiZe umatebda, rom `erovnuli umci-
resobisa da eTnikuri jgufebis moTxovnebi biologiuri naci-
onalizmis damangreveli Zalis xelSi saSiSi iaraRi gaxdeboda~
da magaliTi mohyavda Cveni qveynis sinamdvilidan, roca saqar-
Tvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobam,
osebma, gareSe Zalis waqezebiT, sisxliani Setakebebi daiwyes...
iqve yuradRebas amaxvilebda, saqarTvelos respublikis
sazRvrebis urRvevobaze, rac mxolod mSvidobiani molaparake-
bis gziT SeiZleboda mogvarebuliyo da saqveynod acxadebda,
rom `saxelmwifoebriobis or aTaswleuls aRmatebuli istori-
is manZilze saqarTvelos arasodes miutacnia sxva xalxTa miwe-
bi da amis gakeTebas arc momavalSi apirebs... saqarTveloSi
araqarTuli miwis arc erTi goji ar aris da Cven gadaWriT aR-
vkveTT qarTul miwaze yovelgvar pretenzias~ [11, 342].
sityvis dasasruls qarTvelma diplomatma kidev erTxel
gaamaxvila yuradReba gaeros rolze msoflios erebs Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebebis daregulirebis saqmeSi da aRniSna:
`naxevari saukunis win didi sameulis TaosnobiT Seqmnili ga-
erTianebuli erebis organizacia dRes axali amocanebis winaSe
dgas. maT Sorisaa demokratiisaken siaruli da xandaxan sakama-
To gziT mimavali axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis mxar-
daWera da agresiisagan dacva. gvwams, rom gaeroSi saqarTve-
los gawevrianebiT Cvens winaaRmdeg aSkara agresiis SesaZleb-
loba didad Semcirdeba... gaeros, rogorc universaluri saer-
TaSoriso organizaciis moqmedeba sruliad gamarTlebulia,
roca Tanabrad ebrZvis nebismier agresias, rogorc gareSe Za-
lis mier, ise Signidan inspirirebuls~, xolo Cveni qveynis sa-
xeliT kisrulobda Tavis wil pasuxismgeblobas erebs Soris
konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi... da iq damswreebs arwmuneb-
da, rom `saqarTvelos SeuZlia gaxdes aseTi qveyana~ Tuki sa-
erTaSoriso Tanamegobroba saqarTvelosTvisac gamoZebnis ad-
gils aseTi misiis Sesasruleblad~ [11, 342].
145
`Cven Tbili da gulRia xalxi varT. Cveni dedaqalaqis sa-
xelic `Tbils~ niSnavs qarTulad... msurs guliTadi madloba
giTxraT yvelas, vinc mxari dauWira saqarTvelos miswarfebas,
gamxdariyo gaeros wevri. Cemi qyvenisa da piradad CemTvis am
Rirsaxsovar dRes ar SemiZlia ar gavixseno aRorZinebis xanis
didi qarTveli poetis SoTa rusTavelis sityvebi, romelmac
Tavis ukvdav `vefxistyaosanSi~ Tqva: `borotsa sZlia keTil-
man, arseba misi grZelia~. dae, es sityvebi mudam JRerdes am
organizaciis kedlebSi. Cemi gamosvlis dasasruls, neba mibo-
ZeT, rusTavelis sityvebi qarTulad gavimeoro: `borotsa
sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~ [11, 343].
am Wkviani moRvawis sxva adgilas naTqvami sityvis Sexsene-
bac ar iqneba uadgilo maTTvis, vinc qarTvelobis yalbi gage-
biT, baqi-buqiTa da fuWsityvaobiT cdiloben sazogadoebis
yuradRebis miqcevas da samSobloze gamudmebiT mofiqral ma-
muliSvilebad Tavis warmoCenas: `21-e saukunis dasawyisSi 12-e
saukunis faseulobebiT cxovreba warmoudgenelia... xalxs un-
da vuTxraT, vin varT da rani varT, unda mivawodoT namdvili
istoria, unda ganvumartoT, rom msoflioSi sxva erebic arian,
visac aqvT didi istoria da kultura, magram amiT isini gamud-
mebiT ar amayoben; rom guSindeli dRe xval ver gadagvarCens;
rom mxolod Sromas, sxvisadmi pativiscemas da ara monur Tay-
vaniscemas SeuZlia Cveni xsna. ganaTlebuli, Tavis saqmis
mcodne, muyaiTi, Sromismoyvare da ara yoyoCa qarTveli male
moipovebs pativiscemas, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise mis
farglebs gareT. marto deklarirebiT da mowodebebiT SeuZ-
lebelia amis miRweva~ [11, 345].
gaeroSi saqarTvelos erovnuli droSis aRmarTvis sazei-
mo ceremonialze sityviT gamosvlisas generalurma mdivanma
butros galim ganacxada: `mivesalmebiT erTa ojaxis axal
wevrs _ saqarTvelos respublikas. Cvens organizaciaSi yovel
axal wevrs Tan moaqvs raRac gansakuTrebuli _ novatoruli
ideebi da kulturuli Rirebulebani, romelic Cvens saerTo
kulturul Rirebulebebs amdidrebs. darwmunebuli var, rom
Cveni organizaciis saqmianobaSi Rrma da mniSvnelovani iqneba
saqarTvelos wvlili, iseTi, rogorc am qveynis rTul da
mRelvare istorias, mis mdidar da mravalferovan kulturas
Seefereba... Cven mivesalmebiT saqarTvelos respublikis axal
valdebulebas _ gaiziaros gaeros wesdeba da misi principebi
146
konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziT gadawvetis, adamianTa uflebebis
dacvisa da msoflios xalxTa keTildReobisaTvis zrunvis Se-
saxeb. msurs qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos mTavroba davarwmu-
no, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia misi sruli Tanam-
dgomi iqneba yvela im problemis gadawyvetaSi, romelTa daZ-
levas, mjera rom SevZlebT~ [13].
saqarTvelos, gaeros axali wevri qveynis mdgomareobiT,
msoflios xalxebis da maTi mTavrobebis dainteresebis saqmeSi,
didi mniSvneloba hqonda ed. SevardnaZis gamosvlas gaeros ge-
neraluri asambleis 47-e sesiaze, 1992 wlis 25 seqtembers, niu-
iorkSi.
gaeros wevrad saqarTvelos miRebidan oriode Tvis Tav-
ze misi tribunidan warmoTqmul sityvas, ufro meti saerTaSo-
riso datvirTva hqonda, vidre urTules mdgomareobaSi myofi
patara qveynis liderisas. igi erTgvar mentorad, Wkuis damri-
geblad moevlina mTeli msoflios xalxebs da, upirvelesad,
gaeros saqmianobis av-kargis Semfaseblis rolic ikisra. e. Se-
vardnaZem Tavis moxsenebaSi gaeros saqmianobis 7 muxliani mo-
sazreba warudgina generaluri asambleis monawileebs, raTa
aRniSnuli organizaciis saqmianobis gaukeTeseba momxdariyo.
araerTxel Seaxsena maT, rom mas didi gamocdileba hqonda gae-
roSi da mis uSiSroebis sabWoSi muSaobisa, rogorc ssr kavSi-
ris upirveles diplomats... man isic xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom
gaeroSi misi Casvla da misi tribunidan gamosvla, mimarTuli
iyo iqiT, `raTa saqarTvelosTvis ar daekarga dResdReobiT er-
Tad-erTi Sansi _ ecno msofliosaTvis Tavisi qveynis imedebi da
zraxvani, eTqva simarTle da uareyo sicrue~ [14].
mis gamosvlaSi moridebuli, ara-mkveTri miniSnebebi iyo
gakeTebuli, ssr kavSiris samarTalmemkvidris _ ruseTis fede-
raciis rolze, axladdamoukidebloba mopovebul saxelmwifo-
ebze, romlebic dayovnebeli moqmedebis bombebze isxdnen...
`Cvens momavals jer kidev rodis udebdnen dayovnebeli moqme-
debis bombebs. sanam ideologiisa da represiuli iZulebebis
Zala-ufleba am nairgvar erTobas (anu ssrk-s _ g. s.) aduRabeb-
da _ bombebi sdumdnen. magram rogorc ki es Zalaufleba aRik-
veTa _ maT ifeTqes. dRes udidesi siZlieris afeTqebis talRa
angrevs mTel saxelmwifoebs.
es emuqreba saqarTvelosac~ [14].
147
Semdeg ed. SevardnaZe, mokled acnobda asambleis sesiis
monawileebs saqarTvelos mier ganvlil istoriul gzas, mis
wvlils msoflios civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi, romelic `Ta-
visi yofierebis kanonad amkvidrebda rasobriv da religiur
Seuwynareblobas~. Tumca bolo xans igi garedan moqmedebis Se-
degad irRveva da ara marto misTvis, aramed kavkasiis mTeli
regionisaTvis da samomavlod saerTaSoriso daZabulobis faq-
torad iqceva.
`am axali ubedurebebis wyaro moedineba Tanamedrove ge-
opolitikuri wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis kalapo-
tiT, sadac globalur dapirispirebas enacvleba konfronta-
cia regionul doneze. am konfrontacias mieniWa iseTi farTo
masStabis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis xasiaTi, romlebsac Cven
vxedavT evropis zogierT qveyanaSi, dnestrispireTSi, CvenSi _
saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, Sua aziaSi~ [14].
ed. SevardnaZis azriT, `specialuri mizezebiT warmoSo-
bil axal konfliqtebs aqvT raRac saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi... es
gaxlavT erovnul-eTnikuri siWrele, religiebisa da konfesie-
bis mravalferovneba, xalxTa socialur-ekonomikuri uTanas-
woroba, mZime istoriuli da politikuri warsuli~.
sityvis dasasruls igi aRniSnavda:
`aq Cemi axlandeli amosvla (gulisxmobda gaeros asam-
bleis tribunas _ g. s.) mniSvnelovan riskTan aris dakavSirebu-
li. erTob SfoTiani viTarebaa Cvens ojaxSi. erTob xSiria sa-
qarTveloSi siZulvilis Wurvebis afeTqeba, romlebsac gulSi
umizneben Cvens politikas _ demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis, pa-
tiosani, alalmarTali, msofliosaTvis kargaxsnili saxelmwi-
fos mSeneblobis politikas~ [14].
im dros, roca ed. SevardnaZe gaeros asambleis sesiis mo-
nawileebs moZRvravda, moskovSi, ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi
sabWos mexuTe sesiis sxdomam ganixila sakiTxi `afxazeTis am-
bebTan dakavSirebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili mdgomareo-
bis Sesaxeb~ da miiRo saTanado dadgenileba-gancxadeba, rac
praqtikulad suverenuli saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi uce-
remonio Carevas niSnavda da ramac SeaSfoTa Cveni sazogadoeb-
rioba... es gaxda mizezi ed. SevardnaZis vizitis Sewyvetisa aSS-
Si, gaeroSi da moskovSi gadmofrenisa, elcinTan pirispir mo-
salaparakeblad... asec moxda. Sexvedra TiTqmis erT saaTs gag-
rZelda, sadac saubari Seexo afxazeTSi eTnokonfliqtsa da
148
separatistul gamosvlebs, amasTan saqarTvelo-ruseTis Sem-
dgomi urTierTobis sakiTxebs...
28 seqtembers saqarTvelos delegacia TbilisSi dabrun-
da... [14].
* * *
Cveni qveynis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis didi ojaxis wevrad miReba saqarTvelos
realuri politikuri damoukideblobis, misi saerTaSoriso
aRiarebis gvirgvini gaxldaT. gaero-s sruluflebian wevrad
saqarTvelos miRebam, axali etapi daiwyo Cveni qveynis cxovre-
baSi.
am faqtTan dakavSirebiT araerTi saintereso masala ga-
moqveynda imdroindel qarTul da ucxoenovan presaSi. gaixse-
nes isic, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebam yve-
laferi iRona erTa ligaSi Cveni qveynis miRebisaTvis, magram
sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo maSin es ver moxerxda. saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobam, bolSevikuri ruseTis zewoliT, ver gabeda
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Tavisi ojaxis Semad-
genlobaSi miReba. es iyo istoriuli usamarTloba, romelmac
erovnuli katastrofa gamoiwvia da 70 weli modernizebul ru-
seTis imperiaSi _ ssr kavSirSi, gvamyofa.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos damouki-
deblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Cvens respublikaSi ganviTarebulma Siga aSlilobebma gamoiw-
via. legitimuri, xalxis mier arCeuli xelisuflebis ZaliT
damxoba, iyo imis mizezi, rom yofil sabWoTa kavSiris sxva
respublikebze gvian moxda saqarTvelos gaeroSi gawevrianeba.
sainteresoa erT precendentze yuradRebis gamaxvileba: gae-
ros arsebobis istoriaSi, saqarTvelo iyo erTaderTi saxel-
mwifo, romelsac miRebis momentSi saTaveSi ar edga legitimu-
ri xelisufleba. am siZnelis gadalaxvaSi garkveuli roli
iTamaSa ed. SevardnaZis pirovnulma faqtorma da misma popu-
larobam imdroindel msoflio liderTa Soris. swored maT _
evropisa da amerikis TvalsaCino saxelmwifo moRvaweebma (bei-
keri, genSeri da sxv.) intensiuri diplomatiuri muSaoba gaswi-
es, raTa saqarTvelo evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis
TaTbiris wevri gamxdariyo, xolo Semdeg gaerTianebuli ere-
bis organizaciaSi Sesuliyo.
149
gaeroSi Sesvla saqarTvelosTvis Zalian bevrs niSnavda.
pirvelyovlisa es iyo istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena; sa-
qarTvelos uflebisa da adgilis damkvidreba msoflio Taname-
gobrobaSi, rogorc Tanasworisa _ TanasworTa Soris. saqar-
Tvelos gaeroSi Sesvla niSnavda msoflio tribunis mopovebis
uflebas, saidanac SesaZlebeli iqneboda xmis gawvdena da Cveni
simarTlis dacva; gaeros wevroba niSnavda saqarTvelos damo-
ukideblobis aRiarebis procesis dasrulebas da msoflio Ta-
namegobrobis mier Cveni qveynis dacvis uflebis mopovebas.
amasTan erTad, gaeros wevroba Cvens respublikas aniWebda uf-
lebas monawileoba mieRo ideebis, Rirebulebebis msoflio
gacvla-gamocvlisas, adamianis goniTa da gamocdilebiT gaem-
didrebina Tavisi SesaZleblobani... gaeros wevroba, pirvel-
yovlisa, niSnavda udides pasuxismgeblobasac saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis winaSe da mis mier aRiarebuli saSinao Tu sa-
gareo urTierTSorisi normebis dacvas... im dRes, 1992 wlis 31
ivliss, gaeros axalma wevrma _ saqarTvelos respublikam, aRi-
ara es ufleba-movaleobani.
saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani da misaRebi iyo, ra Tqma
unda, gaeros wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba-movaleobani,
magram imxanad axalgazrda respublikisaTvis gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZenda suverenuli Tanasworobis da teritoriu-
li mTlianobis pativiscemisa da saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis
principis aRiareba.
`am pirobebis ramdenadme damakmayofilebeli dacva moiT-
xovda respublikaSi politikuri situaciis stabilizebas, sa-
erTo erovnul Serigebas, eTnokonfliqtebis mSvidobian da sa-
marTlian mogvarebas; Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi demokra-
tiuli institutebis konsolidacias~ [15].
amgvarad, gaeroSi Sesvla ukanaskneli mijna ki ar iyo,
aramed dasawyisi demokratiuli da pluralisturi sazogadoe-
bis Seqmnis gzaze... msoflio sazogadoebriobam erTsulovnad
dauWira ra mxari saqarTvelos respublikis gaeros wevrad mi-
Rebas, amiT gamoxata Tavisi mtkice rwmena, rom saqarTvelo
SeZlebda im siZneleebis gadalaxvas, romlebic dakavSirebuli
iyo demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan.
150
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. aleqsiZe l., gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. Tbilisi,
1985.
2. [1, 46].
3. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero), damxmare saxel-
mZRvanelo. gamocema meore. Tbilisi, 2003.
4. Дурденевский В. Н., Крылов С. Б., Организация Объединенных
Нации, Сборник документов, М. 1956.
5. Jvania givi. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis roli sa-
erTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebaSi. `mecniereba~, Tbili-
si, 1974.
6. saiTiZe gela. pirveli saerTaSoriso universaluri organi-
zacia _ erTa liga da damoukidebeli saqarTvelo (1919-
1921), Tbilisi, 2011.
7. Улахов В. Е., Международные организации... М.-Минск, 2005. 8. Сборник документов Генерального секретария ООН о положении в
Абхазии, Грузия с 1992-по 1999 годов, Тб., 1999. 9. uistoni adam, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba,
wignSi: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, Tbilisi,
2004.
10. CerCili uinston, moaxloebuli qariSxali (Targmani n. ma-
xaTaZisa), Tbilisi, 2006.
11. CikvaiZe al. politikuri Wadraki sami sxvadasxva qveynis
elCis TvaliT. gamomc. `logos presi~, Tbilisi, 2004.
12. Jurn. `eri~, #1, 1909.
13. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, #149, 1992 wlis 7 agvisto.
14. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, #194-195, 1992 wlis 29
seqtemberi.
15. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, #145-146, 1992 wlis 4 ag-
visto.
151
Gela Saitidze, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnolo-gy, Main research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History.
Maiden Speeches of the Representatives of Georgia from the Tribune
of the United Nations
Summary
In our history, rooted far beyond centuries, the membership of the United Nations organization was a crown of Georgia’s real political independence, its international recognition. After this (July, 31, 1992) a new historical period started in the life of our country. It also was of great importance whoshould have been the first speaker and what he was going to tell the audiencein the name of the independent Georgia, the new country member of the organization. This was the lot of those days deputy head of the State of Georgia and the minister of foreign affairs AlexsandreChikvaidze, who successfully fulfilled this mission. He, as an educated and professional diplomat with great experience, could manage to tell world nations impressively that Georgia was not going to stay as a country waiting for mercy. Georgia, as an ancient, traditional country with long history, with the help of its geopolitical location could always manage to connect not only the East and the West but the North and the South. This was ~a new reality for the world commonwealth~.
A bit later, at the session of the United Nations Organizationgeneral assembly the speech of the head of the State of Georgia Eduard Shevsardnadze, was telling the audience not only about the future perspectives of our country, but about the steps UN should make to become better in its activity.
152
badri cxadaZe
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universi-
tetis profesori
somxur-Turquli konfliqtis gamoZaxili
qarTveli mwerlebis naazrevSi (werili pirveli: grigol robaqiZe)
konfliqtebi, lokaluri Tu globalur-masStaburi.... ka-
cobriobis Tanamdevi senia. cxadia, sxvadasxvagvaria konfliq-
tebis gamomwvevi mizezebi, warmoSobis wyaroebi da aRmofxvris
gzebic. am mxriv,sxva saukuneTagan, Cveni regionisaTvis (kavka-
siisaTvis)XX saukunis 20-iani da 90-iani wlebi gamoirCa, rom-
lis `mosavals~ axlac vimkiT. qarTveli specialistebi erTgva-
ri araorazrovani da araritorikuli SeZaxiliT xSirad gvaf-
rTxileben da Segvaxseneben: `CvenTvis axlac saSiSi da Tavsate-
xia XX saukunis I meoTxedis TurqeT-saqarTvelos urTierTo-
bis `pikis~ amsaxveli dokumenti _ `yarsis xelSekruleba~ _ win-
dauxedavi SeTanxmebis Sedegi (aseve brest-litovskis sazavo
xelSekrulebis me-4 specialuri muxli) imdroindeli saqar-
Tvelosa (`erovnuli sabWo~) da amierkavkasiis qveynebis (seimis)
`gamyidvluri~ qveynis marTva-gamgebloba `damokles maxvili-
viT~ rom aRgvmarTvia Tavze~[1, 12]. marTlac, maSin baqoelma
musavatelebma proTurquli orientaciiT Tavi gamoiCines,
imavdroulad `TurqeTis armiebi ki, radganac winaaRmdegobas
aRaravin uwevda, win modiodnen da somxeTisa da saqarTvelos
miwebs zedized ikavebdnen~ [2, 4].
pirvelma msoflio omma,ruseTis caristuli imperiis
`bolSevikurad~ daSla-gardasaxvam, agreTve eTnikur-separa-
tistulma ganwyobam, warmoSva samxreT kavkasielTa (saqarTve-
lo, azerbaijani, somxeTi) TiTqmis `mkvdradSobili~, droebi-
Tisaxelmwifo warmonaqmni, ukeT, erTobili saxelmwifo `kavka-
siis seimi~. Turqul-azerbaijanul-somxur-qarTulma politi-
kurma `wajeq-ukujeqobis~ TavCenam uaryofiTad imoqmeda am
qveynebis Semdgom urTierTobebze, metic: somxur-Turqulma
dapirispirebam (raSic wvlili somxebisa da Turqebis garda
germanias, maSindeli antantis... qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT ru-
seTs, miuZRvis), zogi mkvlevris axsniT, genocidis saxec ki mi-
iRo [3, 73; 4]. Cveni azriT, `Tqma imisa, rom es TurqTagan so-
153
mexTa genocidi iyo Tu ara, arc ise advili gamosarkvevia. am
sakiTxs specialuri kvleva, faqtebis (sarwmuno!) yovelgvari
Semowmeba-Sejereba sWirdeba~ [5, 360].
saeklesio Tu saxelmwifo samecniero uTanxmoebani, `po-
litikuri abrakadabra~ dResac grZeldeba. samwuxaroa, rom
zogierTi somexi istorikosi Tu mkvlevari araiSviaTad isto-
riuli sinamdvilis gamyalbeblis rolSi gvevlineba. aseTebi
arad dagideven qarTvel-somexTa istoriul da naTesaur er-
Tobas. qarTvelebisadmi gansakuTrebul da gamorCeul siaves
somxebi qarTvelebis eTnoyofiTi da lingvokulturologiuri
faqtebis mimarT avlenen. gveciliebian yvelas da yvelafers,
rac Cvenia istoriulad Tu eTnikurad. maTTvis rusTaveli so-
mexia, stalinic_ somexi, Tbilisic _ somxebis qalaqi, kidev
ufro metic: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo somxebis teritoriaa,
TviT zugdidis eklesiac ki somxuri yofila [6, 28] da a. S.
miuxedavad aseTi araerTi Zveli Tu Tanamedrove abrun-
disa, `odiTganve udidesi Zmoba da urTierTpativiscema akavSi-
rebda qarTvel da somex xalxebs, erTis sixaruli meoris sixa-
ruli iyo, erTis gaWirveba meoris tkivili.... uCveulod rain-
duli da Tbili damokidebuleba hqondaT yovelTvis qarTvel
da somex mwerlebs _ erTiani mizani, Wiri Tu dalxineba~, wers
mwerali avTandil CxikviSvili1990 wels gazeT `Tbilisis~
furclebze [7, 4].
qarTvelebi rom tolerantebi varT, es didixania yvela-
saTvis cnobilia. qarTvelTa gonier nawils arasdros daukar-
gavs realobisa da realurobis SegrZneba, wonasworoba, gan-
sja-meditacia da obieqturi Sefaseba.
am mxriv, Turqul-somxur konfliqtTan Tu genocidTan
dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa qarTveli mwerlebis damokidebule-
ba _ rogor ganicdian da afaseben isini eTnokonfliqtiT,
omiT gamowveul tragikul sinamdviles.
didi qarTveli mwerali da moazrovne grigol robaqiZe
gamorCeulad megobrobda qarTvel, ebrael, avstriel, germa-
nel, berZen, rus, azerbaijanel, somex kolegebs; somexTagan
gansakuTrebuli megobruli urTierToba hqonda ovanes Tuma-
nianTan.
grigol robaqiZem mxatvrul-literaturuli narkvevi `ha-
iastan~ pirvelad 1929 wels `qarTul mwerlobaSi~ (#6) gamoaq-
veyna. didi mwerali da moazrovne erT adgilas TurqeTidan
154
gadmoxvewili somxebis Sesaxeb wers: `eCmiaZinTan tye iyo. es
tye ltolvilebma gaanadgures 11 wlis winad. xolo ltolvi-
lebic ganadgurdnen. 30.000 ltolvili daixoca aq: ukaro, um-
weo, sneuli, damSeuli~.
mwerlis SefasebiT, es `istoriis saSinelebaa~ [8, 4]. iqve
gr. robaqiZe TurqeTidan devnilobaSi myofierT-erTi somexi
ltolvilis ukiduresi yofiTi SeWirvebis gamo didi gulis-
tkiviliT aRniSnavs: `erevnis axlo, aTi wlis winad, dasaxlda
erTi ltolvili. ojaxi sadRac daikarga, TviTon darCa: mar-
tod marto. masTan ori patara bavSvi iyo mxolod, magram `da-
saxlda~ ki? man aiRo patara naWeri miwa. Savi qvebisagan qoxi
aago. gamarTa kera. cecxli aanTo, magram xari? magram cxeni?
magram Zroxa? sad hyavda mas xari an cxeni, an Zroxa? `saxls~,
`keras~ ki bevri ram unda.
ltolvili midis bazarSi. jibeSi oriode groSi udevs. ka-
tas daeZebs: surs iyidos. Semxvedrni iRimebian. xolo ltol-
vils didi xania ar uRimnia. arc axla iRimis. mas surs kata
iyidos. risTvis? moCveneba rom mainc Seqmnas mowyobisa (чтобобзавестись). kata kerasTan iqneba. mas ar moscildeba.
es namdvili ambavia.
tragikuloba aq ukanasknel simartivemdea dasuli.
es kata saSeqspiro saxea.
roca exlandel amSeneblobas vxedav somxeTSi, es kata ma-
gondeba. ramxela manZili gauvlia somxeTs am katidan dRevan-
dlamde? mSenebloba dRes rkineul majiscemiT midis iq~. mwer-
lis saboloo daskvniT: `sabWoTa xelisuflebas xalxi gadaur-
Cenia fizikurad. igive xelisufleba SeZlebas aZlevs xalxs
fexze wamodges da muxli moimagros.
es faqti aRiarebul unda iqnas pirwmindaT.
`mikibul-mokibuloba~ aq danaSaulobad CaiTvleba~ [8, 4].
SeniSvna: ganaxorciela Tu ara mweralma es `saSeqspiro Ca-
nafiqri~ _ dramad, leqsad Tu prozaul teqstad an personul
saxed, CvenTvis ucnobia. gamoricxuli aq araferia.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: sabWour mweralTa delegaciaSi myo-
fi grigol robaqiZe qarTvel, somex, azerbaijanel kolegebTan
da kolegebSi myofi, somxuri siZveleebis xilva-mimoxilvisas
mwared ganicdis somxur-Turquli eTnokonfliqtidan momdina-
re ltolvilebis beds, TiToeuli somexi adgilnacvali piris
sulier Tu fizikur tragedias. es konfliqtur-genociduri
155
istoriuli saSineleba, samwuxarod, XX saukunis miwurulis
samxreT (aseve Crdilo) kavkasiaSic ganmeorda rusTa waqezebi-
Ta da xelSewyobiT yarabaRis (yarabaReli somxebisa da yaraba-
Reli azerbaijanelebis), afxazeTisa (afsua-separatistebis) da
samaCabloeli separatistulad ganwyobili cxinvaleli da ja-
vel-znaureli osebis mier. rogorc Cans, gamocdilebis miuxe-
davad, istoriuli kataklizmebi mainc meordeba. meordeba Sec-
domebic da tragikulad gadadgmuli nabijebic, romelTa ga-
mosworeba sxvadasxva Taobisagan xangrZliv, uwyvet goniT gan-
sjas, msoflio diplomatiur rudunebas da did dros moiT-
xovs.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. l. uruSaZe, XX saukunis I meoTxedis TurqeT_saqarTve-
los urTierTobaTa istoriidan. gaz. `saqarTvelos sam-
reklo~, 1993, 17 Tebervali
2. r. jafariZe, eris istoriis brwyinvale furceli, gaz.
`Tbilisi~, 1988, 25 maisi
3. Ж. ДеМалевил, Армянскаятрагедия 1915 года, Перевод Аймен Кя-зимовой. Баку, 1990
4. Джастин Маккарти, Каролин Маккарти. Тюркииармяне. Руковод-ство по армянскому вопросу. Перевод санглийского. Перевод осу-шествлен под руководством Рауфа Асадова. Ответственный вы-пуск Идаят Оруджев. Послесловие Проф. Ю. Б. Юсупова, Баку,
1996
5. b. cxadaZe, ucxoeli avtorebi somxur-Turquli genoci-
dis Sesaxeb. krebulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-
xebi~, 1 (9), 2011
6. interviu armenolog, prof. bondo arvelaZesTan. `somexi
vai-mecnierebi zugdidis eklesiasac ki somxurad acxade-
ben~ _ gaz. `asaval-dasavali~ 2011, (#4(851), 24-30 ianvari.
7. a. CxikviSvili, winasityva gr. robaqiZis publikaciuri
narkvevisa: `haiastan~, gaz. `Tbilisi~, 1990, 13 ianvari.
8. gr. robaqiZe, haiastan, `qarTuli mwerloba~, Tbilisi,
1929, #6 gadmobeWdilia gaz.: `Tbilisi~, 1990 wlis 13 ian-
vari. vsargeblobT am ukanaskneliT.
156
Badri Tskhadadze Professor of Georgian Technical University
The Echo of Armenian-Turkish Conflict in Georgian Writers’ Thinking
(Letter 1: Grigol Robakidze)
Summary
According to the author’s conclusions based on his travel to Armenia, where he studied Armenian antiquities, while observing-reviewing Armenia of the first two decades of the 20th century Grigol Robakidze in his journalistic essay `Hayastan~ feels deeply `the brutality of time~ as a result of Armenian-Turkish ethnic conflict, sympathizes with the refugees’ evil fortune, spiritual and physical tragedy of each displaced person.
Such historical ethnic conflict and separatist-genocidal horror was repeated at the end of the 20th century in Transcaucasia (and North Caucasia), so the writer’s deep feeling and sympathy for the Armenian refugees, objectivity and empathy based on humanistic ideals are still perceived as a sympathizing, topical and contemporary act.
157
niko javaxiSvili
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis is-
toriisa da eTnologiis institu-
tis axali da uaxlesi istoriis
ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-
TanamSromeli
qarTul-baltiuri solidarobis istoriidan
(XX saukunis meore naxevari)
qarTul-baltiur urTierTobebs aT saukuneze meti xnis
istoria gaaCnia. es urTierTobani cvalebadi intensivobiT vi-
Tardeboda. am sakiTxs ukanaskneli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi vik-
vlevT, rasac mivuZRveniT ramdenime statia [15-21; 28; 30] da
agreTve, monografia saxelwodebiT: `narkvevebi qarTul-bal-
tiuri urTierTobis istoriidan~ [22], romelic 2011 wels ga-
mosca ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versitetis gamomcemlobam.
ssr kavSirSi Tanamimdevrulad gatarebul rusifikaciis
politikas yvelaze Seupovrad ewinaaRmdegeboda progresulad
moazrovne nawili qarTveli da baltieli, kerZod, latvieli,
litveli da estoneli erebisa. aRniSnuli imperialisturi po-
litikis gatarebaSi kremls SeZlebisdagvarad xels uSlidnen
mecnierebis, literaturisa da kulturis sferoSi moRvawe pi-
rovnebani.
qarTvelebsa da baltiel xalxebs Soris Camoyalibda er-
Tgvari Sinagani solidarobis grZnoba, romelic sakmaod xSi-
rad vlindeboda.
winamdebare statiaSi moyvanilia qarTul-baltiuri soli-
darobis istoriis ramdenime sayuradRebo faqti, romelTa
garkveuli nawilic ar Sesula Cvens zemoxsenebul monografia-
Si.
158
* * *
cnobili Teatrmcodnis, profesor vasil kiknaZis mogone-
bebSi moTxrobilia, rom gamoCenili kompozitori, diriJori
da pedagogi, mravali premiis laureati oTar TaqTaqiSvili
(1924-1989), romelic 1965-1984 wlebSi saqarTvelos kulturis
ministrad muSaobda, gansakuTrebiT megobrobda baltiispirel
kolegebTan da, maT Soris, estonelebTan.
v. kiknaZe wers: `cnobili faqtia, rom triumfiT damTav-
rda germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi qarTuli kulturis
dReebi. batonma oTarma iq Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc didi kul-
turis mqone ministrma. man Tarjimnebad qarTveli germaniste-
bi waiyvana. maSin es Zalian didi gabeduleba da unikaluri Sem-
Txveva iyo. rogorc wesi, Tarjimnebad mihyavdaT rusebi, rad-
gan rusuli unda yofiliyo urTierTobis ena. am SemTxvevaSi ki
rusuli arcerT mxares ar dasWirdeboda.
qarTuli kulturis dReebis Semdeg, politbiurom m. sus-
lovis meTaurobiT sagangebod ganixila moZme respublikebis
kulturis dReebis sakiTxi. miiRes maTTvis Cveuli, imperiuli
gadawyvetileba. aramcTu demokratiul qveynebSi, aramed mo-
kavSire respublikebsac erTmaneTTan kulturis dReebi aseTi
formiT aRar unda CaetarebinaT. SemoiRes `sabWoTa kulturis
dReebi~, rac niSnavda ruseTis monawileobas yvela respubli-
kis kulturul dekadaSi. am dros, saqarTvelos da estoneTs
ukve hqondaT gadawyvetili, rom estoneTSi Catarebuliyo qar-
Tuli kulturis dReebi. breJnevis saqarTveloSi yofnisas Se-
vardnaZis sityvaSic gaiJRera am faqtma, magram dadgenilebis
Semdeg, yvelaferi Seicvala. rogorc vTqvi, aikrZala moZme
respublikebis warmomadgenelTa erTi-erTze Sexvedra.
_ ai, axla, ra unda vqnaT. agvikrZales estoneTSi marto
wasvla. raRac unda movifiqroT _ ambobs batoni oTari da `ve-
CeTi~ rekavs moskovSi, cekaSi. daukavSirda erT-erT mdivans,
mgoni demiCevs. demiCevi pasuxobs, gadmorekeT naxevari saaTis
Semdeg, sakiTxze suslovs davelaparakebio.
batoni oTari imwamsve rekavs estoneTis cekas mesame mdi-
vanTan. estoneTs Zalian undoda qarTuli kulturis dReebis
Catareba. ruseTisadmi saocari siZulvili hqondaT. batoni
oTari mdivans ise elaparakeba, rom miaxvedros, Tu rogor un-
da Catardes es RonisZieba.
159
_ xom gaxsovT, qarTuli kulturis dReebi estoneTSi po-
litbiuros dadgenilebamde iyo gadawyvetili. Tqven xom ukve
gamoacxadeT amis Sesaxeb. albaT, radioSic iqneboda, yvelgan.
aba, xalxis motyueba rogor SeiZleba, ras ityvis sayvareli es-
toneli xalxi... me naxevar saaTSi kidev unda davureko amx. de-
miCevs da ai, vetyvi, rom estoneTSi didi samzadisia ukve Cata-
rebuli. Tanac breJnevma icis, SevardnaZem Tavis statiaSi xom
axsena estoneTSi Cveni kulturis dReebi... ase rogor SeiZleba
xalxis gabiTureba!@
mivxvdi, rom estoneTis mdivans mTeli samoqmedo infor-
macia gadasca. gaagebina, Tu rogor unda emoqmedaT. me kabine-
tidan gamosasvlelad wamovdeqi.
_ nu midixar, darCi, ar gainteresebs?
aTi wuTis Semdeg rekavs estoneTis cekas mdivani da ba-
ton oTars eubneba: estoneTis radiom es-es aris gadmosca ma-
sala qarTuli kulturis dReebis Sesaxeb. Cven ukve davukav-
SirdiT moskovSi cekas, yvelam icis qarTuli kulturis dRee-
bis Sesaxeb. xalxi ver gagvigebs, xalxSi ukmayofileba iqneba,
Tu CaiSleba RonisZieba.
batoni oTari icinis:
_ ai, vaso, ra Wkviani xalxia estonelebi. xelad mixvda
Cems saubars. aT wuTSi yvelaferi gaakeTes. axla me davurekav
amx. demiCevs. dareka. amx. demiCevma uTxra, rom estoneTi SeS-
foTebulia RonisZiebis CaSliT. raki breJnevi informirebu-
lia, dekada unda Catardes.
batonma oTarma pirdapir demonstratiulad maCvena, Tu
rogor unda gakeTdes erovnuli saqme. am mxriv is xom mar-
Tlac didi patrioti iyo _ saqmiT patrioti~ [8, 94-96].
mweral fridon xalvaSis (1924-2010) cnobiT, 1964 wlis Se-
modgomaze, CineTsa da vietnamSi mogzaurobisas, maTi delega-
ciis xelmZRvanelma maksakovma, romelic ver faravda Tavis
Sovinistur damokidebulebas ararusTa mimarT, nasvam mdgoma-
reobaSi yofnisas gaixsena, Tu rogor monawileobda maTi divi-
zia damoukidebeli latviis respublikis okupaciaSi.
f. xalvaSi igonebda: `maksakovma ratomRac omis dReebi
gaixsena. igi, polkovniki, Turme diviziis politsammarTvelos
ufrosi yofila frontze. baltiispireTs `vaTavisuflebdiTo~
_ gviyveba. bolos, roca is aRwera, Tu rogor dauSines latvi-
elma qalebma fanjrebidan `ganmaTavisuflebel~ rus ofic-
160
rebs... diax, diax, _ rusebs, rogorc Tavadve gvixsnida... in-
dobdneno qarTvelebs da sxva ararusebs ratomRac~.
maSin ukve veRar moviTmine da mivaxale:
_ iciT, latvielebma ratom gesroles maSin Tqven? _ imis
gamo gesroles, rom guSin, haifonSi, me, sityva ar maTqmevi-
neT!~ [14, 160].
aq f. xalvaSi gulisxmobda imas, rom maksakovma mas, ro-
gorc araruss, sazeimo Sexvedraze sityviT gamosvlis SesaZ-
lebloba ar misca.
1975 wels moskovSi momxdar qarTul-baltiuri solida-
robis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqts akademikosi mariam lor-
TqifaniZe (dabadebuli 1922 wels) ase igonebs: `60-iani wlebi-
dan daiwyo TiTqos taqtiani, magram gegmazomieri brZola ero-
vnuli istoriebisa da erovnuli enebis winaaRmdeg. SemuSavda
Tvalsazrisi: ssrk erTi saxelmwifoa da misi istoria Serwymu-
lad unda iyos warmodgenili, e. i. iyos erTi `История ССР~ da
masSi iyos Sesuli yvela respublikis istoria. iseTi wignebi
arsebobda (magaliTad, oTxtomiani, pankratovas redaqciiT),
romelSic saqarTvelos istorias sul 15-mde gverdi hqonda
daTmobili. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi mxolod aseTi
`Serwymuli~ istoria undodaT eswavlebinaT da zedmetad
Tvlidnen calke erovnuli istoriebis swavlebas.
dainiSna moskovSi sakavSiro da ruseTis ganaTlebis sami-
nistroebis sxdoma, sadac miiwvies yvela respublikaTa warmo-
madgenlebi... ganaTlebis ministrma, qalbatonma Tamar laSqa-
raSvilma mTxova, rom sxvebTan erTad mec wavsuliyavi mosko-
vis TaTbirze. erovnuli istoriis pozicias vicavdiT somxebi,
Cven da baltiispirelebi. danarCeni yvela Cveni winaaRmdegi
iyo. erTi debuleba, rom am xalxebis istoria sxvadasxva dros
iwyeba, rogor vaswavloT Serwymulad, _ did ukmayofilebas
iwvevda.
belorusiis ganaTlebis ministrma brZana, rom `maT ara-
visTan da sakuTriv ruseTTan gasayofi araferi aqvT~, xolo
Cem replikaze _ `Tqveni saqme Tqven iciT~, gabrazebulma brZa-
na, rom `qarTvelebs da somxebs TavianTi Tavi da istoria didi
raRaca hgoniaT da es unda amoiZirkvoso~.
kamaTi gamwvavda...
sityva iTxova latviis ganaTlebis ministrma da ganacxada:
161
_ `me saxelmwifo moxele var, gavatareb imas, rasac aq da-
adgenT, magram Tu skolebSi amoviRebT erovnuli istoriis
kurss, ori dRis Semdeg rigaSi gaCndeba iatakqveSa skolebi sa-
kuTari istoriis Sesaswavlad~.
situacia daiZaba. Camovarda siCume. Tavmjdomarem (ruse-
Tis ganaTlebis ministri) Sesveneba gamoacxada, xolo Sesvene-
bis Semdeg brZana, rom TaTbiri amJamad damTavrebulia da ga-
dawyvetilebas adgilze SegatyobinebTo...
Semdegi sxdoma, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, regionuli princi-
piT moiwvies, amierkavkasia _ calke, albaT imitom, rom Cven da
baltiispirelebi saerTo frontiT ar gamovsuliyaviT...
saqarTvelos istoria (da aseve yvela respublikis, visac
es surda), rogorc damoukidebeli sagani, ver amoiRes saSua-
lo skolis programidan, komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi~ [10,
29-31].
qarTul-baltiuri urTierTsolidaroba sistematurad
vlindeboda rogorc mecnierebis, aseve kulturis sxvadasxva
sferoSi, maT Soris sportSic.
1960 wels romSi gamarTul XVII olimpiadaze ssr kavSiris
sakalaTburTo nakrebis SemadgenlobaSi erTad mouwiaT TamaSi
qarTvel da latviel saxelovan kalaTburTelebs: guram minaS-
vils, vladimer ugrexeliZes, maigonis valdmaniss, ianis kru-
minSsa da valdis muiJnieks. maT vercxlis medlebi moipoves,
xolo sakavSiro gundi meore adgilze gavida (aSS-is nakrebis
Semdeg).
guram minaSvili (dabadebuli 1936 wels) ixsenebs: `ro-
gorc perspeqtiuli moTamaSe, `dinamodan~ sabWoTa kavSiris na-
krebSi movxvdi. kargad maxsovs romis olimpiada. bolo TamaSi
italielebTan gvqonda. amerikelebTan wavageT da maT pirveli
adgili gainaRdes. Tu italielebs movugebdiT, meore adgili
garantirebuli gveqneboda, Tu wavagebdiT, maSin meoTxeze ga-
vidodiT. imaTac aseTive mdgomareoba hqondaT.
TamaSebi imarTeboda patara darbazSi, sadac 5.000 kaci
eteoda. ratomRac Cveni TamaSi gadaitanes did darbazSi.
12.000 italieli tifozi _ xom warmogidgeniaT, ra iqneboda,
magram arc Cven viyaviT jabanni.
me kargi damcveli viyavi. mowinaaRmdege gundidan yvelaze
Zlier Tavdamsxmels `viyvandi~ xolme. italiis nakrebSi aseTi
iyo alezini. is ise `movyronWe~, rom verafers akeTebda. Cems
162
funqciebSi burTis gaTamaSebac Sedioda. erTi italieli gada-
mekida. burTis warTmeva undoda da kinaRam burTianad SemWama.
mowinaaRmdeges ki unda aarTva burTi, magram solidurad unda
iTamaSo. is ki gadamekida. veRar moviTmine, nervebi ameSala, vi-
Tom burTi davatriale da idayvi saxeSi Cavartyi. cxviri gaus-
kda, wamouvida sisxli. atyda erTi ambavi. italielma tifozeb-
ma daiwyes yvirili, Tan aslirian monetebs isrodnen. mTeli ia-
taki gaivso, cocxebiT xvetavdnen, an sad hqondaT amdeni...
nakrebis mwvrTneli iyo spandariani. man Wkua ixmara da
moednidan gamiyvana. am dros alezinma gaijejila, 9 qula gaa-
keTa. Cems gverdiT, skamze ijda Cemi sami latvieli Tanagunde-
li. maT erTmaneTSi latviurad daiwyes saubari. Semdeg gundis
kapitani valdmanisi adga, mivida spandarianTan da rusulad
uTxra:
_ Tu ar SeiyvanT TamaSSi minaSvils, icode, wavagebTo.
6-7 qulas vagebdiT. Zalian mesiamovna. aseTi ram kalaT-
burTSi ar xdeba. kalaTburTels ufleba ar aqvs, rom TamaSis
dros mivides mwvrTnelTan da Tavisi azri uTxras.
mokled, Semiyvanes TamaSSi. isev `aviyvane~ alezini da mo-
vigeT~ [7, 64-65].
qarTul-baltiuri solidarobis gamovlinebis morig
faqts misTvis damaxasiaTebel iumoristul stilSi mogviT-
xrobs cnobili qarTveli msaxiobi givi berikaSvili: `moskovSi
varT, restoranSi, giga lorTqifaniZe, irakli uCaneiSvili,
Tengiz arCvaZe, guram fircxalava, nani bregvaZe da sxvebi. xo-
lo Cvens iqiT sxedan rigeli kalaTburTelebi, rogorc ityvi-
an, namyenebi, cas TavebiT rom amtvreven. isini mxolod wvenebs
wrupaven. rigelebis axlos kidev magidas `puWura~ iaponelebi
usxedan.
erTi iaponeli gagvivlis da gamogvivlis xolme. am dros,
Cems aqeT-iqiT nani da erTi qali uceb Sextebian... ase ganmeor-
da ramdenjerme. SevamCnie, Cqmets Cvens qalebs.
Tu kidev gamoiara, me vaCveneb, Cqmeta rogor unda-meTqi.
marTlac gamoiara, magram guram fircxalavam damaswro da ia-
ponels yelSi staca xeli. ara, ar axrCobs, kani gamouwia da
mouWira TiTebi... es Cqmetas hgavs, magram Cqmetaze cxrajer
mwarea. Tanac guram fircxalavam raki CaiWira, xeli aRar gauS-
va.
163
`puWura~ gamwarebuli ayvirda. mieSvelnen iaponelebi,
umal movardnen milicielebic da eqomagebian iaponelebs. gu-
ram fircxalavas iWeren...
wamoxtnen kalaTburTelebi da zogma milicielebs daavlo
xeli, zogmac iaponelebs, aakonwiales da ase, cimcim gaiyvanes
gareT. isini isev Semovidnen, meti milicieliT. kvlav aakonwia-
les kalaTburTelebma. gvegona, damTavrda gawamawia-meTqi. ga-
gigonia? erTad mogvadga aTi milicieli. rigelma kalaTburT-
elebma isinic aakonwiales da ase gaiyvanes gareT.
sufram eSxi dakarga. magram movida erTi kalaTburTeli
CvenTan da gviTxra:
_ Cven aq saqeifod ki ar SemovsulvarT. vzivarT da velo-
debiT, nani bregvaZe rodis imRerebso.
maSinve avida nani estradaze da gaCaRda simRera. nani
irakli uCaneiSvilma Secvala, irakli _ isev nanim...
milicielebi kvlav Semovidnen, magram... axla ukve mxo-
lod taSis dasakvrelad. nanis momajadoebelma simReram, TiT-
qos grZneulebis kverTxi gadahkrao, milicielTa gaborotebac
ki sikeTis zeimad aqcia~ [3, 128].
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan baltiis respub-
likebSi farTo masStabebi miiRo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel-
ma moZraobam, romelic ssr kavSiris mier am qveynebis meore
okupaciis (1945 w.) Semdeg, cvalebadi intensivobiT xasiaTde-
boda. es umniSvnelovanesi periodi sakmaod detalurad aris
Seswavlili baltiis qveynebis istoriografiaSi [26; 27; 29; 31]. saqarTvelos da baltiis respublikebis erovnul-ganmaTa-
visuflebeli moZraobis monawileni erTmaneTTan sakmaod mWid-
rod TanamSromlobdnen.
1989 wlis 11 marts TbilisSi muSaobas Seudga saqarTve-
los saxalxo frontis konferencia, romelSic monawileobda 450 delegati sxvadasxva politikuri da sazogadoebrivi orga-
nizaciidan. konferenciis monawileebma miiRes mimarTva, ro-
melSic gamoxates mxardaWera latviis saxalxo frontisa da
latvieli xalxis samarTliani moTxovnebisadmi. mimarTvaSi
dagmobil iqna interfrontis Sovinisturi saqmianoba latvia-
Si. imavdroulad, konferenciaze miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
baltiis respublikebis saxalxo frontebis mxardaWerisa da
maTTan koordinirebuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb [23, 1].
164
baltiispirel patriotebTan garkveuli urTierToba
hqondaT rogorc qarTvel politikur da sazogado moRvawe-
ebs, aseve mecnierebsac, maT Soris SoTa rusTavelis sazogado-
ebis prezidents, kritikoss, literaturaTmcodnes da publi-
cist akaki baqraZes (1928-1999), akademikos Tamaz gamyreliZes
(amJamad _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis pre-
zidents) da sxvebs.
T. gamyreliZe, romelic 1989 wels ssrk-is umaRlesi sab-
Wos deputati iyo, igonebda: `erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobis
dros, 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac saWiro
gaxda gansakuTrebuli aqtivoba tragikuli Sedegebis likvida-
ciisa da qveynis mowesrigebisaTvis, akaki baqraZe maSin erovnu-
li moZraobis erT-erTi gamorCeuli liderTagani iyo... gansa-
kuTrebiT mWidro gaxda Cveni TanamSromloba 1989 wlis maisSi,
saxalxo deputatTa I yrilobaze moskovSi, romelic, SeiZleba
iTqvas, TiTqmis 9 aprilis movlenaTa niSniT Catarda.
yriloba baltiispireli deputatis, talpeJnikovis mowo-
debiT daiwyo, romelic moulodnelad gaiWra tribunisaken da
moiTxova fexze adgomiT ecaT pativi 9 aprils TbilisSi daRu-
pulTa xsovnisaTvis. es imdenad moulodneli iyo prezidiumSi
msxdomi sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, rom zogi
maTgani dabneulobisagan fexze wamodga.
am faqtis damswre akaki baqraZem, romelic yrilobaze
wargzavnil qarTvelTa sakmaod mravalricxovani deputaciis
wevri gaxldaT, aRniSna, rom baltiispirelebma gaakeTes, rac
Cven _ qarTvelebs unda gagvekeTebina, magram amasTanave dasZi-
na, rom araqarTvelis aseTi gamosvla CvenTvis politikurad
albaT, ufro momgebianic ki iyoo~ [2, 55-56].
sagulisxmoa, rom latviaSi 1988 wlidan araoficialurad
moqmedi qarTvelTa sazogadoeba am qveynis damoukideblobis
mimarT mxardaWeras gamoxatavda da adgilobriv erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebel moZraobasTan TanamSromlobda. maT Soris ga-
moirCeodnen CogburTeli nugzar mZinariSvili, eqimi zurab
qecbaia da biznesmeni besarion beraZe.
1989 wlis 23 agvistos baltiis samive respublikaSi mow-
yobil masStabur samSvidobo aqciaSi `baltiuri jaWvi~ monawi-
leobda am qveynebis milionamde mcxovrebi. amiT maT sajarod
dagmes ssr kavSirsa da germanias Soris 50 wlis winaT gaforme-
buli dokumenti (e. w. `molotov-ribentropis paqti~) gavlenis
165
sferoTa ganawilebis Sesaxeb da imavdroulad gamoxates
swrafva im periodSi dakarguli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-
lobis aRdgenisaken.
sagulisxmoa, rom am aqciaSi monawileobdnen saqarTvelo-
dan sagangebod Casuli politikosebic, kerZod, saxalxo fron-
tis lideri nodar naTaZe, aseve, irakli Sengelaia da mixeil
naneiSvili. isini qarTuli, erovnuli droSiT idgnen latviel
da litvel demonstrantebs Soris, riTac am epoqaluri movle-
nisadmi qarTveli eris progresuli nawilis solidaroba saja-
rod daafiqsires.
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan
aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen latviis erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-
lebeli moZraobis aqtivistebi, maT Soris, inguna ebele da mi-
si meuRle romualds raJuksi, romlebic saqarTveloSi siste-
maturad Camodiodnen.
i. ebele iyo latviis saxalxo frontis ndobiT aRWurvili
piri saqarTveloSi da Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis Se-
saxeb baltiispireTis presaSi statiebs aqveynebda. gansakuTre-
biT aRsaniSnavia misi werilebi saxelwodebiT: `Дни пробуждения Грузии~, `25 февраля – день траура в Грузии~, `Постигнет ли убийц расплата?~, `26 мая – день независимости Грузии~ da sxvebi, romle-
bic sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynda latviis saxalxo frontis
rusul enaze gamomaval sainformacio biuletenSi `atmoda~
(`gamoRviZeba~) [23-25]. Jurnalisti elguja lebaniZe, romelic 1989 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi orjer imyofeboda latviaSi, igonebda: `inguna ebele
pirvelad TbilisSi, akaki baqraZis leqciaze vnaxe. savse darba-
zi sulganabuli usmenda Soreuli latviidan Camosul stu-
mars, romelic maT mSobliur respublikaSi mimdinare proces-
ze mouTxrobda. mas Semdeg didi dro gavida. TandaTan saqa-
rTveloSi farTo xasiaTi miiRo moZraobam, romelsac axla sa-
yovelTao gamoRviZebas veZaxiT. CvenTan ar yofila arc erTi
mniSvnelovani movlena, qalbaton ingunas rom Tavisi aqtiuri
damokidebuleba ar gamoexata. latviur presaSi sul ufro xSi-
rad ibeWdeboda misi narkvevebi da Canaxatebi saqarTveloze,
mrisxanebiT savse korespondenciebi usamarTlobis calkeul
SemTxvevebze. inguna erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinc latvi-
el xalxs utyuari cnobebi miawoda Tbilisis 9 aprilis trage-
diis Sesaxeb...
166
Semodgomaze bedma isev momaxvedra latviaSi. aq ukve me-
loda mivlinebaSi myofi megobari, latviuri enis specialisti
uSangi saxlTxuciSvili. swored misi meSveobiT davazuste in-
gunas telefonis nomeri...
_ Tqvenze ukve melaparaka uSangi, _ miTxra ingunam, _
xval laCplesis _ daugavaze latvieli xalxis gamarjvebis aR-
saniSnavi zeimia, mec iq viqnebi.
saRamos latviis radiosTan ise SevxvdiT erTmaneTs, ro-
gorc Zveli megobrebi. ingunam sanTeli SemomTavaza da Jurna-
list aivar berikisTan erTad SevuerTdiT xalxis zRvas, rome-
lic erovnuli droSebis frialiT mdinare daugavas sanapiro-
saken daeSva. es marTlac grandiozuli, zRapruli sanaxaoba
iyo. WarmoidgineT aTeul aTasobiT anTebuli sanTeli, dauga-
vas zedapirze mociage varskvlavebi, miniaturul navebs rom
mohqondaT...
amdeni Rimiliani saxe didi xania ar minaxavs. yoveli mxri-
dan vgrZnobdi madlierebiT mopyrobil mzeras qarTveli Jur-
nalistisadmi, romelic sxvebTan erTad yviroda: `briviiba
latviai~ _ Tavisufleba latvias...
im saRamos Tavisuflebis ZeglTan Semdgar mitingze ingu-
na ebelem mgznebare sityva warmoTqva. marTalia, latviurisa
araferi gamegeboda, magram ise xSirad mesmoda `gruzia~, rom
yvelafers mivxvdi _ inguna isev saqarTveloze, mis gaWirveba-
ze laparakobda...
dRes rom yovel meore-mesame latviels pirze saqarTve-
lo akeria da presaSi gamoqveynebul cnobas xarbad ewafeba,
upirvelesad, inguna ebeles damsaxurebaa~ [9, 14-15].
aqve davsZenT, rom zemoxsenebuli r. raJuksi wlebis ga-
nmavlobaSi muSaobda ukve damoukidebel saqarTveloSi `natos~
xaziT, rogorc mekavSire oficeri kavkasiaSi. man sakmaod bevri
gaakeTa aRniSnul organizaciasTan Cveni qveynis TanamSromlo-
bis gasaRrmaveblad.
1989 wlis agvistodan dekembramde latviis respublikur
saavadmyofoSi muSaobda eqimi ramaz mixeilis Ze Sengelia. amJa-
mad, igi aris medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,
Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis medicinis is-
toriisa da bioeTikis departamentis xelmZRvaneli, saqarTve-
los medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiisa da vaSingtonis mecnie-
rebaTa akademiis wevri.
167
latviis respublikur saavadmyofoSi mivlinebuli r. Sen-
gelia muSaobda profesor v. utkinTan. amisparalelurad, v.
utkinisa da profesor vaxtang fifias erToblivi xelmZRvane-
lobiT, igi sadoqtoro disertaciazec muSaobda.
r. Sengelia igonebda: `rigaSi Cems Casvlas daemTxva lat-
viis pirveli prezidentis ian Cakstes dabadebis dRe, romel-
sac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sazeimod aRniSnavda. meuRlesTan
erTad vewvie prezidentis saflavs da igi yvavilebis Taigu-
liT Sevamke. moxda ise, rom, rodesac masmediis saSualebebma
gaaSuqes es movlena, yvelgan wina planze vCandi. aman ganapiro-
ba Cems nacnob latvielTa gansakuTrebuli pativiscema Cems mi-
marT.
im periodSi latviaSi TandaTan farTo masStabebs iZenda
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romlis wevrebsac da-
vuaxlovdi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT davumegobrdi inguna
ebeles da mis meuRles romualds raJukss, romlebic aqtiu-
rad TanamSromlobdnen saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuf-
lebeli moZraobis liderebTan. am col-qmris meSveobiT Sevxv-
di latviis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis TvalsaCi-
no figurebs, maT Soris saxalxo frontis Tavmjdomares dai-
nis ivanss, imave organizaciis xelmZRvanel pirebs _ calitissa
da Skaparss, iuristTa sazogadoebis prezidents valdis bir-
kavss da sxvebs.
1989 wlis 13 oqtombers tragikulad daiRupa merab kos-
tava. amasTan dakavSirebiT, rigaSi ramdenime megobarTan er-
Tad davaarse misi saxelobis qarTvelTa sazogadoeba, romel-
Sic ZiriTadad iqauri qarTveli studentoba gaerTianda. Cveni
sazogadoeba sakmaod aqtiurobda. sistematurad vxvdebodiT
masmediis saSualebebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic saqarTve-
losa da kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT Ziri-
Tadad dezorientirebulni iyvnen. gvindoda, rom maT es pro-
cesebi obieqturad gaeSuqebinaT, rac araerTxel SevZeliT ki-
devac.
`laCplesis~ saxalxo dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT, Sevake-
rineT qarTuli erovnuli droSebi da monawileobis misaRebad
SevuerTdiT rigis quCebSi dawyebul latvielTa grandiozul
demonstracias. Cvenma misvlam iq myofTa sayovelTao aRfrTo-
vaneba gamoiwvia. gaismoda xmamaRali SeZaxilebi:
_ `gruzia! gruzia! gruzia!~
168
Semodgomaze Catarda latviis saxalxo frontis yriloba,
romelSic sxvebTan erTad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos erov-
nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebic, maT
Soris _ avTandil imnaZe da aleko qobulaSvili. yrilobis mo-
nawileTa winaSe sayuradRebo moxsenebiT warsdga a. imnaZe, ro-
melsac taSiT Seegebnen.
imxanad, baltiis respublikebi xmaSewyobilni ibrZodnen
TavisuflebisaTvis, rac samxreT kavkasiis respublikebze ar
iTqmoda. gvindoda gveCvenebina, rom kavkasielebic erTad vib-
rZviT ssr kavSiridan gamosvlisaTvis. am mizniT, rigaSi movaw-
yveT saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis erovnul-ganma-
Tavisuflebeli moZraobis monawileTa erToblivi preskonfe-
rencia, romelSic qarTvelTa mxridan me vmonawileobdi. me
vcdilobdi mediatoris rolis Sesrulebas urTierTdapirispi-
rebul somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris, rac im dRes met-
naklebad movaxerxe. Cemi gamosvlis dedaazri iyo kavkasielTa
gaerTianeba da darazmva TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, msgav-
sad baltiispirelebisa.
meore dRes, saRamos, rodesac respublikuri saavadmyo-
fodan saxlSi avtobusiT vbrundebodi, mZRols radio maRal
xmaze hqonda CarTuli. gadmoscemdnen informacias Cvens gu-
Sindel preskonferenciaze. Cemi vrceli gamosvla TiTqmis
srulad gadmosces. gadaRlili viyavi da imdenad mivejaWve ra-
dios, rom avtobusma im periodSi ramdenime wre gaakeTa...
mZRolma es Semaxsena.
me vuTxari, rom radioTi Cems gamosvlas gadmoscemdnen
da mindoda bolomde momesmina. es imdenad moulodneli aRmoC-
nda latvieli mZRolisaTvis, romelsac, Cemi gamosvla, Turme,
Zalian moewona, rom man, Cemdami pativiscemis niSnad, carieli
avtobusi moabruna da saxlamde mimiyvana, Tan mTeli am xnis
ganmavlobaSi aqebda saqarTvelos da qarTvelebs~.
1989 wlis oqtombris miwuruls, rigaSi daarsebul merab
kostavas sazogadoebas saTaveSi Caudga besarion beraZe. am or-
ganizaciaSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen qarTveli studentebi, rom-
lebic imxanad rigaSi swavlobdnen: nona devaZe, inga paiWaZe,
goCa cqifuriSvili, magda kupataSvili, marine janeliZe, levan
mWedliSvili, besik JRenti, gia siWinava, avTandil aqirTava da
sxvebi.
169
1990 wlis TebervalSi xsenebuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdo-
mared airCies rigaSi mcxovrebi qirurgi zurab qecbaia.
sazogadoebis mizani iyo saqarTvelos sakiTxis, qarTuli
kulturis popularizacia latviaSi, aseve masmediisaTvis obi-
eqturi informaciis miwodeba. 1990 wels sazogadoebam gamosca
pirveli qarTuli gazeTi latviaSi, saxelwodebiT _ `Tbilisis
furceli~.
qarTul da baltiur araformalur organizaciebs Soris
Camoyalibda mWidro TanamSromloba da megobruli urTierTo-
ba, riTac am qveynebis urTierTobis istoriaSi axali, sagu-
lisxmo furclebi Caiwera.
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
erT-erTi lideri akaki baqraZe, imave moZraobis sxva liderTa
msgavsad, Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi ar faravda did simpaTias
baltiispirelTa mimarT, romelTa patriotizms da maRal saxe-
lmwifoebriv Segnebas igi samagaliTod saxavda.
erT-erT interviuSi a. baqraZe savsebiT samarTlianad ac-
xadebda: `araferi ise saSiSi ar aris axla CvenTvis, rogorc
dauokebeli survili _ mTeli saqarTvelo TbilisSi cxovrob-
des. Tuki SeiZleba litvis saukeTeso Teatri pawia qalaq pane-
veJisSi iyos da ara vilniusSi, ratom ar SeiZleba amgvari ram
saqarTveloSi? Tuki SeiZleba yvelaze saxelganTqmuli kalaT-
burTelTa gundi kaunasSi iyos da ara vilniusSi, ratom ar Se-
iZleba es saqarTveloSi? Tuki SeiZleba mTel msoflioSi sa-
xelganTqmuli universiteti tartuSi iyos da ara talinSi, ra-
tom ar SeiZleba es saqarTveloSi?~ [1, 175].
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
erT-erT liderTan, zurab WavWavaZesTan (1953-1989) megobrob-
dnen da TanamSromlobdnen litvis Tavisuflebis ligis wevre-
bi da, maT Soris, andrius tuCkusi.
1989 wlis 26 maiss, TbilisSi, leninis (amJamad _ Tavisuf-
lebis) moedanze, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-
lobis aRsaniSnavad, xalxTmravali mitingi da demonstracia
gaimarTa. mitingze sityviT gamosulTa Soris iyvnen litveli
stumrebi andrius tuCkusi da Sakalene [6].
imave wlis 11 ivniss, damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli
litveli xalxisadmi solidarobis niSnad, TbilisSi, operis
baRSi Sedga saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZra-
obis monawileTa grandiozuli mitingi [11].
170
1990 wlis 11 marts, litvis parlamentis mier saxelmwifo-
ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis deklarirebas, moskovis
mxridan agresia da blokada mohyva.
saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol
litvel megobrebs SeZlebisdagvarad daxmareboda. saqarTve-
los wiTeli jvrisa da medicinis muSakTa profkavSirebis xel-
mZRvanelebis _ nodar cqitiSvilisa da soso kacitaZis daxma-
rebiT, TbilisSi gaixsna sagangebo sabanko angariSi litvis da-
saxmareblad.
maisSi, Tbilisidan vilniusSi Cafrinda sami sabargo
TviTmfrinavi, romelmac 20 tona sursaTi da medikamentebi Ca-
itana. qarTvelTa delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen soso ka-
citaZe da Salva wiklauri.
saqarTveloSi Seiqmna litvasTan urTierTobisa da megob-
robis warmomadgenloba, romelsac saTaveSi S. wiklauri Caud-
ga. igi xSirad Cadioda litvaSi, sadac dauaxlovda erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenlebs, seimis Tav-
mjdomare vitautas landsbergiss, seimis wevrebs: algirdas
endriukaitiss, algirdas katkuss, alfondas vaisnorass, Jur-
nalistTa kavSiris Tavmjdomares _ rimas eilunaviCuss, sain-
formacio centris ufross _ albinas visotskis, mfrinav vita-
utas eidukaitiss, romelic Tavis droze, tartus diviziaSi,
CeCneTis momaval prezident johar dudaevTan erTad msaxu-
robda da sxvebs.
1991 wlis dasawyisSi baltiispireTSi mimdinare cnobili
politikuri movlenebis dros, rodesac erovnul-ganmaTavi-
suflebeli moZraobis CaxSobis mizniT, kremlma represiul
RonisZiebaTa gatareba scada da sisxlic ki daRvara, iqaur qa-
rTvelTa garkveuli nawili, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxar-
damxar, barikadebze dadga. maT Soris gamoirCeoda latviaSi
mcxovrebi saxelganTqmuli CogburTeli, mravali sapatio sa-
erTaSoriso jildos mflobeli nugzar mZinariSvili (dabade-
buli 1943 wels, TbilisSi), romelmac latviel xalxSi damsa-
xurebuli avtoriteti moipova. 2001 wels igi dajildovda
medliT am qveynis Tavisuflebis dacvisaTvis brZolaSi Setani-
li wvlilisaTvis.
1991 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi vilniusSi kvlav Cavida ze-
moxsenebuli S. wiklauri, romelic imxanad ukve saqarTvelos
171
respublikis uzenaesi sabWos deputati iyo. mis memuarebSi sa-
interesod aris moTxrobili 13-14 ianvars vilniusSi ganviTa-
rebuli movlenebi.
mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `sastumro `draugisteSi~
vcxovrobdi... 13 ianvars, saRamos, sastumros fanjridan vil-
niusSi Semosasvlel gzas gavyurebdi. Sebindebisas muxluxebis
Semzaravi JRaruni gaisma. mZime teqnika qalaqis centrisaken
miemarTeboda... ramdenime saaTSi TiTqmis erTdroulad daiwyo
Seteva sam obieqtze _ beWdviT saxlze, teleanZasa da telera-
diokomitetis Senobaze. grgvinvam da quxilma moicva mTeli qa-
laqi... srolebi mTeli Rame grZeldeboda.
diliT mTavrobis saxlTan Cavedi. mTavrobis saxlis mim-
debare teritoriasa da gediminas gamzirze xalxis teva ar
iyo... Seupovari, SeSfoTebuli da ganwiruli saxeebi erTmaneT-
Si ireoda. Canda, rom Tundac sicocxlis fasad ar daTmobdnen
litvelebi mopovebul Tavisuflebas...
moedanze litvis erovnuli droSebis jari idga, maT So-
ris iyo latviis, estoneTis, ukrainis da belorusiis droSe-
bic. arsad moCanda qarTuli droSa. oedanTan, gediminas gamzi-
ris # 54 a-Si qarTveli qalbatoni dali gogeSvili cxovrob-
da. mas mivakiTxe, droSa gamovitaneT da moedanze gavSaleT.
policiam derefani gaxsna, xalxi SeZaxilebiT gvxvdeba,
mogvCerebian ganuzomeli madlierebiT gamomxatveli mzeriT,
Tvalcremlianni. gaismis xmaSewyobili SeZaxilebi: `gruzia~,
`gruzia~, `gruzia~... bolos, mravalaTasianma mitingma `suli-
ko~ imRera. Cvens droSas damatebiTi tari miamagres da yvela-
ze maRla aswies, rasac mquxare taSi mohyva.
litvelebi moedans ar tovebdnen. gamocxadda sadReRami-
so morigeoba raionebis mixedviT, rac TveobiT gagrZelda. Ce-
mi morigeoba ganrigis gareSe iyo. mec maTTan erTad vaTeneb-
di...
14 ianvars landsbergisi Senobidan gamovida da xalxs mo-
uwoda simSvidisaken, raTa ar ahyolodnen provokaciebs, rac
mosalodneli iyo...
mTavrobis damcvelTa Soris ZiriTadSi SerCeuli axal-
gazrdebi iyvnen. farTo, minebiani Senobis pirvel sarTulze
barikadebi moewyoT. gasuli wlis maisSi mosalodneli Tavdas-
xmis dros Tu sanadiro TofebiT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni, axla
ukve Tanamedrove iaraRiT iyvnen aRWurvilni. garedan xalxis
172
SeZaxilebi ismoda, centralur SemosasvlelTan litvis, lat-
viis, estoneTis, ukrainis, belorusiis da azerbaijanis dro-
SebTan erTad irweoda saqarTvelos erovnuli droSa... seimis
SenobaSi rom Sevedi, Tan maxlda Jurnalisti elena veiskute.
mas vTxove, moecaT CemTvis iaraRi. misi pasuxi iyo:
_ `Cven stumrebs ar vaomebT~ [13, 29-35].
xsenebul memuarebSi asea aRwerili TavisuflebisaTvis
brZolaSi dacemul litvel gmirTa dakrZalva: `16 ianvari dad-
ga _ dRe tragikulad daRupulTa gasvenebisa. kaTedralur mo-
edanze cameti cxedari asvenia. oratorebi erTmaneTs scvlian.
litveli xalxi eTxoveba damoukideblobisaTvis daRupul Svi-
lebs. moTqvamen zarebi samrekloze da maTi xmebi Svilmkvdari
dedis godebad Camesmis. nisli abreSumis sudarasaviT dahfenia
gafiTrebul saxeebs. qalaqSi yvela fanjaraSi sanTlebi anTia.
kaTedraluri moednidan sasaflaomde ori kilometria. gzis
orive mxares sanTlebiT xelSi Wirisufalni dganan uZravad.
win bavSvebi CauyenebiaT, maTac sanTlebi ukaviaT pawia xele-
biT. procesma saaTze metxans gastana. bavSvebi ar ganZreulan.
maocebs maTi nebisyofa da gamZleoba, vakvirdebi maT saxeebs,
rac kedlis freskebze gacocxlebul angelozebs magonebs. id-
gnen dumiliT, zRvisfer TvalebSi sevda CasdgomodaT _ sevda
da ara siZulvili, mxolod morCileba RvTisadmi. cidan samZi-
marze Camofrenil angelozebs hgavdnen, mSoblebis mwuxri uc-
vlelad asaxodaT patara da lamaz saxeebze...
erT mTlian Taigulad qceuliyo yofili sabWoTa kavSi-
ris respublikebis erovnuli droSebi. maTTan erTad, Tanag-
rZnobiT Tavi daexaraT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis dro-
Sebs, romelTac jer kidev ar SeSrobodaT igive ruseTis impe-
riis mier 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi da 1990 wlis 20 ian-
vars baqoSi daxocil patriotTa sisxli...
rekdnen zarebi da maT xmebSi iWedeboda litvis momavali.
Tavdaxrilni madlobas swiravdnen SewirulT daRvrili sis-
xlisaTvis, romeli sisxlic gazafxulze titebs amohyveba da
Tavisufali litvis naTel gzas daefineba~ [13, 34-35].
litvis respublikis xelisuflebam politikuri TavSesa-
fari SesTavaza saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos de-
putatebsa da mTavrobis wevrebs, romelTa garkveuli nawilic,
1992 wlis ianvarSi TbilisSi momxdari saxelmwifo gadatria-
lebis Semdeg, emigrantad iqca. saqarTvelos devnili xelisuf-
173
lebis wevrTa nawili (mTavrobis Tavmjdomare besarion guguS-
vili, deputati merab kiknaZe da sxv.) vilniusidan gaemgzavra
dasavleT evropaSi, xolo deputatebi Salva wiklauri, avTan-
dil kvetenaZe da sxvebi litvaSi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobdnen da garemoculni iyvnen litvel megobarTa yura-
dRebiT.
baltiis respublikebis erovnuli mTavrobebi Tanadgomas
ucxadebdnen rogorc damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol saqarT-
velos, aseve CeCneTsac.
prezident johar dudaevis meuRle ala dudaeva igonebs:
`Tavdadebuli da mizanswrafuli adamianebi aRmoCndnen Cveni
litveli megobrebi _ vitautas landsbergisi da misi Tanamosa-
ngreebi: algirdas endriukaitisi, algirdas potackasi, romu-
aldas gofertene da `centristebis~ partiis lideri romual-
das ozolasi. Cveni megobroba TandaTanobiT met simtkices
iZenda. CeCneTis respublikis saerTaSoriso asparezze warsad-
genad samive baltiispira qveyana erTad iRvwoda, gansakuTre-
biT litva da estoneTi~ [4, 178].
1994 wlis Tebervlis Sua ricxvebSi groznodan saqarTve-
loSi Camovida sagangebo delegacia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic,
CeCneTis vice-prezident zelimxan iandarbievTan (xelmZRvane-
li) da sxva CeCen delegatebTan erTad, Sediodnen litvis xe-
lisuflebis warmomadgenlebi: r. gofertene, a. potackasi da v.
edukaitisi. delegaciis mizani iyo saqarTvelos pirveli pre-
zidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias neStis mokvleva da groznoSi ga-
dasveneba, rac maT ganaxorcieles [4, 185].
ssr kavSiris daSlisa da masSi Semavali respublikebis sa-
xelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTve-
losa da balriis respublikebs Soris diplomatiuri urTier-
Tobebi damyarda.
saqarTvelosa da Tavisuflebismoyvare qarTveli xalxi-
sadmi simpaTia baltiel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSic aisaxa.
latviuri literaturisa da kulturis popularizatoris,
profesor uSangi saxlTxuciSvilis (1939-2005) mier Targmnili
latviuri literaturis nimuSebidan qarTveli mkiTxveli sazo-
gadoebis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia andris iaku-
banis sevdianma moTxrobam `Tbiliso, Tbiliso, Tbiliso~ [5]. am
nawarmoebis mTavar moqmed personaJs, latviel disident ian
zemnieks uzomod moswons kompozitor revaz laRiZis Sedevri
174
_ `Tbiliso~, romelic daiwera poet petre bagration-gruzins-
kis leqsis teqstze.
literaturaTmcodnisa da kritikosis, nino CxikviSvilis
SefasebiT: `am moTxrobas laitmotivad swored revaz laRiZis
`Tbilisos~ melodia gasdevs, rogorc erisa da pirovnebis Ta-
visuflebis, bednierebisa da srulyofilebis simbolo. ian zem-
niekis, am disidenti, axla ukve cxovrebisagan gawbilebuli ka-
cis nostalgiac es aris,amitom enatreba saqarTvelo da qar-
Tvelebi, amitom qceula misTvis Tbilisi ocnebis qalaqad, ami-
tom ukveTavs ase daJinebiT mTeli saRamo restoran `severSi~
mxolod `Tbilisos~, amitomac iTxovs TviTmkvlelobis win
isev am simReris gagonebas... da am simRera-simboloTi aerTia-
nebs latvieli mwerali ori patara, TviTmyofadi eris istori-
ul bediswerasac~ [12, 87].
amrigad, ssr kavSiris SemadgelobaSi iZulebiT moqceuli
qarTveli da baltieli, kerZod, latvieli, litveli da esto-
neli xalxebis progresulad moazrovne nawils Soris Camoya-
libda erTgvari Sinagani solidarobis grZnoba, romelic sak-
maod xSirad vlindeboda.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. baqraZe akaki, gvianRa iqneba (interviu). akaki baqraZis
xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli `da aRvamaRle rCeuli
erisagan Cemisa~, Semdgenel-redaqtori TinaTin kobalaZe,
Tbilisi, 2002.
2. gamyreliZe Tamaz, Sexvedrebi akaki baqraZesTan. akaki baq-
raZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli `da aRvamaRle rCe-
uli erisagan Cemisa~, Semdgenel-redaqtori TinaTin koba-
laZe, Tbilisi, 2002.
3. givi berikaSvilis naambobi, saqarTvelos satirikosTa da
iumoristTa asociaciis krebuli `salaRobo kalendari
anu 366 Rimilze meti~, Seadgines akaki gewaZem da valeri-
an mamukelaSvilma, revaz miSvelaZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi,
1992.
4. dudaeva ala, milion meerTe, wigni I, rusulidan Targmna
asmaT lekiaSvilma, Tbilisi, 2010.
175
5. Tbiliso, Tbiliso, Tbiliso. latviuri moTxrobebi da
romani, latviuridan Targmna uSang saxlTxuciSvilma,
Tbilisi, 1997.
6. `iveria~, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis gazeTi, 1989, # 8.
7. interviu guram minaSvilTan, Caiwera naTia utiaSvilma,
Jurnali `Tbiliselebi~, 2006, # 27 (288).
8. kiknaZe vasil, gamoTxoveba mogonebebTan (memuarebi), Tb.,
2007.
9. lebaniZe elguja, Cveni Soreuli axloblebi, Jurnali `sa-
qarTvelos qali~, 1990, # 1.
10. lorTqifaniZe mariam, Cemi gza (zogi ram, rac gamaxsenda),
Semdgeneli levan kikviZe, Tbilisi, 2007.
11. RmerTo samSoblo ucocxle (eZRvneba zurab WavWavaZis
xsovnas), Semdgeneli anzor abJandaZe, Tbilisi, 1993.
12. CxikviSvili nino, is kaci iyo da hangad iqca, sazogadoeb-
rivi Jurnali `omega~, 2000, # 4.
13. wiklauri Salva, emigrantis dRiurebi (litva-niderlande-
bi), Tbilisi, 2006.
14. xalvaSi fridon, omri (mogonebebi), Tbilisi, 2007.
15. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-latviuri urTierTobis isto-
riidan, `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2009,
#1(5).
16. javaxiSvili niko, oTxi etiudi baltiis qveynebTan saqar-
Tvelos urTierTobis istoriidan, `axali da uaxlesi is-
toriis sakiTxebi~, 2009, #2(6).
17. javaxiSvili niko, qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII
saukunis miwurulidan _ XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde), `axa-
li da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2010, #1(7).
18. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiuri urTierTobis isto-
riidan (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan _ XX saukunis dasawyi-
samde), `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2010,
#2(8).
19. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiuri urTierToba emigra-
ciaSi. baltiis qveynebi qarTvel emigrantTa TvalsawierSi
(1921-1991 ww.), `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~,
2010, #2(8).
20. javaxiSvili niko, qarTveli generlebi baltiispireTSi
(XVIII saukunis miwurulidan _ XX saukunis ocian wlebam-
de), `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2011, #1(9).
176
21. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiuri urTierToba II msof-
lio omis dros, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fa-
kultetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, t.
I, Tbilisi, 2011.
22. javaxiSvili niko, narkvevebi qarTul-baltiuri urTier-
Tobis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2011.
23. `Атмода~, информационный бюллетень Народного фронта Латвии `Пробуждение~, Рига, 27. II. 1989.
24. `Атмода~, информационный бюллетень Народного фронта Латвии `Пробуждение~, Рига, 27. III. 1989.
25. `Атмода~, информационный бюллетень Народного фронта Латвии `Пробуждение~, Рига, 15. V. 1989.
26. Блейере Д., Бутулис И., Зунда А., Странга А., Фелдманис И., История Латвии. XX век, Рига, 2005.
27. Бутулис И. Зунда А., История Латвии, Перевод – Р. Добровенский, Рига, 2010.
28. Джавахишвили Н., Малоизвестные страницы истории грузино-балтийских взаимоотношении (X-XVIII вв.), `Кавказ и глобали-зация~, Журнал социально-политических и экономических иссле-дований, Институт стратегических исследований Кавказа, CA&CC Press, Швеция, т. 4, выпуск 3-4, 2010.
29. Bluzma V., Jundzis T., Riekstins J., Sharp G., Strods H., Regaining Independence: Non-violent Resistance in Latvia 1945-1991, Riga, 2009.
30. Javakhishvili N., Little-known pages of the history of Georgian-Baltic relations in the 10th-18th centuries, „The Caucasus and globalization~, Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Institute of strategic studies of the Caucasus, CA&CC Press, Sweden, volume 4, issue 3-4, 2010.
31. The Latvian Saga, by U. Germanis, Editor O. Kalnins, Translated from the Latvian by K. Streips, Riga, 2007.
177
Niko Javakhishvili Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chief scientist-researcher of the Modern and Contemporary History Department of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology
From the History of Georgian-Baltic Solidarity
(2nd half of XX century)
Summary
Russification policy, consistently pursued by the Soviet Union, was obstinately opposed by the progressive part of the Georgian and Baltic people, in particular, Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian nations. Scientists, Literary and cultural figures resisted to the abovementioned imperialist policy of the Kremlin as much as they could.
Georgians and Baltic people developed a kind of inner feeling of solidarity between each other, which was manifested in many occasions. This article cites several important facts form the history of Georgian - Baltic solidarity.
178
epifane (ediSer) gvenetaZe
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-
tis asocirebuli profesori
maia yifiani
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-
tis asistent-profesori
1967 wlis israel-arabeTis eqvsdRian omSi
israelis gamarjvebis faqtorebi
axlo aRmosavleTi istoriis manZilze yovelTvis mniSvne-
lovan regions warmoadgenda, aq mimdinare movlenebi didad
gansazRvravda da gavlenas axdenda danarCen msoflioSi mimdi-
nare politikur procesebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axlo aRmo-
savleTi Tanamedrove msoflioSic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
kvanZia, sadac mudmivad arsebobda dapirispireba da konfliq-
tebi, romlebic dResac grZeldeba da maTi mogvarebis sakiTxi
mudmivad aqtualuria. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT regionSi momxdar
bolodroindel movlenebs, romlebic dRemde grZeldeba-vgu-
lisxmobT arabuli revoluciebis talRas-ar aris gamoricxu-
li es movlenebi regionSi axali masobrivi konfliqtebis ga-
momwvevi mizezi gaxdes.
me-20 saukuneSi regionSi viTareba gansakuTrebiT maSin
daiZaba, rodesac palestinaze 1947 wels damTavrda britane-
Tis mandati da amave wlis 29 noembers gaeros generalurma
asambleam miiRo rezolucia 181, romliTac rekomendacia mis-
ca palestinis or saxelmwifod gayofas, ierusalims ki calke
raionad gamoyofas [2, 442]. ebraelebma palestinis gayofis
gegma miiRes. arabebma ki masze sastiki uari ganacxades. maT sa-
erTod ar undodaT regionSi ebrauli saxelmwifos xilva. [2,
445]
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom israelis saxelmwifos war-
moSoba mravalwilad ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris imdroindel-
ma politikam axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi. kerZod, moskovis
interesebSi Sedioda axlo aRmosavleTSi ebrauli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba, romelic regionSi misi dasayrdeni unda yofili-
yo [3, 217]. amiT kremli gamodevnida arabuli samyarodan in-
gliss da erTgvar „sols arWobda~ aSS-sa da didi britaneTis
urTierTobebs Soris.
179
israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis movlenas arabebi
"nakbas" uwodeben, rac arabulad "katastrofas" niSnavs. ami-
tom, rodesac 1948 wlis 14 maiss ebraulma saxelmwifom damo-
ukidebloba gamoacxada, es faqti imTaviTve gaxda regionSi vi-
Tarebis eskalaciisa da axali konfliqtebis mizezi. israelis
saxelmwifo warmoqmnisTanave arabuli qveynebiT iqna garSe-
mortymuli. israelis damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan meore
dRes, 15 maiss israelis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo
arabuli qveynebis ligam, romelSic Sedioda egvipte, siria,
libani, transiordania da erayi. Tumca es omi israelis sruli
gamarjvebiT dasrulda. am omSi israels sabWoTa kavSiri exma-
reboda teqnikis da specialistebis mxriv.
meore konfliqti 1956 wlis suecis krizisi iyo, sadac eg-
viptis winaaRmdeg israelis mxares didi britaneTi da safran-
geTi ibrZodnen. „sinas kampaniis Semdgomi periodi israel-eg-
viptis sazRvarze SedarebiT mSvidi iyo ZiriTadad, gaeros
warmomadgenlobis gamo, Tumca es ar niSnavda imas, rom axlo
aRmosavleTis regionSi simSvidem xangrZlivi droiT daisadgu-
ra~ [1, 213]. israels mieca saerTaSoriso garantiebi imisa, rom
Tavisuflad gaetarebina Tavisi gemebi tiranis sruteSi. magram
amas ewinaRmdegeboda egvipte. is faqtobrivad atarebda sru-
tis blokadas. amitom israeli acxadebda, rom egviptis es moq-
medeba SiZleba momavalSi gamxdariyo srulmasStabiani omis sa-
babi. egviptisa da gaero-s xelmZRvanelebi sxvadasxvanairad ga-
nixilavdnen iq myof samxedroTa statuss. kairos miaCnda, rom
gaero-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi misi moTxovnisTanave unda gaey-
vana, xolo gaero-s generaluri mdivani ki Tvlida, rom es sa-
kiTxi saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad unda unda ganexila
uSiSroebis sabWos. sargeblobda ra egviptis prezidenti nase-
ri moskovis mxardaWeriT, man werilic ki miswera gaero-s ja-
rebis meTaurs-general favzis, raTa mas jarebi gaeyvana. fav-
zim upasuxa: „me var samxedro provneba da viReb brZanebebs ara
egviptedan, aramed gaerodan~.
1964 wels kairoSi Catarebul arabuli qveynebis konfe-
renciaze gadawyda, rom gatarebuliyo iordaniis wylebis daq-
saqsvis politika, riTac israels iordaniis wylis ori mesame-
di moakldeboda. israelma araerTxel ganacxada, rom tiranis
srutis daxurva an iordaniis wylebisaTvis mimarTulebis Sec-
vla maT mier saomar moqmedebebad aRiqmeboda. amitom israel-
180
ma wylebisaTvis mimarTulebis Secvlis operaciebis sapasuxod,
artileriis da tankebis meSveobiT cecxli gauxsna arxebis mSe-
neblobis samuSaoebs. amis Semdgom kvlav grZeldeboda siriis
mxridan israelis Seviwroeba, rasac Tan moyva israelis sapasu-
xo reaqciebi [1, 215; 217]. 1966 wlis 4 noembers siriam da egvip-
tem dades samxedro kavSiri.
1967 wlis „eqvsdRian oms~ axlo aRmosavleTis uaxles is-
toriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. man Secvala mTeli
regionis geopolitikuri balansi da didi gavlena moaxdina
msoflio politikaze [2, 448]. faqtiurad dRemde es regioni am
omis SedegebiT moqmedebs.
1967 wlis aprilSi siriis mxridan sastiki Setevebi gan-
xorcielda israelis soflebis winaaRmdeg rasac israelma sa-
haero ieriSiT upasuxa. israelma siriis kuTvnili 6 TviTmfri-
navi Camoagdo da mkacri komentari gaakeTa, rom israeli ar
datovebda arc erT Setevas da provokacias pasuxgaucemlad
[1, 218].
situaciis gamwvavebas xels uwyobda sabWoTa delegaciis
mier kairoSi warmoTqmuli sityva, roca maT egviptelebs Seat-
yobines, rom israelma siriis sazRvarze ganalaga 11 brigada,
da amis gamo sabWoTa elCma ganacxada protesti rac sinamdvi-
leSi sicrue iyo. „sabWoTa kavSiris regionSi Tavisi interese-
bi hqonda, mas ainteresebda siriaSi arsebuli reJimis gaZlie-
reba, rac mas axlo aRmosavleTSi seriozul dasayrdens uqmni-
da. egvipteze gavlenis moxdeniT rusebi zrunavdnen israelis
samxreTidan gandevnaze, siriis usafrTxoebasa da damaskos
mTavrobis gaZlierebaze [1, 219].
egviptis prezidentma naserma 17 maiss moiTxova gaeros
jarebis gayvana garkveuli teritoriidan. gaeros generaluri
mdivani iu sanTi or dReSi daemorCila moTxovnas.
22 maiss naserma israelis gemebisaTvis Caketa wiTel zRva-
Si gasasvleli tiranis srute. 23-Si daiwyo egvipteSi mobili-
zacia. omis dasawyisisaTvis xmelTaSua zRvaSi koncetrirebu-
li iyo 40-ze meti sabWoTa samxedro gemi da 16 wyalqveSa navi.
maT Soris sami atomuri.
30 maiss egviptem da iordaniam xeli moweres TavdacviT
paqts, romlis Semdeg naserma ganacxada-„egviptis, iordaniis,
siriis, libanis armiebi imyofebian israelis sazRvarTan...
Cvens ukan aris erayis, alJiris, kuveitis, sudanis armiebi da
181
mTeli arabuli samyaro. es unda icodes mTelma msofliom.~
erayis prezidentma ki meti sicxade Seitana arabuli samyaros
zraxvebSi: „israeli es aris Secdoma, romelic aucileblad un-
da gamoswordes... Cveni mizani naTelia aRvgavoT pirisagan mi-
wisa israeli~. [ 5, 125]
israeli seriozuli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. arabuli
qveynebis egviptis, siriis, iordaniis samxedro Zalebi mzad iy-
vnen Setevaze gadasasvlelad. israelis mTavroba acnobierebda
Seqmnil viTarebas da gadawyvita daeswro ieriSis mitana,
mas Semdeg rac Tel-avivisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom igi
omis zRurblze imyofeboda ebraelma politikosebma gadawyvi-
tes diplomatiuri brZola imisaTvis, rom moepovebinaT dasav-
leTis liderTa mxardaWera da Tavis mxareze miemxroT msof-
lio sazogadoebrivi azri. amitom israeli diplomatiuri gziT
Seecada krizisis daZlevas da sagareo saqmeTa ministri aba
ebani dasavleTis didi qveynebis meTaurebTan sagangebo misiiT
gaagzavna. igi Tavdapirvelad Cavida parizSi, sadac Sexvda pre-
zident Sarl de gols, romelmac mokled ganucxada ministrs:
`Ne faites la guerre~(ar gaakeToT omi)-yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis ar
isroloT pirvelebma. Tu israeli daiwyebs Setevas es iqneba
katastrofa~. ver moipova ra ebraelma diplomatma safrange-
Tis mxardaWera ebani gaemgzavra londonSi. inglisis premier-
ministri vilsoni Tel-avivis poziciebs SedarebiT gagebiT Sex-
vda. man ministrs ganucxada-`Tu aucilebloba iqneba inglisi
SeuerTdeba srutis gasaxsnelad danarCenebs~. Tumca aSkara
iyo, rom isic frTxilobda.
exla israelisaTvis mTavari iyo Tu ra pozicias daiWerda
vaSingtoni. aSS-Si Casul a. ebans aeroportSi daxvda Tavisi
qveynis elCi abraam harmani, romelmac gadasca werili da Tan
daayola: „Tel-avividan gadmogvces, rom Tqven aSS-s nebismier
oficialur pirTan molaparakebebis dawyebamde gaecnoT am do-
kuments~ [4, 245]. ministrma gaxsna werili. masSi iyo depeSis
teqsti, romelic gamogzavnili iyo wina saRamos. misi mixedviT
uaxloes periodSi arsebobda realuri saSiSroeba israelze
egviptis da siriis erToblivi Tavdasxmisa. amitom sagareo
saqmeTa ministrs evaleboda saswrafod Sexvedoda aSS prezi-
dents da mieRo misgan zepiri gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom is-
raelze Tavdasxma vaSigtonis mier ganixileboda, rogorc aSS-
sa da mis SeiaraRebul Zalebze Tavdasxmad da ebrZanebina
182
xmelTaSua zRvaSi myofi aSS-s SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis
emoqmedaT israelis ZalebTan erTad koordinirebulad. depe-
Sas xels awerda israelis premier-ministri eSkoli. ebani gaog-
nda. mas amerikelebisaTvis unda ganecxadebina is, risic Tavad
ar sjeroda. vinaidan am droisaTvis vaSingtoni vietnamis omSi
iyo Cabmuli, romelic aSS-s sazogadoebriobis mxridan ar sar-
geblobda mxardaWeriT. amitom ministri Sebrunda gaero-Si is-
raelis elC g. rafaeliusaken da uTxra-„is adamiani vinc es de-
peSa Seadgina gind premieri iyos gind ara, aris suleli...`-co-
ta xnis Semdeg ki daumata: „magram me valdebuli var Sevasru-
lo davaleba...~ .
TeTr saxlSi prezidentma jonsonma ebrael diplomats
ganucxada-„Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom arabebi daesxmian Tavs isra-
els-Tu es moxdeba Tqven moklevadian omSi gaanadgurebT maT~.
bolos daumata: `Tqven ar xarT safrTxis winaSe... Tqven ubra-
lod mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT~. rodesac ebani wavida
prezidentma Tavdacvis ministr r. maknamaras uTxra: „me ganvi-
cade warumatebloba, isini emzadebian omisaTvis~. [4, 257]
sagareo saqmeTa ministrma diplomatiuri misiis Sedegebi
moaxsena Tel-avivs da ganacxada, rom aSS-is prezidentma mTe-
li pasuxismgebloba daakisra israelis saxelmwifos.
Tel-avivSi ministrTa kabinetis sxdomaze cxare diskusia
gaimarTa. israeli gamouval situaciaSi iyo. saWiro iyo mTav-
robas umokles droSi emoqmeda gonivrulad, efeqturad da ga-
bedulad. amas umalve mixvda kabinetis zogierTi wevri. Sromis
ministrma i. alonma(romelic 1948 wlis omSi monawileobda) sa-
kiTxis ganxilvis dros kabinetis wevrebs mimarTa mxolod ori
sityviT: „imoqmedeT xval~. mas daeTanxma ministri x. givati.
igi ambobda: „Tu Cven ar davartyamT pirveli... naseri dagvas-
rulebs yvelas~. generalma x. vaicmanma ganacxada: „omi iqneba
Zneli, magram sxva gamosavali ara gvaqvs unda viomoT. maT Cven
gavanadgurebT, imitom rom maTze ukeTesebi varT~. sxdomaze
movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom TviT premier-ministri l. eSko-
li romelic cdilobda omis dawyebaSi sxvebis SeCerebasa da
damuxruWebas Tavad gaxda omis momxre. masze gavlena moaxdina
orma faqtorma. 1. samxedroebis araorazrovanma dawolam pre-
mierze, romelnic moiTxovdnen iniciativas. 2. eri ar SeiZle-
boda yofiliyo mudmivi mobilizebis qveS. es gamoiwvevda isra-
elis ekonomikis ngrevas [5, 215]. sxdoma damTavrda dilis oTx
183
saaTze. Catarda xmis micemis procedura. kabinetis wevrTagan-
cxra(premieris CaTvliT) momxre iyo omis, cxra winaaRmdegi.
momdevno dReebSi movlenebi israelis politikur wreebSi
dramatulad mimdinareobda. 1967 wlis 28 maiss israelis minis-
trTa kabinetis sxdomaze, romelic gaimarTa dilis aT saaTze,
eSkolma pozicia Seicvala da ganacxada: „unda davelodoT
movlenaTa ganviTarebas erTi an ori kvira~. rogorc Cans pre-
mierze gavlena moaxdina aSS prezident jonsonis werilma, ro-
melic man diliT miiRo. sadac igi moiTxovda-`israels gamoe-
Cina TavSekaveba da ar daertya~. eSkoli kargad acnobierebda
imas, rom amerikelTa mxardaWera umniSvnelovanesi iqneboda
kritikul momentebSi, kerZod sabWoTa kavSiris neitralizaci-
isaTvis. amitom eSkols vaSingtonis moTxovnebi unda gaeTva-
liswinebina. amis paralelurad css rezidenti j. xadoni RamiT
ewvia „mosadis~ xelmZRvanel meir amitis. igi mkacri toniT
esaubra mas da mosTxova Zalze frTxilad mokidebodnen omis
sakiTxs. amiti seriozulad SeSfoTda. vinaidan xadonis sityve-
bi faqtiurad vaSingtonis pozicia iyo da amis Sesaxeb moaxsena
eSkols.
saqmeSi CaerTo moskovic. sabWoTa elCi l. Cuviakovi Ramis
or saaTze Sexvda israelis premiers da gaafrTxila: „Zalian
advilia xanZris gaCaReba, magram ali rom gaaqro arc ise advi-
li~ [4, 95]. es Sexvedra grZeldeboda daaxloebiT ori saaTi.
premier-ministr eSkolis poziciis gamo israelSi omiswina
periodSi daiwyo samTavrobo politikuri krizisi. garkveul
Zalebs surdaT gadaeyenebinaT eSkoli da premier-ministris
postze daebrunebinaT ben-gurioni, romelc am dros 81 wlis
iyo. sabolood saRma azrma gaimarjva da miiRes kompromisuli
varianti. eSkolma SeinarCuna posti, xolo Tavdacvis ministri
gaxda 52 wlis moSe daiani.
israelis mTavrobis azriT, arsebuli situacia maT far-
To arCevanis uflebas aRar utovebda, amitom israelma pir-
velma gaxsna cecxli. 1967 wlis 5 ivniss diliT israelis sahae-
ro SeiaraRebuli Zalebi moulodnelad Tavs daesxa Tavis saz-
Rvarze ganlagebul egviptis armias. israelis dazvervam daad-
gina, rom yvelaze xelsayreli dro SetevisaTvis iyo dilis 7
saaTi da 45 wuTi (Sesabamisi meteorologiuri pirobebi-nisli,
egvipteli mfrinavebi am droisaTvis mxolod miemarTebian sa-
uzmidan xomaldebisaken, haerSi ar aris arcerTi egviptelTa
184
morige gamanadgurebeli. israelis TviTmfrinavebi Zalian dab-
la frendnen da SeumCneveli iyvnen xmelTaSua zRvaSi sabWoTa
gemebze ganlagebuli radarebisaTvis) israelis sahaero Zaleb-
ma 07:45 saaTze general-maior mordexai hodis xelmZRvanelo-
biT pirveli dartymiTi Seteva wamoiwyo egviptis sahaero Za-
lebis da misi sivrcis gasanadgureblad. sabWoTa kavSirma el-
viseburad Seafasa israelis moqmedeba da mas uwoda „aSkara ag-
resia~. Seteva sam saaTs gagrZelda da israelma Tavisi ieriSe-
biT TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgura egviptis sahaero Zalebi, 340
sabrZolo TviTmfrinavidan da vertmfrenidan 309 gaanadgura,
maT Soris 30 Soreuli bombdamSeni tu-16. amaSi mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa iman, rom israelis TviTmfrinavebs dabombvisa
da ukan sawvavis aRebisaTvis sWirdebodaT 57 wuTi, maSin ro-
desac amisaTvis egviptelebi kargavdnen ori saaTs.
imave dRes siriis aviaciam Seutia israelis modelirebul
aerodromebs sadac ebraelebs ganlagebuli hyavdaT SeniRbuli
TviTmfrinavebis maketebi. israelis aviaciam dRis bolos siri-
is 60 TviTmfrinavi gaanadgura. paralelurad israelma dar-
tymebi ganaxorciela iordaniaze da dedamiwaze aufeTqa 40
TviTmfrinavi. ebraelma mfrinavebma sahaero brZolebSi Camo-
agdes egviptelTa 50 sabWouri warmoebis „миг~. faqtiurad is-
raelis samxedro-sahaero Zalebis brwyinvale moqmedebebma ga-
napirobes omis bedi. [6, 185]
eqvs dRianma omma ZiriTadad sami fronti moicva-egvip-
tis, iordaniisa da siriis. moulodneli sahaero dabombvebis
Semdeg israelis qveiTma Zalebma warmatebuli masStaburi mra-
valmxrivi Setevebi ganaxorcieles sinas naxevarkunZulze da
Razas seqtorze. omis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaCaRda egviptu-
ri propaganda, arabuli qveynebi maTi jarebis mier miRweuli
gamarjvebebis istoriebs avrcelebdnen. [1, 237]
sinamdvileSi ki sruliad sapirispiro xdeboda, 8 ivnisis
dilisTvis israelis tankebma daikaves sinas naxevarkunZuli,
miuaxlovdnen suecis arxs da daikaves Razas seqtori. israe-
lis SefasebiT, eqvsdRian omSi egviptis jarma 15000 kaci da-
karga. amasTan ebraelebma 5000 jariskaci da 500 oficeri Seip-
yres. sinaSi 800-mde egvipturi tanki Caigdes xelSi. mogviane-
biT naserma aRiara, rom sinas brZolebSi egviptem samxedro
aRWurvilobis 80% dakarga. israelis danakargebi ki 300 daRu-
puli da 1000 daWrili jariskaci iyo. [1, 247]
185
israelma iordaniis frontze dramatuli brZolebis Sede-
gad did warmatebas miaRwia da iordaniis satanko nawilebi
mTlianad gaanadgura.
1967 wlis 22 noembers gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom erTxmad
miiRo 242 rezolucia, romelic moiTxovda axlo aRmosavleT-
Si samarTlianobis aRdgenas da xangrZliv mSvidobas. romelic
unda damyarebuliyo Semdeg principebze: 1. israelis SeiaraRe-
buli Zalebis gamoyvanas mis mier okupirebuli teritoriebi-
dan. 2. regionis saxelmwifoebis mier erTmaneTis mimarT yvela
teritoriuli pretenziebis Sewyveta, erTmaneTis suverenite-
tis pativiscema. aRiarebul iqnas regionis saxelmwifoTa mier
maTi teritoriuli mTlianoba da politikuri damoukideblo-
ba. ar mimarTon erTmaneTis mimarT Zalis gamoyenebas. [9]. isra-
elma es rezolucia ar Seasrula da jarebi okupirebuli teri-
toriebidan dRemde ar gauyvania. ufro metic, Tavis monapov-
rebi Tel-avivma imiTac ganamtkica, rom qveynis umaRlesma sa-
kanonmdeblo organom qneseTma 1972 wlis 16 marts miiRo re-
zolucia, romelic amtkicebda `ebraeli xalxis istoriul uf-
lebebs israelis bibliur miwaze~. [9]
sul raRac eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi israelis teritoria
3-jer gaizarda. israelma sinas naxevarkunZuli da Razas seq-
tori waarTva egviptes, mdinare iordanes dasavleT napiri
iordanias da golanis maRlobebi sirias. ssrk-s mokavSire
arabma nacionalistebma gamanadgurebeli marcxi iwvnies. israe-
li samxedro TvalsazrisiT axlo aRmosavleTis regionis mniS-
vnelovan angariS gasawev Zalad gadaiqca. „eqvsdRian omSi ga-
marjveba samarTlianadaa miCneuli ebraeli xalxis istoriaSi
udides warmatebad~. [2, 449]
ismis kiTxva-ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli omSi israelis
elvisebur gamarjvebas?
upirvelesad mTavrobis mier sworad gaTvlilma Wkvia-
nurma strategiam, saSualeba misca israels daemarcxebina mas-
ze ufro Zlieri mteri.
arabuli jarebis aseTi marcxi ramdenime faqtoriT SeiZ-
leba aixsnas: egviptis aviaciis moulodneli ganadgureba, ro-
melic yovelgvari TavdacviTi sistemebis gareSe Ria udabnoSi
bazirebda. arabebis mier israelis jarebis SesaZleblobisa da
maTi moqmedebis xasiaTis araswori Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa
rom egviptisa da siriis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi flobdnen pir-
186
velxarisxovan sabWoTa samxedro teqnikas [7, 317] isini sruli-
ad ususurni aRmoCndnen israelTan omSi. arabul armiebze di-
di gavlena iqona samxedro taqtikuri da teqnikuri momzadebis
dabalma donem. romelic ganpirobebuli iyo umTavresad pira-
di Semadgenlobis ganaTlebis uaRresad dabali doniT. maT ver
SeZles Tanamedrove teqnikis aTviseba da marTva.
egviptis armiis oficerTa ZiriTad masas Seadgenda nase-
ris nacionalizaciis politikiT ukmayofiloni.
udidesi roli Seasrula „mosadma`-m. daiani mogvianebiT
werda: „israelis dazvervas aviaciasa da satanko armiaze nak-
lebi roli ar uTamaSia gamarjvebaSi~. rac maT mier gamoixate-
boda arabuli qveynebis armiebis eleqtronuli komunikaciebis
moSlasa da maT dezorganizaciaSi.
arabTa armiebis susti brZolisunarianoba kargad iyo
cnobili israelis dazvervisaTvis, ramac gauadvila israelis
xelmZRvanelobas brZolis gadawyvetilebis miReba.
tipiuri arabuli brZolis maneridan gamoirkva, rom cal-
keuli arabuli formirebebi uars acxadebden brZolis gadam-
wyvet momentebSi agresiul qmedebebze.
didi roli Seasrula israelis ubadlo da iuveluri si-
zustiT gaTvlilma diplomatiam, romelmac faqtiurad TamaS-
gare mdgomareobaSi datova sabWoTa kavSiri da sxva e. w. soci-
alisturi banakis qveynebi.
msoflio ebrauli propaganda da finansebi aRmoCnda uf-
ro metad efeqturi vidre arabuli samyaro. mTeli msoflio
gaaoca ebraelTa mier erTmaneTis mimarT gamoCenilma solida-
robam da TavianTi istoriuli samSoblos mimarT udidesma
patriotizmma. isini mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva qvey-
nebSi saelCoebTan uwyvet rigebad idgnen da iTxovdnen fron-
tze moxaliseebad wasvlas.
israelma amerikisagan 1.6 miliardi dolaris samxedro
daxmarebac miiRo. germaniis federaciulma respublikam mis mi-
er gamoyofil 3.45 miliardi markis daxmarebas meore msoflio
omis dros faSisturi genocidis msxverplTaTvis gamoyofili
kompensacia daarqva. israels finansur daxmarebas sxva qveyne-
bic uwevdnen. Tavad israeli samxedro operaciebSi qveynis bi-
ujetis 40-46%-s xarjavda. qveynis yvela ufrosi asakis mosax-
leoba, maT Soris qalebic, gawveulni iyvnen samxedro samsa-
187
xurSi, xolo 14-16 wlis mozardebi sabrZolo momzadebas gadi-
odnen specializirebul razmSi "padna". [8]
sabrZolo operaciebis dros israelis xelisuflebam ig-
norireba gaukeTa gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 6, 7 da 9 ivnisis
rezoluciebs, romelic sabrZolo operaciebis dauyovnebliv
Sewyvetas moiTxovda. israelma swori da mizanmimarTuli po-
litikis Sedegad SeZlo dasavleTis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis
mimxroba. ufro sworad Tel-avivma moxerxebulad SeZlo aSS-sa
da ssrk-s Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis saTavisod gamoyene-
ba.
aRsaniSnavia aseve sxva faqtorebic, romlebmac Tavisi
wvlili Seitana israelis gamarjvebaSi, is iyo israelis Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebis mier efeqturad dagegmili samxedro moqmede-
bebi, omSi ebrael jariskacTa da oficerTa mier gamoCenili
umagaliTo simamace. ebraeli oficrebi, jariskacebze win ib-
rZodnen, rac aduRabebda maT sabrZolo megobrobas da amaR-
lebda armiis mebrZol suls. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti,
rom arabTa mxridan adgili hqonda araswor koordinacias da
xelmZRvanelobas. arabulma samyarom omis dagegmvisas arasaTa-
nadod Seafasa israelis SesaZleblobebi.
israelis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs eqvsdRian omSi
da mis Sedegebs adasturebs is, rom saxelmwifoebisaTvis mud-
mivi sazrunavi erovnuli interesia, am SemTxvevaSi israelisaT-
vis es iyo TviTgadarCena da suverenitetis SenarCuneba. eq-
vsdRian omSi gamarjvebiT israeli gaxda regionSi hegemoni
samxedro Zala, ramac gamoiwvia misi usafrTxoebis zrda. omis
Sedegad israelis teritoria samjer gaizarda. misi fardobiTi
mogeba arabuli qveynebis mimarT sagrZnoblad gaizarda, rac
gamowveuli iyo rogorc israelis teritoriebis gafarToebiT
ise im samxedro, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri danakargebis da
mogebis gansxvavebiT rac israelsa da arabul qveynebs Soris
iyo. omis Sedegad axlo aRmosavleTSi israeli Camoyalibda,
rogorc Zlieri samxedro Zala da regionuli hegemoni.
1967 wlis israel-arabebis omi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris po-
litikis marcxi regionSi. am konfliqtma udidesi samxedro-po-
litikuri gavlena moaxdina kremlis avtoritetze mTel msof-
lioSi.
aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom saxelmwifoebi
mudmivad anarqiis pirobebSi arseboben da ar arsebobs zesa-
188
xelmwifoebrivi uzenaesi organo, romelic maT usafrTxoebas
da suverenitets daicavs. aseT viTarebaSi israelma mTel
msoflios uCvena magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba miaRwios
patara saxelmwifom warmatebas im urTules pirobebSic ki Tu
is moqceulia mtrul saxelmwifoTa garemocvaSi.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. x. hercogi, israel-arabeTis omebi, Tbilisi, 2007.
2. r. gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da po-
litika, meore Sevsebuli gamocema, Tbilisi, 2008.
3. e. gvenetaZe, israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis isto-
riidan, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxe-
bi, 2010 # 2(8).
4. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims-Vintage books, 2001. 5. Черчилль Р.С. и У., Шестидневная война, Иерусалим,
"Библиотека-Алия", 1989. 6. Тененбаум Б., Знаменитая арабо-израильская война 1967 года,
Иерусалим, "Библиотека-Алия", 2005. 7. Хигер Л., Шестидневная война, К истории одного мифа.
Иерусалим, "Библиотека-Алия", 2002. 8. http://www.open.ge/index.php?m=94&y=2002&art=12812. 9. http://www.open.ge/index.php?m=94&y=2002&art=12812.
Epifan (Edisher) Gvenetadze Professor of the Georgia Technical University
Maia Kipiani Professor of the Georgia Technical University
The Factor of Israel's Victory in Israel-Arabia Six Day War in 1967
Summary
The paper discusses the 1967 Israel - Israeli Arabs in the war, winning
factors. Notes that Israel's victory in the war caused the Tel - Aviv and the Israeli army's remarkable diplomacy training. As well as the world's support.
Israel's lightning victory in the war, the reasons were. The energetic and forward-lookingpolicy. Patriotism in its historic homeland of the Jewish peo-
189
ple. Jewish soldiers and officers of courage. The entire Jewish world, the world's solidarity.
From here you can make a conclusion that states the conditions of anarchy, there is alwayssomething of an authority that they defend the sovereignty and security. N such circumstances, Israel showed the world how to defend its sovereignty over a smallcountry surrounded by hostile states.
190
zurab kvetenaZe
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-
tis asocirebuli profesori
ruseTis Tanamedrove `evropuli kursi~
(gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi)
ruseTisa da evropis urTierTobebi ukve karga xania iw-
vevs politikuri azris mkvlevarTa cxovel interess. aq gasak-
viri araferia, radgan evropis istoria ruseTis monawileobis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. yvela did evropul politikur gar-
daqmnaSi ruseTi aqtiurad monawileobda. iyo dro, roca misi
monawileoba pozitiur xasiaTs atarebda, zogjer mas `evropis
Jandarms~ uwodebdnen, zogjer ki didi politikuri balansis
saxelmwifos funqciac ekisra.
or msoflio omSi ruseTma Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sityva
Tqva da axal msoflio wesrigs Cauyara safuZveli. `civi omis~
dasrulebis Semdeg ki igi axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadga da
reformebis gatareba daiwyo. Semdeg isev zesaxelmwifos ambi-
cia gauCnda, misma politikurma liderma ssrk-s daSlas XX sa-
ukunis mTavari geopolitikuri katastrofa uwoda da axali
evraziuli kavSiris Seqmnaze alaparakda.
ganviTarebis aseTma winaaRmdegobrivma gzam ruseTis po-
litikuri Sefasebis gansxvavebuli azri ganapiroba. zogierTi
radikali mas araprognozirebad saxelmwifosac ki uwodebs da
fiqrobs, rom es saxelmwifo kvlav imperializmis gzas adgas.
am azrs ramdenadme amyarebs 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqar-
Tvelos omi, roca ruseTma saqarTvelos oci procenti teri-
toria miitaca, gamoiyena ra separatistuli ganwyoba afxazeT-
sa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi. mkvlevarTa ZiriTadi nawili ki ma-
inc or nawiladaa gayofili: erTni fiqroben, rom ruseTi sa-
erTod ar aris evropuli civilizacia, meoreni ki Tvlian, rom
ruseTi evropis nawilia, Cveulebrivi evropuli qveyanaa,
oRond arasakmarisad ganviTarebuli, xolo rom ganviTardes
man mkveTrad gamokveTili prodasavluri kursi unda airCios.
vfiqrobT orive midgomas aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da naklo-
vani mxareebi. Cveni azriT, ruseTi aris TavisTavadi, TviTmyo-
fadi civilizacia, romelsac gaaCnia bevri saerTo evropasTa-
nac da aziasTanac. ruseTis evropuli teritoria TiTqmis im-
191
denivea vidre danarCeni evropa. Tundac es faqti bevr rameze
metyvelebs.
dReisaTvis ruseTi geografiuli da politikuri Tval-
sazrisiT evraziuli saxelmwifoa. demografiuli da geoekono-
mikuri TvalsazrisiT ki _ evropuli. ruseTisaTvis XXI sauku-
neSi udidesi gamowveva iqneba aziis, pirvel yovlisa, azia-wyna-
ri okeanis regionis mZlavri ekonomikuri aRmavloba. (Tumca
iaponiaSi 2011 wlis martSi momxdarma Zlierma miwisZvram da
cunamma odnav Seaferxa es winsvla) Tu ruseTs surs rom am re-
gionSi mis nacionalur interesebs ar Seeqmnas safrTxe fexi
ufro unda auwyos azia-wynari okeanis auzSi mimdinare ekono-
mikur aRmavlobas, is unda CaerTos aq mimdinare geoekonomi-
kur revoluciaSi. dRes uzarmazari sivrce uralidan Soreul
aRmosavleTamde rusul geopolitikuri da geoekonomikuri
struqturis erT-erTi yvelaze susti adgilia. supersaxelmwi-
fo CineTi Tavis mxriv warmoadgens `saerTo Cinur bazars~, ro-
melic aerTianebs koreis saxalxo respublikas, taivans, sian-
gans, (honkongs), aomens (makao), singapurs. saerTo nacionalur
da kulturul safuZvlebze am qveynebs Soris yalibdeba mWid-
ro ekonomikuri da warmoebiTi kavSirebi. CineTi aerTianebs
planetis mosaxleobis erT meoTxeds.amgvarma ekonomikurma
kavSirebma droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios mZlavri
ekonomikuri supersaxelmwifos Seqmna, romelsac SeiZleba moh-
yves msoflioSi politikuri da ekonomikuri situaciis cvli-
leba.
XXI s-is dasawyisSi ruseTis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan
amoizarda ekonomikuri kolosebi. azia-wynari okeanis regionis
ekonomikuri zrda grZeldeba, ramac rig mkvlevarTa azriT,
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos axali aziur-wynari okeaniseuli civi-
lizaciis Camoyalibebas, romlis safuZvelic iqneba CineTisa
da indoCineTis civilizaciaTa Serwyma iaponur da amerikul
civilizaciasTan ramac ruseTis saxelmwifoebriobas aziur na-
wilSi SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas [2,137]. amgvar azrs bevri po-
litikuri eqsperti gamoTqvams, magram rogoria Tavad ruseTis
federaciis xelisufalTa pozicia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT?
mimdinare wlis 17 oqtombers ruseTis federaciis mTav-
robis Tavmjdomarem vladimer putinma satelevizio interviu-
Si Jurnalistis kiTxvaze CineTi partnioria Tu safrTxe Sem-
degi upasuxa: `maT vinc cdilobs SegvaSinos Cinuri safrTxiT
192
Cven araerTxel gaveciT pasuxi. (isini ki rogorc wesi Cveni da-
savleli partniorebi arian): Tanamedrove msoflioSi, raoden
mimzidvelic unda iyos aRmosavleT cimbirisa da Soreuli aR-
mosavleTis mineraluri resursebi mTavari brZola misTvis ma-
inc ar mimdinareobs. mTavari brZola midis msoflio lidero-
bisaTvis da Cven am sakiTxze CineTTan davas ar vapirebT. Ci-
neTs aq sxva konkurentebi hyavs.dae maT erTmaneTTan arkvion
urTierToba. CvenTvis CineTi partnioria, saimedo partniori.
Cven vxedavT CineTis xelmZRvanelobisa da Cineli xalxis mzad-
yofnas aagos CvenTan megobruli, keTilmezobluri urTierTo-
ba, da eZebos kompromisi SedarebiT rTul sakiTxebTan dakavSi-
rebiT. Cven vxedavT am mzadyofnas da Cvenis mxriv aseve vmoq-
medebT, da rogorc wesi Sexebis wertilebs vpoulobT. dar-
wmunebuli varT vipoviT mas momavalSic~ [6, 5].
ruseTis sxva politikuri xelmZRvanelebis Sefasebebi,
cxadia, maTi upirvelesi politikuri lideris analogiuria.
amis safuZvels ruseT-CineTis istoriuli urTierTobebic iZ-
leva, Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris stalinis Semdgomma sustma po-
litikurma liderebma CineTTan urTierToba mniSvnelovnad ga-
afuWes. amis mTavari mizezi is iyo, rom CineTi daadga refor-
mebis gzas, sabWoTa kavSiri ki `msoflio revoluciis~ gzas ag-
rZelebda, romelsac saboloo jamSi kraxi eloda.
umTavresad, rodesac ruseTisaTvis Cinur safrTxeze sa-
ubroben cimbiris problema aqvT mxedvelobaSi. bevri fiqrobs,
rom ruseTs ara aqvs naTlad gamokveTili saxelmwifoebrivi
politika am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. marTlac, erTi SexedviT
absurdulia is situacia, rom uralis gadaRma cxovrobs sul
30-35 milioni adamiani, maSin, rodesac cimbiris da Soreuli
aRmosavleTis ukidegano sivrceebs Tavisuflad SeuZlia dai-
tios da resursebiT uzrunvelyos 300 milioni adamiani. amas
emateba isic, rom aq mcxovreb bevr xalxs Cinelebs, koreelebs,
germanelebs da a.S. sazRvargareT TavianTi istoriuli samSob-
lo aqvT. am xalxebSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikuri
procesebi ki mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod sustadaa Ses-
wavlili. Tumca ruseTis saSinao da sagareo politikur kon-
cefciebSi mas mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili. cxadia ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom cimbiri aris ara ruseTis ganapira te-
ritoria, aramed centri. amitomac ruseTis federaciis Tana-
medrove politikuri xelmZRvaneloba miiCnevs, rom centriT
193
cimbiri isini aageben TavianT `axal evropas~ minskidan dasav-
leTiT da kamCatkamde aRmosavleTiT, aseve CrdiloeTidan amu-
rispireTamde. es ki mravalpolaruli msoflios formirebis
gzaze mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba. am mxriv ki umniSvnelovane-
sia ruseTisa da dasavelTis, ruseTisa da aSS-s Tanamedrove
urTierTobebi.
saerTaSoriso politikaSi Tanamedrove safrTxeebis Tavi-
dan asacileblad ruseTsa da aSS-s gaaCniaT rogorc saerTo,
ise winaaRmdegobrivi interesebi. amitomac ruseT-aSS-s urTier-
TobebSi SenarCunebuli iqneba rogorc TanamSromlobis, ise
garkveuli dapirispirebis elementebi. iseT Zireul sakiTxebSi
rogoricaa saerTaSoriso usafrTxoeba, masobrivi ganadgurebis
iaraRis gauvrcelebloba, regionaluri konfliqtebis daregu-
lireba, saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola ruseTsa
da amerikas SeuZliaT warmatebiT iTanamSromlon da TanamSrom-
loben kidec, Tumca gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebidan moyole-
buli rogorc erTi, ise meore saxelmwifo rig SemTxvevebSi
moqmedebdnen mxolod Zalis poziciidan (aSS eraySi, iugoslavi-
aSi, ruseTi postsabWoTa sivrceSi), aSS-s pozicia am SemTxvevaSi
upiratesi iyo, radgan igi grZnobda, rom msoflio wesrigis er-
TaderT saxelmwifod iqca. susti ruseTi ar SeiZleboda prio-
ritetuli yofiliyo vaSingtonisaTvis msoflio Tanamegobroba-
Si TamaSis wesebis regulirebis TvalsazrisiT. [5,17]
dRes realoba sxvagvaria. Tu sul cota xnis win vaSin-
gtoni ruseTis interesebis ignorirebas axdenda evropaSi, ax-
lo aRmosavleTSi, azia-wynari okeanis regionSi, postsabWoTa
sivrceSi. dRes SedarebiT gaZlierebul ruseTTan aSS-s damo-
kidebuleba sxvagvaria: 2011 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSi aSS-s
erovnuli samxedro strategiis axal redaqciaSi adre warmod-
genili Semdegi fraza Caiwera: `Cven mivesalmebiT ruseTis mier
ufro aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebas aziaSi usafrTxoebisa da
stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi~. [4]
aSS-m garkveulwilad dauTmo poziciebi ruseTs ukraina-
Si. es imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom erT saxelmwifos ar SeiZ-
leba hqondes `msoflio kontrolis~ resursi. politikuri,
ekonomikuri, sainformacio da gansakuTrebiT samxedro Tval-
sazrisiT. vfiqrobT aSS-s dRevandeli mdgomareoba ar iZleva
imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom igi marto gaarTmevs Tavs msoflio-
Si wamoWril urTules problemebs. mas am sakiTxebis gadaWraSi
194
ruseTi udavod Wirdeba. Tanamedrove tendencia mravalpola-
rul politikur sistemazea orientirebuli.ruseTi evropul
polusSia moazrebuli. magram gaxdeba Tu ara igi `axali evro-
pa~ es damokidebulia saerTaSoriso sistemis struqturul ma-
xasiTeblebze, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba xeli Sewyobili am
struqturis formirebaze axali realobis Sesabamisad.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara ruseTi natosa da evrokavSiris wev-
ri gaxdes? `civi omis~ wlebSi aSS-s saxelmwifo mdivani, `bir-
Tvuli diplomatiis~ cnobili warmomadgeneli henri kisinjeri
Tavis naSromSi `Wirdeba Tu ara amerikas sagareo politika~
wers: `ruseTis natos wevroba, atlantikur alians gadaaqcevs
mini-gaeros tipis usafrTxoebis iaraRad, an piriqiT, dasavle-
Tis industrialur, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis antiaziur,
an ufro zustad antiCinur aliansad. ruseTis evrokavSiris
wevroba ki gamoiwvevda atlantikis napiris orad gayofas, rac
Tavis mxriv aSS-sa da evropis gaucxoebis process daiwyebda.
instituciuri urTierTobebi ruseTsa da evropas Soris ufro
daaxlovebulia, vidre evropasa da aSS-s Soris. es namdvili ga-
datrialeba iqneboda transatlantikur urTierTobebSi. ai,
amitomac iCens aseT Tavgamodebul mzrunvelobas putini, ame-
rikis zogierTi evropeli mokavSiris mimarT~. [3, 114]
SeiZleba natom saerTod dakargos funqcia, ruseTis masSi
gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi.dRes igi Tavis arsebobas axali ga-
mowvevebiT xsnis, romelTa Soris terorizmis safrTxe upirve-
lesia. magram misi `qveteqsti~ rusuli imperializmis aRorZi-
nebis Sekavebacaa. Tu ruseTi natos wevri gaxdeba TavisTavad
moixsneba es problema.
evrokavSirTan ruseTs mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi ga-
aCnia. masze modis ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis 40%. evrokavSi-
ris bevri qveyana mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli rusul ener-
getikaze. evropis qveynebi sul ufro da ufro eswrafvian ru-
sul bazarze farTod Sesvlas. rogorc evrokomisiis Tavmjdo-
mare romano prodi aRniSnavs: `evrokavSiri dainteresebulia
ruseTTan TanamSromlobiT. es Zalze gonivruli iqneba ro-
gorc politikuri, ise ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. CvenTvis
aucilebelia mWidro TanamSromloba~ [6, 78]. Semdeg ki daamata:
`ruseTi da evrokavSiri es aris – viski sodiT. maT erTmane-
Tis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT~ [6, 78]. TanamSromlobidan
upirvelesia vaWroba. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom ruseTis yve-
195
la regioni Tanabrad ver iqneba evrokavSirTan integrirebuli.
evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg mag. ruseTis mTeli regioni
kaliningradis olqi evrokavSiris srul garemocvaSi eqceva.
politikur da ekonomikur eqspertTa umravlesoba fiqrobs,
rom CamorCenilobas evrokavSirTan SedarebiT kaliningradis
olqi Tavs daaRwevs mxolod evrokavSirTan mWidro TanamSrom-
lobiT. winaamdeg SemTxvevaSi igi izolaciaSi aRmoCndeba.
amrigad dRes ruseTi, vfiqrobT, imyofeba istoriul gza-
sayarze, politikuri sistemis formirebis procesSi, romelic
sabolood gamokveTs mis politikur miznebs. gaxdeba igi `axa-
li evropis~ Semoqmedi saxelmwifo, Seqmnis sakuTar sistemas
da Cajdeba evraziuli civilizaciis WrilSi, sadac arc dasav-
lur faseulobebze ityvis uars da sakuTar istoriul xelwe-
rasac SeinarCunebs CineTis msgavsad Tu mxolod imperiuli am-
biciebi eqneba, amas momavali gviCvenebs, magram ruseTis dRe-
vandeli politikuri xelmZRvaneloba, romlis meTauric ro-
gorc Cans male vladimer putini gaxdeba, vfiqrobT pragma-
tizmiT gamoirCeva da albaT zemoxsenebuli politikuri sis-
temis formirebasTan gveqneba saqme. ruseTi da evropa Cveni
azriT, kidev ufro dauaxlovdeba erTmaneTs.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. toroSeliZe i., putinis sagareo politika, Tbilisi, 2008.
2. Кефели И.Ф., Философия геополитики, С. Петербург, 2007. 3. Киссинджер Г., Нужна ли Америке внешняя политика, К диплома-
тии для ХХ1 века, перевод с англисского В. Л. Иноземйева, Москва, 2002.
4. gaz. saqarTvelo, 2011, 23.02-1.03. 5. Nygren, Bertil. The rebuilding of Greater Russia-Putin`s foreigan policy
Towards the CIS Countries. N.Y. Routledge, 2008. 6. Междунородное публичное право: учебник под редакции К. А. Бе-
кяшева. Москва, «Проспект», 2004. 7. http:www.premier.gov.ru/evets/news..
196
Zurab Kvetenadze Doctor of History, Georgian Technical University, Associated Professor
Russia's Contemporary 'European Couse’ Challenges and Prospects
Summary
Relations between Russia and Europe have a long been a political
interests between researchers. There is nothing surprising, because the history of Europe is impossible without Russia's participation. All the great European political transformation in Russia has been actively involved. There was a time when its participation had a positive character, sometimes it also called `Europe 'zhandarmsa’, and sometimes it had a political balance of the state's function. But now Russia is in the process of political system formation. Reform of this system is complicated by the fact that Russia in a geographical and political points of view is Eurasian is European. But in terms of demographic and geoeconomical is Eurasian State. Therefore, researchers have a great interest if Russia becomes the part of the New Europe and and path the way of Eurasian civilization and imperialistic way. I think the reality is that the relation between Russia and Europe is expected
197
gela caava
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetis doq-
toranti
`gayinuli konfliqti~ afxazeTSi da
saqarTvelo-ruseTis politikuri
urTierTobebis mowesrigebis
faqtorebi
Cveni qveynis teritoriaze afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regi-
onSi dReisaTvis arsebobs samxedro dapirispirebis Sedegad mi-
Rebuli ori `gayinuli konfliqti~.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnilma daZabu-
lobam da winaaRmdegobebma kavkasiis regionSi konfliqtebis
provocireba gamoiwvia, rac SeiaraRebul ukontrolo Setake-
baSi gadaizarda.
molaparakebebi umetesad dialogidan CixSi eqceoda, peri-
odulad ki wydeboda daZabulobis gamwvavebis fonze (1998
wlis maisSi, 2001 wlis oqtomberSi da 2004 wlis ivlisSi lamis
farTomasStabian sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gadaizarda).
oficialur doneze xeli moewera mTel rig SeTanxmebebs,
magram yvela eqsperti Tu politologi erTpirovnulad aRniS-
navs, rom arsebuli `gayinuli konfliqtis~ mogvarebis samSvi-
dobo procesi, romelic molaparakebis formatSi mimdinare-
obs, Rrma CixSia moqceuli da jerjerobiT misi mogvarebis ne-
bismier perspeqtivaze saubari naadrevia.
saubari gvinda warvmarToT saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTier-
Tobebze afxazeTis konfliqtis gavlenaze.
saqarTvelos istoriuli, ZirZveli mxare _ afxazeTi war-
moadgens ekonomikurad aramdgrad, sustad kontrolirebad
teritorias. dReisaTvis afxazeTis praqtikulad yvela moqa-
laqe flobs ruseTis pasports, xolo afxazeTis Sidapoliti-
kuri cxovreba mniSvnelovanwilad ruseTis xelisuflebis neba-
survilzea damokidebuli.
198
afxazeTis dRevandeli ekonomika mTlianad orientirebu-
lia ruseTze. afxazeTis bankebs aqvT angariSebi ruseTis sak-
redito-safinanso dawesebulebebSi. narkotikebiT vaWrobis,
Savi da feradi liTonebiT ukanono vaWroba da sxva saqmianoba-
Ta Semcireba arsebiTad ver moxerxda.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli mTavrobis strategia iqiTkenaa
mimarTuli, rom rogorme Seamciros ruseTis gavlena afxazeT-
Si da masze gaavrcelos partniori saxelmwifoebis zegavlena.
dReisaTvis faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobs pirdapiri dia-
logi mxareebs Soris (mxolod e. w. `Jenevis formatSi~. Tumca
dRemde aRniSnul formatSi diskusiebma `usafrTxoebisa da
stabilurobisaTvis kavkasiaSi~ ar gamoiRo realuri Sedegi, ar
xerxdeba SeTanxmeba da kompromisi Zalis gamouyeneblobis Se-
saxeb, rom araferi vTqvaT separatistuli teritoriebis sta-
tusis Sesaxeb~). im dros, roca saqarTvelos mTavroba acxadebda, rom api-
rebda afxazuri mxarisaTvis SeeTavazebina saqarTvelos mTav-
robis axali samSvidobo gegma konfliqtis mSvidobian mowesri-
gebasTan dakavSirebiT, moulodnelad, 2006 wlis maisSi afxa-
zeTis de faqto mTavrobam sakiTxis dadebiTad gadaWriT dain-
teresebul mxareebs SesTavaza konfliqtis mowesrigebis de-
faqto mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa mier SemuSavebuli winada-
debebi. aRniSnuli pirobebi gaformda dokumentSi, saxelwode-
biT `momavlis gasaRebi~. am iniciativiT afxazurma mxarem gar-
kveul upiratesobasac ki miaRwia.
dokumentSi, Cveni qveynisTvis miuRebeli poziciebis gar-
da (mag. saqarTvelos mier afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiare-
bis winadadeba), aris ramdenime sakiTxi, razec SeiZleba aqcen-
tebi gakeTdes.
magaliTad, dokumentSi praqtikulad ugulvebelyofilia
ruseTis roli. samagierod, ramdenjermea aRniSnuli, rom af-
xazur mxares surs daiwyos afxazeTis integracia SavizRvispi-
reTsa da evropul sivrceSi. aSkarad ikveTeba, rom afxazebs
surT ruseTisagan distancireba da SavizRvispireTisa da ev-
ropisaken TavianTi perspeqtivebis gansazRvris uzrunvelyofa.
Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis evropuli orientaciis fonze
afxazeTi srulad gaurkvevel situaciaSi aRmoCnda da man unda
gaakeTos arCevani – ruseTi Tu demokratiuli evropa? `momav-
lis gasaRebis~ analizis Sedegad SeiZleba gamovTqvaT varaudi,
199
rom afxazeTis interesebi evropasTan integracias gulisxmobs
da misken miiswrafis.
`momavlis gasaRebis~ sapasuxod saqarTvelos mTavrobam
2006 wlis ivnisSi afxazeTis konfliqtis srulmasStabiani po-
litikuri mowesrigebis xuTi ZiriTadi principisagan Semdgari
gegma warmoadgina, rac faqtiurad afxazuri mxarisTvis miuRe-
beli aRmoCnda.
afxazeTis konfliqtis daregulirebis ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis zogadi xedva
warmodgenilia dokumentSi `uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis Ziri-
Tadi principebi Tbilissa da soxums Soris~. mas ufro xSirad
`bodenis dokuments~ uwodeben. miuxedavad misi mniSvnelobisa,
`bodenis dokumentTan~ principuli xasiaTis pretenziebi aqvT
rogorc afxazur, aseve qarTul mxaresac.
afxazur mxares aSinebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi rein-
tegrirebis procesi. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam sa-
erTaSoriso gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, separatistul regio-
nebs da afxaz xalxs unda SesTavazos teritoriul-saxelmwi-
foebrivi mowyobis specifikuri modeli, sadac detalurad un-
da iyos ganxiluli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi maTi gansakuT-
rebuli politikur-samarTlebrivi statusi da mdgomareoba,
yvela ufleba da valdebuleba.
sasurvelia ganisazRvros gansakuTrebul uflebamosile-
baTa konkretuli sakiTxebi, damatebiTi garantiebi, romlebmac
unda uzrunvelyon afxazi xalxis dacvisa da ganviTarebis pi-
robebi, maT Soris _ politikur, finansur, demografiul da
sxva sferoebSi. aucilebelia, dadgindes mxareTa valdebule-
bebi: upirveles yovlisa konfliqtis Sedegad iZulebiT gada-
adgilebul pirTa zusti aRricxva da maTi nebayoflobiTi dab-
runeba sakuTar sacxovrebel adgilebSi; paralelurad ekono-
mikuri daxmarebis ganxorcieleba, maTi usafrTxoebis uzrun-
velyofa da mdgomareobis stabilizacia.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gancxadebiT, rusi politikose-
bis bolodroindeli reaqciuli gancxadebebi imaze miuTiTe-
ben, rom ruseTis mTavrobas bolomde ara aqvs gacnobierebuli
is, rom saqarTvelo dRes damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. gaero-s
tribunidan saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma ga-
nacxada, rom saqarTvelos teritoria ar iyideba da ar xur-
davdeba. man ganacxada, rom `ruseTis mcdeloba _ daukavSiros
200
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis problema kosovos problemas,
kraxiT dasruldeba~ da de faqto respublikebs ruseTis mier
okupirebuli teritoriebi uwoda.
mTel msoflioSi demokratia icavs teritoriuli mTlia-
nobis principebs, ruseTi ki am fundamentur princiebs uxeSad
arRvevs _ ganacxada saqarTvelos prezidentma. `afxazeTi da
samxreT oseTi aneqsirebulia Cveni Crdiloeli mezoblis, ru-
seTis federaciis mier, romelic aqtiurad avrcelebs rusul
pasportebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris, aqtiurad aris
CarTuli afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa mier mi-
tovebuli kerZo sakuTrebis privatizebaSi, rac saerTaSoriso
kanonmdeblobis uxeSi darRvevaa~.
evrokavSiris poziciidan aSkarad Cans, rom rusuli Zale-
bi ufro arTuleben konfliqtebs, vidre xels uwyoben maTi
mogvarebis sakiTxs. isini ignorireben neitralitetis dacvis,
ndobis, obieqturobisa da miukerZoeblobis principebs.
qarTuli mxaris ZiriTadi pretenziebi ruseTis samSvido-
bo Zalebis mier nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobasac
exeba. rusuli mxarisa da misi samSvidoboebis qmedebebi verana-
irad ver gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom maT SeswevT unari konfliqtis
zonaSi minimaluri wesrigi mainc daamyaron. konfliqtebis
mogvarebis arsebulma meqanizmma da samSvidobo operaciebma
amowures TavianTi SesaZleblobebi.
ruseTs afxazebi ar sWirdeba da arc ainteresebs. rus
Cinovnikebs afxazeTi moswonT, TavianT teritoriad miaCniaT,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifod ar aRiareben. cxadi xdeba, rom ru-
sebis daxmarebas afxazebisaTvis erTaderTi mizani hqonda _ sa-
qarTveloze sakuTari gavlenis aRdgena [9].
aucileblad migvaCnia afxazeTis legitimuri struqture-
bisa da afxazeTidan devnili, droebiT adgilnacvali mosaxle-
obis monawileoba afxazur sazogadoebasTan pirdapir dialog-
Si. maTi xvedriTi wili da dadebiTi damokidebuleba libera-
lur afxazur wreebTan eTnikuri da sisxlxorceuli naTesao-
bis, tradiciebis, istoriuli maxsovrobis, erTi mSobeli miwis,
adaTebisa da sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis (mniSvnelobis) niSan-
Tvisebebis gamo aSkarad ganapirobebs warmmarTvel rols afxa-
zeTis problemebTan mimarTebaSi da am sakiTxSi maTi aqtiuri
Cabmis mniSvnelobas.
201
Tavis droze xom dimitri guliac werda: `Cven erTi cis
qveS erT miwaze gviSenebia Cveni kultura, erTad dagvicavs
Cveni erovnuli raoba da Cveni miwa-wyali. Cven rom vTqvaT,
`moZme erebi varT,~ _ es cotaa. Cven erTi fsiqikis, erTi ada-
Tis, erTi wesis, erTi fsiqologiis erebi varT. qarTvels ara
gvgonia hyavdes ufro axlobeli Zma, vidre afxazi. afxazebsac
ase miaCniaT qarTveli da Cven am Zmobam Segvinaxa da mogviyvana
dRemde. vinc am Zmobas xelovnurad Slis, SoTa rusTavelis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `igi Tavisa mteria~.
saqarTvelo, separatistuli regionebisgan gansxvavebiT,
evrokavSiris legitimuri partnioria da mis mier gadadgmuli
nabijebi aucileblad moitanen pozitiur ganviTarebas kon-
fliqtis mogvarebaSi. molaparakebis procesSi afxazebis xisti
pozicia aixsneba imiT, rom maT sxva gamosavali ar aqvT, radga-
nac isini Tavad arian damokidebulni ruseTis amJamindel in-
teresebze. evrokavSirma ruseTis xelisuflebaze Tavisi gav-
leniTa da zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba konfliqtis mogvareba axal
fazaSi gadaiyvanos. evrokavSirs SeuZlia daexmaros saqarTve-
los konkretuli winadadebebiT: Tu ra nabijebi unda gadadgas
Cvenma qveyanam afxazeTis konfliqtis mosawesrigeblad. magram
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ruseTs Tavisi interesebi aqvs evro-
kavSirSi.
evrokavSiri ruseTisTvis solidur savaWro partniors
warmoadgens, yvelaze met produqcias ruseTi yidis evrokav-
SirSi da yvelaze met produqcias iZens misgan. Tuki evrokavSi-
ri erTpirovnulad apirebs aRniSnul konfliqtSi CarTvas da
zemoqmedebas, maSin sasurveli iqneboda, ewarmoebina mas mola-
parakebebi ruseTTan, raTa ruseTma Searbilos Tavisi pozicie-
bi euTo-sa da gaero-Si.
vimedovnebT, rom gaero-m ar unda aRadginos an gauwios
administrireba damarcxebul an gayofil saqarTvelos. radgan
vfiqrob, rom saqarTvelos teritorias mxolod samSvidobo da
moTminebiT savse procesi daicavs. es mosasmenad Zalian rTu-
lia, magram problemis samxedro gadawyveta arasodes ar yofi-
la swrafi da ioli! axla Zalian adrea visaubroT imaze Tu ra
saxis arCevans gvitovebs momavali, radganac axla mxolod er-
Ti arCevania – davelodoT konfliqtis dasruldebas [1].
SesaZlebelia, dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi evrokavSiris
xelmZRvaneloba daelaparakos ruseTs saqarTvelos regioneb-
202
Tan regionuli urTierTobebis ganmtkicebaze, magram es auci-
lebelia, moxdes saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan SeTanxmebiT.
saWiroa, SemuSavdes RonisZiebaTa samoqmedo gegma, koncefcia
romelic ganapirobebs am procesis gaaqtiurebas regionuli
TanamSromlobis WrilSi.
evropisaTvis konfliqtebis daregulireba aucilebelad
migvaCnia, rom dacul iqnes evropis energetikulma usafrTxo-
eba da stabilurad ifunqcioniros energetikulma derefanma,
romelic samxreT kavkasiaze gadis. evropa da aSS dainterese-
bulni arian am derefnis usafrTxo funqcionirebis uzrun-
velyofiT.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam aucilebelia izrunos ruseTis
gavlenis maqsimalur Sesustebaze. amave dros, ruseTis faq-
torze muSaoba ar gulisxmobs uaryofiTi da gamaRizianebeli
ritorikuli politikis warmarTvas. ruseTTan konsultaciebis
warmarTvis gziT, miRweul unda iqnes SeTanxmeba, raTa ruseT-
ma angariSi gauwios saqarTvelos interesebs _ calmxrivad ki
ar daexmaros afxaz xals, aramed saqarTvelosTan erTad, ris
Sedegadac SesaZlebeli iqneba aRdges ruseT-saqarTvelos po-
litikuri da keTilmezobluri urTierToba.
eqsperti politikur sakiTxebSi arCil gegeSiZe erT-erT
interviuSi acxadebs: `miuxedavad politikuri Cixisa, ori
mxridan samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi urTierTo-
bas axerxeben, Tumca es Zalian SezRuduli raodenobiT xdeba,
magram rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania maTgan aris mzadyofna~.
dReisaTvis marTalia, arsebobs Cixi politikur urTier-
TobebSi, gawyvetilia diplomatiuri urTierTobebi or mezo-
bel qveyanas Soris, magram aucilebelia, aRniSnuli mdgomare-
obidan moiZebnos gamosavali da moxdes urTierTobebis norma-
lizacia da ruseTis mTavrobasTan gamosavlis povna.
konfliqtis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovan ko-
mentars akeTebs igor iurgensi.
genialuri iqneboda iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba, ro-
melic yvelas daakmayofilebda, magram amgvari gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebis SesaZleblobas jer ver vxedav. jer ver vxedav,
rom konfliqtis monawile mxareebis centraluri xelisufle-
bebi _ mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTvelosa da ruseTis mxareebi,
am konfliqtebis gadawyvetis survils avlendnen _ ganacxada
203
ruseTis federaciis Tanamedrove ganviTarebis institutis sa-
meTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomarem igor iurgensma [6].
erovnebiT afxazma, saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTa-
Soriso urTierTobebis fondis eqspertma, afxazeTis universi-
tetis mkvlevarma irakli xinTbam amerikaSi britanuli organi-
zacia `konsilieiSen risorsis~ mier organizebul Sexvedraze
(internet-resursi: www.voanews.ge) aRniSna: `ori mxaris urTi-
erTobebi dRes ar arsebobs. oficialuri kontaqti 2006 wels
kodoris xeobaSi qarTuli mxaris mier ganxorcielebuli ope-
raciis Semdeg gawyda~. afxazi mkvlevari dasZens, rom mdgoma-
reoba analogiuri darCa 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis
da mogvianebiT, moskovis mier afxazeTis damoukideblobis
aRiarebis Semdeg. igi interviuSi acxadebs: `erTi SexedviT af-
xazebisTvis mSvidoba ukve arsebobs, maSin rodesac ruseTma
Cven usafrTxoebis garantiebi mogvaniWa da Sesabamisad, dar-
wmunebulebi varT, rom omi aRar moxdeba. meores mxriv, kon-
fliqti ar aris gadawyvtili. es aSkaraa rameTu mxareebi ax-
lac urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs aviTareben konfliq-
tTan dakavSirebiT".
dRes gadaudebel amocanad migvaCnia afxazeTTan uSualo
urTierTTanamSromlobis dawyeba Tanxmobis strategiiT. pir-
vel etapze, aucilebelia, gaCndes ndobis elementebi, urTier-
TusafrTxoebis, urTierTinteresis da urTierTsaWiroebis
gancda.
rogorc saqarTvelom, aseve ruseTma unda gadalaxos ar-
sebuli barierebi urTierTgagebis sakiTxSi da daiwyon mSvido-
biani Tanaarsebobis ganxilva _ acxadebs saerTaSoriso poli-
tikis eqsperti, aSS-s arnold salcmanis institutiს pro-
fesოri linkoln mitCeli.
dRes politikur wreebSi aqtualuria rusul-qarTuli
politikuri da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenis Tema.
politikur jgufTa erTi nawili saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gawyvetas sayvedu-
robs.
upirvelesad Tavad ruseTis prezidentma jer kidev manam-
de, sanam saqarTvelo moaxdenda ruseTTan diplomatiuri ur-
TierTobebis gawyvetas, gamoacxada, rom ruseTs (mis politi-
kur mmarTvelobas) ar eqneba aranairi urTierToba saqarTve-
los xelisuflebasTan, rom isini saqarTvelos xelisuflebas
204
praqtikulad ar cnoben. Sesabamisad, ruseTs saqarTvelosTan
aranairi urTierToba ar eqneba.
ruseTis xelisufleba ver egueba, rom saqarTvelo gamo-
vida misi mmarTvelobis orbitidan da cdilobs kontroli Sei-
narCunos saqarTveloze. ruseTis prezidentma dimitri medve-
devma ganacxada: `Cven kavkasiidan ukan ar davixevT,... aris Ri-
rebulebebi, romlisTvisac unda ibrZolo da gaimarjvo, ris
gareSec Cven ver warmogvidgenia Cveni qveyana [5]. dimitri medvedevi darwmunebulia, rom saqarTvelosa da
ruseTs Soris aRdgeba `kargi, Ria da konstruqciuli urTier-
Tobebi, romelic kulturuli, sulieri da istoriuli urTi-
erTobebis myar safuZvels daefuZneba~.
`rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis CaSlis nebismieri mcde-
loba warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli~, _ naTqvamia medvede-
vis gzavnilSi, romelic kremlis el-gverdze gamoqveynda.
gzavnilSi aseve naTqvamia, rom meore msoflio omis dros
faSizmis winaaRmdeg gverdi-gverd brZolas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs `rus da qarTvel xalxebs Soris urTierTobe-
bis saerTo da mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi~.
ruseTis prezidenti zemoTxsenebul gzavnilSi aseve acxa-
debs, rom faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daRupulTa xsovna
avaldebulebs rus da qarTvel xalxs `gaufrTxildnen megob-
robis, keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis da urTierTdaxmare-
bis tradiciebs~.
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis mesame wlisTavze krizisebis sa-
erTaSoriso jgufma (International Crisis Group) gamoaqveyna axali
angariSi saTauriT _ `viswavloT Tanamezobluri cxovreba~ da
or qveyanas saerTo interesebze koncentrirebisken mouwoda.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo analitikuri organizacia miiC-
nevs, rom mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris dialogi SesaZlebelia
im rTuli viTarebis miuxedavadac, rac 2008 wlis ruseT-saqar-
Tvelos omis Semdeg aris Seqmnili.
krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufis rekomendaciiT, saerTa-
Soriso Tanamegobrobam unda mosTxovos mxareebs informaciis
gacvla usafrTxoebis Zalebis masStabis, administraciuli sa-
zRvrebis siaxloves maTi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.
krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufis rekomendaciebis mixed-
viT, imisaTvis, rom dialogis dasawyebad saWiro ndoba aRdges,
ruseTma da saqarTvelom Tavi unda daanebon erTmaneTis dada-
205
naSaulebas terorizmsa da teroristebTan kavSirSi da unda
CaerTon am mimarTulebiT mimdinare sagamoZiebo procesebSi.
rac Seexeba uSualod dialogs, romelmac saqarTvelosa
da ruseTis samezoblo urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas unda Se-
uwyos xeli, krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufis rekomendaciiT,
es dialogi unda iyos upirobo da pirdapiri, Tumca, zog Sem-
TxvevaSi, dialogis warmarTva SesaZlebelia orive mxarisTvis
misaRebi Suamavlis daxmarebiT.
saqarTvelos integracia evropul da evroatlantikur
sivrceSi ki migvaCnia, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels samxreT
kavkasiis regionSi stabilurobis ganmtkicebas, rac savarau-
dod ganapirobebs ruseTis samxreT sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis
gaumjobesebas.
saqarTvelos nato-Si integraciis procesebis ganviTare-
bas mniSvnelovnad aferxebs Cvens qveyanaSi arsebuli konfliq-
turi kerebi (afxazeTi, cxinvalis regioni). separatistuli re-
gionebi warmoadgenen ukontrolo teritoriebs da, Sesabami-
sad, am regionebSi metad xelsayreli winapirobaa ukanono vaW-
robis, narkotikebis ukanono brunvisaTvis, teroristuli saq-
mianobis, fulis gaTeTrebisa da sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego ope-
raciebis ganxorcilebis uzrunvelsayofad.
konfliqtebis Tema saqarTvelosa da natos warmomadgen-
lebis Sexvedrebebisas warmoadgens mniSvnelovani ganxilvis sa-
gans, da miuxedavad natos xelmZRvanelobis gancxadebebisa,
rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebi xels ver SeuSlian
qveynis evropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integra-
cias, natos erT-erT mTavar da upirobo moTxovnas individua-
luri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmisa Tu intensiuri dialo-
gis farglebSi konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT daregulireba
warmoadgens.
dReisaTvis saqarTvelo ver akontrolebs Tavisi terito-
riis daaxloebiT 15%-s. saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufle-
bis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba afxazeTis (da amasTanave yofi-
li samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis) teritoria. afxazeTis
teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgena mSvidobiani
molaparakebebis gziT am etapze, samwuxarod, ver xerxdeba,
radgan saqarTvelos xelisufleba am separatistuli regionis
de-faqto xelmZRvanelobisagan moiTxovs saqarTvelos teri-
toriuli mTlianobis aRiarebas. magram is molaparakebebisas
206
mxolod damoukideblobis moTxovniT gamodis da ar Tanxmdeba
saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilad afxazeTis aRiarebaze.
afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvareba SeuZlebelia, gadawydes
samxedro gziTac. miuxedavad bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqar-
Tvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaZlierebisa, Cvens qveyanas gau-
Wirdeba awarmoos farTomasStabiani sabrZolo moqmedebebi. viTa-
rebas arTulebs is faqti, rom saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs
mouwevs Setakeba ara mxolod ruseTTan, aramed ruseTis federa-
ciaSi Semavali Crdilokavkasiuri respublikebis SeiaraRebul
formirebebTan, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar iZleva am omSi gamarjvebis
srul garantias. aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT afxazeTis mTian re-
liefs, arsebobs imis mniSvnelovani SesaZlebloba, rom separa-
tistulad ganwyobili ukanono formirebebi gadavidnen partiza-
nul moqmedebebze da, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi isini uzrunvelyo-
filni iqnebian sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebiT ruseTis mxridan.
is mosazreba, rom afxazeTSi gaero-s me-7 muxli amoqmed-
deba, romelic mSvidobis damyarebas saerTaSoriso Zalebis mi-
er Zalismieri gziT gulisxmobs, WeSmaritebas moklebulia,
magram gaero-s CarTvac am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia. Cvens
qveyanaSi ki viTarebas arTulebs is faqti, rom ruseTi _ ro-
gorc uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevri, gamoiyenebs veto-s uf-
lebas aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uSiSroebis sabWos mi-
er Sesabamisi rezoluciis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi.
faqtia, rom aucilebelia pirdapiri dialogi da im raRa-
cis povna raSic Cvenc da ruseTic erTnairad dainteresebulni
aRmovCndebiT. sxvagvarad igi _ ruseTi, konfliqtur regio-
nebs ar Seeleva da verc veravin (saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobi-
dan) daupirispirdeba. amisi iluzia arc unda viqonioT.
dabolos, daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom ruseTTan ur-
TierTobebi saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mniSvnelovan
erovnul problemad rCeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom or mezobel
qveyanas Soris politikuri urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba mniS-
vnelovnad aris damokidebuli afxazeTis konfliqtis mowesri-
gebaze da afxazeTis saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi dabrunebaze.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. antonenko o., diskusia: `kavkasiis usafrTxoebis gaazreba~ –
virtualuri dialogi~, (strategiuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso
207
instituti, ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli, proeqtis xel-
mZRvaneli, 08. 08. 2010 w.), internet-resursi: www.netgazeti.ge.
2. gegeSiZe a., interviu, gazeTi `24 saaTi~: `konfliqtis mog-
vareba da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena erTi da igive
ar aris~, (saqarTvelos strategiuli da saerTaSoriso ur-
TierTobebis kvlevis fondi, ufrosi mecnier-TanamSrome-
li, eqsperti, 02. 10. 2006 w., internet-resursi.
3. iurgensi i., interviu (ruseTis federaciis Tanamedrove
ganviTarebis institutis sameTvalyureo sabWo, Tavmjdo-
mare, 22. 06. 2010 w.), internet-resursi.
4. malaSxia S., konfliqtebis anatomia, Tbilisi, 2011.
5. medvedevi d., 2008 wlis 5 noembris federaluri krebisadmi
mimarTva, itar-tasis `novostis~ masalebi, 2008 weli, 6 no-
emberi, internet-resursi.
6. miminoSvili r., fanjikiZe g., simarTle afxazeTze, Tbili-
si, 1990.
7. mitCeli l., interviu: `saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqti~
(saerTaSoriso politikis eqsperti, aSS-s arnold salcma-
nis instituti, profesოri), internet-resursi.
8. nadareiSvili T., genocidi afxazeTSi, naw. 1, 2, Tbilisi,
1996.
9. nodia g., konfliqti afxazeTSi _ mizezebi da gaazreba,
Tbilisi, 1999.
10. ToiZe a., afxazeTis mosaxleoba istoria da Tanamedroveo-
ba, Tbilisi, 1995.
11. yolbaia v., lacugbaia d., gelantia r., Waxrakia T., afxaze-
Tis labirinTi, Tbilisi, 1999.
12. cincaZe s., interviu: `baRafSs urCevnia, ruseTis mona iyos,
oRond prezidenti erqvas da fuli akeTos~, (politologi,
saqarTvelos diplomatiuri akademiis reqtori, 09. 21. 2010
w.), internet-resursi: www.sana.ge.
13. Дзидзирия Г., Анчабадзе З., Куправа А. История Абхазии, Сухуми, 1982.
14. Ломоури Н., Абхазия в античную и раннесредневековую эпоху, Тбилиси, 1997.
15. Маршания Л. В., Трагедия Абхазии, Тбилиси, 1995.
208
Gela Tsaava Doctoral Student of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
`Frozen Conflict~ in Abkhazia and Georgia - Russia Relations and the Settlement of the Political Factors
Summary
As a result of the collapse of the Soviet colonial system, demon-
stratively left the Soviet Union, the Russian government decided to punish the cruel.
According to the results of the war in Abkhazia, we can say with conviction that the war was instigated by Russian authorities, who could not adopt the empire's collapse, failed peace of - as their colonies.
Georgia – Russia's political relations in the last few years gamtsvave-bulia and deadlock. The critical tension between these two neighboring countries has been going on.
Relations with Russia's national security and therefore, the most serious foreign policy problem. The Georgian political elite is trying to cope with the challenge.
So I studied and thought to be related to the ethno-political conflict and regional security issues, will be the origin of the root causes of conflict and the dynamics of development, which in turn, will enable us to make an attempt to forecast the emergence of conflict and to find optimal ways to avoid them.
209
maia amirgulaSvili
istoriis doqtori, saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis asocire-
buli profesori
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis problemebi
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Ca-
nasaxis saxiT saTaves iRebs antikuri xanis saberZneTis filo-
sofiuri skolis cnobili warmomadgenlis platonis moZRvre-
baSi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, cota mogvianebiT ki naSromSi `poli-
tika.~ mis sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze agebuli sazogadoebis
kritikasTan dakavSirebiT, aristotelem wamoayena kerZo sa-
kuTrebasa da moqalaqeTa Tavisufal saqmianobaze dafuZnebu-
li sazogadoebis tipi, romelsac sociologebi samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis prototipebad miiCneven. zogierTi avtoris mosaz-
rebiT yvelaze safuZvliani Tvalsazrisi samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis Sesaxeb Camoayaliba j. lokma, Semdgom ki samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Teoria Taviseburad ganaviTares rusom, hobsma
da sxvebma. am mxriv, azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom platonidan dawyebuli, sazogadoeba da saxelmwi-
fo yovelTvis iyo sxadasxva dargis gamoCenil moazrovneTa
gansjis sagani. amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisebis gadmocemas swored ber-
Znebidan iwyeben. marTalia TviTon termini `samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoeba~ axali drois gamonagonia, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
ukanasknel periodSi SeiZina, mainc bunebrivia, rom samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis problemebis gadasaWrelad warsulis naazrevs
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb mniSvneloba
ar daukargavs. [1, 256]
Tanamedrove avtorTa umravlesoba savsebiT marTebulad
miiCnevs, rom gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis problematikam ukanasknel periodSi SeiZina. ra aris
amis mizezi? yovelive es gamowveulia ori garemoebiT: Tana-
medrove dasavleTis sazogadoeba ukmayofiloa kulturis kri-
zisiT, rac zogjer katastrofadac ganicdeba; meore garemoeba
dakavSirebulia socializmis saxeliT aSenebuli sazogadoebis
mankierebasTan da mis Semdgom marcxTan. samoqalaqo sazogado-
ebis miznis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rogor unda daiZlios
210
dasavluri sazogadoebis, aseve totalitaluri socializmis
naklovanebebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom socialisturi
idealis marcxs yvela ar ganicdis, rogorc misi sruli uaryo-
fis, kerZod, ekonomikaze garkveuli gegmazomieri gavlenis sa-
Wiroebis uaryofis aucileblobas. ufro misaRebad miiCneven
im azrs, rom sabazro ekonomikasac garkveuli kontroli sWir-
deba, oRond am kontrolis xasiaTi sxvadasxvagvarad aqvT war-
modgenili. ingliseli mecnieri ernest gelneri ambobda, rom
Tu kontrols socializmTan gavaigivebT, maSin Cven yvelani
socialistebi varTo. amiT mas imis Tqma undoda, rom samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebac garkveuli kontrolis gareSe ver aSendeba
da ver ifunqcionirebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi Tavisebureba swored is aris, rom aq sazogadoebriv-
ma organizaciebma unda gaakontrolon saxelmwifosa da misi
aparatis saqmianoba. [2, 356]
aRsaniSnavia, rom `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis~ cnebis para-
lelurad Tanamedrove literaturaSi ixmareba cneba _ `Ria sa-
zogadoeba~. am ukanasknels totalitarul, `daxurul sazoga-
doebas~ upirispireben, magram dRes am Tvalsazrisis momxree-
bic miznad isaxaven xeli Seuwyon iseTi sazogadoebis aSenebas,
romelic daZlevs rogorc totalitaruli sazogadoebis manki-
erebas, aseve Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis uaryofiT
tendenciebs, kerZod, individualizmisaTvis gadamwyveti mniS-
vnelobis miniWebas.
sazogadoeba, rogorc cnobilia, sxvadasxva interesis,
moTxovnilebis, faseulobis matarebeli adamianebis, individe-
bis erTobliobaa, romelTa urTierTobasac Sesabamisi kanonebi
da normebi aregulireben. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi
funqcia da daniSnulebaa is, rom xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeTa aq-
tivobis zrdas, maTi Tavisuflebis gafarToebas, Tavisufali
asociaciebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic ar moeqcevian saxelmwi-
fo biurokratiis kontrolis qveS da daupirispirdebian avto-
ritarizms.
yoveli sazogadoeba individebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan TavianTi damokidebulebebiT gansxvavdebian,
magram individebi erTiandebian sazogadoebaSi da amitom maT
ar SeiZleba ar hqondeT saerTo interesebi da Rirebulebebi.
sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu rogor
aris uzrunvelyofili individualuri interesebis dacva da,
211
Tavis mxriv rogor iTvaliswineben individebic sazogadoebis
interesebs. [3, 156]
platonisaTvis amosavali principi saxelmwifo, misi Zlie-
reba iyo. amitom is mzad iyo SeezRuda individebi saxelmwifos
sasargeblod. misgan gansxvavebiT, aristoteles pozicia zomi-
eri da gonivrulia, radganac igi Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos
daniSnulebaa individebisaTvis bednieri cxovrebis uzrunvel-
yofa. am ukanasknelma kargad icoda, rom individi mniSvnelo-
vanwilad sazogadoebazea damokidebuli, magram sazogadoeba
misi azriT Tavisi wevrebisaTvis arsebobs. aristoteles kar-
gad hqonda gaazrebuli, rom individebis Tavisuflebis gareSe
sazogadoeba dakargavda Tavis namdvil saxes.
aristoteles am Sexedulebas Taviseburad exmianeba j.
lokis Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis bunebrivi
mdgomareobis sapirispiroa adamianTa gaerTianeba sazogadoe-
bebad, magram es ar niSnavs, rom yovelgvari sazogadoeba po-
litikuri sazogadoebis igiveobrivi iyos. samoqalaqo sazoga-
doeba lokis azriT, iseTi sazogadoebaa, romelsac aqvs kano-
nebis gamocemis ufleba da sakuTrebis floba_SenarCunebis
mizniT zrunavs Tavisi wevrebis sakeTildReod.
j. lokis mixedviT, leviaTanis, anu saxelmwifos siZliere
isaa, rom igi adamianTa erTi jgufis mier meorisaTvis Tav-
smoxveuli rame ki ar aris, aramed nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis,
TanasworTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sedegia, sadac
mxolod da mxolod umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT dapirispi-
rebisa da konfliqtis gareSe adamianebi cxovroben erTobli-
vad.
gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan Cndeba kiTxva: Tu bunebriv
mdgomareobaSi adamiani Tavisufali, damoukidebeli, sxvebis
Tanaswori da sakuTrebis mflobeli iyo, ratom daTmo sakuTa-
ri Tavisufleba da ratom miando Tavisi sakuTrebis dacva
sxvebs? loki Tvlis, rom es ganapiroba ramdenime garemoebam:
1. bunebrivi Tavisufleba da sakuTrebis qonis uzrunvelyofa
damyarebuli iyo individis sakuTar Zalebze, rac ar iZleoda
garantias, rom individs daecva Tavisi Tavisufleba da sakuT-
reba sxvaTa xelyofisagan, risTvisac mas sWirdeboda ufro
mtkice garantiebi, rac mxolod sazogadoebis gaerTianebas Se-
eZlo uzrunveleyo; 2. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, roca yvela in-
dividi msajulicaa da sasjelis aRmsrulebelic, araa garan-
212
tia, rom is am funqcias mikerZoebis gareSe aRasrulebs; 3. bu-
nebriv mdgomareobaSi, maSinac roca samarTliani ganaCeni gamo-
aqvT, individis Zala aris sakmarisi ganaCenis sisruleSi mosay-
vanad, magram roca saxelmwifo arsebobs am funqcias asrulebs
specialur adamianTa jgufi. esaa swored sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sawyisi. [2, 362]
j. loki samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebas SesaZ-
leblad miiCnevs mxolod demokratiuli mmarTvelobis piro-
bebSi, sadac gabatonebulia umravlesobis neba da gadawyveti-
lebebis miReba xdeba umravlesobis mier. aseve aRsaniSnavia sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoebis daxasiaTebisas lokis mier yuradRebis
gamaxvileba imaze, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli samoqalaqo mSvidoba da Tanxmoba
unda iyos, romlis garanti da uzrunvelyofis saSualeba aris
sasamarTlo, romelic am sazogadoebaSi Seqmnilia kanonmdebe-
li organos saxiT. missave naazrevSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vania is momenti, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erTi ZiriTadi
niSani da aucilebeli moTxovnaa kanonis uzenaesoba _ kanonis
winaSe yvelas Tanasworoba yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe; ka-
nonis uzenaesoba warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arse-
bobisa da funqcionirebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan da ganmsaz-
Rvrel funqcias.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze msjelobas meti stimuli mieca
axal droSi, roca Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifoebi amerikasa
da evropaSi. es saxelmwifoebi iqmneboda pirovnebis uflebebi-
sa da Tavisuflebis lozungebiT, magram axal, rTul politi-
kur viTarebaSi naTlad gamoikveTa, rom pirovnebaTa uflebebi
da Tavisuflebebi xSirad erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi modian
da amitom politologebi, sociologebi, filosofosebi, po-
litikosebi da sxvebi ufro metad ufiqrdebian imas Tu rogor
unda SeuTavsdes erTmaneTs adamianebisa da jgufebis uflebe-
bi da Tavisuflebebi. amis gadasawyvetad ki aucilebelia gavi-
goT Tu ras niSnavs Tavisufleba. [4, 92]
Tavisuflebaze axali drois moazrovneebis Tvalsazri-
sebs Tu mimovixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom isini Tavisuflebis sam
saxeobas ganasxvaveben:
1. Tavisufleba, rogorc adamianis unari garkveul garemo-
Si ise moiqces, rogorc es mas unda;
213
2. Tavisufleba, rogorc adamianis unari moiqces moraluri
kanonis mixedviT anu imis mixedviT, Tu ra miaCnia mas adamianis
idealuri bunebis Sesabamis moqmedebad;
3. Tavisufleba, rogorc adamianis unari Secvalos Tavisi
sakuTari xasiaTi imis mixedviT, Tu ra ideals dausaxavs is Tavis
Tavs. [4, 102]
maT umTavresad mxedvelobaSi hqondaT Tavisuflebis pir-
veli ori gageba. amasTan, yvelaze bunebrivi da TavisTavad ga-
sagebi Cans pirveli gageba _ Tavisufleba, rogorc imis unari
da SesaZlebloba akeTo is, rac ginda. Tavisuflebis amgvari
gageba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo britaneli moazrovnee-
bisaTvis. mas emyarebodnen Tavisuflebis pirveli deklaracie-
bi amerikis damoukideblobis qartiidan frangul `adamianis
uflebebamde~ da `adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciamde~. mas See-
sabameba utilitaristuli Tvalsazrisi adamianze, romlis mi-
xedviT adamianis moqmedebas mxolod misi pirovnuli interese-
bi gansazRvravs; magram vinaidan sakuTari interesebis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis aucilebelia sxvisi interesebis gaTvaliswineba,
saWiro xdeba TavisuflebisaTvis axali sfuZvlis gamonaxva. es
ki scades germanelma moazrovneebma, upirveles yovlisa, kan-
tma, romelmac aRiara, rom adamiani, mrTalia, Tavisi survile-
bis dakmayofilebisaken miiswrafvis, magram vinaidan misi amgva-
ri moqmedebis dakanoneba sazogadoebis dangrevas gamoiwvevda,
aucilebelia adamiani iseT moralur kanons emorCilebodes,
romelic ar daangrevs sazogadoebas.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aSenebis axali gzis gamonaxvas
cdiloben uaxlesi drois moazrovneebi, magram maT zogjer
uWirT misi danaxva, radgan isev Zveli gzis analogiiT undaT
gaiazron igi. amerikeli mecnieri j. maklini, romelic ganixi-
lavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Zveli da axali drois
moazrovneebis Tvalsazrisebs, acxadebs, rom aucilebelia Se-
muSavdes samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ufro adekvaturi cneba go-
nebisa da Tavisuflebis axali, ufro mdidari cnebis safuZ-
velze, romlic saSualebas mogvcems erTianobaSi gaviazroT
moraluri mgrZnobelobis pirovnuli ganzomilebebi adamianu-
ri cxovrebis farTo konteqstSi kulturis axali hermenevti-
kis saSualebiT. [3, 348]
amgvar Tvalsazriss safuZvlad udevs da asazrdoebs
kulturis RirebulebiTi gageba, romlis mixedviT, sulieri
214
kulturis mTavari RerZi, misi kvintensencia aris zneoba, anu
zneobrivi Rirebulebani. kulturis aseTi gageba misi progre-
sis umaRles kriteriumad miiCnevs Tavisufleba_humanizaciis
dones, rogorc calkeuli individebis, pirovnebebis erTmaneT-
Tan damokidebulebaSi, aseve sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis ur-
TierTmimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare ki cxadia, rom is sazo-
gadoeba unda CaiTvalos progresulad, romelic yvela piro-
bas qmnis adamianTa Tavisufleba_humanizaciis donis asamaR-
leblad.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gakeTdes
zogierTi daskvna samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsisa da misi Zi-
riTadi niSnebis Sesaxeb. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebiTi niSani da ganmsazRvreli pi-
robaa kanonis uzenaesoba _ kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworoba
_ gamonaklisis gareSe; misi umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa ag-
reTve isic, rom aq TviTon sazogadoebam, sazogadoebrivma or-
ganizaciebma unda gaakontrolon saxelmwifosa da misi biu-
rokratiuli aparatis saqmianoba. samoqalaqo sazogadiebis ki-
dev erTi Tavisebrebaa is, rom am sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebu-
li yuradReba eqceva sayovelTao mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis miR-
wevas. [2, 378]
aseve unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoya-
libeba da funqcionireba aucileblad gulisxmobs pirovnebaTa
Tavisufleba_humanizaciis donis amaRlebasa da samarTlebrivi
da zneobrivi normebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad zogadsakacob-
rio RirebulebaTa realizacias, maTi damkvidrebisaTvis xel-
Semwyobi pirobebis Seqmnas.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani iqne-
ba is, rom aq adamiani mTeli Tavisi sulieri samyaroTi gaxdeba
yovelgvar ekonomikur, teqnikur, teqnologiur gardaqmnaTa
da siaxleTa erTaderTi mniSvnelovani figura. adamiani, ara
rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria, rogorc ubralod faseulo-
baTa Semqmneli, aramed rogorc umaRlesi Rirebuleba, yovel-
gvari moRvaweobis aqtiuri subieqti, unda iqces nebismier sa-
zogadoebriv gardaqmnaTa mTavar miznad. aseve mniSvnelovania
imis aRniSvna, rom kultura, rogorc adamianis sulier Rire-
bulebaTa realizaciis procesi, rogorc adamianis arsobriv
ZalTa gamovlenis sarbieli, asaxavs kulturis subieqtisa da
obieqtis _ adamianis qmnadobas, TviTdamkvidrebas da, Sesabami-
215
sad, adamianTa urTierTobis humanizaciis donesac gamoxatavs.
kulturis ganviTarebis umTavresi maCvenebelia sazogadoebaSi
Tavisufleba-humanizaciis done. swored am umaRles zogadsa-
kacobrio RirebulebaTa realizaciisa da damkvidrebis aspa-
rezs qmnis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. endriu heivudi, politika, mesame gamocema, Tbilisi, 2008.
2. vaxtang erqomaiSvili, adamiani, Tavisufleba, ideologia,
Tbilisi, 2002.
3. Gill G., The Dynamics of Democratization, 2000.
4. Sorensen G., The Transformation of the State: Beyond the Myth of
Retreat, 2004.
Maia Amirgulashvili Doctor of History Georgian, Technical Uni-versity, Associated Professor
The Problem of Social Society
Summary
The authors of the article show that one of the important features of civil
society is control of state and activities of its bureaucratic bodies by social organizations. The supremacy of law is one of the essential and important features of such society. Civil society enhances growth of activity puff persons, extends their freedom.
It is, as well, extremely important to stress thet in civil society special attention is achievement of universal peace and consent and this, in its turn, is a basis for spiritual (unity and progress of) the whole humanity.
216
qeTi jijeiSvili
politikis doqtori, saqarTve-
los teqnikuri universitetis
asocirebuli profesori
giorgi CxikviSvili
saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-
sitetis doqtoranti
Zalauflebis fsiqologia
`saerTaSoriso politika, msgavsad sxva nebis-
mieri politikisa, warmoadgens brZolas Zalauf-
lebisaTvis; ranairic ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso
politikis saboloo mizani, mis uSualo mizans yo-
velTvis warmoadgens Zalaufleba~.
h. j. morgenTau
xalxTa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis istoriaSi nakle-
bad moiZebneba iseTi fenomeni, romelic Zalauflebas Seedreba
Tavisi TvisebiT gamudmebiT baZavdes da Tavis TavSi asaxiereb-
des socialur winaaRmdegobebs. erTis mxriv Zalaufleba aris
mudmivi ganxeTqilebis vaSli xalxTa Soris, socialur jgu-
febs Soris, klasebisa da saxelmwifoebs Soris. magram meore
mxriv, is iseve aris organizebulobisa da wesrigis ucilobeli
piroba sazogadoebaSi.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia
Zalauflebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamia-
nis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa
umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. `vis xelSia Zalauf-
leba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad?~ an `up-
yria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba kanonierad~.
am da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxi rom gavceT, ganvixiloT Zala-
uflebis qceviTi koncefcia (arsobrivad, bihevioristuli),
romelic Zalauflebis arss ukavSirebs individebis urTier-
Tqmedebas politikur procesSi. qceviTi koncefcia Tavisi ar-
siT germaneli folosofosis f. nicSes Teziss imeorebs:
`cxovreba CemTvis igivdeba zrdis instiqtTan, Zalauflebas-
Tan, Zalebis dagrovebasTan. Tu ar arsebobs Zalauflebisaken
swrafvis neba, pirovneba degradacias ganicdis~. Zalauflebi-
217
saken swrafvis neba am SemTxvevaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara Zala-
uflebis Zaladobrivi modeli, romelic makiavelidan da hob-
sidan modis. am koncefciis formatSi Zalaufleba, Zalaufle-
bisaken swrafva adamianuri fsiqikisa da Segnebis dominirebu-
li Tvisebaa.
pirvelad termini `Zalauflebis survili~ (`animas domi-
nandi`) Semoitana politikuri realizmis Teoriis erT-erTma
TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma, germanelma mecnierma h. j. mor-
genTaum (nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg igi sac-
xovreblad gadavida aSS-Si). misi azriT, Zalauflebisaken
ltolva adamianebs dabadebidan axasiaTebs. `politikuri war-
mateba, _ wers igi, _ izomeba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad SeuZ-
lia erT adamians sxvebTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Zalauflebis
SenarCuneba, gazrda an demonstrireba~ [1,196]. am Teziss adas-
turebs 30 wlis win stenfordis universitetSi Catarebuli eq-
sperimenti, romelSic fsiqologebis meTvalyureobis qveS ra-
modenime axalgazrdam cixis ganaCenis imitireba moaxdina. uw-
yinarma TamaSma lamis katastrofa gamoiwvia, ris gamoc am Ta-
maSis procedurac da Sedegic dRemde bevrs afiqrebs.
1971 wlis 14 agvistos stenfordis universitetSi (aSS)
daiwyo eqsperimenti, romelmac msoflio aRiareba moutana mis
organizators filip zimbardos. ramdenime axalgazrdas, rom-
lebic sauniversiteto qalaq paloaltoSi cxovrobda, mou-
lodnelad Tavs daadgeba policia da didi oromtrialiTa da
sayvirebis xmiT mihyavT axalgazrdebi ganyofilebaSi. cxadia,
am incidentiT aRSfoTebuli mezoblebi gakvirvebiT icqirebi-
an, radgan aqamde eWvic ar SeparviaT am bavSvebis patiosnebaSi.
rac Seexeba Tavad studentebs maT winaswar icodnen, rom eq-
sperimentis monawileebi iyvnen. am eqsperimentis Sesaxeb sul
cota xnis win, adgilobriv gazeTSi gamoqvynda cnoba, sadac
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis iwvevdnen studentebs, dReSi
15 dolaris anazRaurebiT. sul gamoexmaura 70 adamiani, rom-
lisganac SeirCa nawili. monawileebi pirobiTad daiyvnen or
jgufad, erTi nawili iyo pirobiTi patimrebi, meore ki zedam-
xedvelebi da maT win Zalian rTuli da dapirispirebebiT savse
gza elodaT. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am studentebidan arc
erTi ar gamoirCeoda cudi TvisebebiT, maT CamoarTves xelwe-
rili, rom Tanaxma iyvnen am eqsperimentze.
218
namdvilma policielebma, maT daades borkilebi, waiyvanes
ganyofilebaSi, aiRes TiTis anabeWdebi, gaxades samosi da ci-
xis uniformac moarges. uniforma kabis msgavsi uxeSi qsovilis
Casacmeli iyo, patimrebs ekrZalebodaT sacvlebis tareba.
cxadia am formis tareba uxerxilobas qmnida Tundac dajdo-
mis dros, radgan mamakacebi Cveulebisamebr ver Slidnen far-
Tod fexebs da siarulisas wamdauwum isworebdnen kabis kal-
Tebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom namdvil cixeSi aseTi mouxerxebeli
uniformebi ara aqvT, ubralod am SemTxvevaSi, is saWiro iyo
patimarTa pirobebis dasamZimeblad. TiToeul maTgans aseve
mkerdze mimagrebuli hqonda nomeri, amieridan es nomeri iyo
misi saxeli da am nomriT mimarTavdnen patimrebs.
Cveulebriv cixeebSi, rogorc wesi, patimrebs Tmebs par-
savdnen, raTa moaxdinon maTi gaupirovneba. magram eqsperimen-
tis monawileebSi amgvari midgoma damcirebas gamoiwvevda da
maT Tmebis SeWris sanacvlod qalis windisagan gakeTebuli qu-
debi Camoacves Tavze da amiT miaRwies gaupirovnebis meTods,
garda amisa, fexze daades borkilebi, rac, rogorc wesi, mxo-
lod sastiki damnaSaveebis mimarT gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi
ki igi atarebda iseT xasiaTs, patimrebs ZilSiac ar daaviwyde-
bodaT sakuTari mdgomareoba.
patimrebi moaTavses sam-sami kaci TiTo oTaxSi, oTaxebi
ki iyo cudi da kargi, maTSi patimrebi xvdebodnen damsaxure-
bis mixedviT. urCi patimrebisaTvis arsebobda karceri, rome-
lic namdvili fizikuri satanjveli iyo. mniSvnelovania is,
rom bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba SeeZloT pir-
dapir kameraSi, ris gamoc irgvliv saSineli suni idga, privi-
legirebulebs ki sapirfareSoTi sargebloba SeeZloT. rac Se-
exeba zedamxedvelebs, maT yvelaze martivi davaleba hqondaT,
etarebinaT saTvaleebi, morigeobdnen dRisiT da RamiT, oTa-
xebSi damontaJebuli iyo videokamerebi, saidanac fsiqologebi
axdendnen dakvirvebas. magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom dara-
jebs egonaT fsiqologebi Tvalyurs ar adevnebdnen, RamiT
isini ufro met agresias amJRavnebdnen. amasTan isini sargeb-
lobdnen im Savi saTvaleebiT, romelic maT ufanjro bnel
sardafSi principSi ar sWirdebodaT, magram ase isini iniRbe-
bodnen, iseve rogorc amas odiTganve akeTebdnen jalaTebi.
radgan sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuli sadisti unda iyo (Riad rom
Zaladoben).
219
patimrebis dasjis forma iyo azidvebi. zogjer zedamxed-
velebi sxva patimrebs svamdnen maT zurgze da ase aiZulebdnen
awevas. zedamxedvelebs aseve hqondaT rezinis xeljoxebi (ro-
melic rac marTalia ar gamouyenebiaT) da sastvenebi. patimre-
bi or dRe-RameSi abuntdnen, sawolebi miayares gisosebs, tan-
sacmelebic gaixades. buntis CaxSoba zedamxedvelebma xanZarsa-
winaaRmdego WavliT moaxerxes, xolo organizatori karcerSi
Casves mTeli erTi dRiT. cxadia aman didi daZabuloba gamoiw-
via, patimrebi erTmaneTs aRar endobodnen. arc aravis ucdia
dasjili megobris karceridan daxsna.
zimbardos ainteresebda ramdenad Rrmad SeiWrebodnen es
adamianebi rolebSi. eqsperimentis msvlelobis meeqvse dRidan
saWiro iqna misi gauqmeba, radgan situacia metad saSiSi Seiq-
mna. axalgazrdebis nawili marTlac daemsgavsa `patimrebs~ da
`zedamxedvelebs~. maT dakarges cxovrebis gzaze SeZenili ada-
mianuri faseulobebi da cxoveluri sisastike SeiZines. eqspe-
rimentis vadamde adre Sewyvetam patimrebi gaaxara, zedamxed-
velebs ki arasasiamovno grZnoba daeuflaT.
erT-erTma fsiqologma qristina maslaCma, romelic pa-
timrebis gamokiTxvas apirebda, aRSfoTebiT SesZaxa filip zim-
bardos, `is rasac Tqven am axalgazrdebs ukeTebT saSinelebaa~
da swored am momentSi gaacnobiera filipma, rom eqsperimenti
unda Sewydes [2,154-155].
am eqsperimentidan, bunebrivad gamodis daskvna, rom yve-
la adamiani Tavis TavSi atarebs cixes da nebismier dros SeuZ-
lia iTamaSos sastiki zedamxedvelis roli. Tu am Teziss gan-
vazogadebT, miviRebT daskvnas Zalauflebis qceviTi kocnef-
ciis CarCoebSi _ rom adamianis qmedebaSi devs moZmeebze Zala-
uflebis mopovebis motivi da rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba ganvi-
xiloT, rogorc adamianis bunebis imanenturi maxasiaTebeli.
politikis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT politikur tradi-
ciebSi Zalauflebis sagnad moiazreba `gavlena da misi mata-
reblebi~ (g. lasueli), batonoba an avtoritetul-gabatonebu-
li uflebamosileba (r. dali). aucileblad migvaCnia Zalauf-
lebis cnebaSi Semavali ZiriTadi terminebi:
gavlena _ moqmedi politikuri subieqtis unari misTvis
sasurveli saxis zegavlena iqonios sxvebis qcevaze. gavlenis
warmatebul gamoyenebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi (an
aRudges arasasurvel cvlilebebs) adamianTa midrekilebebSi,
220
SexedulebebSi da TviT uSualod qcevaSic. Tumca `Zalaufle-
ba~ da `gavlena~ xSirad sinonimebad gamodian, bevri mecnieri
gavlenas ganixilavs (rac ukiduresad mniSvnelovania politi-
kuri SantaJis problemebis analizisaTvis), ufro farTo mniS-
vnelobiT, vidre mxolod gavlenis formas, romelic daumor-
CileblobisaTvis sastiki sasjelis muqarisgan warmoiSva.
moqmedi pirebis unari iqonion erTmaneTze gavlena damo-
kidebulia bevr faqtorze:
_ maT gankargulebaSi arsebul politikur SesaZleblo-
bebze.
_ maTi sasurveli gavlenis xasiaTsa da xarisxze.
_ imaze, Tu romel sferoSi funqcionireben isini.
zogierTi analitikosi Zalauflebasa da gavlenas Soris
sxvaobis aRniSvnisas gavlenis mniSvnelobas utolebs pirdapi-
ri da aramaterialuri saSualebebis gamoyenebas qcevaSi cvli-
lebebis gamowvevis mizniT. sxvebi, Zalauflebas ganixilaven
rogorc gavlenis iseT formas, romelic Seicavs daumorCileb-
lobisaTvis mkacri akrZalvis safrTxes. mTlianobaSi, Tumca
cnebam `gavlena~ ver miiRo farTo ganmarteba, mas iyeneben yve-
la saxis politikur analizSi: bihevioristul, istoriul, sa-
marTlebriv, filosofiur, deskriptul da normatiulSi.
iZuleba da Zaldataneba _ gavlenis formebi, romlebsac
axasiaTbT zewolis maRali done. politikuri SantaJis mraval-
ricxovani magaliTebi demonstrireben, Tu rogor SeiZleba
iZuleba gamoixatos mTel rig saSualebebsa da ekonomikuri,
socialuri an politikuri daSinebis xerxebSi Zalis gamoyene-
bis muqaramde misvliT (an misi realizebiT).
zogi avtori gavlenas, Zaladobasa da iZulebas Soris
sxvaobis gansazRvris dros, gavlenas ganixilavs rogorc uf-
ro metad moculobiT cnebas im cnebebs Soris, romelic Tavis
TavSi Seicavs iZulebis, Tu zewolis yvela saSualebas.
iZulebisa da Zaldatanebis, cnebebi miuxedavad saerTo
funqciebisa da miznebisa, sxvadasxva Sinaarss gulisxmoben.
iZulebis saSualebebia mizandasaxuli moqmedebani, samarTali,
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvela saxe (kanonmdeblobiTi, admi-
nistraciuli, sasamarTlo); iZulebis saSualebaTa xasiaTi
(ekonomikuri, politikuri, ideologiuri) ganpirobebulia sa-
boloo miznebiTa da socialuri urTierTobebiT. iZulebis ar-
sebiTi niSania daqvemdebarebuli subieqtisaTvis materialuri
221
da sulier faseulobaTa CamorTmeva an CamorTmevis muqara.
aseT situaciaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara marto calkeuli su-
bieqti, aramed socialuri fena, klasi, mTlianad eri da a.S.
Zaldatanebas adgili aqvs maSin, roca daqvemdebarebuli xel-
qveiTi saerTod kargavs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, xolo miz-
nis miRwevisaTvis xelisufleba iyenebs fizikur Zalasac.
Zaldataneba da iZuleba politikuri batonobis umTavre-
si pirobaa, amitomac Zalauflebisa da batonobis sakiTxi um-
niSvnelovanes politologiur problemaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.
batonoba _ aristoteles gagebiT batonoba Tavisufal da
araTavisufal moqalaqeTa urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli ti-
pia, romlis saSualebiTac erTi meores xarjze pirad moTxov-
nilebas ikmayofilebs. batonobis klasikur magaliTad mas miaC-
nda colqmrul urTierTobaSi qmris mdgomareoba. magram ma-
Sindel sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi batonobis arsis axsna
ar ucdiaT. avgustine aRiarebda Cagvra-batonobis arsebobas
da cdilobda garkveulwilad mis gamarTlebas. T. hobsi bato-
nobas uSualod Zalauflebas ukavSirebda, romelic Zaldata-
nebasa da Cagvrazea dafuZnebuli. hegelma batonoba sayovel-
Tao universalur kategoriad gamoacxada. batonoba mas esmis,
rogorc Sromis, Tavisuflebisa da ganaTlebis dialeqturi
ganviTarebis Sedegi. marqsizm-leninizmSi batonoba gaigeba,
uwinares yovlisa, rogorc klasobrivi batonoba, romelic
vlindeba Zalauflebis gansakuTrebuli formebiT.
Zala _ politikuri subieqtis unari sasurveli xerxebiT
zegavlena moaxdinos sxvebis qcevaze. CineTis komunisturi
partiis liderma mao Zedunma erTxel Tqva aseTi fraza: `Zala-
ufleba Tofis lulidan momdinareobso~. magram msoflio po-
litikuri gamocdileba amtkicebs, rom Zalauflebis ganxorci-
elebisaTvis martooden Zala arasakmarisi pirobaa.
napoleoni Tavs daesxa espaneTs da daimorCila igi, magram
erT dResac ar yofile misi mmarTveli. es moxda mxolod imi-
tom, rom mis zurgs ukan idga mxolod Zala da sxva araferi.
amitomac iyo, rom Tavis droze taleiranma gabeda da napole-
ons uTxra: `xiStebis meSveobiT, mowyaleo xelmwifev, SeiZleba
yvelafers miaRwio, garda erTisa, maTze ver Camojdebi~. [3,135]
avtoriteti da legitimuroba _ inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi
terminebi `power~ da `authority~ xandaxan sinonimebadac ixma-
reba. zog konteqstSi SeiZleba vTargmnoT rogorc `xelisuf-
222
leba~, zogan _ rogorc `avtoriteti~. xelisuflebac ada av-
toritetic politikuri Zalauflebis or sxvadasxva ganzomi-
lebas aRniSnavs.
ramdenadac xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisaTvis
Tofis lula ar kmara, mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro me-
tad, mas sWirdeba normebi, romlebic sazogadoebis did umrav-
lesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs. es normebi sxvadas-
xva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv, religiur da samar-
Tlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba rogorc avtoritetiT aR-
Wurvili Zalaufleba gulisxmobs legitimurobas _ mdgomare-
obas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul insti-
tutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emor-
Cilebian da samarTlianad miiCneven.
cneba `legitimuri xelisufleba~ mecnierul terminolo-
giaSi Semoitana gamoCenilma germanelma mkvlevarma-polito-
logma maqs veberma. manve ganmarta, rom legitimizacia niSnavs
movlenisaTvis kanonierebis miniWebas, misi kanonierebis aRia-
rebas. veberma daasabuTa, rom xelisuflebis legitimizacia,
yovelTvis ar aris erTtipiuri procesi, romelsac erTi da
igive wyaro da safuZveli aqvs. garda demokratiisa monarqia an
diqtaturis nairsaxeobebic SeiZleba legitimuri iyos. Tu
gvinda gavigoT, gvaqvs Tu ara saqme legitimur xelisuflebas-
Tan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevanSi
monawileobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis
ufleba, aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es uflebebi. Tu
xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxe-
davad, aqvs Tu ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba), maSin
mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila.
m. veberma gamohyo politikuri xelisuflebis legitimu-
robis, misi marTlzomierebis sami ZiriTadi wyaro. pirveli,
xelisuflebam SeiZleba legitimuroba SeiZinos tradiciis Se-
sabamisad. magaliTad, mmarTvelobis monarqiuli formis dros
xelisufleba tradiciis mixedviT memkvidres gadaecema. meore,
xelisuflebam legitimuroba SeiZleba SeiZinos saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis meTauri politikuri moRvawis didi avtoritetisa
da popularobis gamo. swored aseT tips uwoda veberma xariz-
matuli lideri. mesame, legitimuria xelisufleba, romelsac
racionalur-samarTlebrivi safuZveli gaaCnia. es xelisufle-
223
ba aRiarebulia xalxis mier, radgan igi kaninieri gziT, xalxis
mier mowonebuli wesebis dacviTaa Seqmnili.
legitimuri politikuri xelisuflebis dasaxelebuli ti-
pebidan, pirveli ori _ tradiciulad xarizmatuli _ umTavre-
sad im saxelmwifoebisaTvisaa damaxasaiTebeli, romelSic nak-
lebganviTarebuli politikuri sistemebia. Tuki aseT qveynebSi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali done arsebobs, igi ufro me-
tad bunebrivi resursebis da sxva gansakuTrebuli viTarebis
Sedegia da ara ekonomikuri procesebisa (magaliTad, energoma-
tarebeli resursebis siuxve da sxv.). mmarTvelobis formiT es
saxelmwifoebi an monarqiebia da an politikuri reJimi xariz-
matuli liderebis meTaurobiT. termini `xarizma~ momdinare-
obs berZnuli sityvidan `xarizma~, romelic im araCveulebriv
Tvisebebs niSnavs, romelic pirovnebas unikalur da magiur Za-
las aniWebs. xarizmas warmoSoba dakavSirebulia, rogorc wesi,
Rrma sazogadoebriv gardaqmnebTan _ revoluciebTan, omebTan,
msxvilmasStabian socialur reformebTan, gardamaval perio-
debTan. am dros gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs dasaxuli
`miznis~ misaRwevad xalxis mobilizebas, maT amxedrebas. xalxis
masac, romelsac ar gaaCnia maRali politikuri kultura, mza-
daa Seasrulos lideris yvela davaleba da saxelmZRvanelod
gaixados misi yvela mowodeba. aseTi masisaTvis wminda fsiqo-
logiuri momentidan gamomdinare centralizacia ufro misa-
Rebia, vidre Zireuli rgolebis efeqturi funqcionireba. er-
Ti centri maqsimalurad erTferovania da personificirdeba
mis mmarTvel pirovnebaSi.
aseT logikas, Sedegad mohyveba adamianTa umravlesobis
Segnebis konservatiuloba. erTferovnebas miCveuli adamiani,
rogorc wesi, konservatori xdeba cxovelmyofelobis yvela
sferoSi da maT Soris, politikaSic. Tu am problemas politi-
kuri qcevis doneze ganvixilavT, swored mas mivyavarT poli-
tikur, nacionalur, religiur da a.S. eqstremizmamde.
xarizmatuli xelisuflebis analizisas sainteresod mig-
vaCnia ruseTis fenomeni, sadac avtoritaruli politikuri
ganwyobilebis formirebas xeli Seuwyo am qveynis istoriis Ta-
viseburebam. am qveynis istoriaSi, faqtiurad, ar moipoveba
arc erTi magaliTi imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisuflebis
gareSe raime mniSvnelovani, konstruqciuli gardaqmna ganxor-
cielebuliyo. ver gavixsnebT ruseTis istoriaSi TvalsaCino
224
miRwevebis romelime moments, rom igi dakavSirebuli ar iyos
konkretul avtoritarul politikur liderTan: aleqsandre
nevelTan, ivane mrisxanesTan, petre pirvelTan, leninTan, sta-
linTan. am qveyanaSi rogorc ki `susti~ xelmwife gamoCndebo-
da, warumatebloba da usiamovnebanic masTan erTad modioda.
xalxi istoriul legendebs Txzavda ivane mrisxaneze,
petre pirvelze da sxva avtoritarebze, oRond ki maTi pirov-
neba ganedidebinaTa da Zlieri xelisuflebis sikeTe daedas-
turebinaT. istoriulad, am qveynis xalxi yovelTvis beladis
mxares iWerda, iqneboda es aleqsandre neveli Tu ioseb stali-
ni. xalxTan erTad beladebi mudam gamodiodnen sazogadoebis
raRac saSualo fenis _ boiarebis, Tavad-aznaurobis, oficre-
bis, inteligenciis da a.S. winaaRmdeg. beladi ruseTSi yovel-
Tvis uSualod `gadioda~ masaze da amrigad, adamianTa Segneba-
Si mtkicdeboda sazogadoebis Sualeduri struqturebis ara-
saWiroebis (an misi nakleb saWiroebis) idea. amgvarad, yalibde-
boda sworxazobrivi kavSiri: beladi _ masa, Sualeduri fenis
gareSe. es ki avtoritaruli reJimis mtkice safuZvelia. magram
miuxedavad aseTi reJimebis legitimurobisa, adre Tu gvian igi
Seicnoboda sazogadoebis mxridan, rogorc politikuri xeli-
suflebis saxe, romelic miuRebelia civilizaciisaTvis sxva
cnobil formebTan SedarebiT da xarizmas mmarTveloba Ziri-
Tadad tragikulad mTavrdeboda. amas RaRadebs ruseTis isto-
riis ori saukunis statistika, romlis ganmavlobaSi mokles
ruseTis 12 imperatori, mxolod 2 _ elisabedi da aleqsandr III
kvdebian bunebrivi sikvdiliT. 1. petres I _ mowamles; 2. ekate-
rine I _ mowamles; 3. petre II _ gayines; 4. ana ioanes asuli _
mowamles; 5. ioane VI _ 1 wlis daapatimres (petre I-is qaliSvi-
lis elisabedis sataxto gadatrialebis Sedegad) da 25 wlis
patimrobis Semdeg daxvrites ekaterine II-is brZanebiT; 6. pet-
re III _ daaxrCves misi meuRlis ekaterine II-is brZanebiT; 7. eka-
terine II _ SubiT mokles sasaxleSi; 8. pavle I _ daaxrCves SeT-
qmulebma, romelTa Sorisac iyo misi memkvidre aleqsandre I; 9.
aleqsandre I _ daikarga mogzaurobisas; 10. nikoloz I _ dai-
karga ugzo-ukvlod (misi saflavic ar aris); 11. aleqsandre II
_ aafeTqes bombiT `narodovolcebma~; 12. aleqsandre III _ dai-
Rupa ganuwyveteli loTobiT (anu Tavisi sikvdiliT, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT); 13. nikoloz II _ mTeli ojaxiT daxvrites
uralSi leninisa da sverdlovis brZanebiT.
225
zemoT aRniSnuli fsiqologiur-politikuri termini da
cnebebi politologiuri diskursis ganuyofel nawilad iq-
cnen. isini farTod gamoiyenebian rogorc nacionalur, ise sa-
erTaSoriso donis kvlevebSi.
amrigad terminologiebis mravalferovneba mxolod adas-
turebs `Zalauflebis sociologiur amorfulobas~. saboloo
jamSi irkveva, rom politikuri urTierTobebi moicavs ufro
mets, vidre mxolod TavisTavad zegavlenis moxdena~ an Zala-
uflebis ganxorcieleba, xolo Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi
Tavs iCenen adamianuri saqmianobis yvela sferoSi.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. H. Morgentau, Scientific Man versus Power Politics, Chicago, 1946. 2. fsiqologiuri enciklopedia, Tbilisi, 2010.
3. xose ortega i-gaseti, masebis amboxi, Tbilisi, 1993.
Qeti Jijeishvili
Professor Georgian Technical Uni-versity
Giorgi Chkhikvishvili Doctoral student of the Georgian Technical University
Psychology of power
Summary
The article disqused the psychology of power, power theories, catego-
ries: vidence, coercion, influence, authority, legitimacy. Analyzes the social-political and the political – psychological chara-
cteristies of power, Psicological faundations os the power of aspirantion. Hare are the psicho-political analisis about the power concepts of Nietr-
schhe, Chrome, Heklauzen, Horn, Viatry and oher prominent scicentists.
226
igor kveselava
teqnikuri universitetis sazogadoeb-
riv mecnierebaTa departamentis uf-
rosi, profesori
ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxi
saerTaSoriso da qarTul politikaSi
1. ucxo Zalis gamoyeneba _ Teoria da praqtika
udavo faqtia, Zveli ideebi sicocxlisunarianobiT gamoir-
Cevian da drois moTxovnebs uZleben, am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelo-
baSi gvaqvs sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis tradi-
cia, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo da aris sxvadasxva epoqebis is-
toriuli procesebisTvis. samefo ojaxebi da politikuri kla-
sebi dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad zogjer Zalaufle-
bas axal politikur klass gadascemdnen an xelisuflebaSi uc-
xoelebi mohyavdaT. es xSirad xdeboda iranis politikur-sa-
xelmwifoebriv arealSi. ruseTSi jer variagebi moiwvies mmar-
Tvelebad, Semdeg aq germanul-prusiuli warmomavlobis mefee-
bi dominirebdnen. ruseTis politikur cxovrebaSi udidesi
roli iTamaSes monRoloiduri, ebrauli da qarTuli warmomav-
lobis liderebma (lenini, kerenski, trocki, kamenevi, zinovie-
vi, k. CxeiZe, i. stalini, l. beria da sxv.).
erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis procesSi
qveynis winaSe mdgar gamowvevebze pasuxis gacema msoflios
bevr qveyanaSi adekvaturad moxda, Tumca analogiur gamowve-
vebs sxvagan araadeqvaturi pasuxi gaeca. am mxriv sainteresoa
ramdenime magaliTi: Suasaukuneebis inglisis samefo karma xe-
lisuflebis SesanarCuneblad mxari dauWira safrangeTis Seia-
raRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas, Tumca inglisis xelisuflebis
saTaveSi mosulma kromvelma, amis gamo samSoblos Ralatis
braldebiT gaasamarTla inglisis mefe Carlz pirveli stiuar-
ti da mas Tavi mohkveTes, rogorc samSoblos moRalates. ase-
Ti pasuxi gasca sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo jaris Semoyvanis Tan-
xmobas inglisis politikurma elitam.
150 wlis Semdeg avstriisa da prusiis ucxo Zalebis gamo-
yenebis mcdelobis gamo safrangeTis revoluciurma konventma
227
sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana safrangeTis mefes ludoviko
XVI-s.
aseTi iyo ucxo qveynis samxedro Zalis mowvevaze safrange-
Tis politikuri elitis damokidebuleba.
`sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxo qveynis jaris gamoyenebis gamo in-
glisisa da safrangeTis mier gacemuli pasuxebis Sedegi aRmoC-
nda is, rom mas Semdeg inglisisa da safrangeTis politikur
klasSi arasodes gasCeniaT survili dasaxmareblad ucxo sa-
xelmwifoebisaTvis miemarTaT~ [2].
nebismierma qveyanam, da maT Soris saqarTvelom, uari unda
Tqvas romelime sxva saxelmwifoze mkveTrad moimedeobis kur-
sze, anu calsaxad damokidebuli ar unda iyos arc erT qveya-
naze.
qveynis Sinagani sisustis kompensireba mxolod gareSe Za-
lis faqtoriT SeuZlebelia da yovelgvari cda, moxdes misi
gadafarva ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT, marcxisaTvis aris ganwiru-
li, rac naTlad daadastura warsulSi g. saakaZis, Semdeg s.
orjonikiZis da bolos e. SevardnaZis saxelmwifoebriv-poli-
tikurma kursma.
niSandoblivia, rom ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis qarTuli mode-
li damaxasiaTebeli aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
ganvlili mTeli gzisaTvis.
Cvens qveyanaSi, araerTxel SemouyvaniaT ucxo qveynis jari
mefeebs Tu mTavrebs, didgvarovnebs Tu sxva warCinebulebs,
maT zogjer gmirebs uwodebdnen, Zeglebsac udgamdnen da sim-
Rerebsa da leqsebs uZRvnidnen.
cxadia, ucxo Zalis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia am Zalis
bunebis gaTvaliswineba. Tu is mowvevis mizans amarTlebs, es
nabiji SeiZleba gamarTldes politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi
TvalsazrisiT, magram Tu is angrevs saxelmwifos da mimarTu-
lia pirovnuli Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze, maSin es qmedeba
danaSaulis tolfasia.
am mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis er-
Tgvari tradicia damkvidrda. cnobilma istorikosma niko ber-
ZeniSvilma gaiziara leonti mrovelis koncefcia Sinapoliti-
kur brZolaSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobis Sesa-
xeb, Tu mizani amarTlebda aseT moqmedebas da Sedegi miRweu-
li iyo.
228
am debulebis dasabuTebisaTvis n. berZeniSvils `qarTlis
cxovrebidan~ da sxva istoriuli wyaroebidan moxmobili aqvs
magaliTebi, saidanac Cans, rom qarTlosianTa sjulis damcve-
li erisTavebi xelisuflebis SesanarCuneblad somxebs mimar-
Tavdnen daxmarebisaTvis. V-VI saukuneebSi politikuri lidere-
bi sparselebs iwvevdnen, ufro mogvianebiT ki bizantielebs da
Turq-seljukebs. ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT cdilobdnen xeli-
suflebis dauflebas demna orbeliani da hereTis erisTavi,
romlebic mefis winaaRmdeg lekebs da sxva `kavkasielebs~
Txovdnen daxmarebas.
ucxo Zalebis mowvevis Tu gamoyenebis sakiTxi xSirad gam-
xdara principuli davis sagani momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa
Soris. ase iyo es aRmaSeneblis epoqaSic, magram daviTma Seis-
wavla yivCaRebis SesaZleblobebi, maTi sargeblianobis xarisxi
Sina da gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi da Semdeg gadawyvita maTi
gamoyeneba saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sasargeblod. swored am
da sxva warmatebuli politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweo-
bis Sedegi iyo is, rom daviTma `aRmaSeneblis~ saxeli daimkvid-
ra, gansxvavebiT sxva moRvaweebisagan, romelTa arasworma qme-
debebma saqarTvelos mZime Sedegebi moutana.
saqarTveloSi mefeebis, mTavrebis Tu Tavadebis mier ucxo
Zalis mowveva Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo gvianfeodalur xanaSic.
bagrat IV, giorgi XI, aTabagebi, gurieli, raWis erisTavi, qsnis
erisTavebi, aleqsandre batoniSvili, abaSiZeebi, givi amilaxo-
ri da sxvebi Turq-osmalebs iwvevdnen, xolo xelisuflebis si-
sustis gadasafarad aleqsandre meore _ kaxTa mefe, Teimuraz
pirveli, vaxtang meeqvse, erekle meore, solomon pirveli ru-
sebs Txovdnen daxmarebas.
politikur da sxva xasiaTis literaturaSi dRemde davis
sagania qarTlis gaZlierebuli aznauris da gamorCeuli sam-
xedro piris giorgi saakaZis saqmianoba. man qveynis Sinagani si-
sustis, anu centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis mizniT,
ucxo qveynis samxedro Zala moiwvia, an ufro zustad am Zalas
Semohyva saqarTveloSi. saakaZem ver gaiTvaliswina, rom es Za-
la qveynis gadasarCenad da gasaZliereblad ki ar midioda,
aramed dasapyrobad. swored am process nebiT Tu uneblieT
xeli Seuwyo saakaZem, ver gansazRvra Sedegi da am gadauWrel
winaaRmdegobaTa kaskadSi damarcxda kidevac.
229
g. saakaZem arabunebrivi nabijebi gadadga da sakuTari Svi-
li dampyrobels dautova samsxverplod, romelic gaumarTle-
beli politikuri gzis Sedegi iyo. sxva mxriv es nabiji ar iyo
axali Taobis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli qmede-
bac. man Tavisi Tavic gaswira da momaval Taobasac Seuqmna
safrTxe.
saakaZe am mdgomareobamde pirovnul-politikurma ambiciu-
robam miiyvana. ver gansazRvra Tavisi kuTvnili adgili qar-
Tul-politikur-saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi, iZulebuli gaxda
iranul-Turqul CarCoSi moqceuliyo da tragikulad daamTav-
ra Tavisi sicocxlec. erTi ZiriTadi enisa da erTi eklesiis
droSis qveS gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi cxov-
rebisaTvis ucxo ar aris qarTvelTa dapirispirebisa da orgu-
lobis ara erTi faqti, levan sanikiZe qarTul sircxvils rom
uwodebs, magram qarTulma maxsovrobam simamacisa da erTgu-
lebis aseulobiT magaliTic Semogvinaxa. isic cxadia, rom qar-
Tul sinamdviles sxva xalxebis dapyrobis naklebi tradicia
aqvs, Tumca es tolerantuli internacionalizmi bevrjer bu-
merangad Semoubrunda da Tavsatexi gauxda.
saqarTvelos politikuri istoria icnobs mraval faqts,
rodesac qveynis mmarTvels arCevanis gakeTeba uxdeba ara ke-
Tilsa da borots, aramed borotsa da naklebad borots Soris,
da aq politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba mizanSewonilobis
mravalmxrivi gansjisa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT uxdeba.
magaliTad, erekle meore ucxo Zalas (`traqtati~ ruseTTan),
samefos sargeblobis TvalsazrisiT afasebda da cdilobda es
sasurvel sazRvrebSi Caeyenebina. Tumca `traqtatis~ saSuale-
biT mowveuli ruseTi qveyanas daupirispirda da qarTuli po-
litika iZulebuli gaxda `sasargeblod~ mowveul `mfarvels~
dapirispireboda. e.i. mowveuli ucxo Zala borotebad gadaiq-
ca.
cxadia, ereklesaTvis ucnobi ar iyo ucxo Zalebis mowve-
vis, misi gamoyenebis, daqiravebis, Semoyvanisa Tu Semoyolis
faqtebi, iseve rogorc Tavis mxriv qarTvelebisTvis ar yofi-
la miuRebeli gareSe ZalebTan TanamSromloba.
qveynis xelisuflebis sisustis gadafarvis praqtika dama-
xasiaTebelia msoflios istoriuli sinamdvilisaTvis, magram
ase xSirad misTvis TiTqmis arc erT qveyanaSi ar miumarTavT,
rogorc saqarTveloSi, amitom bunebrivia, qarTvelma politi-
230
kosebma SeimuSaves elastiuri politika da warmatebulad iye-
nebdnen mas qveynis Zlierebis da, Sesabamisad, xelisuflebis
gasamtkiceblad.
erekle meoris mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo `traqta-
tis~ saSualebiT mosalodneli mahmadianuri safrTxe Tavidan
aecilebina. amasTanave mefe kargad xedavda, rom ruseTi swra-
fad da mizanmimarTulad moiwevda kavkasiisaken da dapyrobas
verc qarTl-kaxeTi acdeboda. amitom or qveyanas Soris dade-
bul iuridiul dokuments urTierTobebis legitimacia unda
moexdina. Tumca, mowveva da TanamSromloba mainc dapyrobad
iqca, romelic Tavis droze stalinma `mcire borotebad~ gamo-
acxada, xolo mogvianebiT SevardnaZem es `formulac~ moxsna
da saqarTvelos mze CrdiloeTidan amoiyvana.
saerTod, ucxo Zalis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva interpretacia
eZleva: ucxo Zalebis daqiraveba (bagrati), maTi Semoyvana Tu
Semoyola (lipariti, saakaZe), ucxo mxareze dadgoma, (didi az-
naurebi, kaxeli glexebis galekeba), ucxo dampyroblebis gamo-
yeneba (monRolebi), rostom xani, Teimurazi) da isini araer-
Tgzis gamxdara qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris
gansjis sagani.
cxadia, rodesac qveyanas politikuri, ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri krizisi eufleba, ama Tu im liderSi Tu jgufSi ya-
libdeba gareSe Zalis gamoyenebis idea.
1918 wels, saqarTvelos politikurma klasma kavSiri Sekra
germaniasTan da saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom miiRo gadaw-
yvetileba germaniis mxridan mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis Sesa-
xeb, rac miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi myofi tyve oficrebisa
da jariskacebisagan SeedginaT samxedro dajgufeba da gamoe-
yenebinaT isini Sinagani wesrigis dasamyareblad da anarqiasTan
sabrZolvelad, Tumca, aseTi mowveva ar hqondaT miRebuli in-
glisisa da italiis ucxo samxedro Zalebs, romlebic germani-
is damarcxebis Semdeg Semovidnen saqarTveloSi, magram dam-
pyroblebiviT iqceodnen.
damoukidebeli, saqarTvelos mesveurebma, social-demok-
ratiuli partiis liderebma, veraferi daupirispires social-
demokratiuli partiis bolSevikuri mimarTulebis Zaladobas
da ruseTis sabWouri imperiis gadawyvetilebiT da adgilobri-
vi qarTveli bolSevikebis daxmarebiT ganxorcielda ruseTis
231
wiTeli armiis nawilebis mowveva, saqarTvelos okupacia da
Semdeg aneqsia.
mogvianebiT am ideis erT-erTma mTavarma ganmaxorciele-
belma i. juRaSvilma (i. stalini) axsna saqarTvelos Sinagani
sisustis `gadafarvis~ gamo ucxo Zalebis mowvevis motivacia
da formebi. stalini ise laparakobda amis Sesaxeb, TiTqos ara-
viTari kavSiri ar hqonda am sabediswero movlenebTan.
stalinis mier qarTvel istorikosebTan (s. janaSia, n. ber-
ZeniSvili) gaxmovanebuli mosazreba, nebiT Tu uneblieT aaSka-
revebs sabWoTa ruseTis imperiul saxismetyvelebas. `saWiroa
imis codna, Tu raoden saSiSia ucxoelebis Careva sakuTari
qveynis daxmarebis da dacvis saqmeSi: aq naTlad Cans, rom ar
arsebobs ufro saeWvo da samarCielo ndoba. isini xom mzad
arian, ikadron yovelgvari aramzadoba, oRond miiTvison sxvi-
si samflobeloebi~.
aq yovelgvari istoriul-politikuri gansja zedmetia.
stalinma Tqva is, rac praqtikulad ganaxorciela sabWoTa ru-
seTis bolSevikebis politikurma klasma. amitom gasakviri ar
unda iyos misi es frazac: `saqrTvelos sWirdeba bolSevikuri
uTo da is waRma-ukuRma unda gadaixnas~.
cnobilia, rom stalinis dRis reJimi saqarTvelodan miRe-
buli informaciis gacnobiT iwyeboda. `es aris yvelaze rTuli
regioni da rTuli xalxi~, ase axasiaTebda stalini Tavis sam-
Soblos da kargad icoda, rom Tavis droze ruseTma am `mour-
julebeli~ mxaris `mosaTviniereblad~ `rbili Zalis~ gamoyene-
bis taqtika airCia (voroncovi). es iyo uari omis gagrZeleba-
ze, radganac ruseTs arc erT mxareSi ar uwarmoebia imdeni
omi, ramdenic saqarTveloSi.
`mSobel dedas mocilebulma qarTvelma xalxma dedinacva-
li dedad ar SeiTvisa. kavkasia, saerTod, da amierkavkasia, ker-
Zod, saSiS ubnad rCeboda ruseTis sagareo politikaSi. TviT-
mpyrobeloba iZulebuli gaxda mebrZoli qarTvelebisTvis yu-
ri miegdo, maT mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo~ (niko berZeniSvi-
li).
es iyo iZulebiTi kompromisi, romelic qarTvelma xalxma
brZoliT moipova, xolo saqarTvelom droebiT daTmo Tavi-
sufleba, raTa politikurad gamorkveuliyo, ekonomikurad da
kulturulad gaZlierebuliyo, rom Semdeg Tavisufleba aRed-
gina.
232
ucxo qveynis daxmareba qveynis gasaZliereblad dadebiTi
movlenaa, magram, rodesac es xorcieldeba sakuTari Zalauf-
lebiT tkbobis mosapoveblad, es Ralatis tolfasia. am Tval-
sazrisiT, moRalaturi gamodga jer sabWoTa, xolo mogviane-
biT Tanamedrove ruseTis qmedebani, romelic Sesabamisad s.
orjonikiZis da e. SevardnaZis saxelebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
Tu ra bedi ewia moRalated gamocxadebul orjonikiZes da
mis mimdevrebs, sayovelTaod cnobilia. qarTulma politikur-
ma sinamdvilem msgavsi ganaCeni unda gamoutanos SevardnaZes,
romelmac ucxo Zalebi moiwvia kanonieri erovnuli xelisuf-
lebis dasamxobad, sakuTari Zalauflebis mosapoveblad da Se-
sanarCuneblad da ara qveynis Zlierebisa da keTildReobis mi-
saRwevad.
maSin qveyanam ixila ucxo Zalis mier saqarTvelos mmarTve-
lad dasmuli, Zalauflebis SenarCunebis ganuzomeli wyurvi-
liT Sepyrobili, guluxvi dapirebebis gamcemi, negatiuri po-
litikuri teqnologiebiT damuxtuli, garkveuli politikuri
klasis mier mxardaWerili adamiani, romelic gaurboda sagne-
bisa da movlenebis realurad danaxvas da arasodes ar yofila
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi gagebis saxelmwifo moRvawe.
gulubryviloba iqneboda, dagvejerebina, rom arsebobs
`gulwrfeli diplomatia~, magram, rodesac politikosis TviT-
mizani xdeba mudmivi sicrue da is gamoiyeneba TviTdamkvidre-
bis instrumentad, saqme gvaqvs Tavisi qveynis moZule, mravali
standartiT momqmed avantiuristTan, romelsac miesadageba
taleiranis naTqvami fuSeze: `mas ase imitom sZagda mTeli ka-
cobrioba, rom Zalian kargad icnobda sakuTar Tavs~.
gasaziarebelia mosazreba, rom `ruseTs wyevlad eqca Tva-
luwvdeneli sivrce, romelSic ruseTis erovnuli sxeuli spi-
los avadmyofobasaviT amorfuli gaxda. saqarTvelos wyevlad
eqca `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ simcire, romelsac sakuTar siv-
rcesTan Tanauxvedrelobis problemiT Sepyrobili ruseTi
Sagrenis tyaviviT apataravebs~ [2].
orive SemTxvevaSi `damnaSaveebi~ qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen.
ruseTis uzarmazari sivrcis Seqmna stalinis didi ZalisxmeviT
moxda. saqarTvelos sivrcis SemcirebaSi udidesi roli sta-
linma, orjonikiZem da SevardnaZem iTamaSes. swored es sameu-
lia `sircxvilisa da danaSaulis kulturebis~ erToblivi
tvirTiT damZimebuli moRvaweebi. miTumetes istoriuli mov-
233
lenebis da politikosebis Sesafaseblad arsebobs erTaderTi
kriteriumi, _ am movlenebis da pirovnebebis moRvaweobis Se-
degebi.
2. SevardnaZe _ danaSaulisa da sircxvilis kulturis
produqti da ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis sindromi
SevardnaZe Tavisuflebas gaeqca da kvlav ucxo Zalas dae-
morCila, magram, sanacvlod, Zalaufleba moipova da is yvela
SesaZlo saSualebebiTa da xerxebiT SeinarCuna. afxazeTis da-
kargvis Semdeg man ruseTis, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis xeli-
suflebebs mouwoda oficialurad SemoeyvanaT samxedro Zale-
bi saqarTveloSi. baqom da erevanma es winadadeba ar miiRo,
ruseTma ki Tanxmoba ganacxada da saqarTvelo damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSic aRmoCnda.
ruseT-saqarTvelos omis damTavrebas daemTxva elcinis ga-
marjveba prokomunistur Zalebze. SevardnaZe miesalma elci-
nis mier moskovis `TeTri saxlis~ dabombvas da ganacxada, rom
`ruseTSi damarcxdnen is Zalebi, romlebmac afxazeTi wagli-
jes saqarTvelos~. es iyo aSkara sicrue, romelic miznad isa-
xavda damarcxebuli, e.w. mTavarsardlis reabilitaciis mcde-
lobas qarTveli xalxis winaSe, Tumca cxadi iyo, rom ruseTis
yvela Zalam mxari dauWira saqarTvelos danawevrebas.
ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom im periodSi SevardnaZis erT-erT
teleinterviuSi gaiJRera frazam `adamianebs cxovreba undaT~,
es iyo miniSneba imaze, rom saqarTvelo unda Segueboda afxa-
zeTis dakargvas da taSi daekra SevardnaZis im reJimisaTvis,
romelic adamianebs bednier cxovrebas moutanda, rac sicrue
gamodga. ucxo Zalis gamoyenebT SevardnaZem miisakuTra xeli-
sufleba, magram sanacvlod qarTvelma erma miiRo ngreva,
TvalTmqcoba, usazRvro korufcia, dapirispireba, verSemdga-
ri saxelmwifo da a.S.
dsT-is SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla gadamwyveti da saboloo
dartyma aRmoCnda yofili xelisuflebisaTvis, romelsac ara-
viTari fizikuri SesaZlebloba ar hqonda, ebrZola ruseTis
samxedro Zalis winaaRmdeg.
saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT mosuli ZalebisaTvis xe-
lisuflebis SenarCunebis uzomo survili naTlad aris gamoxa-
tuli j. ioselianis mogonebebis wignSi `sami ganzomileba~. av-
234
tori wers: `im dros (1993 wlis oqtomberi _ i. k.) mTavri iyo
imis demonstrireba da STabeWdilebis Seqmna, rom rusebi Cven
gviWerdnen mxars~.
ucxo qveynis samxedro Zalebis mier ramdenjerme daibomba,
zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebis mier dakavebuli, samegrelos
qalaqebi da raionebi (zugdidi, senaki, abaSa, martvili, xobi).
rusuli jarebi monawileobdnen md. cxeniswylis mimdebare te-
ritoriebis sadamsjelo operaciebSic.
filarmoniaSi Sekrebilma, SevardnaZis momxre partiebma da
inteligenciam (i. sariSvili, a. margiani, v. goguaZe, m. naneiSvi-
li, e. Sengelaia, r. CxeiZe, r. jafariZe, T. kvaWantiraZe, T. go-
caZe, r. amaSukeli, n. lomouri, e. kvitaiSvili, m. gigineiSvili,
g. benaSvili da sxv.) rusuli Zalis Semosvlas da pirveli pre-
zidentis ganadgurebas dauWira mxari. Tumca, swored ruseTis
samxedroebis SemosvliT sabolood daesva wertili afxazeTis
dakargvas. SevardnaZe ki aRfrTovanebuli acxadebda: `foTs
ocamde gemi moadga, jariskacebiT da artileriiT. Tavisi pos-
tebi daayenes sakvanZo adgilebze _ erTi gasrolac ar yofi-
la~.
Tavis mxriv kremli mudmivad atyuebda marionetuli xeli-
suflebis mmarTvels. mogvianebiT SevardnaZe iZulebuli iyo
es eRiarebina: `elcini wamodga da ganacxada: gaZlevT pirobas,
`afxazeTis sakiTxs uaxloes momavalSi movagvarebT~. davuje-
re, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTxel ukve momatyua – 1992 wlis
3 seqtembers. amjeradac Sevcdi~.
imJamad dasavleTis presa (`interneiSnl herald tribuni~,
`niu-iork taimsi~, `uvenman dui JediSi~, `fransi~, `libr belJi-
vi~, `le suari~, `le mondi~, `liberasioni~, `figaro~, `Spige-
li~, `taimsi~, `el paisi~, `gardiani~ da a.S.) regularulad beW-
davda mimoxilvebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlene-
bisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, romelic mimarTuli
iyo kanonieri xelisuflebis Zaladobrivi gziT dasamxobad.
amrigad, SevardnaZis didi ZalisxmeviT, ruseTma SeZlo da-
emxo da fizikurad gaenadgurebina erovnuli xelisufleba.
dsT-Si saqarTvelos SeyvaniT ruseTma kidev erTxel daamtki-
ca, rom kremli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebisaTvis
arsebobis SenarCunebis mTavar faqtors warmoadgenda. Sesaba-
misad, ruseTma saqarTvelos xelisufleba Caabara personas,
romlis politikuri saqmianoba zneobaze ki ara, mudmivad pi-
235
rad mizanSewonilobaze iyo damyarebuli da amitomac Sevar-
dnaZis xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi myof ruseTis jarebs sao-
kupacio statusi mouxsna. Tu ilias gamoTqmas gavimeorebT, sa-
qarTvelo `didi onavrebisaTvis~ misaRebi qveyana gaxda. xeli-
suflebis SenarCunebis sanacvlod, ruseTma SevardnaZisagan ki-
dev ufro metis daTmoba moiTxova, miTumetes, es ukanaskneli
SeSfoTebuli iyo elcinis manevriT saqarTvelos xelisufle-
bis orad gayofis Sesaxeb. dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zalaufle-
bas zviad gamsaxurdia unda daufleboda, aRmosavleT saqar-
TveloSi ki SevardnaZe.
irakli baTiaSvili Tavis publikaciaSi `eSmakebi saqarTve-
loSi~ werda: `1993 wlis miwuruls ruseTis dazvervis moqme-
debiT mokles saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti _ zviad gamsa-
xurdia. es iyo Taviseburi garigeba: dsT-Si Sesvlaze saxelmwi-
fos meTauris (eduard SevardnaZis) Tanxmobis sanacvlod, ru-
seTma ikisra aqtiuri daxmareba, e.w. zviadisturi problemis
moxsnaSi. saxeldobr, samoqalaqo omSi CaerTvnen ruseTis sam-
xedro Zalebi, rac SevardnaZis gamarjvebis gadamwyveti faq-
tori aRmoCnda. am daxmarebis saboloo wertili ki iyo prob-
lemis mTavari mizezis _ zviad gamsaxurdias fizikuri likvi-
dacia~.
Sinauri mtris xatis Ziebam, xelisuflebis mopovebis da mi-
si SenarCunebis avadmyofurma miswrafebam, ucxo Zalebis gamo-
yenebis survilma, SevardnaZe da misi razmi tragikul da gamo-
usworebel Secdomamde Tu danaSaulamde miiyvana. is miendo
`mSobliuri kremlis~ mier dapirebul garantiebs, xeli moawe-
ra qveynisTvis damRupvel SeTanxmebebs da xelisuflebis Se-
narCunebis sanacvlod daarRvia teritoriuli mTlianoba.
SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros kremlis miTiTebiT umaR-
les Tanamdebobebze daniSnes Tavdacvis ministrad _ v. nadiba-
iZe, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad _ S. kviraia da uSiSroebis uwye-
bis xelmZRvanelad _ i. giorgaZe.
Tavis droze SevardnaZis Tanamoazris da mxardamWeris g.
lanCavas mtkicebiT, erTi periodi qveyanas marTavda reuti _
amierkavkasiis jarebis sardali, romelTanac yovel orSabaTs
cxaddeboda S. kviraia da miTiTebebs iRebda.
cxadia, qveynis Sinagani sisustis kompensireba mxolod ga-
reSe Zalis faqtoriT SeuZlebelia da yovelgvari cda, moxdes
236
misi gadafarva ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiT, marcxisTvis aris gan-
wiruli.
Tanamedrove viTarebaSi ucxo Zalis gamoyeneba gansxvavebu-
li formiTa da meTodebiT xorcieldeba da msoflioSi `axali
wesrigis~ damyarebis politikuri koncefciis CarCoSi jdeba.
`gamarjvebuli~ qveynebi erTmaneTSi Tanxmdebian, aerTianeben
samxedro Zalebs da Slian imperiebs, koaliciebs Tu reJimebs.
axali msoflio mowyobis iniciatorebis mier SemuSavebuli
proeqti gulisxmobs qveynebis axal gadanawilebas, Tumca am
ideas hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebi mcire saxelmwifoebis mxridan,
romlebic gamodian didi saxelmwifoebis `dinebis winaaRmdeg~
da, romlebsac amis gamo safrTxe emuqrebaT `veSapi~ qveynebi-
sagan (omebi, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi, ekonomikuri bloka-
da da a.S).
saxelmwifoTa Soris dapirispirebaSi araferi ar aris ara-
bunebrivi da istoriulad uprecedento, miTumetes `proble-
mis~ mosagvareblad gareSe Zalebs xelisuflebac iyenebs da
opoziciac, magram opoziciuri politikuri klasis `putCistu-
ri~ gziT xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvla da qaosis gamowveva
eris Ralatia. aseTi moqmedebis Sedegs dResac imkis bevri qve-
yana da maT Soris saqarTveloc.
Tu virwmunebT, rom saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis oTxi
formaa gaziarebuli _ mtroba, damorCileba, ganadgureba da
partnioroba _ warsulis Tu Tanamedrove ruseTma saqarTve-
losTan pirveli sami airCia. Tavisi wili pasuxismgeblobis
tvirTi yvelam zida. zogierTi `sizifes Sromas~ eweoda da ama-
od irjeboda urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad, zogma mSvido-
bas mimarTa da zogmac Zalasac. Tumca, sabolood realobam
gviCvena, rom problema `casa da miwas Sua daekida~ da sazoga-
doeba SiSiT Sehyurebs erTi didi ucxo Zalis da meore mcire
sasicocxlo sivrcis mqone qveynis urTierTobebis perspeqti-
vas. miTumetes Tu biblias movixmobT: `raic yofila, ukve aris
didi xania; da rac iqneba, is ukve iyo~.
ar viqnebiT obieqturi, Tu vityviT, rom sxvadasxva epoqe-
bis qarTulma sazogadoebriv-politikurma elitam mkacri pa-
suxi ar gasca sakuTar samSobloSi ucxo Zalis gamoyenebis
mcdelobas. am mxriv kiTxvebi qarTvel ers hqonda g. saakaZes-
Tan, erekle meoresTan, i. stalinTan, s. orjonikiZesTan da
calkeuli maTganis qmedebebis mimarT sazogadoebis mkveTrad
237
negatiuri damokidebuleba met-naklebad cnobilia. magaliTad,
qarTvelma erma s. orjonikiZe samSoblos moRalated gamoacxa-
da da yvelgan aiRo misi Zeglebi Tu biustebi. Tumca, es Tana-
medrove saqarTvelos sinamdvilisTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda,
rom politikur liderebs arasodes gasCenodaT survili xeli-
suflebaSi mosasvlelad ucxo ZalisTvis miemarTaT.
aRniSnulis TvalsaCino magaliTia SevardnaZis mier ucxo
saxelmwifos moxmoba, romlis mZime Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis
sayovelTaod cnobilia. SevardnaZem amisTvis pasuxi unda agos
qarTveli eris winaSe. Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom sakma-
od Rrmad asakovani moxuci cixis sakanSi moTavsdes, magram is,
rogorc XX saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi `sir-
cxvili~, unda daisajos samoqalaqo ganaCeniT _ misi nawerebis,
memuarebis da sxva dokumentebis Tavze gadaxeviT.
saqarTveloSi arc erTma politikurma Zalam da misma li-
derma ver unda SesZlos gaimeoros orjonikiZis, SevardnaZis
da sxvebis danaSauli da didi zarzeimiT ar unda mouxmos uc-
xo qveyanas Tavisi xelisuflebis gadasarCenad.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. n. berZeniSvili, saubrebi stalinTan, Jurnali: `saisto-
rio vertikalebi~, #8, 2005.
2. g. gaCeCilaZe, samdRiani dialogi politikuri teqnologi-
is maestrosTan, Jurnali: `saistorio vertikalebi~, #8,
2005.
3. j. ioseliani, mesame ganzomileba, Tbilisi, 1998.
4. a. bendianiSvili, qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos ganvi-
Tarebis etapebi, Tbilisi, 2006.
5. m. mWedliSvili, saqarTvelo borotebis imperiis 500-wlo-
van marwuxebSi, Tbilisi, 2004.
6. ucxoeli mecnierebi 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
Tbilisi, 1998.
7. i. kveselava, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis qronikebi, II,
Tbilisi, 2008.
238
Igor Kveselava Professor of the Georgian Technical University
Subject of the Usage of Foreign Forces in the International and
Georgian Policy
Summary
The tradition of the usage of foreign force in the own country was
typical for the political and state organizational processes of different ages. Although, such kind of actions, met the severe answer and resistance in some countries (England, France).
It’s impossible to compensate the internal weakness of State only by the usage of foreign factor and every such try is predestined for failure. In this field, it’s worth to mention as an example the political activities of G.Saakadze, I. Stalin, S.Orjonikidze, E.Shevardnadze and etc.
E.Shevardnaze, is a product of crime and dishonor in a modern Georgia, which have marked off himself from freedom and with the help of foreign force has overthrown legitimate national government. As a tribute for the maintaining the power, he became a marionette in the Russia’s hands. As a result, the Georgian territorial integrity was ruined, corruption became dominant, was established the mafia-clan government and the country had lost possibility to become a State at that period.
Confrontation between the States and using of foreign forces for solving inner and outer policy is not historically unprecedented fact, but to overthrown the legitimate government with such foreign help is considered as a treason, and its outcomes affects Georgia negatively till today.
239
Tamar darCia
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,
biznes-inJineringis fakultetis magis-
tranti
„varskvlavuri omebi~-s amerikuli idea da
ganiaraRebis procesi
aSS-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebSi strategiuli Tav-
dacvis iniciativas (Strategic efense initiative) igive „var-
skvlavuri omebis programas erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgi-
li ukavia ronald reiganisa da misi administraciis sagareo
politikaSi. es gaxldaT erTgvari politikuri, samxedro da
fsiqologiuri zewola sabWoTa kavSirze. 1983 wlis 23 marts,
roca aSS-s prezidentma reiganma televiziiT gamosvlisas ga-
nacxada Tavisi SI-s programis Sesaxeb, romelic uTuod ameri-
kis strategiul upiratesobas moaswavebda, man Semdegi sityve-
biT mimarTa amerikel mecnierebs: „me mivmarTav Cveni qveynis
mecnierul sazogadoebas, maT, vinc mogvca birTvuli iaraRi,
raTa maT axla Tavisi udidesi niWi mimarTon adamianis gadar-
Cenisa da sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofisaken, rom mog-
vceT Cven iseTi saSualeba, romelic birTvul iaraRs gadaaq-
cevs uZlurad da moZvelebulad~. es erT-erTi yvelaze gaxmau-
rebuli da saintereso politikuri nabiji iyo gadadgmuli va-
Singtonis mier civi omis eskalaciis fonze. Tumca, dResac ar
wydeba dava imis Sesaxeb, rom iyo Tu ara strategiuli Tavdac-
vis iniciativa kargad dagegmili propagandistuli provokacia,
Tu reiganis administracia sinamdvileSi apirebda am, marTlac,
fantastikuri proeqtis ganxorcielebas.
1983 weli iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze daZabul da drama-
tul drod civi omis istoriaSi. martis dasawyisSi aSS-s pre-
zidentma sabWoTa kavSirs uwoda „borotebis imperia~. xolo,
ukve ori kviris Semdeg direqtiva #119-is amoqmedebiT Semoi-
tana cneba „strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativa~. es iyo brZo-
lis warmoebis sruliad axali maTematikuri meTodebis daner-
gva, rac gulisxmobda xmeleTze da kosmosur sivrceSi iseTi
axali raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis dayenebas, romelic saime-
dod daicavda CrdiloeT amerikis mTel teritorias da dafuZ-
nebuli iqneboda axal fizikur principebze, maT Soris bir-
240
Tvuli energiis lazerul sxivad gardaqmnis principze. es Ta-
vis mxriv saSualebas aZlevda aSS-s gaenadgurebinaT nebismieri
sakontinentTaSoriso birTvuli raketa nebismier distanciaze.
aRniSnuli iniciativa ufro TavdacviTi xasiaTis iyo, vidre
SeteviTi, Tumca imdenad ararealurad gamoiyureboda, (misi
miznebisa da meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT), rom masmediam mas
„varskvlavuri omebi~-s programa uwoda, jorj lukasis cnobi-
li fantastikuri kinoproeqtis „varskvlavuri omebis~ saxel-
wodebis mixedviT. [7] am programis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis
SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris mTeli omisSemdgomi Zalisxmeva,
rom birTvuli iaraRis saSualebiT gamxdariyo zesaxelmwifo
da SiSis qveS hyoloda mTeli evropa da msoflioc ki, arc me-
ti arc naklebi, _ kotrdeboda, vinaidan ZiriTadad birTvuli
arsenali aniWebda sabWoTa kavSirs zesaxelmwifos statuss.
moskovi panikam moicva. ingreoda strategiuli pariteti
amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan. naTeli xdeboda, rom sabWoTa
kavSirs teqnologiurad aRar Seswevda unari paeqroba gaewia
am urTulesi da uZviresi proeqtisaTvis. sabWoTa analitiko-
sebis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi friad SemaSfoTeblad JRer-
da: SeerTebuli Statebi miiReben saSualebas dausjelad gana-
xorcielon pirveli birTvuli dartyma, daemxoba mTeli sam-
xedro-geopolitikuri stabiluroba, romelic damyarda bolo
10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, baTildeboda 1972 wlis SeTanxmeba ra-
ketsawinaaRmdego (ПРО)-s Sesaxeb, sabWoTa kavSiri ubralod
dakargavda zesaxelmwifos statuss. sabWoTa mecnierebi orWo-
fobdnen. maTi azriT, strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis
programis ganxoercieleba faqtobrivad ararealuri iyo, mag-
ram Teoriulad 10-15 wlis Semdeg mainc SeiZleboda Seqmnili-
yo raime msgavsi sistema.
rogorc ixsenebs oleg grinevski (andropovTan daaxlove-
buli pirovneba), am gancxadebas mohyva swrafi reaqcia moskov-
Si. ukve 24 marts andropovma TavisTan daibara sagareo saqmeTa
saministrosa da Zalovani struqturebis warmomadgenlebi, ro-
melTac mokled moaxsenes liders aSS-s gegmebis Sesaxeb. an-
dropovma ganacxada Semdegi: „situacia metad rTulia da me ar
minda ignorireba gavukeTo arc erT SesaZlebel scenars - maT
Soris efeqturi raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis Seqmnis varian-
tsac. imis miuxedavad, SeiZleba Tu ara am sistemis praqtikuli
Seqmna, SI iqca amerikuli politikis realur faqtorad da Cven
241
ar SegviZlia ar gaviTvaliswinoT movlenebis aseTi ganviTare-
ba.~ [2, 18]
situacia marTlac Zalzed daZabuli iyo. 80-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi birTvuli balansi ase Tu ise SenarCunebuli gax-
ldaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s upiratesoba gaaCnda sabWo-
Ta kavSirTan SedarebiT sakontinentTaSoriso qobinebis rao-
denobaSi, moskovma ZiriTadi aqcenti gaakeTa axal saraketo
sistemebze gayofadi qobinebis gamoyenebiT (СС-25, СС-24). am
saxis raketebs SeeZloT erTdroulad gaenadgurebinaT ramde-
nime samizne obieqti. Tumca, reiganis administraciam daiwyo
ramdenime ZviradRirebuli samxedro proeqtis ganxorcieleba,
maT Soris „traidentis~ tipis birTvuli wyalqveSa navebisa da
„stelsis~ tipis uCinari strategiuli bombdamSenebis Seqmna,
amave dros gadawyda evropaSi ganlagebuliyo saSualo radiu-
sis birTvuli raketebi „perSing _ 2~. es ki aiZulebda sabWoTa
mxares ganexorcielebina sapasuxo RonisZiebebi da gacilebiT
meti finansuri saSualebebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. [2, 19] Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtsac, rom sabWoTa kavSiri imxanad uk-
ve Cabmuli iyo sabrZolo moqmedebebSi avRaneTis winaaRmdeg,
gasagebi gaxdeba is SeSfoTeba, romelic gamoiwvia reiganis
mxridan strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativis gamocxadebam.
sabWoTa media gamudmebiT amtkicebda, rom SI arRvevda uk-
ve arsebul SeTanxmebebs, rom amerikelebi omisTvis emzadebod-
nen. presaSi „gaJona~ andropovis sityvebma _ „reigani araprog-
nozirebadia~. rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva, es „gaJonva~ Sem-
TxveviTi ar yofila. 1983 wlis noemberSi natos wevrma qveynebma
samxedro wrTvnebi Caatares dasavleT evropaSi. wrTvnebis mas-
Staburma xasiaTma sabWoTa dazvervas Seuqmna STabeWdileba, rom
nato apirebda sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmas. moskovSi es saf-
rTxe realurad Seafases da samxedro Zalebi mzadyofnaSi moiy-
vanes. sabednierod, CI-s agenturam droulad moipova es infor-
macia da prezidenti reigani Caayena saqmis kursSi. prezidentis
administracia droulad daukavSirda sabWoTa oficialur pi-
rebs da daarwmuna isini, rom dasavleTi oms ar apirebda. sam-
xedro wrTvnebi ki droze adre daasrules. [5, 186]
amis miuxedavad amerikuli strategiuli Tavdacvis inici-
ativa, moskovs ar aZlevda mSvidi Zilis saSualebas.
sabWoTa kavSirma SI-s winaaRmdeg darazma Tavisi yvela mo-
kavSire da momxre mTel msoflioSi. daiwyo samSvidobo moZra-
242
oba lozungiT „ara varskvlavebis oms!~ mravalsaaTiani demon-
straciebi imarTeboda evropisa da amerikis qalaqebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikuli mxare bevr am faqtors iTva-
liswinebda aseTi ambiciuri proeqtis gamocxadebisas. es kar-
gad Cans erT-erT dokumentSi, romelic Seiqmna 1983 wlis 12
seqtembers da hqvia „SesaZlo sabWoTa sapasuxo svlebi aSS-Si
strategiuli Tavdacvis iniciativaze~ (ossible Soviet responses to the S Strategic efence Initiative).
dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom Tu sabWoTa mxare Seecdeba
sruliad axali, jer kidev daugegmavi, samxedro sistemebis
Seqmnas da amave dros ar Sewyvets ukve arsebul samxedro pro-
eqtebs, es gamoiwvevs uzarmazar danaxarjebs, rac mZimed daaw-
veba sabWoTa ekonomikas da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba aRmoCnde-
ba rTuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis winaSe. aqve mocemu-
lia moskovis SesaZlo politikuri svlebis analizi. mag: cen-
traluri sadazvervo sammarTvelos gaTvlebiT, erT-erTi pir-
veli, rasac moimoqmedebdnen sabWoTa liderebi, iqneboda gani-
araRebis molaparakebebis ganaxleba, amave dros isini aqtiu-
rad CarTavdnen am procesSi natos. moskovi pirdapir mimar-
Tavda natos xelmZRvanelobas da amave dros ganiaraRebis pro-
cesSi CarTavda msoflio sazogadoebas, mSvidobis damcav moZ-
raobebs, samecniero wreebs. samSvidobo kampaniis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani punqti gaxdeboda aSS-s dadanaSauleba, rom
strategiuli TavdacviTi iniciativis gamocxadebiT dairRveo-
da strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis SeTanxmebebi xelmowe-
rili jer kidev breJnevsa da niqsons Soris 1972 wels.
analitikosebis gaTvliT, moskovi aqtiurad daayenebda
strategiuli SeiaraRebis iniciativis SezRudvis sakiTxebs sa-
erTaSoriso forumebze. magaliTad, gaero-s ganiaraRebisa da
kosmosis komitetebis generaluri asambleis winaSe, evropis
ganiaraRebis konferenciaze, romelic igegmeboda 1984 wlis
ianvarSi. aseve iyo varaudi, rom andropovi wamoayenebda kidev
erT axal samSvidobo iniciativas, romelic iqneboda mis mier
ukve gamocxadebuli (1981 wels) gegmis gagrZeleba. 1981 wels
generalurma mdivanma iuri andropovma gaeros warudgina wina-
dadeba, rom akrZaluliyo kosmosur sivrceSi moZravi nebismie-
ri Tanamgzavris dazianeba, ganadgureba, an misi funqcionire-
bisTvis xelis SeSla. amerikelebis azriT, strategiuli Seia-
raRebis iniciativis gamocxadebis Semdeg, moskovi kidev ufro
243
ganavrcobda am gegmas da moiTxovda nebismieri kosmosuri ba-
zirebis samxedro sistemis Seqmnisa da maTi gamocdis akrZal-
vas.
amerikeli eqspertebi askvnidnen, rom moskovis mier arCe-
uli aqtiuri molaparakebebis taqtika,miscemda mas saWiro
dros, raTa SeeqmnaT sakuTari sapasuxo sistema aSS-s Tavdac-
viTi sistemis winaaRmdeg.
sainteresoa, Tu ra iqneboda ZiriTadi berketi sabWoTa
mxarisaTvis, raTa maT aerCiaT ufro aqtiuri samoqmedo gegma.
pirvel rigSi es iyo ekonomikis sfero, vinaidan Sesabamisi
programis ganxorcieleba sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoiwvevda warmo-
udgenel danaxarjebs. amave dros, isini iZulebulni iqnebod-
nen CaedoT isedac Zlier SezRuduli finansuri investiciebi
Zalze Zvir teqnologiur sferoSi, raTa saTanado pasuxi gae-
caT amerikelebisTvis. aseTi gadawyvetileba ZviradRirebuli
iqneboda ara marto sabWoTa TavdacviTi biujetisTvis, rac
Zalze mniSvnelovania, moskovi iZulebuli gaxdeboda moexdina
strategiuli Zalebis sruli struqturuli rekonstruqcia.
amas emateboda amerikelTa mosazreba, rom sabWoTa genStabi
naklebad mowadinebuli iyo daewyo masStaburi cvlilebebi, vi-
naidan isini kargavdnen gacilebiT mets, Tu airCevdnen aras-
wor strategias.
rogorc vxedavT, amerikelebs sakmaod kargad hqondaT
gaTvlili moskovis SesaZlo reaqcia strategiuli Tavdacvis
iniciativis gamocxadebaze, rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs im
faqtze, rom es proeqti ar iyo mxolod propagandistuli fan-
di da provokacia.
sainteresoa, agreTve Tavad am grandiozuli proeqtis
Seqmnis istoria da ronald reiganis damokidebuleba „var-
skvlavuri omebis~ gegmisadmi.
sxvadasxva mecnieri gansxvavebul mosazrebebs gamoTqvams
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Caisaxa es proeqti. bevri fiqrobs, rom
reiganis daintereseba birTvuli Sekavebis politikiT daiwyo
1967 wels. maSin, jer kidev rogorc kaliforniis gubernato-
ri, reigani stumrobda livermorskis laboratorias, sadac
Sexvda da am sakiTxze esaubra cnobil fizikoss eduard te-
lers, amerikuli wyalbadis bombis Semqmnels.
sainteresoa, rom zogierTi mecnieri iTvaliswinebs ra ki-
nematografiis did gavlenas reiganze, Tvlis, rom SI-s gegma
244
SeiZleboda Camoyalibebuliyo kinos zemoqmedebiT. jer kidev
1940 wels reigani TamaSobda mxatvrul filmSi „mkvleloba ha-
erSi~ saidumlo agentis rols. scenaris mixedviT, misi gmiri
ebrZvis jaSuSs, romelic cdilobs gaitacos mowyobiloba,
romliTac SeiZleboda nebismieri sahaero obieqtis Camogdeba.
rogorc aRwerilia filmSi, es mowyobiloba „axali super iara-
Ri ara marto uzrunvelyofs aSS-is usafrTxoebas, aramed aq-
cevs mas msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze Zlevamosil saxelmwi-
fod~.
rogorc aRniSnavs mwerali da ekonomisti martin ander-
soni 1988 wels gamocemul wignSi „revolucia~, „varkvlavuri
omebis`proeqtis survili reigans daebada 1979 wlis 31 ivliss,
rodesac is imyofeboda CrdiloeT amerikis sahaero-kosmosuri
Tavdacvis marTvis obieqtze, Saenis mTebSi, koloradoSi. jer
kidev gubernatorma, reiganma hkiTxa general jeims hils, Tu
ra moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca sabWoTa kavSiri moulodne-
lad esroda amerikul qalaqs erT-erT sakontinentTaSoriso
balistikur raketas. amaze generalma upasuxa, rom gasrola im
wams dafiqsirdeboda da qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas eqneboda 10
wuTi, raTa moexdina mosaxleobis evakuacia. sxva ramis gakeTe-
ba amerikul mxares ar SeeZlo. es marTlac Soki iyo reiganis-
Tvis. „Cven vxarjavT uzarmazar Tanxebs birTvuli Tavdasxmis
Setyobinebis sistemebis ganviTarebaze, magram mainc ar SegviZ-
lia davicvaT Cveni mosaxleoba Tavdasxmisagan~ - aRniSna moma-
valma prezidentma.
andersonma maSinve Camoayaliba saidumlo memorandumi,
sadac asabuTebda axali „raket- sawinaaRmdego sistemis~ Seq-
mnis aucileblobas da warudgina igi gubernators. reigani da-
interesda am ideiT da prezidentad gaxdomisTanave TeTr sax-
lSi Camoayaliba am proeqtis mxardamWeri araformaluri jgu-
fi, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga martin andersoni, xolo jgufis
teqnikur konsultaciebs uzrunvelyofda Tavad eduard tele-
ri, romelic Zalze gaitaca axalma grandiozulma ideam. miuxe-
davad amisa dasaxuli gegma ar sargeblobda mxardaWeriT pen-
tagonSi. amerikeli samxedroebi CarTulni iyvnen sakuTari
proeqtis (mobiluri raketebi X)-is lobirebaSi da ar surdaT
sakuTari Zalebi gaefantaT raRac naxevrad fantastikuri ide-
is ganxorcielebaze. Sedegad, andersonis araformaluri samu-
Sao jgufi daiSala da man datova TeTri saxli.
245
situacia arsebiTad Seicvala 1982 wlis dekemberSi, roca
aSS-s kongresma uari uTxra pentagons axali X-is tipis rake-
tebis dafinansebaze. amieridan SI-is iniciativa xelSi aiRo
erovnuli usafrTxoebis mrCevlis TanaSemwem robert makfar-
lanma. prezidentis administracia axal midgomebs eZebda
erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciisadmi, saWiro iyo raime
efeqturi da sintereso idea, romelic moipovebda sazogadoe-
bis mxardaWeras da gaamarTlebda uzarmazar samxedro xar-
jebs.
robert makfarlani jer kidev henri kisinjerma SeamCnia
da waiyvana erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWoSi. swored kisinje-
risgan, romelic misi namdvili maswavlebeli gaxda, robertma
aiTvisa rTuli strategiuli kombinaciebis xlarTva da mra-
valvariantiani midgomebis SemuSaveba. makfarlani Tvlida, rom
geopolitikuri stabiluroba seriozuli safrTxis winaSe iyo.
„SeiaraRebebis Sejibri~, misi azriT, ufro adgeboda sabWoTa
kavSirs, vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis
birTvuli SeiaraReba gacilebiT Tanamedrove iyo, sabWoTa kav-
Siri qmnida ufro mZime raketebs gayofadi qobinebis ufro
efeqturi SeTavsebiT. amitom raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis Seq-
mna gadaiyvanda „SeiaraRebis Sejibrs~ mowinave teqnologiebis
sferoSi, sadac SeerTebul Statebs aSkara upiratesoba hqonda
sabWoTa blokTan SedarebiT.
movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba, vaSingtonis azriT, SeaSi-
nebda moskovs.xolo imis safrTxe, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeiZ-
leba aRmoCndes „ganiaraRebuli~, aiZulebs maT diplomatebs
gacilebiT meti daTmon strategiuli SeiaraRebis molaparake-
bebze.
SI-is koncefciis Seqmnaze realuri muSaoba daiwyo mas
Semdeg, rac amerikis prezidents Tavdacvis saministrom wa-
rudgina saidumlo memorandumi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom bir-
Tvuli omis SemTxvevaSi daiRupeboda 150 milioni amerikeli.
amis Semdgom reiganma mwvane Suqi misca am proeqtis ganxorcie-
lebas.
muSaoba am proeqtze mimdinareobda saidumlo viTarebaSi,
vinaidan eSinodaT ara marto informaciis gaJonvisa, aramed
pirvel rigSi kritikisa sakuTari specialistebisa da samxed-
roebis mxridan. „varskvlavuri omebis~ programis Seqmnaze mu-
Saobda erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos viwro jgufi admiral
246
jon poindeqsteris (termin SI-is avtori), bob linhardis, rei
palokisa da jorj keiuortis xelmZRvanelobiT. [2, 24]
23 martis cnobili sityva ki makfarlanma dawera. aRniSnu-
li sityva samxedroebsa da saxelmwifo mdivans gasacnobad ga-
dasces 24 saaTiT adre. yvelani namdvil SokSi iyvnen, gansa-
kuTrebiT, saxelmwifo mdivani jorj Sulci, romelsac eSino-
da, rom aSS-s mokavSireebi natoSi arasworad aRiqvamdnen va-
Singtonis survils moexdinaT amerikis raketsawinaaRmdego
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa mokavSireebTan SeuTanxmeblad.
magram arc reiganma da arc misma mrCevlebma ukan ar daixies
da 23 marts prezidentma gamoacxada strategiuli TavdacviTi
iniciativa.
specialistebi sxvadasxva sawinaaRmdego, Tu mxardamWer
azrs gamoTqvamdnen strategiuli Tavdacvis programis mimarT,
rac ukargavda mas politikur aspeqts. Tumca reigani yurad-
Rebas ar aqcevda msgavs teqnikur SeniSvnebs, vinaidan aRniSnu-
li programa mas ar wamouyenebia mxolod strategiuli mizne-
bisTvis, aramed pirvel rigSi birTvuli omis Tavidan asaci-
leblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom reiganma mTeli Tavisi prezi-
dentoba Sealia amerikis samxedro Zlierebas, maT Soris bir-
Tvulisas, amave dros igi iyo pacifisti da ocnebobda msof-
lioze birTvuli iaraRis gareSe. man, rodesac gorbaCovma 1986
wlis 15 ianvars wamoayena 2000 wlamde birTvuli iaraRis eta-
pobrivi likvidaciis programa, wamoiZaxa „ras ucadoT ase
didxans~.[1, 480]
reigani Tvlida, rom birTvuli omi aravis ar SeuZlia mo-
igos.magram, „mainc, vidre birTvuli iaraRi arsebobs, yovel-
Tvis iqneba riski misi gamoyenebisa, rogorc ki pirveli bir-
Tvuli Wurvi afeTqdeba, aravin ar icis, es rogor damTavrde-
ba. amitom Cemi ocnebaa iseTi msoflios arseboba, romelic Ta-
visufali iqneba birTvuli iaraRisgan~. [1, 480]
reiganma Tavis gamosvlebSi ara erTxel aRniSna: „amerika
calmxrivi wesiT bolos mouRebs saSiSroebas birTvuli ube-
durebis winaSe, Tu dauyovnebliv Seudgeba strategiuli Tav-
dacvis iniciativis programis Seqmnas. amerikis mecnierebi bir-
Tvul iaraRs moZveleburad aqceven~.
23 martis „varskvlavuri omebis~ sityvaSi reiganma mis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli dramatizmiT, yuradReba gaamaxvila bo-
lo wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro Zlierebis zrdaze. igi
247
Seexo centralur amerikas, kerZod kubas da „patara kunZul
grenadas~ sadac sabWoTa kavSirs dawyebuli hqonda aerodro-
mis mSenebloba 3 kilomertiani asafreni zoliT. prezidentma
dasva kiTxva, Tu ra miznebisTvis Wirdeboda grenadis aero-
ports 3 kilometriani asafreni zoli, am qveyanas xom ar gaaC-
nda sakuTari samxedro-sahaero Zalebi. miniSneba naTeli iyo -
raTqmaunda SeerTebuli Statebis damuqrebis mizniT. (prezi-
dents ar uxsenebia is faqti, rom aeroporti daproeqtebuli
iyo da Sendeboda inglisuri kompaniis mier samoqalaqo aviaci-
isTvis da rom arc proeqti da arc mSeneblobis procesi ar
iTvaliswinebda samxedro aerodromis mSeneblobisaTvis saWi-
ro komponentebs: miwisqveSa sawvavis avzebs, saradaro danadga-
rebs, miwisqveSa arsenals, pararelur afrena-dafrenis bili-
kebs, samxedro TviTmfrinavebis masStabebis angarebs da a.S.).
[4, 306]
grenadaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba gaxldaT mxolod nawi-
li (ara mTavari) prezidentis sityvisa. misi arsi mimarTuli
iyo imisken, raTa amerikelebi daerwmunebina SeiaraRebis dafi-
nansebis gazrdis aucileblobaSi.
swored am mizans emsaxureboda jorj lukasis mier kino-
fantastikis JanrSi Seqmnili filmebis „varskvlavuri omebisa~
da „kosmosuri odiseis~ gamosvla farTo ekranebze.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan holivudis kinoproduqciaSi
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs samecniero fantastika. jorj
lukasis, stiven spilbergis ZviradRirebul blokbasterebs
arc sxva reJisorebis filmebi udeben tols. „varskvlaveTis
omebi~, „kosmosuri odisea 2001~, „jidais dabruneba~, „ucxop-
laneteli~, „ucxo~, ai mcire CamonaTvali kinofantastikisa,
romlebic SiSTan erTad axali sivrceebis aTvisebis interess
da amave dros Tanamedrove kosmosuri SeiaraRebis Seqmnis au-
cileblobasa da survils aRuZravdnen amerikel moqalaqeebs.
samecniero fantastikaze Seqmnili filmebi mastimulire-
bel rols asruleben im TvalsazrisiT, rom sazogadoebas uCe-
nen interess kosmosis aTvisebis, axali teqnologiebisa da
Tundac cxovrebis axleburi wesis damkvidrebis kuTxiT. kos-
mosis problemebiT dainteresebuli da damuxtuli sazogadoe-
ba Semdeg ukve socialur dakveTas aZlevs mecnierebs gamoik-
vlion da gabatondnen kosmosze, Seiswavlon Soreuli galaqti-
kebi. kosmosidan savaraudo Tavdasxmis, globaluri safrTxis
248
Tavidan acilebis mizniT ki samxedro uwyebam unda ganaviTa-
ros Tavisi potenciali. yovelive amas ki samxedro miznebis-
Tvis gamoyofili Tanxebis permanentuli zrda sWirdeba. xolo
mosaxleobam, anu gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma, unda igrZnon
kosmosidan mosalodneli saSiSroeba, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli
darwmunebuli unda iyos mis mier gadaxdili Tanxis xarjvis
sisworeSi, moqalaqeebi mudmivad unda grZnobdnen Tavdacvis-
Tvis gamoyofili Tanxebis zrdis aucileblobas. mxolod aT-
wleulis gasvlis Semdgom gaxda cnobili, rom pentagoni daex-
mara lukass ZviradRirebuli blokbasterebis SeqmnaSi, raTa
maTi ekranebze gamosvlis Semdgom SeeqmnaT miTi varskvlavuri
omebis gardauvalobaze da mizanmimarTulad waremarTad sazo-
gadoebrivi azris formireba. [3, 33]
amrigad, erTi mxriv prezidentma uzarmazari saxsrebi da-
xarja imisTvis, raTa amerikuli strategiuli arsenalis mo-
dernizeba moexdina da amave dros, didi wvlili Seitana am ia-
raRis ukanonod gamocxadebis saqmeSi. amerikeli xalxi Tavis
prezidentis moqmedebaSi imas xedavda, rom igi, sabWoTa kavSi-
risgan wamosuli safrTxis gamo, iZulebuli Seiqna aSS-s Tav-
dacvis aseTi masStabebis siZliere Seeqmna.
reiganis moraluri xasiaTis mowodebebi ar axdenda mniS-
vnelovan STabeWdilebebs sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobaze,
magram isini iZulebulni gaxdnen upirveles yovlisa mxedve-
lobaSi mieRoT amerikis teqnologiuri potenciali da stra-
tegiuli SesaZleblobani axali Tavdacvis sistemisa. SI-s prog-
ramam aiZula sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba dabrunebodnen Seiara-
Rebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb molaparakebas JenevaSi, romelic
Sewyvetil iqna evropaSi saSualo sistemis raketebis ganTavse-
bis sakiTxze arsebuli uTanxmoebis gamo. ssrk daTmobaze wavi-
da da daTanxmda molaparakebebis ganaxlebas, vinaidan misTvis
naTeli gaxda, rom igi ver SeZlebda ayoloda amerikas da war-
mateba mieRwia im teqnologiur SejibrSi da gamowvevaSi, rasac
dRis wesrigSi ayenebda reiganis SI-s programa. maRalganviTa-
rebul, industriul qveynebTan axali dapirispireba da maTgan
gamowvevis miReba, kargs arafers uqadda sabWoTa kavSirs. ga-
saTvaliswinebeli iyo is garemoebac, rom 40-wlianma „civma om-
ma~ rogorc arasdros ise SeakavSira maRalganviTarebuli in-
dustriuli qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg.
sabWoTa kavSiris erTdros yvelaze didi mokavSire Cine-
249
Ti, mis mimarT sabWoTa kavSiris agresiulobis gamo, dasavle-
Tis saxelmwifoebis mxareze gadavida. aRmosavleT evropis
xalxebic ukmayofiloni iyvnen sabWoTa kavSiriT da elodnen
xelsayrel SemTxvevas, raTa daemxoT komunisturi reJimi Tavi-
anT qveynebSi da Tavi daeRwiaT sabWoTa morCilebisTvis. Zvi-
radRirebuli da uperspeqtivo iyo agreTve komunisturi mmar-
Tvelobis SenarCuneba ganviTarebad qveynebSic. angolidan daw-
yebuli nikaraguamde amerika sabWoTa eqspansionizms Zalzed
ZviradRirebuls xdida da mis sayovelTao diskreditacias iw-
vevda. verc teqnologiur Sejibrs gauZlo sabWoTa kavSiris
modunebulma da calmxrivad samxedro yaidaze, magram aqac Ca-
morCenaSi da daZabulobaSi myofma sabWoTa ekonomikam. saerTa-
Soriso TvalsazrisiT, sabWoTa kavSiris avtoriteti gamous-
woreblad iyo Selaxuli, sabWoTa imperia da misi gavlenis
sferoebi ki modebuli ukidegano sivrces, romlis movla pat-
ronobis resursebi aRar arsebobda. udidesi Tanxebi ixarje-
boda msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi satelituri reJimebis
dafinansebaze. mxolod fidel kastros kubas yovelwliurad
5-7 milioni dolari sWirdeboda sabWoTa biujetidan dotaci-
is saxiT. sabWoTa biujets samxedro xarjebi aSS-Tan Sedare-
biT samjer met tvirTad awveboda, maSin roca ssrk-is Sida
erovnuli produqti aSS-is mxolod erTi meeqvsedi iyo. sabWo-
Ta armia ki 5,4 milion (!) samxedros iTvlida. [5, 179] maSin ro-
ca dasavleTi iwyebda superkompiuterul-mikroCipul revolu-
cias, sabWoTa kavSiri teqnologiuri ganuviTareblobis WaobSi
efloboda.
gorbaCovi male darwmunda amaSi da Seecada Sida refor-
mebis gziT da e.w. „perestroikiT~ SeeCerebina socializmis
msoflio sistemisa da ssrk-s daSlis procesi. sanam termini
"perestroika" anu "gardaqmna" gaCndeboda, gorbaCovma jer
qveynis ganviTarebaze gaakeTa aqcenti. igi Riad ambobda, rom
sabWoTa kavSiri bevri mimarTulebiT CamorCeboda Tanamedrove
moTxovnebs, amitom ufro swrafad iyo winsvla saWiro da Tu
rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo swrafi winsvla, amis gasar-
kvevad gorbaCovma sazogadoebas "glastnosti" anu "sajarooba"
SesTavaza.
1985 wlis 9 seqtembers gazeT „TaimsisTvis~ micemul in-
terviuSi gorbaCovma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba ssrk - aSS-s
urTierTobaSi Zvrebis aucilebloba. man aRniSna, rom am or
250
saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaSi mTavari aris is udavo faq-
ti, rom imis miuxedavad, „mogvwons es Cven Tu ara, Cven SegviZ-
lia gadavrCeT an daviRupoT erTad~. [1, 481] amitom igi ayeneb-
da moTxovnas „samxedro saqmidan moqmedebis gadatanas mSvido-
bian liandagebze~. sul ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom msoflioSi
imdeni SeiaraReba iyo dagrovili, misi gamoyeneba planetas
sruli ganadgureba-gaqrobiT emuqreboda. aseT viTarebaSi ssr
kavSirSi gaimarjva saRma azrma, rom zesaxelmwifoebs Soris
aucilebeli iyo urTierTobis gaumjobeseba da konfrontacia-
ze uaris Tqma.
reiganma winadadebiT mimarTa sabWoTa kavSirs, Semdgariyo
regularuli Sexvedrebi ministrebisa da kabinetis wevrebis
doneze, am ori saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari barierebis likvida-
ciis sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad.
am iniciativis gagrZeleba iyo 1985 wlis 19-21 noembers
gamarTuli rigiT pirveli, istoriuli mniSvnelobis Sexvedra
reigansa da gorbaCovs Soris. eqvsi weli iyo gasuli, rac am
ori qveynis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelebi ar Sexvedrodnen erTma-
neTs.
birTvuli ganiaraRebis sakiTxze saWoTa kavSirTan mola-
parakebis dros amerikis mxare da TviT prezidenti reigani
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen saimedo kontrolis
damyarebas SeiaraRebaze da uaris Tqmas SeiaraRebis dargSi Se-
jibrze.
1988 wlis 7 dekembers gorbaCovma gaeros sxdomaze war-
moTqmul sityvaSi ganacxada,rom sabWoTa kavSiri SeiaraRebul
Zalebs amcirebda 500 aTasi kaciT da 10 aTasi tankiT, maT So-
ris natosadmi dapirispirebuli tankebis naxevriT. centralur
evropaSi myofi danarCeni Zalebis reorganizacia unda momxda-
riyo, rogorc wminda Tavdacvis xasiaTis jarebisa. CineTTan
urTierTobis gaumjobesebis mizniT gorbaCovma gamoacxada
sabWoTa jaris „mniSvnelovani nawilis~ monRoleTidan gamoyva-
nis Sesaxeb. am Semcirebasac gorbaCovma calmxrivi uwoda, mag-
ram dasavleTs mouwoda, rom masac miebaZa ssrk-sTvis. pekinma
urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis sanacvlod gorbaCovs wauyena
sami piroba: vietnamelebis mier kambojas okupaciis Sewyveta,
sabWoTa jarebis avRaneTidan gayvana da sabWoTa jarebis gayva-
na ssrk-CineTis sazRvridan. gorbaCovs 3 weli dasWirda, Tumca
es pirobebi man Seasrula.
251
1989 wlis ivlisSi, imis gamo, rom viTareba daiZaba polo-
neTSi, ungreTSi, Cexoslovakiasa da aRmosavleT germaniaSi da
gaZlierda antikomunisturi gamosvlebi, gorbaCovi ar wavida
Zveli gziT da uari Tqva „breJnevis doqtrinaze~, man uari
Tqva „gavlenis sferoebze~, am qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Care-
vaze da maTi suverenitetis SezRudvaze. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom gavlenis sferoebis qveynebis SenarCuneba ukve aRema-
teboda sabWoTa SesaZleblobebs da Seqmnil saerTaSoriso vi-
TarebaSi „breJnevis doqtrinis ganxorcieleba~ ukve SeuZlebe-
li iyo.
1989 wels gorbaCovi Cavida berlinSi, sadac igi Seecada
daeTanxmebina erik honekeri reformebze. erTi Tvis Semdeg
berlinis kedeli daingra, xolo 10 Tvis Semdeg gorbaCovi da-
Tanxmda germaniis gaerTianebasa da gaerTianebuli germaniis
natos wevrobaze.
amerikas winaaRmdegoba rom ar gaewia da ar SeeCerebina
Tavdajerebuli komunisturi imperia, romelic ise moqmedebda
TiTqos mas didi momavali gaaCnda, roca mTeli msoflios xal-
xebs da xelisufalT aiZulebda erwmunaT am momavlis sinamdvi-
le, maSin roca omis Semdgom evropaSi calkeuli komunisturi
partiebi erTianobaSi angariS gasawev Zalas warmoadgenda, Se-
saZlebeli iyo maT marTlac raime gamosvlodaT. berlinis ir-
gvliv arsebuli krizisi ver gadawydeboda, Tumca SesaZlo iyo
msgavsi problemaTa ricxvis gazrda. postvietnamuri tramvis
marTebulad gamoyenebiT, kremlma Tavisi marionetuli Zalebi
gagzavna afrikaSi, xolo sakuTari jari avRaneTSi Seiyvana.
sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo kidev ufro ampartavnuli Tavdajere-
bulebiT emoqmeda, rom ara aSS-s mier globaluri wonasworo-
bis dacva da demokratiuli sazogadoebis mimarT daxmarebis
xelis gamarTva. vaSingtons Tavis Tavi rom ar daenaxa ZalTa
balansis dacvis erT erT Semadgenel nawilad, procesi metad
mtkivneuli da garTulebuli gaxdeboda. Tumca, yovelive aman
moiTxova amerikelebis mxridan uprecedento Tavdadeba da ama-
ve dros kreatiulobac. realobas Seesabameba is faqti, rom
swored amerikam SeinarCuna ZalTa globaluri wonasworoba da
Sesabamisad mSvidoba msoflioSi. [6, 802]
zbignev bJezinskis analiziT, 80-iani wlebis masStaburma
amerikulma samxedro mSeneblobam da strategiuli TavdacviTi
iniciativis gamocxadebam Zlier imoqmeda moskovze da gamoiwvia
252
sabWoTa resursebis mniSvnelovani daZabva, swored amitom gor-
baCovi ase aqtiurad CaerTo samSvidobo molaparakebebSi. [2, 25]
miuxedavad imisa, rom „varskvlavuri omebis~ programa ga-
nuxorcielebeli darCa da metic, verc verasodes ganxorciel-
deboda iseTi saxiT, rogorc Tavdapirvelad iyo gamocxadebu-
li, man mainc mniSvnelovani kvali datova adamianTa mexsiere-
baSi da gavlena iqonia msoflio politikur movlenebze. SI-is
programa SeiZleba CaiTvalos ronald reiganis respublikuri
administraciis erT-erT udides diplomatiur da politikur
warmatebad.
1989 wlis 11 ianvars Tavis gamosaTxovar sityvaSi r. rei-
ganma amerikel ers mimarTa Semdegi sityvebiT: „SeerTebul
Statebs kvlav pativs cemen msoflioSi da mimarTaven mas xel-
mZRvanelobisTvis... Cven gvindoda Cveni qveynis Secvla, amis
magivrad ki msoflio SevcvaleT. qveynebi mTel msoflioSi ax-
la mimarTaven Tavisufal bazrebs da sityvis Tavisuflebas,
vinaidan ideologiur warsuls CamoSordnen... demokratia
uzarmazari sikeTea _ mas udidesi produqtiuloba gaaCnia... am
aTwleulSi Cven didi gza gaviareT, da erTad viyaviT boboqar
zRvaSi. bolos da bolos Cven erTad uaxlovdebiT daniSnule-
bas... da me SemiZlia vTqva, rom Cven SevcvaleT mdgomareoba.~
[1, 483] da marTlac, reiganis winaswarmetyveleba maleve axda _
daiSala socializmis msoflio sistema da sabWoTa kavSiri.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. v. nanitaSvili, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis aswliani is-
toria, Tbilisi, 2002.
2. l. avaliSvili, ronald reigani da „varskvlavuri omebis
programa~, ronald reigani da 1980-iani wlebis amerika,
Tbilisi, 2005.
3. z. bardaveliZe, reigani _ miTi da realoba, ronald reiga-
ni da 1980-iani wlebis amerika, Tbilisi, 2005.
4. Э. Иванян, Рональд Рейган – Хроника жизни и времени, Москва, 1991.
5. z. abaSiZe, civi omi _ warsuli Tu dRevandeloba?, Tbilisi,
2009.
6. Kissinger, `iplomacy~, 1995. 7. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sdi.
253
Tamar Darchia Georgian Technical University, Master of the Business – Engineering faculty
„Star Wars“ – Beginning of the Disarmament Process Between the United States of America and the Soviet Union
Summary
This article analyzes the US government program that implied ground-
and space-based systems to protect the nation from attack by strategic ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The ambitious initiative was "widely criticized as being unrealistic, even unscientific" as well as for threatening to destabilize MAD and re-ignite "an offensive arms race".
On March 23, 1983, Reagan gave a speech on “peace and national security~ which was broadcast nationwide. With this speech Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), popularly referred to as “Star Wars~.
Of course, preserving deterrence was not the only purpose of the program and it would be also incorrect to regard SDI as a ridiculous “Reagan fantasy~, in fact it supported national security, put the Soviet Union under technological, psychological and economic pressure and established an entirely new type of relationship between America and the Soviet Union.
Politically and diplomatically “Star Wars~ was successful. It brought Russians back to the strategic -arms talks, they had abandoned.
Judging from historical perspective, it should be mentioned, that the program achieved the ultimate goal of eliminating the threat posed by strategic nuclear missiles, nuclear war was prevented, and the first strategic weapons reduction treaty was signed shortly after the proposal of SDI. Moreover, relations between the Soviet Union and America improved significantly.
254
xaTuna qoqraSvili
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-
isa da eTnologiis institutis axali
da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobis ZiriTadi
momentebi
saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebs safuZveli Caeyara XX
s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, rodesac 1992 wels saqarTve-
lo SeuerTda natos postsabWoTa qveynebTan urTierTobis spe-
cialur programas da mis farglebSi Seqmnil (1991 wlis dekem-
beri) Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos (NACC). sa-qarTvelosTvis, romelmac is-is iyo aRidgina saxelmwifo su-
vereniteti, Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWosTan,
da saerTod, natos struqturebTan urTierToba warmoadgenda
dasavlur samyarosTan daaxloebis da demokratiul faseulo-
bebTan ziarebis, evro-atlantikur sivrceSi integraciis, qvey-
nis usafrTxoebis, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis Senar-
Cunebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes gzas.[3] 1994 wlidan saqar-
Tvelo SeuerTda natos programas `partnioroba mSvidobis-
Tvis~ (PfP - Parntnership for Peace), ris Semdegac iwyeba nato-saqar-
Tvelos mWidro TanamSromloba.
saqarTvelos kontaqtebi natosTan gansakuTrebiT gaaqti-
urda `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdgom. qveynis axali xelisuf-
lebis mier mkafiod ganisazRvra sagareo politikis ZiriTadi
prioriteti _ saqarTvelos evropul da evro-atlantikur
struqturebSi integracia.[12, 250-251] 2004 wlis 29 oqtombers
natos umaRlesma organom Crdiloatlantikurma sabWom (NAC)
daamtkica saqarTvelos `individualuri partniorobis samoq-
medo gegma~ (IPAP), ramac saqarTvelosa da natos Soris urTi-
erTobebi kidev ufro intensiuri gaxada. aRsaniSnavia, rom sa-
qarTvelo iyo pirveli saxelmwifo, romelTanac aliansma daiw-
yo `individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~. natosTan
Tavsebadobis umTavresi pirobebia: qveynis demokratiuli gan-
viTarebis Seuqcevadi kursi, saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis
255
mdgradoba da gamWvirvaloba, ekonomikis sabazro principebiT
marTva, sasamarTlo sistemis damoukidebloba da, ra Tqma un-
da, natos standartebis Sesaferi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna.
`individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~ (IPAP) gulis-
xmobda saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebis da saxelmwifoeb-
rivi ganviTarebis kursis zemoTxsenebuli mimarTulebiT war-
marTvas. 2005 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT
Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia, romelsac daevala individualuri
partniorobis samoqmedo gegmis (IPAP) Sesrulebis kontroli
da uwyebaTaSorisi koordinireba. [28]
2006 wels saqarTvelo natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxebze
intensiuri dialogis fazaze gadavida. 2006 wlis 26-30 maiss
parizSi natos saparlamento asambleam aliansis wevri saxel-
mwifoebis xelisuflebebs specialuri deklaraciiT mouwoda,
rom dawyebuliyo saqarTvelosTan natoSi gawevrianebis sakiT-
xebze intensiuri dialogis procesi. 2006 wlis 21 seqtembers
ki, niu-iorkSi, natos wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa minis-
trebis araformalur Sexvedraze aliansma miiRo gadawyveti-
leba saqarTvelosTan daewyo `intensiuri dialogi gawevriane-
bis sakiTxebze~ (ID-Intensified Dialogue on Membership Issues). natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxebze intensiuri dialogi
aris mniSvnelovani nabiji qveynis partniorobis formatidan
wevrobis kandidatis formatze gadasasvlelad. es aris alian-
ssa da saqarTvelos Soris ormxrivi TanamSromloba, romlis
ZiriTadi mizania, moamzados safuZveli saqarTvelos natoSi
`gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze~, anu MAP-is (Membership Action Plan), fazaze gadasasvlelad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, ukve, 2006 wlis 27-28 noembers rigaSi
gamarTuli natos samiti Seexo makedoniis, ukrainisa da saqar-
Tvelos natoSi SesaZlo gawevrianebis Temas. natos samitze sa-
qarTvelo da ukraina erT konteqstSi ganixileboda. rigis sa-
mitze natos generaluri mdivnis, iap de hoop sxeferis gancxa-
debiT: `saqarTvelos grZeli gza aqvs gasavleli natosTan in-
tegraciis Semdgom etapze gadasasvlelad, Tumca es saqarTve-
los gardauvali momavalia…... pirveli, rasac saqarTvelo na-
tosgan unda elodos, teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi aliansis
sruli pativiscemaa.~[29] `... nato mxars uWers saqarTvelos te-
ritoriul mTlianobas. Cven unda davexmaroT mas intensiuri
dialogis farglebSi reformebis ganxorcielebaSi~.[12, 253; 30]
256
saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis sakiTxze gansakTrebuli
mxardaWera igrZnoboda aSS-isa da latviis delegaciebisgan.
saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebTan mrgval magidasTan gamarTul
Sexvedraze maTi mxridan aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelos natoSi ga-
wevrianebis sakiTxebze intensiuri dialogi warmatebiT mimdi-
nareobda, rac uaxloes momavalSi mas myar safuZvels Seuqmni-
da aliansSi `gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze~ (MAP _ Member-ship Action Plan) gadasasvlelad.[13]
rigis samitze miRebuli deklaraciis 39-e punqti saqar-
Tvelos daeTmo: `mivesalmebiT saqarTvelosTan intensiuri di-
alogis dawyebas, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos wvlils saerTa-
Soriso samSvidobo da usafrTxoebis kuTxiT Catarebul ope-
raciebSi. Cven kvlavac aqtiurad davuWerT mxars saqarTvelos
reformebis gatarebis procesSi. movuwodebT saqarTvelos, ga-
nagrZos winsvla politikuri, ekonomikuri, da samxedro re-
formebis, aseve sasamarTlo sistemis reformirebis da qveynis
teritoriaze arsebuli konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebis
kuTxiT.[12, 254; 30]
saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis intensiurma xasiaTma
ruseTis xelisuflebisa da politikuri wreebis gansakuTrebu-
li gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis
daZabva mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos evro-atlan-
tikur miswrafebebs da am sakiTxSi natosa da misi wevri saxel-
mwifoebis mxardaWeras. ruseTisTvis mtkivneuli aRmoCnda imis
gacnobiereba, rom saqarTvelo suverenuli saxelmwifoa da mi-
si evro-atlantikuri sivrcisken miswrafeba myari da Seuqceva-
di procesia. 2005 wels ruseTis mxriv calmxrivad Sewyda saha-
ero mimosvla saqarTvelosTan, SeizRuda vaWroba. 2006 wels
aRiniSna ruseTidan qarTvelebis masStaburi deportaciis faq-
tebi da a.S.
2007 wlis martSi saqarTveloSi natos generaluri mdiv-
nis TanaSemwe Jan furnie estumra. Sexvedra, natos zamTris
skolis egidiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciis `saqarTvelo na-
toSi~ iniciativiT moewyo. natos generaluri mdivnis TanaSem-
wem yuradReba gaamaxvila konfliqtebis Tematikaze, Seexo sa-
qarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebsac. Jan furniem ruseTis el-
Cis gancxadebas, TiTqos saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba uar-
yofiTad imoqmedebda afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaze, `ru-
suli diplomatiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli pozicia~
257
uwoda. man mxareebs mouwoda arsebuli daZabuli viTarebis
mSvid da konstruqciul viTarebaSi gadawyveta, amasTanave, xa-
zi gausva, rom Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi yovelTvis mxars
dauWers saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas [14].
2006 wlis bolodan da 2007 wlis ivlisis CaTvliT, inten-
siuri dialogis farglebSi, natos-s Stab-binaSi saqarTvelos
delegaciasa da natos saerTaSoriso samsaxurs Soris, gaimar-
Ta konsultaciebis ramdenime raundi adamianis uflebebis da
erovnuli umciresobebis, kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebis,
energousafrTxoebis, konfliqtebis mogvarebis, terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZolis, samarTlebriv, ekonomikur usafrTxoebis,
resursebis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebis istoriaSi udavod
mniSvnelovani faqti gaxldaT, 2007 wlis oqtomberSi, natos
generaluri mdivnis iap de hoop sxeferis saqarTveloSi vizi-
ti. vizitis farglebSi ganixiles sakiTxi saqarTvelos natoSi
gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmaze anu `MAP~-is fazaze gadasas-
vlis Sesaxeb. iap de hoop sxeferma ganacxada, rom `natos ga-
farToeba Seuqcevadi procesia, Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs,
rom axali wevrebisTvis misi kari avtomaturad gaiReba.~ man
ganmarta, rom `MAP~-ze saqarTvelos gadasvla natos 26 wevri
qveynis politikuri molaparakebebisa da diskusiis Sedegad
unda moxdes [15].
MAP-is miniWeba uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo sa-
qarTvelos usafrTxoebisTvis. misi ganxilva natos buqarestis
samitis farglebSi daigegma, romelic 2008 wlis 2-4 aprils
unda gamarTuliyo. saqarTvelos prezidentma da mTavrobam na-
tos wevri qveynebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad araerTi mola-
parakeba da Sexvedra gamarTa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos evro-atlantikur sivrce-
Si integracias mxari dauWira qveynis politikuri speqtris
mniSvnelovanma nawilma: 2007 wels gaformda saqarTvelos par-
lamentis fraqciebis da politikuri partiebis memorandumi
saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis mxardaWris Sesaxeb. saqar-
Tvelos natoSi gawevrianebas miemxro saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
bis absoluturi umravlesoba. 2008 wlis 5 ianvars sapreziden-
to arCevnebis paralelurad aliansSi gawevrianebis Taobaze
plebisciti Catarda. kiTxvas, `gsurT Tu ara, rom saqarTvelo
gaxdes Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis (nato) sruluflebiani
258
wevri~, plebiscitis monawileTa 77,5%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gas-
ca. am Sedegma naTelyo, rom saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba
ara mxolod xelisuflebis mizania, aramed es qarTveli xalxis
absoluturi umravlesobis arCevanicaa.[12, 275]
2008 wlis 3 marts, saqarTvelos prezidentma varSavaSi
Tavis polonel kolegasTan lex kaCinskisTan erTobliv konfe-
renciaze ganacxada, rom misi mizania farTo koaliciis Seqmna,
romelic mxars dauWers 5 aprilis samitze, buqarestSi saqar-
Tvelosa da ukrainisTvis natos wevrobis samoqmedo gegmis
(MAP) damtkicebas: `...buqarestSi... SeiZleba sabolood dafiq-
sirdes ukrainis da saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis Seuqceva-
doba _ es aris Sansi imisa, rom ukraina da saqarTvelo gaxdnen
natos wevrobis oficialuri kandidatebi. Cven gvrCeba 4 kvira
imisaTvis, rom yvela davarwmunoT am istoriuli nabijis ga-
dadgmis aucileblobaSi. saqarTvelosTvis nato niSnavs dabru-
nebas mSobliur saxlSi, integrirebas msoflios istoriaSi yve-
laze mZlavr samxedro-politikur aliansSi, aqtiur monawile-
obas am aliansis saqmianobaSi da ra Tqma unda, Cveni wili
usafrTxoebis garantiebis miRebas Cven Zalian rTul region-
Si... Cemi vizitis ZiriTadi mizani am etapze aris saqarTvelos
integraciisTvis farTo koaliciis Seqmna. poloneTi aris am
koaliciis wamyvani wevri, im qveynebis lideri, romlebic evro-
paSi mxars gviWeren Cven natoSi integraciis sakiTxSi.~[16]
2008 wlis 3 aprils buqarestis samitze aliansis dekla-
raciaSi Caiwera, rom nato miesalmeba saqarTvelosa da ukrai-
nis evro-atlantikur ltolvas. natos liderebma miiRes ga-
dawyvetileba, rom saqarTvelo gaxdeba natos wevri qveyana.[17]
Tumca amjerad, nato-m saqarTvelosa da ukrainisTvis MAP-is
miniWebaze Tavi Seikava da es sakiTxi 2008 wlis dekembrisTvis
gadado. miuxedavad MAP-is miniWebis gadadebisa, buqarestis
samitze (2008 wlis 2-4 aprili) ganviTarebuli procesebi sa-
qarTvelosTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo. qveyanam miiRo doku-
menti, romelSic aliansis mxriv saqarTvelos natoSi gawevria-
nebisTvis mzaoba Riad dafiqsirda. saqarTvelom miiRo ocam-
de natos wevri qveynis motivirebuli mxardaWera. [17]
buqarestis samitis gadawyvetilebis Semdeg ruseT-saqar-
Tvelos urTierTobebi kidev ufro daiZaba. 2008 wlis 5 maiss
saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis
sakiTxTa droebiTma komisiam gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, romli-
259
Tac Seecada saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis qveynebis da saer-
TaSoriso organizaciebis yuradReba miepyro saqarTvelos mi-
marT ruseTis mzardi agresiulobisTvis. komisiis SefasebiT,
afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ruseTis amgvari qmedebebis
mizani iyo, separatistuli reJimebis mxardaWera da saqarTve-
los natoSi integraciisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva: `... gansa-
kuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia ruseTis federaciis (romelic amave
dros Suamavalia konfliqtis mxareebs Soris) qmedebebi, rom-
lebic ... erTmniSvnelovnad aRiqmeba agresiuli separatizmis
mxardaWerad.
ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos centralur xeli-
suflebasTan SeuTanxmeblad da misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod uvi-
zo reJimis daweseba saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris afxazeTisa
da e.w. samxreT oseTis monakveTebze, afxazeTsa da yofil sam-
xreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqa-
laqeebisaTvis ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeobis miniWeba, af-
xazeTSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis ukanono privatizacia, ruse-
Tis federaciis xelisuflebis bolodroindeli gadawyvetile-
bebi ... afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqis separatistul anklavebTan pirdapiri kontaqtebis dam-
yarebis Taobaze, oficialur pirTa gancxadebebi, rom saWiroe-
bis SemTxvevaSi, daicaven am teritoriebze ruseTis moqalaqee-
bis interesebs, ... samSvidobo Zalebis damatebiTi kontingen-
tis Semoyvana afxazeTSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sruli
ugulebelyofis fonze, calsaxad aRiqmeba afxazeTis _ saqar-
Tvelos ganuyofeli nawilis faqtobrivi aneqsiis mcdelobad.
... saqarTvelos parlamentis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdge-
nis sakiTxTa droebiT komisia mTlianad eTanxmeba saerTaSo-
riso TanamegobrobaSi damkvidrebul azrs imis Taobaze, rom
ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebis bolodroindeli araadek-
vaturi qmedebebi, romlebic safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba kon-
fliqtis mxareebs Soris Suamavalis funqciis Sesrulebas, gan-
pirobebulia dasavleTis mier kosovos damoukideblobis cno-
biTa da saqarTvelo-ukrainis Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi ga-
erTianebisken miswrafebiT. kremlis mcdelobebi daufaravad
aris mimarTuli iqeTken, rom yvela arsebuli saSualebebiT Se-
ewinaaRmdegos da ar dauSvas maTi NATO-Si gawevrianeba.... ko-
misia moelis, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, gaero, saqar-
Tvelos megobari qveynebis wevri saxelmwifoebi, euTo, evro-
260
kavSiri, NATO ar miscemen viTarebis eskalaciiT dainterese-
bul Zalebs TavianTi zraxvebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis saSuale-
bas.~[18]
ruseTis mxridan kvlav gagrZelda saqarTvelos suvereni-
tetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli in-
cindentebi: ruseTis samxedro-sahaero Zalebis mier, araer-
Txel dairRva saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce da ganxorcielda
samxedro agresiis aqti; ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriaze
(afxazeTSi) saerTaSoriso normebisa da qveynis suverenitetis
ugulebelyofiT Semoiyvana regularuli samxedro nawilebi
– e. w. sarkinigzo Zalebi da daiwyo samxedro infrastruqtu-
ris mSenebloba. man konfliqtis zonaSi ganaTavsa sadesanto
nawilebi, mZime teqnika da iseTi tipis SeiaraReba, romelic ar
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli samSvidobo operaciis formatiT da a.S.
2008 wlis 11 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma am faqte-
bis Taobaze mimarTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis, saerTaSo-
riso organizaciebisa da partniori qveynebis parlamentebs.
mimarTvaSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis qmede-
bebi aferxebs qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da osebs
Soris ndobis aRdgenisa da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvare-
bis process, xdeba konfliqtebis Semdgomi eskalacia da saf-
rTxe eqmneba stabilurobas mTel regionSi. saqarTvelos par-
lamenti miuTiTebda, rom ruseTis federacia iyo konfliqtis
mxare da miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos teritoriebis (afxaze-
Tisa da cxinvalis regionis) samxedro okupacias da aneqsias.
saqarTvelos parlamenti TxovniT mimarTavda saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobas, saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da partniori
qveynebis parlamentebs: mkacri Sefaseba miecaT ruseTis fede-
raciis agresiuli qmedebebisTvis; Sesabamisi politikuri da
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebiT aRekveTad misi
mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT SesaZlo pirdapiri samxedro ag-
resia.[18]
ruseTis federaciis agresiulma politikam kulminacias
2008 wlis agvistoSi miaRwia, rodesac saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos sazRvrebSi SemoWrilma ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma su-
verenuli saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze ganxorcieles Seia-
raRebuli agresia.
dRes sruliad cxadia, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos SeiaraRe-
buli konfliqtis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori saqarTve-
261
los Crdiloatlantikur aliansTan daaxloebis miswrafeba
iyo. ukrainisa da saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT natos gafarTo-
ebas ruseTis federaciis politikuri elita qveynis erovnuli
interesebis sawinaaRmdegod miiCnevda. 2008 wlis 8 oqtombers
agvistos movlenebis Sesaxeb ruseTis prezidentma dimitri
medvedevma safrangeTis qalaq evianSi gamarTul maRali donis
konferenciaze natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb Semdegi gancxadeba
gaakeTa: `saqarTvelosa da ukrainis natoSi miRebis sakiTxi ru-
seTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nabijia. dRes aqtiurad ganixile-
ba natoSi saqarTvelosa da ukrainis miRebis sakiTxi... aliansi
Tavis samxedro infrastruqturas Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs uax-
lovebs da axal gamyof xazebs avlebs evropaSi, axla ukve Cvens
dasavleT da samxreT sazRvrebze. sakmaod bunebrivia, rom ...
Cven ganvixilavT am qmedebebs, rogorc Cven winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tuls.~[24]
es Tema Riad gaJRerda agvistos movlenebidan ramodeni-
me wlis Semdegac, 2011 wlis 23 noembers, vladikavkazSi, ruse-
Tis 58-e armiis StabSi (swored is armia, romelmac gansakuTre-
buli roli Seasrula 2008 wlis agvistos SeiaraRebul agresi-
aSi) ruseTis prezidentma dimitri medvedevma oficrebTan sa-
ubrisas aRniSna, rom 2008 wlis omma natos postsabWoTa siv-
rceSi Semdgomi gafarToebis gegmebi CaSala: `2008 wels Cven
rom SevmkrTaliyaviT, geopolitikuri mowyoba axla sul sxva
iqneboda da mTeli rigi is qveynebi, romelTa Crdiloatlanti-
kur aliansSi SeTrevas xelovnurad cdilobdnen, ukve iq iqne-
bodnen.~ [19] imave dRes, donis rostovSi JurnalistebTan Sex-
vedrisas dimitri medvedevma es azri kvlav daadastura: `... es,
ra Tqma unda, Zalian rTuli gverdi iyo Cvens uaxles istoria-
Si, magram, samwuxarod, absoluturad aucilebeli. maSin ruse-
Tis aseTma principulma moqcevam, saboloo jamSi, is situacia
mogvitana, rom Cven garSemo, miuxedavad garkveuli sirTulee-
bisa, axla ufro mSvidi situaciaa, vidre iyo. zogierTi mezo-
beli Cven, ubralod, davamSvideT, vaCveneT ra, rom sworad un-
da moiqcnen ruseTTanac da mezobel patara saxelmwifoebTa-
nac. xolo zogierTi Cveni partniorisTvis, maT Soris Crdilo-
atlantikuri aliansisTvis es iyo signali, rom vidre gafar-
Toebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes, geopolitikur sta-
bilurobaze unda ifiqros. es aris ZiriTadi gakveTilebi imi-
sa, rac 2008 wels xdeboda.~ [19]
262
medvedevis gancxadebebi naTlad metyvelebs, rom 2008
wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli konfliqti
ruseTis federacias Zalis demonstraciisTvis sWirdeboda. sa-
qarTvelos teritoriebis dakavebiT, afxazeTsa da samxreT
oseTSi samxedro bazebis ganTavsebiT, man msoflios samxreT
kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis aqtualoba uCvena da amiT pro-
testi gamoxata NATO-s am mimarTulebiT gafarToebis survi-
lis gamo.
rogor ganviTarda nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
2008 wlis agvistos cnobili movlenebis Semdeg?
2008 wlis 12 agvistos, briuselSi, Crdiloatlantikuri
aliansis Stab-binaSi gaimarTa nato-saqarTvelos Sexvedra ru-
seT-saqarTvelos Soris mimdinare SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
sakiTxebze.[3; 4] SeTanxmdnen, daxmareba gaewiaT saqarTvelos-
Tvis. Sexvedraze miiRes gadawyvetileba nato-saqarTvelos ko-
misiis (NGC) Seqmnis Taobaze, romelic zedamxedvelobas gau-
wevda buqarestis samitze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxor-
cielebas da Tvals miadevnebda saqarTvelos daxmarebis Ro-
nisZiebebs. 21-22 agvistos Sedga natos warmomadgenelTa 15 ka-
ciani jgufis viziti saqarTveloSi ruseTis federaciis Seia-
raRebuli Zalebis samxedro qmedebebiT gamowveuli zaralis
adgilze Sefasebis mizniT; amave dReebSi saqarTveloSi samuSao
vizitiT imyofeboda kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi natos ge-
neraluri mdivnis specialuri warmomadgeneli robert simon-
si.
2008 wlis 15-16 seqtembers saqarTvelos oficialurad
ewvia Crdiloatlantikuri sabWo (NAC) da natos generaluri
mdivani. gaimarTa Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos Sexvedra saqar-
Tvelos prezidentTan da misi kabinetis wevrebTan. vizitis Se-
degad, 2008 wlis 15 seqtembers, daarsda nato-saqarTvelos
komisia. amave dRes mxareebma xeli moaweres nato-saqarTvelos
komisiis damfuZnebel CarCo dokuments da Catarda komisiis
pirveli sxdoma. gakeTda erToblivi gancxadeba presisTvis, sa-
dac aliansis wevrebma kvlav daadastures saqarTvelos suve-
renitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWera da dagmes
ruseTis federaciis gadawyvetileba, samxreT oseTisa da afxa-
zeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, dafiqsirda
natos mtkice neba, gaagrZelos saqarTvelos daxmareba refor-
mebis gaRrmavebisa da maTi Seuqcevadobis mimarTulebiT. [18]
263
preskonferenciaze natos generalurma mdivanma iaap de hoop
sxeferma ganacxada: `...nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobaze... ag-
vistoSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma ...gavlena ar unda moaxdi-
nos. aliansis 26 wevrs sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs yovelive amis
mimarT. Cven srulad vuWerT mxars im gadawyvetilebas, rome-
lic safrangeTis monawileobiT iyo miRweuli. ... nato da ev-
rokavSiri erT poziciaze dganan. nato ar miiswrafvis politi-
kuri profilisaken. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, procesSi aq-
tiuradaa Cabmuli evrokavSiri.~'[10]
2008 wlis 15 seqtembers nato-saqarTvelos komisiis (NGC - NATO Georgia Commission) daarseba saqarTvelosa da natos ur-
TierTobebSi kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. komisias
mieniWa mTavari sazedamxedvelo funqcia natos buqarestis sa-
mitze dawyebuli procesis warmarTvaSi. saqarTvlos saSualeba
mieca nato-saqarTvelos komisiis (NGC) farglebSi aliansTan
politikuri konsultaciebi awarmoos da miiRos daxmareba
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.
2008 wlis 3 dekembers, natos Stab-binaSi gaimarTa nato-
saqarTvelos komisiis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis Sexvedra.
maTi gadawyvetilebiT, alianss maqsimalurad unda gaeaqtiure-
bina saqarTvelosTan TanamSromloba nato-saqarTvelos komi-
siis farglebSi. nato-saqarTvelos komisiis egidiT, aliansis
wevrTa sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi SeTanmdnen, rom saqarTve-
lo SeimuSavebs `wliur erovnul programas~ (ANP - Annual National Programme), romelSic asaxuli iqneba saqarTvelos gan-
viTarebis mokle da grZelvadiani strategia. wliuri erovnul
programa moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: qveyanaSi demokratiis gan-
viTareba, cvlilebebi Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoebSi,
ekonomikis ganmtkiceba; ganaTlebis da mecnierebis, garemos
dacvis, demokratiuli institutebis gaZliereba; Tavisufali
da demokratiuli saparlamento, saprezidento da adgilobri-
vi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Catareba; ekonomikisa Tu so-
cialur sferoSi gatarebuli cvlilebebi; korufciasTan
brZolis gagrZeleba; sasamarTlos, policiis, samxedro da ga-
naTlebis reformebi da sxva. mokavSireebi SeTanxmdnen, rom
moxdeba ANP-s yovelwliurad Sefaseba, rac xels Seuwyobs sa-
qarTvelos reformebis warmatebiT gatarebaSi.
ANP aris erovnuli dokumenti da misi SemuSavebisas na-
tosgan raime formalur Tanxmobas ar saWiroebs, dokumentis
264
proeqts saqarTvelo alianss wlis dasawyisSi warudgens. ANP aris saqarTvelosa da natos Soris praqtikuli TanamSromlo-
bis mniSvnelovani meqanizmi, romelic saqarTvelos daexmareba
kidev ufro gaaRrmavos demokratiuli reformebi, daaCqaros
natoSi interaciisa da aliansis standartebTan miaxlovebis
procesi. programis SemuSaveba da ganxilva mimdinareobs nato-
saqarTvelos komisiis farglebSi.[26] wliuri erovnuli prog-
rama MAP-is mqone yvela saxelmwifom gaiara gawevrianebis
procesSi. mniSvnelovania misi Sesruleba, raTa qveyana Tana-
medrove, Zlier, evropuli tipis saxelmwifod Camoyalibdes.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009 wels saqarTvelom warmatebiT Se-
asrula pirveli wliuri erovnuli programa (ANP). 2009 wlis
ministerialze natos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi miesalmnen
saqarTvelos progress, romelsac man ANP-s farglebSi gaTva-
liswinebuli reformebis rig sferoebSi miaRwia, dadebiTad
Sefasda individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegmidan
(IPAP) wliur erovnul programaze (ANP) saqarTvelos gadas-
vla. maT saqarTvelos samTavrobo struqturebs reformebis
koordinaciisTvis efeqturi meqanizmis Seqmna urCies.
amgvarad, saqarTvelos ukve gaaCnia metad mniSvnelovani
instrumentebi natos standartebis misaRwevad, kerZod, nato-
saqarTvelos komisia (NGC) da wliuri erovnuli programa
(ANP). aliansis mier nato-saqarTvelos komisiis (NGC) muSao-
bisa da wliuri erovnuli programis (ANP) Sesrulebis Sefase-
bebiT, saqarTvelo 2008 wlis Semdeg warmatebulad da efeqtu-
rad iyenebs am instrumentebs.
saqarTvelos natoSi integraciis procesis Seuqcevadoba
dadasturda 2009 wlis aprilSi natos saiubileo samitze miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebebiT, romliTac aliansis wevrma qveynebma
kidev erTxel aRiares buqarestis samitis valdebulebebi. na-
to-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, 2010 wlis 1 oqtombers saqarTveloSi
natos generaluri mdivnis anders fog rasmusenis oficialuri
viziti, romlis farglebSi saqarTveloSi gaixsna natos same-
kavSireo ofisi (xelmZRvaneli _ zbignev ribacki). saqarTvelo-
Si aliansis warmomadgenlobis gaxsnam naTlad warmoaCina is
gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi, rac buqarestis samitis Sem-
deg saqarTvelo-natos Soris Camoyalibda.[25]
265
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis Tvalsaz-
risiT mniSvnelovani iyo, 2010 wlis 16 noembers, natos sapar-
lamento asambleis mier miRebuli rezolucia. rezoluciis
Tanaxmad ruseTis jarebis yofna saqarTvelos teritoriaze
Sefasda, rogorc 2008 wlis agvistos evrokavSiris cecxlis
Sewyvetis xelSekrulebis darRveva da damoukidebeli qveynis
teritoriis okupacia. natos saparlamento asambleam oficia-
lurad cno ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacia da okupire-
buli regionebis mosaxleobis gandevna eTnowmendis gziT.
buqarestis samitis gadawvetileba ganmeorda da gan-
mtkicda, 2010 wlis 19-20 noembers, q. lisabonSi natos samitze.
lisabonis samitze miRebul aliansis axal strategiul kon-
cefciasa da deklaraciaSi kvlav aRiniSna, rom saqarTvelo
gaxdeba natos wevri. ruseTs mtkiced moeTxova cecxlis Sew-
yvetis xelSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba da
saqarTvelos regionebis _ samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis da-
moukideblad aRiarebis Secvla.[25]
msoflio usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebaSi wvlilis Setanis
mizniT, saqarTvelom, Tavis mxriv, mxari dauWira natos samSvi-
dobo da antiteroristul operacias „aqtiuri Zalisxmeva~
(Active Endeavour) da monawileoba miiRo avRaneTSi mimidinare
ISAF-is (International Security Assistance Force) operaciaSi. natos
egidiT mimdinare kosovos samSvidobo operaciaSi, 1999 wlidan
2008 wlamde, Turquli batalionis SemadgenlobaSi pirveli
qarTuli samSvidobo oceuli, xolo 2003 wlidan, ki germanuli
brigadis SemadgenlobaSi erTi qarTuli aseuli iRebda monawi-
leobas. 2004 wels qarTuli kontigenti monawileobda avRaneT-
Si usafrTxoebis damxmare saerTaSoriso Zalebis (ISAF) opera-
ciaSi. saprezidento arCevnebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT, samSvidobo misias q. qabulSi asrulebda saqarTvelos
50 samxedro mosamsaxure. usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis saq-
meSi natos samSvidobo operaciebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
lobis gamo, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam 2009 wlis noemberSi
avRaneTSi safrangeTis sardlobis daqvemdebarebaSi gagzavna
erTi saxmeleTo aseuli, xolo 2010 wlis martSi amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis sardlobis daqvemdebarebaSi 1 batalioni.[27]
2011 wlis 14-15 aprilis natos berlinis ministerialis
farglebSi saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, grigol
vaSaZem, monawileoba miiRo natos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa
266
da ISAF-is monawile natos arawevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo
saqmeTa ministrebis SexvedraSi. Sexvedraze man isaubra avRa-
neTSi dawyebuli gardamavali etapis politikur mniSvneloba-
ze, mxari dauWira aliansis samxedro komitetis rekomendacias
operaciis me-4 fazaSi (gardamavali etapi) gadasvlis Taobaze
da daadastura qarTuli mxaris mzadyofna mokavSireebTan er-
Tad daicvas evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoeba.[20]
2011 wlis 15 aprils, saqarTvelosa da natos Soris Ta-
namSromlobis prioritetebis ganxilvis mizniT, berlinSi, sa-
gareo saqmeTa ministrebis doneze, nato-saqarTvelos komisiis
sxdoma Sedga. miiRes erToblivi gancxadeba, romliTac: `...na-
to-saqarTvelos komisiis ministrebma daadastures nato-sa-
qarTvelos komisiisa da yovelwliuri erovnuli programis
wamyvani roli buqarestis samitze dawyebuli procesis zedam-
xedvelobaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, isini miesalmnen saqarTveloSi
natos samekavSireo ofisis gaxsnas, romelic gaaZlierebs ali-
ansis mier saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebis daxmarebas da
mxardaWeras.
natos ministrebma gansakuTrebuli madliereba gamoxates
evro-atlantikur usafrTxoebaSi saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani
wvlilis, maT Soris ... damxmare saerTaSoriso Zalebis opera-
ciaSi saqarTvelos, rogorc natos ara wevri ... monawilis Za-
lisxmevis gawevis gamo. maT madloba gadauxades aRniSnul ope-
raciaSi monawile yvela qarTvel samxedro mosamsaxures da
Rrma mwuxareba gamoTqves am misiaSi daRupuli da daWrili
qarTveli jariskacebis ojaxebis mimarT. natos ministrebi mie-
salmnen saqarTvelos gadawyvetilebas avRaneTSi damatebiTi
daxmarebis aRmoCenisa da operaciis „aqtiuri Zalisxmeva“ mxar-
daWeris Sesaxeb.
nato-saqarTvelos komisiis ministrebma gamoxates mzaoba
praqtikuli TanamSromlobis gasagrZeleblad, maT Soris usaf-
rTxoebis iseTi axali gamowvevebis sakiTxebze, rogoricaa te-
rorizmi, kibernetikuli da energetikuli usafrTxoebis ris-
kebi. maT daadastures mzadyofna nato-saqarTvelos urTier-
Tobis yvela doneze politikuri dialogis warmarTvis Taoba-
ze... natos ministrebi miesalmnen yovelwliuri erovnuli
programis ganxorcielebis procesSi saqarTvelos mier miRwe-
ul progress da saqarTvelos demokratiuli ganviTarebis po-
zitiur dinamikas.~ [21]
267
nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani momenti
iyo 2011 wlis 9-10 noembers, saqarTveloSi natos generaluri
mdivnis, anders fog rasmusenis xelmZRvanelobiT Crdiloat-
lantikuri sabWos viziti, romlis farglebSi Sexvedrebi gai-
marTa saqarTvelos prezidentTan, saqarTvelos parlamentis
TavmjdomaresTan, parlamentis wevrebTan, saqarTvelos premi-
er-ministrTan, sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan, universitetis
studentebTan da a. S. 9 noembers, TbilisSi, aliansis 28 wevri
qveynis mudmivma warmomadgenelma natos umaRlesi Tanamdebo-
bis pirebTan da saqarTvelos premier-ministrTan erTad nato-
saqarTvelos komisiis sxdoma gamarTes. sxdomaze miRebuli er-
Toblivi gancxadebiT, 29 qveyana (28 natos wevri saxelmwifo
da saqarTvelo) miesalma saqarTvelos miRwevebs reformebis
procesSi. mokavSireebma kidev erTxel daadastures aliansis
uryevi mxardaWera saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da
suverenitetis mimarT, aRniSnes saqarTvelos afxazeTisa da
cxinvalis regionebis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad araRiare-
bis politikisadmi erTguleba, mouwodes ruseTs nakisri val-
debulebebis Sesrulebisken da yuradReba gaamaxviles saerTa-
Soriso damkvirveblebis saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Se-
uzRudavi gadaadgilebis aucileblobaze. erTobliv gancxade-
baSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom aliansi buqarestis samitis gadaw-
yvetilebis erTguli rCeba.
aliansis pozicia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobi-
sa da suverenitetis mimarT, kidev erTxel, naTlad gamoixata,
2011 wlis 14 noembers natos generaluri mdivanis gancxadeba-
Si, rom nato ar aRiarebs saqarTvelos regionSi, samxreT
oseTSi, 2011 wlis 13 noembers Catarebul arCevnebs: `amgvari
arCevnebis Catareba xels ar uwyobs saqarTveloSi arsebuli
viTarebis mSvidobian da saboloo daregulirebas. aliansi
kvlav adasturebs saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritori-
uli mTlianobisadmi srul mxardaWeras saerTaSorisod aRia-
rebul sazRvrebSi.~ aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wlis 26 agvistos
afxazeTSi Catarebuli arCevnebi natom analogiurad Seafasa.
2012 wlis maisSi dagegmilia Cikagos samiti, romelic sa-
qarTvelos natos gafarToebis procesis aqtualur sakiTxebs
Seexeba. amdenad, Cikagos samitamde, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-
bas iZens, 2011 wlis dekemberSi briuselSi gamarTuli natos
sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis sabWos Semajamebel komunikeSi
268
gaJRerebuli gancxadeba: „Cven madlobas vuxdiT Cvens partni-
or-pretendentebs: makedonias, bosnias da hercogovinas, Cer-
nogorias da saqarTvelos, mniSvnelovani saoperacio mxardWe-
risTvis, romelic maT natos aRmouCines.~ saqarTvelo pirve-
lad iqna moxseniebuli balkaneTis regionis MAP-is mqone qvey-
nebTan erTad. am qveynebis jgufs ewoda “aspiranti partniore-
bi~ da amiT moxda maTi gamoyofa natos “partniori~ qveynebis
didi jfufidan (37 saxelmwifo). am qveynebis diferencireba
moxda politikurad da ara iuridiulad, im niSniT, rom isini
warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul saxelmwifoebs, romlebic auci-
leblad gaxdebian aliansis wevrebi.[23] vice-premier ministris
giorgi baramiZis ganmartebiT, `...natom pirvelad uwoda saqar-
Tvelos „aspiranti~ anu partniori-pretendenti saxelmwifo, ...
es aris specifikuri termini, saqarTvelo natos aspiranti qve-
yana xdeba, anu saqarTvelo dajgufda im qveynebTan erTad,
romlebic manamde iyvnen aRiarebuli rogorc natoSi gawevria-
nebis gzaze myofi qveynebi, radgan maT hqondaT miRebuli
MAP. es niSnavs praqtikulad tolobis niSans. aliansSi Cveni
qveynis gawevrianebis instrumentebi, faqtiurad, utoldeba im
instrumentebs, romelic aqvT zemoT CamoTvlil saxelmwifo-
ebs~. [22]
amgvarad, evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoebis struqtureb-
Si integracia saqarTvelos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politi-
kis erT-erTi prioritetia. saqarTvelo usafrTxoebis da sta-
bilurobis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
natos aniWebs. natoSi gaerTianeba, amavdroulad, qveyanaSi de-
mokratiuli faseulobebis da marTvis demokratiuli sistemis
ganmtkicebas ganapirobebs.
nato-saqarTvelos integraciis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli
etapebi saqarTvelom ukve gaiara: 1994 wels saqarTvelo Seu-
erTda natos programas “partnioroba mSvidobisTvis~, 2002
wels saqarTvelom survili gamoTqva monawileoba mieRo natos
programaSi _ `individialuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~,
romelsac qveyana 2004 wels SeuerTda. 2006 wels dasrulda
`individialuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma~ da saqarTve-
lo gadavida aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis intensiuri
dialogis programaze. miuxedavad ruseT-saqarTvelos kon-
fliqtisa da Cveni teritoriebis okupaciisa, saqarTvelo
myarad dgas natoSi integraciis gzaze. rusuli agresiis Sem-
269
deg saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebi ase ganviTarda: wevrobis
samoqmedo gegemis nacvlad gadavediT intensiuri dialogis
reJimze, Seiqmna nato-saqarTvelos komisia, TbilisSi gaixsna
natos samekavSireo ofisi, natos maRalCinosnebis mxridan Se-
narCunebulia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da su-
verenitetis mxardamWeri terminologia, saqarTvelos terito-
riuli mTlianobisa da ruseTis mier 2008 wlis cecxlis Sew-
yvetis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis aucileblobis sa-
kiTxi mudmivad dgas nato-ruseTis dialogis dRis wesrigSi,
natosTan yovelwliuri erovnuli programebis safuZvelze
mimdinareobs samxedro da demokratiuli institutebis ganvi-
Tareba. nato-saqarTvelos komisiisa da wliuri erovnuli
programis farglebSi mimdinare demokratiuli reformebi,
efeqturi diplomatiuri muSaoba kidev ufro aRrmavebs ali-
ansTan saqarTvelos Tavsebadobas.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. http://www.nato.int 2. http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?title=nato 3. http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=88 4. http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=555 5. http://www.georgia.mid.ru/rg/rg_02.html 6. http://www.civil.ge/geo/ 7. http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-georgia/index-geor.html 8. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=90&lang_id=GEO 9. http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2007/11-november/e1128b.html 10. http://www.president.gov.ge/?l=G&m=0&sm=1&id=278 11. s. cincaZe, z. abaSiZe, j. samuSia, i. menaRariSvili, d. nar-
mania, b. quTelia, saqarTvelo-nato, sawyisebi, realoba,
perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 2007. 12. n. CitaZe, nato Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi msoflioSi
mSvidobisa da stabilurobis mTavari garanti, Tb., 2008. 13. http://www.nato.int/docu/other/ru/2006/pr06-150r.htm 14. www.opentext.ge/resonance. marti, 2007.
15. www.24saati.ge. 2 oqtomberi, 2007.
16. http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=17653 17. http://www.president.gov.ge/ge/PressOffice/News/Releases?p=3224&i=1
270
18. http://www.parliament.gov.ge 19. http://24saati.ge/index.php/category/news/2011-11-23/22100 20. http://www.mfa.gov.ge 21. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=454 22. http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/ 23. http://eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?que=geo/news&info 24. http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=19716 25. http://eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?que=geo/NATO_W_I_N/Geo_N_P 26. http://eu-nato.gov.ge/index.php?que=geo/G_A_N_G/ANP 27. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=453 28. http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=455 29. www.opentext.ge/resonance 30 noemberi, 2006. 30. www.nato.int. Materials of the Riga Summit. November, 2006.
Khatuna Kokrashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior Scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
The Main Points of NATO - Georgia Relations
Summary
On March 23, 1994, Georgia joined the Partnership for Peace (PFP)
programme; On November 21-22, 2002, at the NATO Summit in Prague, Georgia made a declaration on its aspiration to NATO membership and expressed its desire to take part in the new programme "Individual Partnership Action Plan"; On October 29, 2004, the North Atlantic Council of NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia and Georgia moved on to the so-called second stage of Euro-Atlantic integration. Georgia became the first country, which started implementing the IPAP.
On September 21, 2006 an informal meeting of the Ministers of For-eign Affairs of the NATO member-states was held in New-York, which adopted a decision to launch the Intensified Dialogue with Georgia on NATO membership issues. Georgia's accession to the Intensified Dialogue is a sig-
271
nificant step in terms of transition from the format of partnership to that of candidate for membership; On April 3, 2008 on Bucharest Summit the Alli-ance made decision that Georgia will become NATO member country; On September 15-16, 2008 frame document establishing NATO-Georgia Com-mission was signed during official visit of North Atlantic Council and NATO Secretary General to Georgia and first meeting of the Commission was held; On December 3, 2008 meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of NATO-Georgia Commission was held in NATO Headquarters, Brussels. NATO Ministers of Foreign Affairs made decision to further activate cooperation with Georgia through NATO-Georgia Commission. Annual National Pro-gram is being developed and discussed within the NATO-Georgia Commis-sion; On 1 October 2010 NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen visited Georgia. During the visit Secretary General officially inaugurated NATO Liaison Office in Tbilisi; On 16 November 2010, NATO Parliamen-tary Assembly adopted a Resolution on the Situation in Georgia. The Resolu-tion assessed the presence of Russian troops on the territory of Georgia as a violation of the EU-brokered Ceasefire Agreement of 12 August 2008 and an occupation of the territory of the sovereign country. NATO parliamentarians urged Russia "to reverse the results of ethnic cleansing" and allow the safe and dignified return of all internally displaced persons to their homes; Geor-gia has already successfully implemented its first ANP. Georgia perceives Annual National Programme as the practical tool for reflecting and imple-menting its strategy of advancing NATO-Georgia relations and getting closer to the NATO standards.
272
Temo jojua
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane
javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-
is instituti; xelnawerTa erovnuli
centri
Tbilisis (kalas) wm. Toma mociqulis
(kviracxovlis) eklesia (taZris adgilmdebareoba da istoria)
1
1. wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesiis adgilmdebareoba
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia, qarTul istoriografiaSi
damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Zveli Tbilisis erT-erTi
centraluri nawilis, istoriuli kalas teritoriaze, e. w. ze-
mo ubanSi, qalaqis CrdiloeTidan momzRudavi kedlis Soriax-
los, kviracxovlis quCaze mdebareobda, romelsac saxeli aq
aRmarTuli taZris (kviracxovlis) mixedviT hqonda Serqmeuli
[1, 24-25; 2, 593].
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis adgilmdebareoba sakmaod
zustad aris miTiTebuli ruseTis imperiis samxedro moxelis,
kapitan Cuikos mier Sedgenil qalaq Tbilisis 1800 wlis gegma-
ze, sadac taZari 34-e nomriT aris aRniSnuli. gegmaze Cans, rom
1 2011 wlis TebervalSi TianeTisa da fSav-xevsureTis eparqiis sofel
maRaroskaris yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiis winam-
ZRvarma, mRvdelma kaxaber mesxma daxmarebisaTvis mogvmarTa da
gvTxova, mogveZiebina masala Tbilisis (kalas) wm. Toma mociqulis
(kviracxovlis) eklesiis adgilmdebareobisa da istoriis Sesaxeb. Cven
SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT movuyareT Tavi sxvadasxva werilobiT
Zeglebsa Tu samecniero publikaciebSi gabneul cnobebs wm. Toma mo-
ciqulis eklesiis Sesaxeb, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi Tvalsazri-
siT davamuSaveT es arcTu mdidari werilobiTi masala, Sesrulebuli
samuSaoebis Sedegebs erTgvari samecniero gamokvlevis saxe miveciT
da es gamokvleva 2011 wlis aprilSi mRvdel kaxaber mesxs gadaveciT.
winamdebare naSromi swored am gamokvlevis mcired gadakeTebul va-
riants warmoadgens.
273
Tbilisis CrdiloeTi kedlis im monakveTis paralelurad, ro-
melic qalaqis Sua da qvemo karibWeebs1 Soris aris moqceuli,
sakmaod mokle, daaxloebiT, 150-200 metris sigrZis quCa mie-
marTeboda, romelic amaJamindel SoTa niSnianiZis (yofili si-
nodis, SemdgomSi miliciis (`miliceiskaia~), bolos ki ilia na-
kaSiZis) quCas emTxveva. xsenebul quCas mis, daaxloebiT, Sua
welze, jer samxreTisaken mimarTuli, xolo Semdeg aRmosavle-
Tisaken Sebrunebuli patara, daaxloebiT, 50 metris sigrZis
Cixi gamoeyofoda, romelic amJamindel SoTa niSnianiZis Cixs
Seesabameba. am Cixis kidura aRmosavleTi, daaxloebiT, 15-20
metriani monakveTis samxreTiT, gegmaze, savaraudod, oTxkuTxa
galavniT mozRuduli #34 nagebobaa aRniSnuli, romelic geg-
misaTvis darTuli rusulenovani eqsplikaciis teqstSi `wm. To-
ma mociqulis qarTul eklesiad~ aris saxeldebuli: `Грузинские церкви... 34. Святого апостола Фомы~ [1, 84, CanarTi].
garda amisa, qalaq Tbilisis 1800 wlis gegmaze garkveviT
Cans isic, rom #34 nagebobas anu wm. Toma mociqulis eklesias
samxreTiT dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken mimarTuli, daax-
loebiT, amJamindeli SoTa niSnianiZis quCis paralelurad mima-
vali kidev erTi quCa esazRvreboda [1, CanarTi]. es quCa amJa-
mindel ilia da nino nakaSiZeebis (yofili avlevis) quCas em-
Txveva, romelsac, aq mdebare wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxov-
lis) eklesiis saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, Tavdapirvelad,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, kviracxovlis, xolo mogviane-
biT, 1922 wlamde, Tomas quCa, igive `fominskaia~ an `fominaia~
ewodeboda [1, 24-25; 3, 196].
amrigad, kapitan Cuikos mier Sedgenili qalaq Tbilisis
1800 wlis gegmisa da misi rusulenovani eqsplikaciebis Seswav-
lis safuZvelze, dgindeba, rom wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxov-
lis) eklesia mdebareobda, erTi mxriv, amJamindeli SoTa niSni-
aniZis Cixis kidura aRmosavleT, daxloebiT, 15-20 metris sig-
rZis monakveTsa da meore mxriv, amJamindeli ilia da nino naka-
SiZeebis quCis Sesabamis monakveTs Soris anu daaxloebiT, im
adgilas, sadac dRes #191 sabavSvo baga-baRis Senoba (ilia da
nino nakaSiZeebis quCa, #26), baga-baRis kuTvnili ezo da am
1 Tbilisis Sua karibWe (igive diRmiskari) mdebareobda amJamindeli
nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da aleqsandre puSkinis quCebis Sesayarze,
xolo qvemo karibWe (igive wyliskari, dablakari) _ amave baraTaSvili-
sa da ioane SavTelis quCebis kuTxeSi [1, 5].
274
ezos CrdiloeTiT mdebare patara gamwvanebuli zonaa ganTav-
sebuli.
miRebuli daskvnis marTebulobas, rogorc Cans, mTlianad
adasturebs aRniSnuli teritoriis vizualuri daTvalierebis
Sedegebic. aq, baga-baRis ezos CrdiloeT nawilSi, romelic am-
Jamindeli SoTa niSnianiZis Cixis donidan, daaxloebiT, 2 met-
riT ufro qvemoT mdebareobs, TvalnaTliv ganirCeva aguriTa
da riyis qviT amoyvanili kedlis ramdenime metris sigrZis mo-
nakveTi, romelic, savaraudod, wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis an
taZris maxloblad mdebare romelime sxva nagebobis naSTs unda
warmoadgendes1.
1 winamdebare naSromis Tavdapirvel, mRvdeli kaxaber mesxisaTvis ga-
dacemul variantze muSaoba ukve dasrulebuli gvqonda, roca Jur-
nal `saqarTvelos siZvelenis~ 2010 wels dabeWdil me-14 nomerSi gave-
caniT maia manias statias `avlevis Sesaxvevis Zveli saxli da misi mik-
roubani~. mkvlevari dasaxelebul publikaciaSi sagangebod exeba wm.
Toma mociqulis eklesiis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxs. igi #191 sabav-
Svo baga-baRis kuTvnili ezos CrdiloeT nawilSi gamovlenili kedlis
monakveTs, aq gamoyenebuli samSeneblo masalisa da kedlis wyobis xa-
siaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, XVIII saukuniT aTariRebs da mas kviracxovlis
anu wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis fragmentad miiCnevs: `aRsaniSnavia
da friad sayuradRebo, rom kviracxovlis eklesiis saZirkvlis nawil-
ma dRevandlamde moaRwia. avlevisa da niSnianiZis quCebs Soris moqce-
uli ganaSenianebis viwro zolSi, XIX saukunis Zvel saxlebs Soris, sa-
bavSvo baRis axali (1980-iani ww.) Senoba dgas. Senobis ezo or doneze
_ quCis da quCis niSnulze oriode metriT dabla moTavsebul sib-
rtyezea gaSlili. ezos qveda niSnulis Suagulidan amozrdilia Zveli
nagebobis kuTxe, amoyvanili Zveli agurisa da riyis qvis monacvleo-
biTi wyobiT. igi zeda mxares axali aguris wyobiT grZeldeba, qveda
mxridan ki bazaltis filebiT Semosil cokols eyrdnoba. Cvens wina-
Sea Zveli agurisa da riyis qvis monacvleobiT (qvevidan zeviT _ ori
rigi riyis qvis, ori rigi Zveli aguris, erTi rigi riyis qvis, erTi
rigi aguris da erTi rigi riyis qvis) nagebi kedlis wyobis fragmen-
ti... es, ki XVIII saukuneSi am adgilas aSenebuli kviracxovlis eklesi-
is saZirkveli unda iyos. kedlis am fragmentis Tundac Tbilisis sxva
ubanSi, isanSi, dedofal darejanis sasaxlis kompleqsis teritoriaze
arsebul kedlebTan Sedareba maT Soris siaxlovesa da msgavsebas am-
JRavnebs. kviracxovlis eklesiis SemorCenili kedeli analogias sa-
kuTriv Tbilisis da imave isnis quCaTa qselSi Semonaxul, Zvel, sava-
raudod XVIII saukunis, sacxovrebeli saxlebis zurgebTanac poulobs.
TvalSisacemia erTi da igive samSeneblo masala _ Zveli aguri da ri-
yis (da ara fleTili an Tlili an natexi!) qva da wyobis xasiaTi. kvi-
racxovlis eklesiis zusti adgilsamyofelis dadgena, ara mxolod
siZvelis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiTaa mniSvnelovani. kviracxovlis ek-
275
2. wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesiis istoria
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daarsebis droisa da viTa-
rebis Sesaxeb raime werilobiTi miTiTeba, jerjerobiT, ar mog-
vepoveba. dReisaTvis, praqtikulad, araferi viciT taZris XVIII
saukunemdeli istoriis Sesaxebac.
am xarvezs mxolod nawilobriv avsebs qarTveli istori-
kosisa da siZveleTmcodnis platon ioselianis (1809-1875 ww.)
mier 1866 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi `Описанiе древностей города Тифлиса~ Setanili cnoba, romelic gvauwyebs, rom wm. Toma mo-
ciqulis Zveli eklesia monRolma sardalma Temurlengma (1336-
1405 ww.) daangria, romelmac, qarTul istoriografiaSi dam-
kvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qalaqi Tbilisi 1386 wels aa-
oxra: `Церковь Апостола Фомы (k¢ra-cxoveli). На развалинахъ древней, разрушенной при Тимуре...~ [5, 58; 6, 675-680].
samwuxarod, platon ioseliani Tavis 1866 wlis publika-
ciaSi ar akonkretebs, Tu, saxeldobr, romel werilobiT Zeg-
lsa Tu zepir gadmocemaSi miakvlia aRniSnul cnobas. Sesabami-
sad, Cven, am etapze, verc calsaxad gaviziarebT da verc xela-
RebiT uarvyofT wm. Toma mociqulis Zveli eklesiis 1386 wels,
Temurlengis mier dangrevis faqts1.
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis XVIII saukunis dasawyisis is-
toriis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis platon ioselia-
nis mamis, karis wm. giorgis eklesiis dekanozis egnate ioselia-
nis (1767-1844 ww.) mier 1837 wels Sedgenili Txzuleba, pirobi-
Ti saxelwodebiT `Tbilisis eklesiaTa aRwera~2. am Txzulebis
lesiis zusti adgilis moZebna Suasaukuneebis Tbilisis urbanuli
qsovilis Seswavlisa da kvlevis TvalsazrisiTac aris sayuradRebo.
kviracxovlis eklesia, SesaZloa zemo kalas am nawilSi mdebare sur-
bniSnis eklesiasTan erTad, Tbilisis Zvel rukebsa da gegmebze muSao-
bisas erTgvar orientirad ganvixiloT~ [4, 207-208]. 1 Cveni dakvirvebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxis sabolood garkvevisa da zoga-
dad, wm. Tomas eklesiis XVIII saukunemdeli istoriis rekonstruirebi-
saTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs taZris naSTebisa da misi mimdebare
teritoriis arqeologiur Seswavlas, risi ganxorcielebac, samecniero
TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad saWiro da mniSvnelovan saqmes warmoadgens. 2 dasaxelebuli Txzulebis teqstSi misi avtoris vinaoba miTiTebuli
ar aris [7, 83-96. Sdr.: 8, 255]. miuxedavad amisa, es bundovani sakiTxi
savsebiT damajereblad aris garkveuli caca Wankievis mier 1963 wels
gamoqveynebul naSromSi `egnate ioselianis literaturuli memkvid-
276
Tanaxmad, 1703 wels qarTlis mTavarepiskoposma qristefore
amilaxvarma wm. Tomas Zveli eklesiis nangrevebze axali taZari
aago da is mcxeTis samTavros taZarSi mosaydre qarTlis mTa-
varepiskoposTa metoqad (`fodveriad~) anu droebiT sadgomad
aqcia: `tfilissave Sina aris patara ekklesia wmindisa mociqu-
lisa Tomas saxelsa zeda... aRSenebuli mTavarepiskoposisa
reobis SeswavlisaTvis~, sadac dadgenilia, rom gansaxilavi Txzuleba
egnate ioselianis mier iyo Sedgenili [9, 57-66]. yovelive aRniSnulis
Semdeg erTgvar gakvirvebas iwvevs 2002 wels dabeWdil enciklopedia
`TbilisSi~ Setanili statia `kviracxovlis wminda Tomas eklesia~, sa-
dac egnate ioselianis mier 1837 wels Sedgenili da leon meliqseT-
begis mier 1923 wels gamoqveynebuli Txzuleba `d. kariWaSvilis kata-
logis~ saxeliT aris moxseniebuli: `eklesia xelaxla auSenebia mTava-
repiskopos qristefores... d. kariWaSvilis katalogiT _ 1703: `tfi-
lissave Sina aris patara ekklesia wmidisa mociqulisa Tomas saxelsa
zeda, qviT-kirisa, ugumbaTo, aRSenebuli mTavarepiskoposisa qriste-
fore amilaxuarovisagan metoqed anu fodveriad T¢sad welsa 1703-sa.
amas Sina aris erTi mRudeli~ [2, 593]. rogorc vxedavT, citirebuli
saenciklopedio statiidan avtomaturad gamomdinareobs mcdari az-
ri, rom gansaxilavi Txzulebis teqsti daviT kariWaSvilis `katalog-
Sia~ Setanili. am mcdar azrs kidev ufro amyarebs dasaxelebul en-
ciklopediaSi gamoqveynebuli kidev erTi statia `kariWaSvili~, sa-
dac, agreTve, SecdomiT aris aRniSnuli, rom daviT kariWaSvilis mier
1905 wels gamoqveynebuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebeli sazogadoebis wignTsacavis katalogi~ `Seicavs mniSvnelovan
cnobebs TbilisSi mdebare eklesia-monastrebis Sesaxeb~ [10, 587]. xse-
nebuli ori saenciklopedio statiisa da am statiebSi daSvebuli Sec-
domebis sapasuxod, SevniSnavT, rom daviT kariWaSvilis mier 1905
wels gamoqveynebul katalogSi CvenTvis saintereso Txzulebis Sesa-
xeb mxolod ramdenime mSrali teqnikuri monacemia motanili: `161.
monastrebi da eklesiebi tfilissa da mis midamoebSi. 35,8 X 22,1. gv.
#3034~ [11, 118]. Sesabamisad, sakuTriv katalogi, saenciklopedio
statiebis miTiTebis sapirispirod, Tbilisis eklesia-monastrebisa da
maT Soris, wm. Toma mociqulis taZris Taobaze aranair cnobebs, arc
mniSvnelovans da arc umniSvnelos, ar Seicavs. anu sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, saenciklopedio statiebSi naxsenebi Tu citirebuli cnobebi,
sinamdvileSi, motanilia ara daviT kariWaSvilis katalogidan, ro-
gorc es saenciklopedio statiebSia aRniSnuli, aramed am katalogSi
dasaxelebuli erT-erTi Txzulebidan, romelic, caca Wankievis dak-
virvebiT, egnate ioselianis mieraa Sedgenili da romlis teqstic,
mxolod erTxel, 1923 wels, leon meliqseT-begis mier aris gamoqvey-
nebuli (am Txzulebis dedani dReisaTvis xelnawerTa erovnul cen-
trSi inaxeba da qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis S koleqciaSi 3034-e nom-
riT aris registrirebuli [8, 255]).
277
qristefore amilaxuarovisagan metoqed anu fodveriad T¢sad
welsa 1703-sa~ [7, 84]1.
qristefore amilaxvris mier axali eklesiis mSeneblobis
ambavi dReisaTvis dakargul saqtitoro lapidarul warweraSi
yofila gadmocemuli, romelic 1866 wels jer kidev taZris
erT-erT kedelSi iyo Cadgmuli da romelic platon ioselians
sakuTari TvaliT hqonda nanaxi: `Церковь Апостола Фомы... На развалинахъ древней, разрушенной при Тимуре... построена настоящая малая церковь архiепископомъ (mTavar-episkoposi) Грузинскимъ Хри-стофоромъ* (*Онъ быль изъ роду князей Амилахваровихъ). Это видно изъ надписи на камне, вложенномъ въ стену церкви~ [5, 58-59]
2.
mTavarepiskopos qristefores mier agebuli wm. Toma mo-
ciqulis axali taZari, egnate ioselianis cnobiT, qviTkiriT
1 qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis qristefore amilaxvaris moRvaweobis
pirveli periodis (XVII s.) qronologiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili guram jandieris mier 1971 wels gamoqvey-
nebul naSromSi `XVII saukunis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli
qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis (episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi)~. aR-
niSnul publikaciaSi dadgenilia, rom qristefore qarTlis mTavare-
piskoposis wodebiT 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1696 da 1698 wlebiT daTa-
riRebuli Svidi qarTuli istoriuli dokumentis teqstSia moxsenie-
buli. paralelurad amisa, guram jandieris mier garkveulia isic,
rom 1697 wlis erTi dokumentis teqstSi qarTlis mTavarepiskoposad,
qristefores nacvlad, evdemoz ratiSvilia moxseniebuli. aRniSnuli
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevari askvnis, rom 1690-1696 wleb-
Si qarTlis mTavarepiskoposobas qristefore amilaxvari flobda.
1697 wels qristeforem qarTlis mTavarepiskoposis Tanamdeboba da-
karga da mis magivrad, xsenebuli saepiskoposo kaTedra evdemoz ra-
tiSvilma daikava, romelic manamde jer urbneli (1666-1674 ww.), xolo
Semdeg, mangleli (1676-1683 ww.) episkoposis Tanamdebobas flobda.
evdemozis mTavarepiskoposoba didxans ar gagrZelebula da 1698 wels
qristefore amilaxvarma qarTlis mTavarepiskoposoba ukan daibruna
[12, 334, 341-342, 344, 352-353]. 2 aqve, xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT im faqts, rom platon ioseliani wm. Toma
mociqulis axali eklesiis mSeneblobis TariRs, egnate ioselianisagan
gansxvavebiT, ara 1703 wliT, aramed XVII saukunis miwuruliT gansaz-
Rvravs: `Церковь Апостола Фомы... въ конце XVII века построена архiеписко-помъ Грузинскимъ Христофоромъ~ [5, 58-59]. Cven am ori TariRidan upi-
ratesobas, pirobiTad, 1703 wels vaZlevT. marTalia, egnate ioselia-
ni im werilobiT Zegls ar asaxelebs, sadac man dasaxelebul TariRs
miakvlia, magram, am qronologiuri monacemis konkretuli xasiaTi (sa-
xeldobr 1703 weli da ara, vTqvaT, XVIII saukunis dasawyisi), gvafiqre-
binebs, rom am TariRs raime myari werilobiTi safuZveli hqonda.
278
nagebi, mcire zomis ugumbaTo eklesia iyo: `tfilissave Sina
aris patara ekklesia wmidisa mociqulisa Tomas saxelsa zeda,
qviT-kirisa, ugumbaTo~ [7, 84]. wm. Tomas eklesias mcire zomis
taZrad moixseniebs platon ioselianic: `Церковь Апостола Фо-мы... построена настоящая малая церковь архiепископомъ... Грузин-скимъ Христофоромъ~ [5, 58-59]
1.
amave platon ioselianis cnobiT, wm. Toma mociqulis ek-
lesiasTan, rogorc Cans, saerTo galavniT mozRudul terito-
riaze, savaraudod, taZris Tanadroulad aSenebuli, gemovne-
biT nagebi, orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxli mdebareobda,
romelic qarTlis mTavarepiskoposTa droebiT rezidencias
warmoadgenda: `Церковь эта съ домомъ, была подворьемъ архiеписко-повъ Самтаврiйскихъ~; `И такъ изъ Домовъ, во вкусе Персидскомъ лу-чшими двухъ-этажными, существовали при последнихъ царяхъ сле-дующiе... в) Домъ Самтаврскихъ архiепископовъ (mTavar-episkoposi) как их подворье~ [5, 270; 7, 84].
samwuxarod, Cven, jerjerobiT, sxva bevri araferis Tqma
ar SegviZlia wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis XVIII saukunis isto-
riis Sesaxeb. viciT mxolod, rom taZars am periodSi, misi me-
patroneebis, qarTlis mTavarepiskoposebis titulidan gamom-
dinare, `mTavarepiskoposis saydari~ ewodeboda. marTlac, wm.
Toma mociqulis eklesia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mdivanbegis
iese oses Ze baraTaSvilis (1728-1786 ww.) mier 1768-1786 wlebSi
Sedgenil `cxovreba-anderZSi~ swored am saxeliT aris moxseni-
1 platon ioselianis cnobiT, wm. Toma mociqulis axladagebul ekle-
sias imdroindeli Tbilisis erT-erT qalaqispira sofelSi, kukiaSi
mdebare wm. Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) patara eklesia eqvemdeba-
reboda (`masze miwerili iyo~), romelic, Tavis mxriv, XVII saukuneSi,
iranis Sahis abas I-is (1587-1629 ww.) Semosevebis (1614, 1616, 1617, ww.)
dros iyo darbeuli da gapartaxebuli: `К нему же была приписана и другая малая, сущестовавшая въ Кукахъ до 1622 (?) года т. е. до разоренiя Ти-флиса Шахъ-Абасомъ великимъ* (*Она именуется ныне Русскимъ названiемъ: красная гора. Торжество празднованiя во кругъ развалинъ, совершается въ день Антипасхи)~ [5, 59]. platon ioselianis mier naxseneb wiTel, igive kvi-
racxovlis goraze (`красная гора~) aRmarTuli wm. Toma mociqulis
(kviracxovlis) eklesia, Teimuraz beriZis marTebuli dakvirvebiT,
mdebareobda ara Zveli kukiis, aramed CuRureTis teritoriaze, `did-
xevis marcxena napirze, rkinigzis xazTan, SemaRlebul adgilze (dRes
mas dakarguli aqvs eklesiis saxe, igi gadakeTebulia sacxovrebel Se-
nobad)~ [13, 163. Sdr.: 14, 152].
279
ebuli: `aw SemoklebiT aRvTvalo Cemi mamuli: ...sasaxle mTava-
repiskoposis saydarsa da qsnis erisTavis sasaxles Sua, abaSi-
Zeebisagan mosyiduli~ [15, 51-52]1.
1803 wels Tbilelma mitropolitma arsen bagrationma
(1794-1810 ww.) wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiaSi qarTlisa (samTav-
rosa) da wilknis mTavarepiskoposi ioane qarumiZe (1793-1803
ww.) dakrZala. aRniSnul cnobas XIX-XX saukuneebis mwignobari
mRvdlis, polievqtos karbelaSvilis mier Sedgenili naSromi
`saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavarTa sia 318-1819 wlamde~
gvawvdis: `mcxeTis mT.episkoposni: ...ioane[,] † 1803[,] qarumiZe... Ze
onofre berisa, daviT garesjis moRvawisa. daasaflava arsen
tfilelma kviracxovlis eklesiaSi~ [17, 38v]. aRniSnul faqts sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs wm. Toma
mociqulis eklesiis istoriisaTvis. marTlac, am faqtidan ir-
kveva, rom taZari qarTlis mTavarepiskoposebisaTvis mxolod
metoqi anu droebiTi sadgomi ki ar iyo, aramed, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, maTi saZvalis anu samudamo gansasveneblis funqci-
asac asrulebda.
ruseTis imperiis mier qarTlis sakaTolikosos avtokefa-
liis gauqmebis (1810 w.) Semdeg wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia, aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos sxva eklesia-monastrebis msgavsad, ru-
seTis eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida.
1825 wels wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiasTan mdebare sac-
xovrebeli saxlis adgilas, romelic XVIII saukuneSi qarTlis
mTavarepiskoposTa rezidencias warmoadgenda, axali, orsar-
Tuliani saxli aages da is saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri
kantoris prokurors gadasces. am ambavs platon ioseliani Sem-
1 sxvaTa Soris, Cvenamde moaRwia im konkretuli dokumentis teq-
stmac, romlis ZaliTac iese baraTaSvilma qaixosro abaSiZisagan wm.
Toma mociqulis eklesiis maxloblad mdebare `sasaxle~ anu saxlis
asaSeneblad gankuTvnili miwa SeiZina. aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qaixos-
ro abaSiZis mier iese baraTaSvilisaTvis micemuli 1769 wlis 10 ivni-
sis nasyidobis wigni, sadac nasyidi miwis adgilmdebareobis dasazus-
teblad miTiTebulia ara `mTavarepiskoposis saydari~ anu wm. Toma
mociqulis eklesia, rogorc amas iese baraTaSvilis `cxovreba-ander-
Zis~ zemoT citirebul fragmentSi vxedavT, aramed `mTavarefiskopo-
zis saxli~ anu wm. Toma mociqulis taZarTan mdebare qarTlis mTava-
repiskoposTa sacxovrebeli rezidencia: `ase rome qalaqs mTavarefis-
kopozis saxlis pirdapir papas Cems aragvis erisTavis Svilis zurab
eSikaRasbaSisagan sasaxle eyidna...…Cemi wili am sasaxlis naxevari Sen-
Tvis mogviyidia~ [16, 331].
280
degi saxiT mogviTxrobs: ~...наместе дома, въ которомъ помещался Самтаврскiй или Мцхетскiй архiепископъ, построенъ около 1825 года двухъ-этажный домъ для помещения прокурора Грузино-Имеретинской Синодальной конторы~ [5, 60].
1830-ian wlebSi wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia kvlavindebu-
rad moqmedi iyo. amaze, Zveli Tbilisis istoriis SesaniSnavi
mkvlevris, mamisa berZniSvilis dakvirvebiT, aSkarad miuTiTebs
is faqti, rom tavernickis mier Sedgenil qalaq Tbilisis 1833-
1835 wlebis gegmaze wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia moqmedi taZ-
ris saxiT iyo aRniSnuli [1, 25]1.
mamisa berZniSvilis am dakvirvebas mTlianad adasturebs
egnate ioselianis `Tbilisis eklesiaTa aRwera~, sadac pirda-
pir aris naTqvami, rom Txzulebis Sedgenis dros anu 1837 wels
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia jer kidev moqmedi iyo da aq erTi
mRvdeli msaxurobda: `tfilissave Sina aris patara ekklesia
wmidisa mociqulisa Tomas saxelsa zeda... amas Sina aris erTi
mRudeli~ [7, 84].
daaxloebiT, amave 1830-ian wlebSi wm. Toma mociqulis ek-
lesiis mdgomareoba, misi siZvelisa Tu SeukeTeblobis gamo,
TandaTanobiT damZimda, 1840 wels ki taZari imdenad avariul
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, rom aq RmrTismsaxureba saerTod Sew-
yda da eklesia didi xniT daixura. wm. Toma mociqulis eklesi-
is gauqmebis ambavi mokled aqvs gadmocemuli platon ioseli-
ans, romelic am movlenis Tanamedrove da uSualo TviTmxilve-
li iyo: `Церковь, строенная на развалинахъ древней во имя Ап. Фомы (k¢ra-cxoveli) за ветхостiю запечатана съ 1840 года~ [5, 270]
2.
platon ioselianisave cnobiT, wm. Tomas eklesia, gauqme-
bis Semdeg, `masze miweril~ CuRureTis kviracxovlis taZarTan
1 mamisa berZniSvilis mier naxsenebi tavernickis gegmis dedani, sava-
raudod, ruseTSi inaxeba. rac Seexeba am gegmis asls, is, mkvlevris
TqmiT, `daculia Tbilisis muzeumSi, magram mas eqsplikaciebi ar ax-
lavs~ [1, 25]. samwuxarod, rigi mizezebis gamo, Cven, jerjerobiT, ver
movaxerxeT, piradad gvenaxa tavernickis gegmis saqarTveloSi dacu-
li asli an misi foto mainc, ris gamoc, iZulebuli varT, masze saub-
risas mTlianad mamisa berZniSvilis dakvirvebebs davemyaroT. 2 platon ioselianis am cnobis marTebulobas TiTqmis mTlianad adas-
turebs mari brose, romelic aRniSnavs, rom misi saqarTveloSi mogza-
urobis dros anu 1847-1848 wlebSi, wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia ukve
daxuruli iyo [22, 18].
281
erTad, anCisxatis eklesias dauqvemdebares: `И та и другая ныне приписаны къ Анчисхатскому Собору~ [5, 59].
1860-iani wlebisaTvis wm. Toma mociqulis avariul mdgo-
mareobaSi myofi eklesia Camoqcevis realuri safrTxis winaSe
aRmoCnda da ruseTis imperiis saeklesio mmarTvelobis umaR-
lesma organom, uwmidesma sinodma taZris demontaJis gadawyve-
tileba miiRo. aRniSnuli dadgenileba sinodma 1863 wlis 10 ag-
vistos gamoitana. am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, wm. Toma moci-
qulis eklesiis daSlis Semdeg misi wmida trapezis adgilas an
niSi unda aegoT an kidev, jvari unda aRemarTaT. garda amisa,
unda moewesrigebinaT eklesiis ezoc. sinodis am gadawyvetile-
bis Sesaxeb mokled gvauwyebs gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 27 no-
embris nomerSi dabeWdili erTi xelmouwereli statia: `uwmi-
desi sinodis uqaziT 1863 w. agvistos 10-dam, eklesia... unda daS-
liliyo, magram trapezis adgilzed an niSi (часовня) unda aSene-
buliyo, an jvari dadgmuliyo da wmidad Senaxuliyo sruliad
eklesiis ezo~ [18, 1].
sinodis am gadawyvetilebam maSindel qarTul sazogadoe-
baSi, rogorc Cans, aSkara ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. am ukmayofi-
lebis erT-erT gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda platon ioselia-
nis mier 1866 wels gamoqveynebuli, zemoT ukve naxsenebi wigni
`Описанiе древностей города Тифлиса~, romelic sinodis mier wm.
Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis gadawyvetilebis miRebi-
dan (1863 wlis 10 agvisto), sul raRac, ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti
Tvis Semdeg iyo dasabeWdad gadacemuli (1864 wlis 1 dekembe-
ri) [5, 1]. wignSi avtori sazogadoebas, sinodis dadgenilebis
sapirispirod, ganadgurebis piras mdgomi wm. Toma mociqulis
eklesiis aRdgena-ganaxlebis ideas sTavazobda. amasTan, pla-
ton ioseliani sagangebod ixsenebda rusuli mmarTvelobis
garkveul wreebSi arsebul erT-erT proeqts, romelic wm. To-
ma mociqulis eklesiasTan mdebare orsarTuliani sacxovrebe-
li saxlis gadakeTeba-ganaxlebasa da am saxlis maRali rangis
saeklesio moxelis, saqarTvelos egzarqosis vikarisaTvis gada-
cemas iTvaliswinebda. avtoris azriT, am proeqtis daxmarebiT,
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia dangreva-demontaJs gadarCeboda
da STamomavlobas winaparTagan namoRvawar-naWirnaxulevi taZa-
ri aRar daekargeboda: `Нине церковь эта угрожаетъ паденiемъ, а
наместе дома, въ которомъ помещался Самтаврскiй или Мцхетскiй архiепископъ, построенъ около 1825 года двухъ-этажный домъ для
282
помещения прокурора Грузино-Имеретинской Синодальной конторы. Думали, кажется, исправить этотъ домъ для помещенiя Викарiя Грузинскаго. Можетъ быть и самая церковь получитъ новый видъ подъ своимъ же именемъ, чтобъ сохранить для потомства заветную святыню древнихъ, бурныхъ для края вековъ и воскресить память техъ святителей, которые такъ крепко стояли на страже православiя, и такъ крепко охраняли его заветныя святыни~ [5, 60-61].
samwuxarod, ruseTis imperiis saeklesio mmarTvelobis
umaRlesma wreebma platon ioselianis mowodebas dumiliT upa-
suxes da sinodis 1863 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenileba ZalaSi
datoves. miuxedavad amisa, sinodis gadawyvetilebis aRsrule-
ba, CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebis gamo, didi xniT gadaido da wm.
Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis praqtikuli samuSaoebi
mxolod 1875/1876-1884 wlebSi ganxorcielda.
am xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi Camoqcevis piras myofi
taZris avariuli mdgomareobiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
usafrTxoebiT SeSfoTebuli Tbilisis saqalaqo administracia
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daSlas daJinebiT moiTxovda da
am mizniT, saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantorasTan in-
tensiur mimoweras awarmoebda. sabolood, sinodma, savarau-
dod, sinodaluri kantoris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, taZ-
ris demontaJisaTvis aucilebeli samuSaoebis xarjTaRicxva
daamtkica da am samuSaoebis Catareba sinodaluri kantoris
erT-erT TanamSromels, ivane simonovs daavala, romelic, sxva
TanamosamsaxureebTan erTad, swored wm. Toma mociqulis ekle-
siasTan mdebare orsarTulian saxlSi cxovrobda. ivane simo-
novma sinodis davaleba CinovnikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pedan-
turobiT aRasrula da 1875/1876-1884 wlebSi wm. Toma mociqu-
lis eklesia saZirkvlamde daSala1.
1 wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis faqtis 1875/1876-1884 wle-
biT daTariRebisas or konkretul qronologiur monacems vemyarebiT:
1. gazeTi `droebis~ 1884 wlis 27 noembris nomerSi dabeWdil xelmou-
werel statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis demon-
taJi (`daqceva~) sinodis mier 1863 wlis 10 agvistos gadawyvetilebis
miRebidan Tormeti-cameti wlis Semdeg anu 1875/1876 (1863+12=1875 w.
/ 1863+13=1876 w.) wlebis Semdgom periodSi ganxorcielda; 2. gazeTi
`Кавказъ~is 1884 wlis 8 noembris nomerSi dabeWdili ivane simonovis
werilidan Cans, rom xsenebuli werilis dabeWdvis droisaTvis anu
1884 wlis noembris TveSi wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia ukve daSlili
iyo.
283
taZris daSla-demontaJis ambebi metnaklebi sisruliTaa
gadmocemuli or sagazeTo publikaciaSi: 1. Tavad ivane simono-
vis statiaSi, romelic 1884 wels gazeT `Кавказъ~-is 8 noembris
nomerSi gamoqveynda; da 2. erT xelmouwerel statiaSi, rome-
lic ivane simonovis publikaciis sapasuxod, gazeT `droebis~
1884 wlis 27 noembris nomerSi daibeWda.
gazeTi `Кавказъ~: `Въ доме, где была церковь, въ числе другихъ живу и я... Деиствительно, мне было поручено разобратъ по ветхости и совершенной негодности церковное зданiе, о которомъ несколько летъ шла переписка съ Тифлисскимъ губернаторомъ, настаивавшимъ ра-зобратъ его въ предупрежденiе несчастiя. Составленная по этому поводу смета на разборъ зданiя была утверждена святейшимъ синодомъ~ [19, 3].
gazeTi `droeba~: `uwmidesi sinodis uqaziT 1863 w. agvis-
tos 10-dam, eklesia... unda daSliliyo... am ukazis Semdeg gavida
TiTqmis Tormet-cameti weliwadi da eklesia ar iqceoda. Sem-
deg daiqca eklesia...~ [18, 1].
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daSla-demontaJis miuxeda-
vad, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, Zveli tradiciis gavleniT, na-
taZralze salocavad misvlas kvlavindeburad agrZelebda, yo-
vel SabaT saRamos eklesiis galavanTan ikribeboda da vinaidan
ezoSi Sesasvleli mudam daketili xvdeboda, anTebul sanTlebs
pirdapir alayafis karze akravda. Tbilisis mosaxleobis mier
wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiaris Tayvaniscemis ambavi, praqti-
kulad, erTi da imave saxiT aris gadmocemuli gazeT `droebis~
1884 wlis 1 da 27 noembris nomrebSi gamoqveynebul or xelmo-
uwerel statiaSi: `xalxi... dResac SabaT-saRamoobiT anTebs
sanTels eklesiis galavnis quCis daketil karebSi, romelic
isea gamuruli sanTlis alisagan, gegonebaT Zveli darbazis er-
doao~ [20, 3]; ~...dResac auarebeli mlocvelni midian yovel Sa-
baTobiT da galavnis yru karebze anTeben wmida sanTels da
fulsac swirven~ [18, 1].
Tbilisis mosaxleobis amgvari ganwyobilebis miuxedavad,
wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis daSlas, sazogadoebis mxridan,
raime didi winaaRmdegoba, savaraudod, ar Sexvedria. aseTma vi-
Tarebam nataZralTan mdebare saxlSi mcxovreb ivane simonovs,
rogorc Cans, dausjelobis grZnoba gauCina da man daSlili ek-
lesiis ezoSi pirutyvis sadgomi ficruli nageboba aaSena. am
ambavma qarTuli sazogadoebis moTminebis fiala sabolood
284
aavso da gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 1 noembris nomerSi xelmo-
uwereli statia gamoqveynda, romlis avtoric ivane simonovis
(`b. s-s~) saqcielis gamo ukidures aRSfoTebas gamoxatavda.
anonimi avtori Tvlida, rom rusi moxele, mis mier daSlili
taZris nangrevebze Tavlis aSenebiT, qarTuli istoriuli siZ-
veleebisadmi aSkara upativcemulobas gamoxatavda da Tbilisis
mosaxleobis religiur grZnobebsa Tu saeklesio tradiciebs
abuCad igdebda: `anCis-xatis taZris axlo iyo erTi eklesia kvi-
ra-cxovlisa. es eklesia Zvelad Seadgenda mcxeTis samTavros
mTavar-episkoposebis sametoqo eklesias. dRes am eklesiis sax-
lebSi sami Tu oTxi sinodaluris kantoris Cinovniki scxov-
robs. amaTgan b. s-ma ineba dangreva eklesiisa da im adgilzed
aaSena Tavla. xalxi ki dResac SabaT-saRamoobiT anTebs san-
Tels eklesiis galavnis quCis daketil karebSi, romelic isea
gamuruli sanTlis alisagan, gegonebaT Zveli darbazis erdo-
ao: am faqts ganmarteba ar eWirveba~ [20, 3].
gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 1 noembris nomerSi dabeWdil-
ma am statiam, rogorc Cans, didi interesi gamoiwvia da amitom
misi teqstis rusuli Targmani gazeT `Кавказъ~-is 1884 wlis 3
noembris nomerSic gamoqveynda. sagulisxmoa, rom werilis ru-
sulenovan TargmanSi teqstis dasawyisi nawili arsebiTad Sec-
vlili Tu damaxinjebuli iyo. kerZod, `droebaSi~ gamoqveyne-
bul werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia
Zvelad qarTlis (`mcxeTis samTavros~) mTavarepiskoposebis me-
toqs warmoadgenda, xolo `Кавказъ~-Si gadabeWdili amave frag-
mentis rusulenovan TargmanSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom wm. Toma mo-
ciqulis taZari `qarTlis mTavarepiskoposebis dros~ (?), mcxe-
Tis sveticxovlis taZris (`Мцхетскаго собора~) Semdeg, mniSvne-
lobiT, meore eklesiad iTvleboda: `Въ газете `Дроэба~ читаемъ: Близъ Анчисхатскаго храма была одна церковь, которая считалась вто-рою после Мцхетскаго собора во времена грузинскихъ архiепископовъ. Теперь въ домахъ, пренадлежавшихъ этой церкви, живутъ три или четыре чиновника синодальной канторы. изъ нихъ некто г. С. изволилъ разрушить церковь (?) и построить на томъ месте конюшню. Народ-же, по привычке, и теперь продолжаетъ ходитъ по субботамъ къ ограде храма и ставитъ свечки у запертыхъ дверей ея. Этотъ фактъ, говоритъ газета, не требуетъ комментарiй. Интересно было-бы знатъ: неужели все это правда?~ [21, 1].
285
gazeT `droebaSi~ dabeWdili statiis am damaxinjebuli
rusuli Targmanis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ivane simonovma gazeT
`Кавказъ~-is redaqtors werilobiT mimarTa da gazeTis romeli-
me momdevno nomerSi misi sapasuxo werilis gamoqveyneba sTxo-
va. aq ganmartebuli iqneboda `droebidan~ gadmobeWdil stati-
aSi wamoWrili yvela sadavo Tu bundovani sakiTxi. `Кавказъ~-is
redaqtorma Txovna daakmayofila da ivane simonovis werili
gazeTis 1884 wlis 8 noembris nomerSi gamoaqveyna.
statiis avtori, pirvel rigSi, `droebaSi~ dabeWdili sta-
tiis, ufro zustad ki, am statiis `Кавказъ~-Si damaxinjebuli
saxiT gadabeWdili rusuli Targmanis im nawilze amaxvilebda
yuradReba, sadac wm. Toma mociqulis eklesia, Tavisi mniSvne-
lobiT, mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris Semdeg, saqarTveloSi,
meore eklesiad iyo gamocxadebuli. amis Semdeg ivane simonovi
mkiTxvels mokled mouTxrobda wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis
demontaJis sakiTxis istorias, romelic zemoT, erTxel ukve
gvqonda citirebuli. kidev ufro qvemoT avtori xazgasmiT aR-
niSnavda im faqts, rom arc mas da arc mis sxva Tanamosamsaxu-
reebs, romlebic masTan erTad cxovroben nataZralTan mdebare
saxlSi, cxenebi ar hyavdaT da Sesabamisad, Tavlis ageba saer-
Tod ar sWirdebodaT. sul bolos, ivane simonovi gakvriT exe-
boda wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiaris mdgomareobas da iuwye-
boda, rom am adgilas RobiT mozRuduli baRi iyo gaSenebuli
da iq aranairi Senoba ar idga: `М. г. г. редакторъ! Не откажите напечатать въ редактируемой вами газете настоящее мое письмо, въ опровержение известия, перепечатаннаго вами изъ газеты `Дроэба~ въ 246 `Кавказа~. Авторъ известя, говоря о разрушенной близъ Анчис-хатскаго собора церкви, говоритъ, что `изъ числа трехъ или четырехъ чиновниковъ синодальной конторы, живущихъ въ церковномъ доме, некто г. С. изволилъ разрушить церковь, которая считалась второю после Мцхетскаго собора, и построить конюшню~. `Въ доме, где была церковь, въ числе другихъ живу и я, фамилiя моя начинается съ буквы С. Деиствительно, мне было поручено разобратъ по ветхости и совер-шенной негодности церковное зданiе, о которомъ несколько летъ шла переписка съ Тифлисскимъ губернаторомъ, настаивавшимъ разобратъ его въ предупрежденiе несчастiя. Составленная по этому поводу смета на разборъ зданiя была утверждена святейшимъ синодомъ. Что-же касается устройства конюшни, то для меня страннымъ кажется, для
286
кого понадобиласъ-бы подобная постройка, такъ-какъ у чиновниковъ синодальной конторы вообще не имеется лошадей, следовательно, и конюшня совершенно не нужна. Место-же, где была церковь, огоро-жено и на немъ разводится садикъ, содержащiйся довольно опрятно и никакого строенiя тамъ нетъ. Иванъ Симоновъ~ [19, 3].
ivane simonovis sapasuxo werilma qarTuli sazogadoeba
ufro metad gaaRiziana. am gaRizianebis TvalsaCino gamoxatu-
lebas warmoadgenda imave gazeT `droebis~ 1884 wlis 27 noem-
bris nomerSi dabeWdili sakmaod vrceli xelmouwereli sta-
tia, sadac kidev ufro mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli ivane simo-
novi.
statiis pirvel nawilSi avtori mokled mimoixilavda
`droebasa~ da `Кавказъ~-Si gamoqveynebul statiebs. amis Semdeg
avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavda im faqts, rom igi sagangebod ew-
via wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiars da sakuTari TvaliT kidev
erTxel naxa iq arsebuli suraTi. avtoris TqmiT, daSlili
taZris adgilas, uSualod naeklesiarze, galavanTan mijriT,
ficruli nageboba iyo aSenebuli, sadac ivane simonovs garkve-
uli drois win mewveli Zroxa hyavda dabmuli. rac Seexeba ivane
simonovis mier naxseneb, viTomda nataZralze gaSenebul baRs,
avtoris TqmiT, iq baRis xsenebac ki ar iyo. kidev ufro qvemoT
statiis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebda sinodis mier miRebu-
li 1863 wlis 10 agvistos dadgenilebis im nawilze, romlis Ta-
naxmadac wm. Toma mociqulis eklesiis demontaJis Semdeg misi
trapezis adgilas an niSi unda aegoT an kidev, jvari unda aRe-
marTaT. avtoris TqmiT, dadgenilebis es nawili darRveuli
iyo da Tbilisis mosaxleobas sruli ufleba hqonda, kanoniT
moeTxova wm. Toma mociqulis naeklesiarze niSis agebisa da iq
xatis dabrZanebis ufleba. dasasrul, avtori SeniSnavda imasac,
rom nataZrals mravali momlocveli hyavda da wm. Toma moci-
qulis eklesiis adgilas salocavi niSis ageba, saWiroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tbilisis mosaxleobis SemowirulobiTac ki moxer-
xdeboda: `Cveni gazeTis me-236 #-Si dabeWdili iyo patara Se-
niSnva anCis-xatis maxloblad daqceul kviracxovlis saydris
gamo; SeniSnvaSi moxsenebuli iyo, rom es eklesia iyo metoqi
mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis eklesiisa Zveladganve; sinodalu-
ri kantoris Cinovnikma s-ma inebao dangreva eklesiisa da im ad-
gilzed aaSena Tavlao, magram xalxi ki dResac loculobs da
sanTels anTebs daketils quCis karebzedao. am SeniSnvam gamo-
287
iwvia b-nis s-sagan `kavkazis~, me-250 #-Si gulis mRelvarebisa-
gamo sicruiT savse pasuxi. b. s-i viTom gvamtyunebs da rac Cven
ar gviTqvams, mis Tqmasa gvwamebs, merme aRiarebs Tavs naxevrad
danaSaulad da Tan Tavs imarTlebs[.] s., _ me momandes dangreva
im daZvelebuli, uvargisi (!) eklesiis Senobisao, razedac ram-
densame wels miwer-mowera gamarTuli iyo Tb. gubernatorisa-
gan, rom ubedureba ara moxdes-rao. Tavlis aSeneba ki mikvirs _
visTvis iqneboda saWiro, rom Cven cxenebi ara gvyavso. nasay-
drali alagi SemozRudulia da maszed Sendeba baRi, romelic
sufTad inaxebao da iq araviTari Senoba ar ariso~. Cven TviT
mivediT nasaydral adgilzed da Cvenis TvaliT erTxel-kide
vnaxeT: sakuTrad eklesiis naalagevze, galavanze miSenebulia
ficruli: Tavla, boseli, gomi, saqonlis sabmeli, (rac gnebavT
daarqviT), sadac b. s-es hbmia mewveli Zroxa. sakuTrad nasay-
dralze baRis xseneba arc ki aris. galavani Zvelivea. uwmidesi
sinodis uqaziT1863 w. agvistos 10-dam, eklesia marTalia unda
daSliliyo, magram trapezis adgilzed an niSi (часовня) unda
aSenebuliyo, an jvari dadgmuliyo da wmidad Senaxuliyo sru-
liad eklesiis ezo. am ukazis Semdeg gavida TiTqmis Tormet-
cameti weliwadi da eklesia ar iqceoda. Semdeg daiqca eklesia
da mis adgilzed Zroxis dasabmeli ficruli Tavla aiSena!...
ukazis ZaliT SegviZlian moviTxovoT, rom xsenebuls nasay-
dralze agebul iqmnas niSi xatis dasasveneblad, miT ufro, rom
saSualebac advili mosapovebelia, radgan dResac auarebeli
mlocvelni midian yovel SabaTobiT da galavnis yru karebze
anTeben wmida sanTels da fulsac swirven~ [18, 1].
samwuxarod, Sesabamisi masalebis uqonlobis gamo, Cven-
Tvis ucnobia, konkretulad, rogor ganviTarda Semdgomi peri-
odis movlenebi, ganxorcielda Tu ara gazeT `droebaSi~ dabeW-
dili statiis anonimi avtoris idea da moaxerxa Tu ara Tbili-
sis mosaxleobam nataZralze wm. Toma mociqulis xatis dasab-
rZanebeli niSis ageba. samagierod, zustad viciT, rom ruseTis
saeklesio mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organos, sinodis mier 1863
wlis 10 agvistos miRebuli dadgenilebis safuZvelze, saqar-
Tvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris TanamSromlis ivane si-
monovis mier 1875/1876-1884 wlebSi saZirkvlamde daSlili wm.
Toma mociqulis (kviracxovlis) eklesia aRar aRudgeniaT da
Zveli Tbilisis am erTi saintereso taZris nangrevebi dRemde
miwiT aris dafaruli.
288
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. mamisa berZniSvili, Tbilisis garegani saxe XVIII saukuneSi
(qarTuli dokumenturi masalis mixedviT), gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1965.
2. kviracxovlis wminda Tomas eklesia, wgn.: Tbilisi, encik-
lopedia, sawarmoo-sagamomcemlo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~,
Tbilisi, 2002.
3. avlevis quCa, wgn.: Tbilisi, enciklopedia, sawarmoo-saga-
momcemlo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2002.
4. maia mania. avlevis Sesaxvevis Zveli saxli da misi mikrou-
bani, Jurn.: saqarTvelos siZveleni, 14, [gamomcemloba mi-
TiTebuli ar aris], Tbilisi, 2010.
5. Платон Iосселiани, Описанiе древностей города Тифлиса, Типогра-фiя Главнаго Управленiя Наместника Кавказскаго, Тифлисъ, 1866.
6. karlo tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dam-
pyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze, wgn.: saqar-
Tvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi III, saqarTvelo XI-XV sa-
ukuneebSi, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi,
1979.
7. leon meliqseT-begi, masalebi tfilisisa da `somxiTis~ siZ-
veleTa istoriisaTvis, kreb.: Cveni mecniereba, I, s.m.u.s.
poligrganyofilebis 3-me stamba, tfilisi, 1923.
8. qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili qarTvelTa So-
ris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis (S) koleq-
cia, tomi IV, Sedgenilia da dasabeWdad damzadebuli Tamar
bregaZis, lia kiknaZis, mixeil qavTarias, lamara qajaias,
mzeqala SaniZis, qristine SaraSiZis da caca Wankievis mier,
elene metrevelis saerTo redaqciiT, gamomcemloba `mec-
niereba~, Tbilisi, 1965.
9. caca Wankievi, egnate ioselianis literaturuli memkvid-
reobis SeswavlisaTvis, kreb.: xelnawerTa institutis mo-
ambe, V, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-
loba, Tbilisi, 1963.
10. kariWaSvili, wgn.: Tbilisi, enciklopedia, sawarmoo-saga-
momcemlo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2002.
289
11. katalogi qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis wignT-sacavisa, Sedgenili daviT kariWaSvi-
lis mier, mswr.-mbeW. a. quTaTelaZisa, tfilisi, 1905.
12. guram jandieri, XVII saukunis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos is-
toriuli qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis (episkoposTa qrono-
logiuri rigi), kreb.: mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriu-
li Ziebani, I, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1971.
13. Teimuraz beriZe, Zveli Tbilisis gareubnebis istoria, ga-
momcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1977.
14. Teimuraz beriZe, ...da aRmocenda Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
`nakaduli~, Tbilisi, 1977.
15. iese baraTaSvilis cxovreba-anderZi, teqsti gamosca Sesav-
liT, SeniSvnebiT, leqsikoniTa da saZiebelebiT avTandil
ioselianma, kreb.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis is-
toriisaTvis, nakveTi 28, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1950.
16. dokumentebi Tbilisis istoriisaTvis (XVI-XIX ss.), wigni
pirveli, Seadgines: niko berZeniSvilma da mamisa berZniS-
vilma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcem-
loba, Tbilisi, 1962.
17. saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis
centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1461 (polievqtos
karbelaSvilis piradi fondi), saqme 17.
18. Sinauri qronika, gaz.: `droeba~, 27 noemberi, #255, stamba
ar. kalandaZisa da amxanagobisa, Tbilisi, 1884.
19. Иванъ Симоновъ, Письмо къ редактору, газ.: `Кавказъ~, 8 ноября, 250, Типографiя Канцелярiи Главноначальствующаго гражданс-кой частю на Кавказе, Тифлисъ, 1884.
20. Sinauri qronika, gaz.: `droeba~, 1 noemberi, #236, stamba
ar. kalandaZisa da amxanagobisa, Tbilisi, 1884.
21. Хроника, газ.: `Кавказъ~, 3 ноября, 246, Типографiя Канцелярiи Главноначальствующаго гражданской частю на Кавказе, Тифлисъ, 1884.
22. Marie Brosset, Cinquieme rapport, in: Rapports sur un Voyage Archéologique dans la Géorgie et dans l’Arménie, exécute en 1847-1748 par Marie Brosset, membre de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, 2e livraison, avec un Atlas de 16 planches lithographiées, Imprimerie de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, St.-Pétersbourg, 1853.
290
Temo Jojua
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology; National Center of Manuscripts
Church of St. Thomas the Disciple (Kviratskhoveli) in Tbilisi (Kala)
(The location of the church and its history)
Summary 1. Georgian scientists (Mamisa Berdznishvili, Teimuraz Beridze) have
already established that the Church of St. Thomas the Disciple (Kviratskhov-eli) was located in one of the central parts of old Tbilisi, on the territory of historical Kala, so called Zemo Ubani (upper district), nearby the wall enclos-ing the town and supporting it from the North, on the street Kviratskhoveli that was named after the church erected here.
The location of the church is more precisely given in the work. On the basis of Tbilisi map made in 1800 by the Russian empire captain Chuiko it is stated that the church of St. Thomas the Disciple was erected nearly in that very place where now there is a garden of the daycare centre 191 (Ilia and Nino Nakashidzes’ street 26). Here, in the North part of the daycare centre garden there are some three meters remained fragments of a wall built with bricks and cobble-stones (Our article was already finished, when we read Maia Mania’s article published in 2010, where the author expresses the same opinion about the location of St. Thomas the Disciple’s church).
2. As far as it was possible the various written materials about the church of St. Thomas the Disciple are gathered completely. These materials are analyzed from the point of view of historical and source studies and dif-ferent stages of the given church existence and history are established (One part of the written analyzed material is known from the works of Egnate Ioseliani, Platon Ioseliani, Mamisa Berdznishvili, Teimuraz Beridze, Maia Mania and the other part is brought in scientific circulation by us). When the church of St. Thomas the Disciple was built and in which historical situation is unknown. We know only that the church was already existed in the II half of the 14th century and was destroyed by Mongol military leader Timur when he captured and ravaged Tbilisi in 1386. In 1703 on the remains of the old church archbishop of Kartli Kristepore Amilakhvari built a new, small stone church without dome and established it as a town residence of Kartli archbishops, as a place for short term residence. In 1803 metropolitan of Tbilisi Arsen Bagrationi buried Ioane Karumidze, archbishop of Kartli and
291
Tsilkani, in the church of St. Thomas the Disciple. In the 1830es, because of being old or because it had not underwent the restoration, the situation of the church of St. Thomas the Disciple became worse and in 1840 the church was in such an emergency condition that the service was stopped and the church was closed forever. For the 1860es the church of St. Thomas the Disciple was facing the real coming down. The supreme organ of the Russian empire church government Holy Synod in August, 10, 1863 decided to demount the church. The Georgian society was dissatisfied with the decision of the Synod. The specialist of antiquities, Platon Ioseliani propounded to carry on works for restoring the church of St. Thomas the Disciple and preserve one of the oldest churches of Tbilisi for the future generation. Unfortunately, Synod did not changed its decision and in 1875/1876 – 1884 Ivane Simonov, the stuff member of Georgia – Imereti Synodic Office demounted the church of St. Thomas the Disciple to foundation. Georgian society perceived the fact of demounting of the church as a humiliation of religious and national dignity. In 1884 in the newspapers `Droeba~ and `Kavkaz~ even some articles pro-testing demounting of the church was published, but without result. The ruins of the church of St. Thomas the Disciple gradually was covered with ground.
292
caca CxartiSvili
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-
isa da eTnologiis institutis axali
da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis
mecnier-TanamSromeli
mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis ucnobi werilebi
episkopos kirionisadmi (saarqivo masalebis mixedviT)
wminda mRvdelmowame kirion II-is epistolaruli memkvid-
reobidan sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs mRvdel ioseb Cija-
vaZis mier kirion II-isadmi gagzavnili werilebi, romlebic jer
gamouqveynebelia da pirvelad Semodis samecniero mimoqcevaSi.
es werilebi kirionis pirad fondSia daculi. marTalia, weri-
lebis nawils fragmentulad Seexnen Cveni mecnierebi, magram
srulyofili saxiT igi pirvelad qveyndeba am publikaciaSi.
werilebi daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, kirionis
fondSi. katalogsa da mecnierul aRwerilobaSi Tematuradaa
warmodgenili masala. kirionis fondi ganyofilebadaa dalage-
buli. II ganyofilebaSia gaerTianebuli miwer-mowera, swored
aq aris ganTavsebuli CijavaZis werilebi kirionisadmi da piri-
qiT.
amJamad Cvens mizans Seadgens, mimovixiloT xelnawerTa
institutSi daculi ioseb CijavaZis werilebi, romlis adresa-
ti aris avtokefaliisaTvis daucxromeli mebrZoli, sazogado
moRvawe, mkvlevar-mecnieri, kargi megobari da saqarTvelos
avtokefaliisTvis Tavganwiruli kirion II.
mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis werilebiT vecnobiT im dros ga-
moCenili adamianebis mxardaWeras avtokefaliisaTvis brZola-
Si. werilebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili is pirebic, romlebic
xels uSlidnen saqarTvelos eklesiuri damoukideblobis aR-
dgenas da Zalian bevr danaSauls Cadiodnen sinodis saxeliT.
swored aseTi adamianebia iosebis werilebSi moxsenebuli. Cija-
vaZis werilebi Seicavs metad saWiro da saintereso masalas mi-
si cxovrebis zogierTi detalis gasarkvevadac. werilebSi sa-
yuradRebo cnobebia daculi imdroindeli sazogadoebis, saek-
293
lesio, ruseTis sinodis pirTa Sesaxeb. am werilebs CvenTvis
wyaros mniSvneloba aqvs, romelic srulyofilad aRadgens
mecxramete saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisis sa-
qarTvelos eklesiaSi arsebul situacias.
werilebi daTariRebulia 1902-1915 wlebiT. zogierTi we-
rili uTariRoa. werilebSi asaxulia imdroindeli qarTuli da
rusuli inteligenciis kulturuli cxovreba da ruseTis sa-
suliero mTavrobis saqmianoba. mRvdel iosebis werilis adre-
satebi arian qarTveli, rusi sasuliero pirebi da sazogado
moRvaweebi. arqivSi kirionis 400-ze meti werilia daculi.
`karga xania Seni werilebi ar mimiRia. Seni ukanaskneli we-
rili sasowarkveTilebiT iyo savse, sad gaizarde, sad miiRe
swavla-ganaTleba, rom yvela usamarTlobas ar iyo SeCveuli
ruseTis saxelmwifoSi. visTanac daiCoqebs aqlemi unda moTmi-
nebiT miiRo wvaleba, usamarTloba, devna. Sen rom Tavavardni-
li, gamqcevi iyo romelime teroristi maSin daiwyebdi gadax-
das bombebiT, xocviT da sxva. Sen viTarebaSi moTminebis meti
ara gaewyoba ra. eg moTmineba Sen SemyureTac moTminebas aswav-
lis. mTeli saqarTvelo Sen Semogcqeris, Senze loculobs,
ideals Tvisas SenSi hpoulobs da Sen ki imedi dagikargavs.
qarTveli rom waiqceva mainc male wamoxteba, rom kvdebodes,
mainc fexebs aqnevs, imedi aqvs jer cocxali varo. rusi ki rom
waiqces yarauls uyviris amayeneTo! jer ar dacemula sul sa-
qarTvelo. rusebis usvindisoba, usamarTloba TviTonve daub-
rundebaT win. rusebma ki ra qnas, rusis mTavroba usvindisoa,
usamarTloa, rusi ki TviT bunebiT kargia, patiosani. vostor-
govis CareviTviRac leJava warudgeniaT episkoposobaze. n.
durnovi mwers werils, rom Sengan werilebi ara aqvs, arc sxve-
bisgan vostorgovs Zalian gadaekida. amas winaT mTxovda re-
daqciis podlogebi vostorgovisa gamomigzavneo… mgoni leJa-
vas miscemen, rusebs leJava undaT Turme. gamoyeyeCebuli da-
viTi arc cocxlebSia da arc mkvdrebSi. gigzavni Tavadaznaur-
Ta da morwmuneTa dakladnoi zapiss, jer ar warudgeniaT xels
awerineben.
(saubaria xarkovis universistetis docent nikoloz dur-
novoze. igi yovelTvis iyo qarTvelTa gulSematkivari. avto-
ria ramdenime wignisa, icavda saqarTvelos avtokefaliis inte-
resebs).
mogikiTxa yvelam Seni soso~ õ1ú
294
`Cemo episkoposoba!
karga xania Seni werili ar mimiRia, raT Saayene mowera ar
mesmis. aq bevri ambebi aris. jer seminaria gadaitanes da akur-
Txes enkenis Tves, blomaT xalxi daeswro, voroncovis Tana-
Semweni iyvnen... sasuliero wodebis pirni ufro xulignebi da
sxv. grigori Camovida CumaT wina dRiT, giorgic iyo, grigoli
Tavs edga, sityva rektorma warmosTqva uferuli. sadilad
darCnen voroncovis TanaSemweni da TiTqmis asi kaci iqneboda.
grigoli Tamadobda ra Tqma unda sxvisi mokle Wkua gamoiCina,
xulignebma aikles TavianTi `reCebiT~ yvelaferi, gorodcovma
sisulele wamoroSa, mgoni male Wkuas gamoeTxoveba ise iqceva.
Cetirkinmac bevri araxuna. me mindoda meTqva, magram varCie
siCume, radganac bevrs wamovakecamdi da tyuilad gavaRizia-
nebdi mkbenarebs, verc davZlevdi da darwmunebiTac vervis da-
varwmunebdi. aq mogvivida ambavi, rom pensia daginiSnes, mgoni
droa, an raze gtanjaven aqamde ar mesmis. me Sevityve, rom Sen-
ze kuriaJSi saCivari general gubernators Seutania, rom Tu
aqaurobas ar maaSoreT me ver vitvirTeb simSvides xarkovisas,
radganac kirionTan studentoba da bevri ganaTlebuli pirebi
daiarebiano. am general gubernatoris dasmenis Tanaxmad gada-
ubrZanebixar sanaqsarasa Sina. ramdenad marTalia, ramdenad
damnaSaveni arian sinodis wevrebi...
am Tvis 5-s baqos viyav reviziaze. sanTlis sawyobSi weri-
li momivida usaxelo da gaveSure. sxvaTa Soris iq movnaxe xa-
zinadari da saqmis mwarmoebeli odiSaria. masze miTxres da vi-
pove sakvirveli cnobebi. TiTqos ormocamde saCivari yofila
soflebidan, mRvdlebidan, maswavleblebidan qalebis gaxrwna-
ze... ise rom an iqve Tavdeboda saCivari an arqielebi aqrob-
dnen. odiSaria gadauyvaniaT baqoSi, ar vici rogor mouaro,
rom piriqiT gadaviRo an moviparoT saqmeebi. fuli karga dam-
Wirdeba, advili saqme ar aris, odiSarias magivraT viRac xu-
ligani dauniSnavs da aba ras mamcems. Sen ufro gamocdili xar
da male momwere. Tu damiTxoves ruseTSi wamosasvlelaT ra
sabuTebi wamoviRo. aba maSin iqneba saqme... aq yvela saeWvo pi-
raT mimaCnia. amas winaT mwerdi rom grZeliSvilma Svidasi Tu-
mani miityapuna, eg maraZaRli exla Cvenze Civis, ra usvindiso
da mokle Wkuis kaci yofila. n. d. (nikoloz durnovze saub-
robs) minda mivwero da ar vici sad aris. seminariis Sesaxeb Tu
gvaqvs rame cnobebi Semigrove da mamawode. iyavi yoCaRaT, am-
295
boben tamboveli inoketis niSnaven. rogori kacia, macnobe, qa-
lebi uyvarso.
Seni soso~ õ2ú
iosebi Cveulebrivi mwvave sarkazmiT, geslianad saubrobs
Tavis werilSi arsebul mdgomareobaze. yvela werili saocrad
Tbilad iwyeba `Cemo episkoposobav~ da mTavrdeba `Seni soso~.
`Cemo episkoposoba!
meore Tvea monsaterSi vzivar, nikonma es SemZina. Tavi-
sufleba bevri maqvs. neba aviRe or kviraSi erTxel Camovide
dasaxedad qarxnisa. saxlisa da samsaxurisa... mec guli gamite-
xes am SeCvenebulebma dawyebuli episkoposis daviTisagan bolo
medaviTnemdis, an sul Wkuaze gadasulebi arian an araferi
siyvaruli mamulisa ara aqvT. upirobobas, jaSuSobas, flido-
bas da sxvas. nura ityviT, yvelaferi sazogado laparaki da in-
teresebi marto mosalamazeblad aqvT. ras izam, `bedaurebi da-
ixocnen, virebs darCaT moedani~... n. durnovi mwers, Sen, am-
brosi da Cvenc ra SuaSi varT nikonis sikvdilSio, davijero
aqamdis ver darwmundnen, rom Sen da ambrosi da Cvenc arafer
SuaSi varT... bevrjer vfiqrob da gonebiT SenTan varT, magram
ras izam mec da Senc tusaRebi varT... stumrebi gvyavda, Senze
laparakma ise gamitaca, roca Seni sadRegrZelo Seisva, bavSvi-
viT avqviTindi. wignebi da fuli tarasis gadaveci. Cvenma Tava-
debma daiwunes Sedgena dokladnois zapiskisa, gadaakeTebines,
isic daiwunes da ise waeTrivnen Sin, rom araferi gaukeTebiaT
eklesiisTvis. vnaxoT ra iqneba... gigzavni aT Tumans wignebisas,
Zveli darCa sami Tumani.
Seni soso~ õ3ú
es werili exeba im periods, roca kirions CamoarTves
RvTismsaxurebis ufleba da 1908 wlis martSi, kuriaJis (xar-
kovis maxloblad) monasterSi gaamweses, magram aTi Tvis Sem-
deg, iqidan gadaiyvanes gansakuTrebiT mZime reJimis monaster-
Si _ sanaqsaris udabnoSi (tambovis gubernia), magram represie-
bi kirionis momxreebisa da mxardamWerebis mimarTac ganxorci-
elda. saqarTveloSi darCenili TanamebrZolebidan kirionis
uaxloesi megobari iyo ioseb CijavaZe, romelic dawvrilebiT
atyobinebda saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs. igi saSi-
nel gulistkivils gamoxatavda arsebuli mdgomareobis gamo.
296
werilSi moxseniebuli piri tarasi kandelaki (uaxloesi mego-
bari da TanamebrZolo iyo kirionisa). werilSi saubaria agreT-
ve nikonze (saqarTvelos egzarqosi 1906-1908 w). 1908 wels
mokles TbilisSi da mkvlelobis braldeba kirions da ioseb
CijavaZes wauyenes. amaod cdilobda qarTuli sazogadoeba, n.
durnovo sxva rusi moRvaweebi da ucxoeTSi adamianTa ufleba-
is dacvis liga kirionis xvedri SeemsubuqebinaT, magram amaod.
werilSi did gakvirvebaa gamoTqmuli am braldebis gamo.
saocari siyvaruli, sinanuli da tkivilia gamoxatuli iosebis
sityvebSi. saqarTveloSi arsebuli gausaZlisi yofa da gul-
griloba adamianebis mimarT kargad aris gadmocemuli Semdeg
werilSi.
`Cemo episkoposoba!
karga xania werili aRar momiwera. amis mizezi avadmyofo-
ba iyo Cemi. ai, aTi dRea loginSi vwevar. dRes unda avdge. met-
simeti mamaZaRlia giorgi, orpiri cru. me vTxove ruseTSi ga-
miSvi meTqi. saqmeebi maqvs, senatSi mamulis saqme gverCeva, dam-
pirda Sevitan Txovnaso, magram bolos uari miTxra... bevri ve-
laparake, kidevac davemdure, magram ar miSvebs. axla kantora-
Si Sevitane qaRaldi da mowmoba warvadgine avadmyofobis.
vTxove gadamidon sasjeli. oTxi Tve morCenamde monasterSi
rom ar wavide, magram grigorim yvela daibriyva da rasac un-
da, imas Cadis... (werilSi saubaria im periodze, rodesac mama
iosebs saqarTvelo imereTis sinodaluri kantoris brZanebiT,
saeklesio wignebis darRvevis gamo, droebiT SeCerda mRvdel-
moqmedeba da ramdenime TviT garejis wminda ioane naTlismcem-
lis saxelobis mamaTa monasterSi gaamweses sasjelis mosaxde-
lad.
~...vin aris Cveni patroni an kantora ras warmoadgens, ro-
meli damcveli eg aris saqarTvelos eklesiis mis momsamsaxure-
Ta interesebisa. vai dedasa... grigoris mamaZaRlobam iseTi Zar-
Rvebis sisuste gamiCina, rom erTi periodi vapirebdi Sevsuli-
yavi da mecemna. ras izam, brZola brZolas ar hgavs. amaT xelSia
Zalaufleba, qoneba, yvelaferi aqvs da me... araferi garda Cemi
gmirobisa. mainc vcdilob wamovide, iqneba movaxerxo. nuTu
svindisisgan ise gadadgebian, saoperaciod ar gamiSveben.
Seni Zma soso~ õ4ú
297
`Cemo episkoposoba!
qriste aRsdga _ Cemo episkoposoba! Kkarga xania Sengan we-
rili ar mimiRia. me ufro imas vabraleb, rom qalaqi Sors aris
da miyruebul adgilas xsnian werilebs... aq didi yayania. Sen
gadayvanaze didma, pataram, urwmunom, rwmenianma xma amoiRo.
Tavadaznaurobam didi TanagrZnoba gamoiCina yvela mxriv. ga-
zeTebidan gaigebdi, rom quTaisSi didi laparaki hqoniaT. mSve-
nieri sityva uTqvams kita abaSiZes, daumTavrebia ase, Tu eseni
usvindiso farul devnas gaagrZeleben aRar gvinda magaTeburi
marTmadideblobao. Cven sxva sarwmunoeba miviRoT. kitas Sem-
deg uTqvams kargi sityva daTa miqelaZes da niko TavdgiriZes.
im krebaze, sul 22 kaci yofila. maT Soris erTi jaSuSi viRaca
gagnaZe Tu gagniZe daubezRebia general gubernatorTan da sa-
miveni daatusaRes. axla es gamouSves, radganac varancovma mo-
nawileoba miiRo am saqmeSi. prokurors quTaisSi ukiTxavs yve-
la maTTvis, mSvenivrad auweria Cveni garemoeba da daTa miqe-
laZes, romelsac uTqvams, rom ruseTis mTavroba da TviT xel-
mwifeebi marto damrRvevni arian yvela Sekrebulebisao. mere
auweria eklesiis garemoeba _ Seviwroveba da mkvaxeebi uTqvams
Zalian... yvela mxridan didi moZraobaa, aq ki rusuli gazeTebi
sisuleleebs, usvindisobas weren. namdvili jaSuSebi da oxran-
kebi arian. tarasi Camovida soflidan. ukiTxavs rodis Camovi-
da kirionio, sad iyo nikonis mkvlelobis dReso, visTan aqvs
miwer-mowerao, nestor maWavariansac ukiTxavs es ambavi. sam-
Rvdeloeba movalea ipovos mRvdelebi, radganac brali mas
edebao, mas warmouTqvams, rom gamomZiebeli Tqvena xarTo, po-
licia Tqven xelSia da Jandarmeria. ipoveT da Cvenc madlob-
lebi viqnebiTo... vin mokla da vis abraleben, ra SuaSia sam-
Rvdeloeba... eg ufro xulignebis saqmea.
`1908 wlis 28 maiss, egzarqos nikonis mkvlelobasTan da-
kavSirebiT, imdroindel rusulenovan presaSi, gansakuTrebiT
gazeT `Кавказ~-Si, aTasgvari cilismwamebluri statia daibeWda
qarTuli samRvdeloebisa da sazogadod qarTveli enis mimarT
õ10ú. egzarqos mkvlelobis safuZvlad isini qarTveli samRvde-
loebis mier gagzavnil saprotesto werils miiCnevdnen, rome-
lic 1906 wlis 8-16 ivniss qarTl-kaxeTis samRvdeloebis depu-
tatTa krebam gaugzavna mTavarepiskoposs nikons saqarTveloSi
Camosvlamde. qarTveli samRvdeloebis es protesti da egzar-
qosis mkvleloba ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam qarTvel da
298
rus xalxebs Soris nacionaluri SuRlis gasaRviveblad gamoi-
yena. rusi Sovinistebi qeba-didebas asaxavdnen egzarqos niko-
nis `velikoderJavul~ saqmianobas õ11, 197ú.
~...aq sruli gazafxulia. gulSi ki sul zamTari midgas.
dResac ver momisvenia, ise gamabrazes Jandarmerebma. aba ra
daamSvidebs kacis guls ruseTis mTavrobis xelSi, roca ici,
rom samarTlis magivrad, kanonis magivrad, usamarTloba da
Zalmomreoba sufevs. general-gubernatori da Jandarmeria mo-
icavs yvela kanonebs, rasac ginda imas mizamen, aTjer rom mar-
Tali da umanko iyo.
axla Zaan eZeben Cvens gazeTebs sacenzuro komitetSi. ga-
ugzavniaT iqidan nomrebi... sambeWdao inspeqtori calke gamo-
Ziebas awarmoebda vin muSaobdnen gazeTSi, fuli saidan iSoves
da sxv. xmebi dadis 15 kaci sasuliero piri unda gadaasaxlo-
no. ras apireben, ras agvianeben. davidovi jerac isev samsaxur-
Si iTvleba. (laparakia daviT davidovze _ saqarTvelos egzar-
qors kancelariis mdivani, kirionis biografiaSi avbediTi ro-
lis Semsrulebeli pirovneba).
mgoni, sinodi Tavis tutucur dadgenilebas vostorgovis
proeqtiT Saayenebs. n. durnovi xSirad mwers, sanugeSo ki ara-
feria. ambrosisganac araferia, garda ori sityvisa _ kargad
varo. etyoba suls uxuTaven. iyavi kargad nawamebo, saqarTve-
los eklesiis moWirnaxulev
Seni Zma soso~ õ5ú
marTlac, egzarqoSi nikonis mkvlelobis Semdeg, gazeTeb-
Si atexili aurzauris gamo qarTvelma samRvdeloebam moiwvia
sagangebo kreba, romelmac ganixila saxelmwifo saTaTbiros
deputatis puriSkeviCis ciliswameba qarTveli samRvdeloebis
monawileobis Sesaxeb egzarqosis mkvlelobaSi da moitana dad-
genileba, aRZruliyo saCivari deputat puriSkeviCis winaaRm-
deg. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva daevala ioseb CijavaZes õ12ú.
`Cemo epikoposoba
Seni werili miviRe petres qalaqidan, aqamdi ar vici mo-
nasteri Sen mfarveobaSi iqneba, Tu marto sacxovrebeli mog-
ces. Seni rom viyo pirdapir gadavWridi sakiTxs, amdeni usvin-
disoba mosabezrebelia, an mivcemdi Txovnas, rom Tu damnaSave
var damsaje da jer sabuTebi warmoadgineT da Tu ara var dam-
299
naSave adgili damibruneT, an monasteri momeciT da ufleba
daminiSneT da Tu egec ar gindaT, gamiSviT Cven qveyanaSi an
sazRvargareT. vnaxoT ras ityvian. magaT svindisi da adamiano-
ba sul ar aqvT da samarTalze laparakic zedmetia, an pirda-
pir xelmwifes mivmarTavdi saCivriT. Sen sul endobi da vidre
raRaca samarTals eZeb ruseTis saxelmwoSi. egeni ki nel-nela
Tavis qebiT da dapirebiT suls gixuTaven. sofromma Tavi daa-
neba kantoras, an Tavi daanebebines. imis magier sergo wereTe-
li amoirCies. grigols viRaca rusebi mieyvana, axalma proku-
rorma da inoketim ar qnes da qarTvelebi Caayenes saTaveSi.
vnaxoT sxva ra iqneba
Seni soso~ õ6ú
`Cemi episkoposoba
Seni siCume makvirvebs, veli, veli werils da ar Cans.
durnovi mwers, rom pensia dauniSneso. Sen ki arafers ar iwe-
rebi... sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ra aris axali. am 8-10 dRis
win gaCxrikes bevri mowinave qarTvelebi, redaqcia `droebisa~
_ veraferi ipoves da mainc daapatimres: iliko aRlaZe, las-
xiSvili, fircxalava, jabadari saSa, qaixosro qvaTaZe, zura-
biSvili oliko da sxvebi. sul amboben 8 kacia daWerilio, mi-
zezi aravin icis. ese gavige, rom viRaca general jorjaZes
misvlia proklamacia, rom mamulebi Tu gahyido, qarTvel gle-
xebs mihyideo, imitom, rom somexi da rusebi ar Camoasaxlono.
proklamacia Jandarmeriis ufrosisaTvis gamougzavnia da miu-
TiTebia weriliT, rom `droebis~ redaqcia bude ariso... me
darwmunebuli var, rom es saqme redaqciis saqme ar unda iyos.
vostorgovze saCivari riT gaTavda ver gavige, iyo samarTali
Tu kidev gaZvra vostorgovi.
iyavi yoCaRad, Seni soso. kaxeTi.~ õ7ú
werilSi saubaria im vostorgovze, romelic siamayiT ac-
xadebda, rom is iyo kavkasiis samrevlo-saeklesio skolebis
pirveli rusi erovnebis mzrunveli. vostorgovi amtkicebda,
rom zemdgomma organoebma igi amoirCies, rogorc `rusi pat-
rioti~, raTa mas ebrZola. politikan qarTvel mRvdelmTav-
rebTan, vinc egzarqos nikonis magaliTze aCvenes, Tu ra SeuZ-
liaT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom i. vostorgovi iyo saqarTev-
300
loSi rusuli Savrazmeli organizaciis `wesrigis momxreTa
partiis~ erT-erTi organizatori [13,17].
vostorgovi SesaniSnavad mixvda vin iyo qarTveli xalxis
interesTa upirvelesi da ukompromiso damcveli samRvdelo
wodebaSi. swored amitom amoiRo vostorgovma kirioni mizanSi
da meTodurad, veragulad dauwyo mas Seviwroveba da devna da
Sedegsac miaRwia. swored vostorgovis aSkara miTiTebiT kiri-
oni saqarTvelos moaSores da Soreul kamenec-podolskSi ga-
daisroles.
`Cemo episkoposoba!
karga xania werili ar momiweria. Senma werilebma Tvalebi
amatkiva, saqme imaSia, rom rusebs uyvarT tkbilad daZineba.
Kkargs gvpirdebian da mere sityvas TviT xelmwifeebi arRveven
da zavtra, zavtras gaiZaxian da Cvenc gvaswavles es Cveuleba
da upiroba. amas imitom gwer, rom jer-jerobiT araferi ar
aris dapirebis garda. vostorgovze kidev vera gavige ra. ram-
denadac marTalia misi daTxovna an risTvis daiTxoves. alievi
da vostorgovi didi megobrebi iyvnen da Sav razmelebs saTa-
veSi edgnen da saqarTvelos beds erTianaT sWridnen. ras izam,
mainc RmerTi avtomobiliT Tu ara urmiT mainc moeweva. sxva
ra nugeSi damrCenia. am Tvis 19-Si viyavi cagarelTan. bevri ve-
laparake sazogado saqmeebze da Senze, nawyenia, rom zaqaria
sarajiSvilis sikvdilis Taobaze telegrama TanagrZnobisa ar
gamougzavne qvrivs. Kkirioni megobrad eTvleboda sarajiSvils
da ratom daiviwyao. me vuTxari, kirioni kievSi gaemgzavra da
gzaSi iyo, amitom gvian gaigebda _ meTqi da Semdeg Cem werilSi
gamoacxada mwuxareba _ meTqi.
aq gavige, rom inoketze didi saCivrebia sinodSi da caga-
relmac sTqva, Zaan ejavrebaTo.
Seni soso. navTluRi~ õ8ú
iosebi da sxva avtokefalistebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen
inoketze mamxilebeli sabuTebi SeegrovebinaT da rogorme mo-
eSorebinaT Tavidan igi.
mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis brZola saqarTvelos eklesiis av-
tokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis carizmis periodSi xasiaTdeba
mkveTri radikalurobiT da principulobiT. misi moRvaweobis
aRniSnul periodSi Tanabarzomierad iyo Sezavebuli sityva da
301
saqme. imperiaSi gamefebuli mkacri reaqciis miuxedavad, igi
awarmoebda rogorc legalur, ise iatakqveSa brZolas arsebu-
li reJimis winaaRmdeg.
saqarTvelos erovnuli eklesiis istoriuli safuZvelis
aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi, ioseb CijavaZe upirates mniSvnelobas
aniWebda mamapapiseuli sjulis aRdgenas da erovnuli TviT-
Segnebis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkicebis sakiTxebs da miiCnevda, rom
swored am gziT unda momxdariyo qarTveli eris Semobruneba
tradiciuli erovnuli Rirebulebebisaken. igi aSkara winaaR-
mdegobas uwevda rusi Cinovnikebis mier gatarebul antiqar-
Tul politikas da xels uwyobda momavali Taobis erovnuli
TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba-ganmtkicebis process.
am mimowerebis saSualebiT Cven vecnobiT im movlenebs,
romelic danaxulia im drois Tanamedrovis TvaliT. werileb-
ze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiis SigniT fexmokide-
bul reformaTa gaanalizeba, masTan erTad gaanalizeba im
drois eklesiaze xelisuflebis zemoqmedebis xerxebisa da me-
Todebisa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs CavwvdeT eklesiis Sida da-
pirispirebaTa miRma moqmed im faqtorebs, romelebic realu-
rad amzadeben da iwvevdnen ganxeTqilebas, anda maT warmoqmna-
Si katalizatoris rols asrulebdnen.
maTi analizisas aSkara xdeba Secdomebisa da danaSauleb-
riv qmedebis ormxrivad arseboba. mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis we-
rilebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs im periodis saqarTvelo-
Si ganviTarebuli movlenebis kritikulad SeswavlisaTvis.
mdgomareoba Zalian rTuli iyo, ruseTis reaqciulma reJimma
da sinodma saqarTvelos yvela sfero moicva. swored es sir-
Tuleebi, gausaZlisi periodi da mis dasaZlevad arsebuli
brZolaa warmoCenili am mimoweraSi.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris arqivi, kirionis fondi,
@1239, 1909, 2 maisi.
2. xelnawerTa erovnuli centris arqivi, kirionis fondi,
#1240. 9 ivnisi.
3. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1241, 1909,
14 ivnisi.
4. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1244, 1909,
10 oqtomberi.
302
5. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1238, 1909,
19 marti.
6. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1251, 15
marti.
7. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1251, 8 ma-
isi.
8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kirionis fondi #1257, 1911,
25ivnisi.
9. s. kakabaZe _ qarTveli xalxis istoria, 1783-1921 w.w. Tbi-
lisi, 1997.
10. Газ. `Кавказ,~ # 250, Тифлис, 1908. 11. n. ToraZe, saqarTvelos marTmadidebeli eklesia me-19 da
me-20 saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1995.
12. samRvdeloebis kreba, gaz. `ali~, #43, 1908.
13. v. kiknaZe, erovnuli da sakacobrio problematika XIX s. qar-
Tveli sasuliero moRvaweebis SemoqmedebaSi, Tbilisi, 2009.
Tsatsa Chkhartishvili
Doctor of History, ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, scientific researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
Unknown Letters of the Monk Iosef Chijavadze to Bishop Kirion
(According to archive materials)
Summary
In the epistolary heritage of St. Kirion II there are letters of special, par-ticular interest that were sent to him by priest Iosef Chijavadze. The letters have not been published yet and are brought to the scientific circulation with the help of the given article. These letters are in the private fund of Kirion IIpreserves in The National Centre of Manuscripts. Though, our scientists, researchers fragmen-tarily discussed these letters, still their full versions are published for the first time in the given article. Iosef Chijavadze’s letters are mostly dedicated to the auto-cephaly problems of The Church of Georgia: fighting for autocephaly, reigning cruelty of Russian synod. The letters contain very interesting and important mate-rial about the situation of those days.
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irina arabiZe
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-
logiis institutis mecnier-TanamSro-
meli
moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli
organizaciebis aRmaskomi da saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi (1917 w.)
sapatriarqos arqivSi, dokumenti #6465 gv. 133-137, da-
culia moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis
aRmaskomis mimarTva ruseTis I adgilobrivi saeklesio krebi-
sadmi. mimarTva gakeTebulia 1917 wlis seqtemberSi da xelmo-
werilia aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris mixeil zandukelis mier. re-
zolucia: `dacul iqmnas saTanado saqmeebSi~ dadebulia kaTo-
likos-patriarq ambrosis (xelaia, 1921-1927 ww.) mier 1926 wlis
25 Tebervals. dokumentSi qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis
aRmaskomi gamoxatavs protests saqarTvelos yofil egzarqos
platonisa (roJdestvenski) da aRsarebaTa ministris moadgilis
kotliarevskis mier 1917 wlis 25 agvistos gakeTebuli gancxa-
debebis gamo. maTi gancxadebebi exeboda qarTveli avtokefa-
listebis mier imave wlis 23 agvistos egzarqosTa yofili sax-
lis dakavebis faqts. Tumca realurad momxdari movlena ten-
denciurad iyo gadmocemuli, TiTqos qarTvelma avtokefalis-
tebma saxlis dakaveba darbeviTa da dapatimrebebiT moaxerxes.
meufe platonma saqarTvelos eklesia daadanaSaula marTlma-
dideblobisagan gandgomaSi, qarTveli samRvdeloeba ki _ rusi
sasuliero pirebis mimarT daundobel mopyrobaSi.
saeklesio krebam qarTvelTa moqmedebas protesti ganuc-
xada.
protests SeuerTda aRsarebaTa ministris amxanagi kot-
liarevski da mTavrobas mouwoda, ar ecno avtokefaliis gan-
xorcielebis gza, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiam airCia (gaz.
Кавказ, 29.08.1917, 193, 2).
Cven mier gamosaqveyneblad SerCeuli dokumenti warmoa-
Cens moskovSi moqmedi qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis
gulSematkivrobas mSobliuri eklesiis avtokefaliisadmi. am
organizaciebis aRmaskomi ruseTis saeklesio krebas kidev er-
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Txel Seaxsenebs uwmindesi sinodis Tu misi zogierTi warmo-
madgenlis ukanono qmedebebs saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT da
23 agvistos TbilisSi momxdari faqtis Sesaxeb realur infor-
macias awvdis.
egzarqosTa yofil saxlTan dakavSirebiT ganviTarebul
movlenebs vexebiT statiaSi _ amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli
komitetis (`ozakomi~) wvlili saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-
lur uflebaTa ganxorcielebis saqmeSi (droebiTi mmarTvelo-
bis sxdomis oqmebis mixedviT) nawili I, axali da uaxlesi isto-
riis sakiTxebi, 2007 (2), gv. 251-255.
axla gvinda gagacnoT zemoaRniSnuli dokumenti da misi
qarTuli Targmani.
На Всероссийский Поместный Церковный Соборъ Отъ Исполнительнаго Комитета Грузинскихъ национальныхъ организаций въ Москве
3 А И А В Л Е Н И Е
Исполнительный Комитетъ Грузинскихъ иациональныхъ органи-
заций въ Москве имелъ 27 и З0 августа с.г. и 12 сего сентября суждения о заявленияхъ, сделанныхъ 25 минувшаго августа Собору архиеписко-помъ Платономъ, бывшимъ экзархомъ Грузии, и товарищемъ министра исповеданий профессоромъ Котляревекимъ. Содержание сделанныхъ заявлений заимствовано изъ отчётовъ, помещеныхъ въ газетахъ «Рус[ские] Вед[омости]» 195 и «Русск[ое] Сл[ово]» 195, и потому исполнительный Комитетъ ответственность за точность переданнаго въ названныхъ газетахъ не беретъ на себя. Архиепископъ Платонъ огла-силъ перодъ Соборомъ полученную им изъ Тифлиса отъ протоиерея Михайловскаго телеграмму о произведенномъ « в о о р у ж е н н о ю т о л п о ю г р у з и н ъ п р и у ч а с т и и м и л и ц и и , г р у з и н с -к и х ъ е п и с к о п о в ъ » з а х в а т е д о м а б ы в ш а г о э к з а р х а Г р у з и и , о б ъ о п е ч а т а н и и и м у щ е с т в а и пр. Оглашенный фактъ по телеграмме имелъ место въ Тифлисе 23 августа, но въ москов-скихъ газетахъ до сихъ поръ нетъ объ этомъ сообщений, которыя осве-тили бы его. Поэтому исполнительный Комитетъ поджидалъ более под-робныхъ сообщений объ этихъ событияхъ, и вотъ въ полученныхъ Ком-мтетомъ тифлисскихъ газетахъ «Сакартвело» 187 и «Республика» 44 какъ этотъ факть переданъ: «23 августа местоблюститель като-
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ликоса-патриарха Грузии, митрополитъ тифлисский Леонидъ пересе-лился въ принадлежащий грузинскому духовенству домъ /въ покои бывшихъ экзарховъ Грузии/. Для принятия меръ къ охране находяще-гося въ сихъ покояхъ частнаго имущества приглашена была городская милиция. Командированный для сего помощникъ начальника милиции нашелъ въ гостинной архиепископа Платона 5 портретовъ царствовав-шей династии Романовыхъ: Александра III, царевича Алексея, бываша-го наместника Николая Николаевича и др., а въ другомъ отделении пор-треты бывшаго царя Николая Романова и матери его Марии Федоровны. Все портреты сданы на хранение вместе съ частнымъ имуществомъ бывшаго экзарха. При сдаче дома среди братии экзаршескаго дома ока-зались частныя лица и монахи (unda iyos монашки, teqstSive xeli-
Taa Casworebuli _ i. a.) Мамкодскаго женскаго монастыря, которыя после опроса были отпущены. На месте дома экзарха Грузии въ 17-18 в. находился дворецъ грузинскихъ царей, который былъ разрушенъ во время взятия Тифлиса Ага-Магомедъ-Ханомъ. Въ начале 19 в. на месте царскаго дворца былъ построенъ домъ для тифлисскаго губернатора. Въ 1848 году администрация продала этотъ домъ духовному ведомству, причемъ покупная сумма, по распоряжению императора Николая I и согласно указу Св. Синода, целикомъ была уплачена изъ суммъ, при-надлежавшихъ грузинскому духовенству. Съ техъ поръ въ домъ имелъ пребывание экзархъ Грузии архиепископ карталинский и кахетинский». – Исполнительный Комитетъ не будетъ возражать противъ того, что за частной корреспонденцией не всегда можно признавать исчерпывающее и неопровержимое значение. Но вотъ въ 48 той же «Республики» помещенное официальное донесение начальника тифлисской милиции члену Особаго Закавказскаго Комитета: «Въ опровержение телеграфна-го сообщения Петроградскаго Телеграфнаго Агентства изъ Москвы отъ 23-го сего августа о томъ, «что толпа грузинъ во главе съ грузинскимъ епископомъ Леонидомъ при участии милиции захватила домъ экзарха, запечатала церковь, потребовала ключи отъ кассъ и арестовала неко-торыхъ духовныхъ лицъ», считаю долгомъ донести: Въ два часа дня, 23-го сего августа, я получилъ отъ местоблюстителя католикоса-патриарха всея Грузии митрополита тифлисскаго Леонида отношение за 909, следующаго содержания: «Г. начальнику тифлисской городской мили-ции. После утверждения Временнымъ Правительствомъ «Основныхъ началъ правового положения грузинской церкви въ русскомъ государ-стве» должность экзарха Грузии упразднена, домъ, въ которомъ прожи-
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валъ экзархъ Грузии, освободился не только юридически, но и фак-тически, ибо никто въ немъ въ настоящее время не живетъ. Въ виду того, что домъ этотъ преобретенъ на средства грузинскаго церковнаго Казначейства /см. дело синодальной конторы за 1849 г. 5036/, Вре-менное Управление грузинской церкви заняло этотъ домъ для поме-щения въ немъ местоблюстителя католикоса-патриарха, съ отведениемъ нижняго этажа его для проживания, если того пожелаютъ, представите-ли русской церкви въ Закавказьи до техъ поръ, пока русско-грузинские церковные интересы будутъ размежеваны. Доводя о семъ до Вашего сведения, Временное Управление покорнейше проситъ Васъ командиро-вать правомочное лицо для составления необходимой описи чужого имушества, а также прислать достаточную для ограждения живущихъ ныне въ этомъ доме лицъ охрану. Местоблюститель католикоса-патри-арха всея Грузии митрополитъ тифлисский Леонидъ».
Въ пять часовъ вечера того же дня я командировалъ въ экзар-шеский домъ, для составления описи чужого имущества и принятия соответствующихъ меръ, въ ограждение живущихъ въ доме лицъ, одного изъ своихъ помощниковъ, уведомивъ предварительно объ этомъ председателя краевого центра советовъ рабочихъ, солдатскихъ и крестьянскихъ депутатовъ и уполномоченнаго члена Особаго Закавказ-скаго Комитета. Въ экзаршескомъ доме городская милиция приняла сле-дующия меры: въ целяхъ охранения имущества, впредь до размежева-ния русско-грузинскихъ церковныхъ интересовъ, опечатала Крестовую церковь при экзаршемъ доме, въ коей хранятся драгоценности, привела въ известность все имущество, принадлежащее лично бывшему экзарху Платону, сложило таковое въ отдельную комнату и также опечатала. Въ виду категорическаго отказа бывшаго эконома экзаршескаго дома, иеро-монаха Серафима указать имущество, принадлежащее дому, предста-вить приходо-расходныя книги и кассу съ деньгами и ценными бума-гами, милиция опечатала также комнату, въ коей хранятся все доку-менты и несгораемый сундукъ. Во время осмотра этой комнаты иеро-монахъ Серафимъ покушался положить себе въ карманъ два большихъ свертка съ деньгами, вынутыхъ имъ изъ несгораемаго сундука, но былъ во время замеченъ. Такое поведение эконома вынудило милицию уста-новить особенно бдительный надзоръ, въ целяхъ предупреждения рас-хищения церковнаго имущества. При осмотре помещения въ верхнемъ этаже, на стенахъ гостинной обнаружено 5 портретовъ Романовскаго дома, въ томъ числе Александра III, бывшаго наследника Алексея и
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Николая Николаевича, а въ нижнемъ этаже того же дома – портреты Николая II /снятъ съ наследникомъ/ и матери его Марии Романовыхъ. Въ моментъ появления представителя милиции въ квартире иеромонаха Серафима находились два гражданина и две монашки Мамкодскаго Монастыря. Указанныя лица сидели за столомъ и вместе съ монахами распивали вино. Засимъ, въ виду оффициальнаго сообщения митро-полита Леонида о томъ, что въ архиве синодальной конторы замечается хищение ценныхъ документовъ, мною приняты меры къ охране архива, причемъ служащимъ синодальной конторы безпрепятственно выдаются нужные документы по особой росписке. После появления въ экзаршемь доме городской милиции никто не былъ арестованъ и в с е м ъ н а х о -д я щ и м с я в ъ д о м е л и ц а м ъ б ы л ъ п р е д о с т а в л е н ъ с в о -б о д н ы й в ы х о д ъ. 24-го августа ко мне явился Уполномоченный отъ председателя Особаго Закавказскаго Комитета Харламова съ письмен-нымъ предписаниемъ последняго объ оказании содействия въ состав-лении описи имущества экзаршескаго дома, при чемъ уполномоченное лицо заявило мне, что для составления описи будетъ образована особая согласительная комиссия изъ представителей русскаго и грузинскаго духовенства. Я сделалъ распоряжение объ оказании содействия, но къ описи не приступали, въ виду отказа русскаго духовенства принять участие въ согласительной комисси. Принятие милицией меръ и сос-тавление описи имущества санкционировано председателемъ Особаго Закавказскаго Комитета В. А. Харламовымъ».
Все приведенное ясно излагаетъ происшедшее въ Тифлисе 23 ми-нувшаго августа и изъ всего этого кроме того видно, что представители грузинскаго духовенства были вполне лояльны въ своихь действияхъ, предупредительны къ русскому духовенству, и, избравъ законный путь, не сошли съ него, а черезъ начальника тифлиской милиции действовали съ ведома какъ представителей Временнаго Правительства, такъ и местныхъ общественныхъ организаций. Грузинское духовенство ничего не захватило, а только лишь заняло то, что ему принадлежитъ, принявъ законныя меры къ охране чужого имущества. Телеграмма протоиерея Михайловскаго явно извращаетъ описанный фактъ, а Соборъ, не имея ничего более достовернаго, иначе и не могъ отнестись. Но архиепис-копъ Платонъ не удовлетворился оглашениемъ телеграммы и пошелъ дальше, и это приводитъ исполнительный Комитетъ грузинскихъ нацио-нальныхъ организаций въ Москве въ крайнее изумление и даже него-дование. Владыко Платонъ доложилъ Собору, что «Грузия о т д е л и -
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л а с ь отъ православной церкви и автокефалируется»... Но въ чемъ же архипастырь видитъ отделение Грузии отъ православной церкви. Архи-епископу Платону, пробывшему въ должности экзарха Грузии слиш-комъ два года, пользующемуся репутацией ученаго, хорошо должно быть известно, что «Грузия приняла христианство въ конце (sic.) IV века и съ техъ поръ вплоть до присоединения къ России, т. е. въ продо-лжение слишкомъ 14 столетий никогда не уклонялась отъ православия, соблюдала ее въ неприкосновенной чистоте, установленном Вселенски-ми Соборами, и за свою ревнительность къ православной религии вела непрерывную борьбу съ окружающими нехристианскими народами. Не уклонилась отъ православия грузинская церковь и после того, какъ русский Святейший Сннодъ распространилъ на нее свою власть.
И не теперь автокефалируется грузинская церковь: она была автокефалной съ VII века (sic.) и не переставала считать себя автокефальной после присоединения Грузии къ России: русский Синодъ не вправе былъ безъ постановления Вселенскихъ Соборовъ, уничтожать автокефалию грузинской церкви, и грузинская церковь считала себя только вдовствующей, но автокефальной. Съ падениемъ стараго строя и представителей старой власти православная грузинская церковь не могла мириться съ навязанной ей этимъ строемъ властью экзарха, а такъ какъ самостоятельная церковь не может оставаться безъ возглавляющей ее власти, то грузинский народъ во главе со своимъ православнымъ духовенствомъ возстановилъ еще 14 марта (12 marti unda iyos, teq-
stSive xeliTaa gasworebuli _ i. a.) с.г. грузинский католикосатъ и решилъ избрать католикоса. Это не есть отделение отъ православия, а является актомъ, основаннымъ на канонахъ Вселенскихъ Соборовъ, такъ какъ упразднение русскимъ Синодом кафедры грузинскихъ като-ликосовъ актъ неканонический. Поэтому нельзя считать отделениемъ отъ православия то, что грузинская православная церковь возвращаетъ себе автокефалию въ первоначальномъ виде. Провозглашено было воз-становление автокефалии грузинской православной церкви 14 марта (12 marti) с. г. Съ техъ поръ прошло пять месяцевъ, и Временное Прави-тельство и русский Синодъ убедилисъ, что нечего противозаконнаго, крамольнаго или сепаратистическаго въ этомъ нетъ, Правительство и Синодъ привыкли къ этому факту и признали возстановленную авто-кефальную православную грузинскую церковь. 1-го августа (25 ivlisi
unda iyos, teqstSive xeliTaa gasworebuli _ i. a.) состоялось постановление Временнаго Правительства о признании грузинской
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православной церкви автокефальной. В п. З временныхъ правилъ этого постановления говорится: «Священнослужители грузинской церкви мо-гутъ обслуживать религиозныя потребности православных не принадле-жащих къ Грузинской национальности; равно православные [русские] священники могутъ обслуживать потребности грузин». Надо полагать, что постановление Вроменнаго Правительства о грузинской православ-ной церкви состоялось не безъ участия министра исповедания и не безъ ведома русскаго Синода; а приведенный п. 3 категорически опроверга-етъ заявление архиепископа Платона: объ отделении грузинской церкви отъ православия.
Исполнительный Комитетъ решительно отказывается принять жалобы архепископа Платона на то, что Грузины его «лишили кафе-дральнаго собора». Въ Тифлисе кафедральный соборъ один, Сионский соборъ, построенный грузинскимъ царем Гурамомъ Багратидомъ, кото-рый скончался въ 600 г., такимъ образомъ Сионский соборъ построенъ въ VI в. и въ продолжении 12 столетий служилъ кафедральнымъ со-боромъ грузинскихъ католикосовъ. Спрашивается, кто у кого отнимаетъ этотъ соборъ: грузины у архиепископа Платона, или архиепископъ Платонъ пытается отнять его у грузинъ.
Исполнительному Комитету кажется страннымъ также заявление архиепископа Платона о насилияхъ, который якобы чинили Грузины надъ русскими монахами. Объ этихъ насилияхъ ни словомъ не обмолви-лся владико раньше; ничего не было объ нихъ и въ повременной печати, хотя по словамъ архипастыря, эти факты должны были иметь место дав-но – еще въ марте. Комитетъ со своей стороны категорически утверж-даеть, что этихъ фактовъ не было. Архиепископъ Платонъ пытается поставить Грузинамъ въ вину ихъ неприязненное отношение къ представителямъ русской православной церкви. Правда, не пользовались уважениемъ грузинъ протоиерей Восторговъ и Городцовъ, но деятельность этихъ лицъ достаточно известна и русскому обществу. Не будемъ говорить и о некоторыхъ непопулярных экзархахъ и непорядкахъ въ грузинскомъ экзархате, на что въ печати обращалось внимание въ такомъ авторитетномъ органе, какъ «Русь» И.С. Аксакова /см. напр. статьи Фадеева въ 80 г.г./. Но грузины умели ценить и ува-жать достойныхъ иерарховъ: экзарха Иоанникия до сихъ поръ вспоми-наютъ грузины съ уважениемъ.
Что же касается того, какъ «трудно жить русскому человеку на ок-раине, имя которой – Кавказъ» /Слова архиепископа Платона по газет-
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нымъ сообщениямъ/, то исполнительный Комитетъ имеетъ многочи-сленния сведения отъ приезжающихъ съ этой окраины, и изъ частной переписки, и изъ прессы и даже отъ русскихъ обывателей. Изъ этихъ сведений ясно видно, что на Кавказе /или вернее во всемъ Закавказьи/ новый строй водворяется спокойно и планомерно, безъ эксцессовъ. Ви-димо, местное разноплеменное, разноговорящее и разноверующее на-селение мыслитъ одинаково о новомъ строе: въ сознании опасности происходящих внешнихъ событии и продолжающейся грозной войны, въ сознании важности происшедшаго внутренняго переворота, въ созна-нии важности единыхъ общегосударственныхъ интересовъ Закавказское население занято творческой созидательной работой, каждый народъ вырабатываетъ планъ устройства своей новой жизни въ согласии, съ общегосударственною жизнью и жизнью соседнихъ народовъ.
Архиепископа Платона на Соборе поддержал, товарищъ министра исповеданий профессоръ Котляревский. Онъ говорилъ о «положении, въ которомь очутилось теперь православное население Закавказья». По сведениямъ исполнительнаго Комитета положение православнаго насе-ления Закавказья безъ различия национальностей нисколько не изме-нилось: только вместо несоответствующаго установления Вселенскихъ Соборовъ и ихъ канонамъ грузинскаго экзархата возстановленъ грузинс-кий католикосатъ, власть котораго единственно каноническая въ пра-вославной Грузии.
Далее, товарищъ министра исповеданий говорилъ, что «путь, избранный Грузией, не можетъ вызывать одобрения». Если эти слова относятся къ провозглашению автокефалии, то г. Котляревскому, какъ ученому и занимающему высокий постъ, должно быть известно, что логическая необходимость и исторический смысль всякаго переворота въ томъ именно и заключается, что къ нему прибегаютъ тогда, когда все другие пути, которые до переворота могли признаваться законными и могли вызывать «одобрение», оказываются исчерпанными, почему и Временное Правительство признало автокефальную грузинскую цер-ковь. Что касается особой согласительной комиссии, то это мнение не г. Котляревскаго, а Временное Правительство въ своемъ постановлении отъ 1-го минувшаго августа (25 ivlisi) въ п. 2 предрешило образова-ние такой комиссии. И мы веримъ, что эта комиссиа, если и не сможетъ сама размежевать церкви грузинскую и русскую, то во всякомъ случае найдетъ путь къ этому размежеванию и обратится, если будетъ нужно, къ другому более авторитетному, безпристрастному органу.
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Проживающимъ въ Москве грузинамъ особенно тяжело слышать отъ архиепископа Платона, состоявшаго, по воле русскаго Синода, экзархомъ Грузии, обвинение, взводимое имъ на грузинъ въ отделении отъ православной церкви, здесь въ Москве, центре русскаго правосла-вия и на Православномъ Церковномъ Соборе. Грузины привыкли къ наветамъ о.о. Восторговыхъ, но это было въ старой России, а въ новой свободной России, где во имя братства и равенства всехъ призываютъ къ любви, мы не ожидали слышать этого.
Въ такие дни, когда, все стремятся къ сохранению государствен-ной целосности России, когда грузины остаются вполне лояльными и ни о какомъ сепаратизме или отделении они не поднимаютъ речи, и заявляютъ лишь о своихъ законныхъ правахъ устроить свою церковную и светскую внутренную жизнь самостоятельно, какъ этого требуютъ ихъ мировозрение, ихъ национальныя нужды и бытовыя особенности, такия выступления представителей русской православной церкви и русской власти могутъ возстановить противъ грузинъ не только русский Поместный Церковный Соборъ, но и русское общественное мнение. Но это – не въ интересахъ пропаганды русской государственной целости, и при этомъ условии, конечно, не можетъ наладиться внутри нарождаю-щейся обновленной России солидарная созидательная работа разнопле-меннаго государства.
Въ виду всего изложеннаго исполнительный Комитетъ Грузин-скихъ национальныхъ организации въ Москве протестуют противъ взво-димаго архиепископом Платономъ обвинения на Грузию въ отделении ея отъ православной церкви и признаетъ на Сионский кафедральный соборъ право лишъ православнаго грузинскаго католикосата, а также протестуетъ противъ неодобрения г. Котляревскаго поведения Грузии въ церковномъ вопросе.
Москва, Сентября ------ дня 1917 года. Председатель исполнительнаго Комитета xelmowerilia mixeil
zandukelis mier.
Товарищи председателя xelmowerebi ar aris Члены исполнительнаго Комитета " _ " Секретаръ " _ "
312
ruseTis adgilobriv saeklesio krebas
moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli
organizaciebis aRmaskomis
g a n c x a d e b a
kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis mier dadebuli rezolucia:
`25/II.26w. dacul iqmnas saTanado saqmeSi~.
moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis
aRmaskoms 27, 30 agvistos da 12 ama seqtembers hqonda msjelo-
ba mTavarepiskopos platonis, saqarTvelos yofili egzarqosis
da aRsarebaTa ministris amxanagis profesor kotliarevskis
mier 25 ama agvistos gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Sesaxeb. gancxa-
debebis Sinaarsi aRebulia angariSebidan, romlebic moTavsebu-
lia gazeTebSi: «Рус[ские] Вед[омости]» 195 da «Русск[ое] Сл[ово]» 195, amitom aRmaskomi Tavis Tavze ar iRebs pasuxis-
mgeblobas dasaxelebul gazeTebSi moTavsebuli cnobebis si-
zustesTan dakavSirebiT. mTavarepiskoposma platonma krebaze
gaaxmovana Tbilisidan dekanoz mixailovskisagan miRebuli de-
peSa `qarTvelTa SeiaraRebuli brbos mier miliciisa da qar-
Tveli episkoposebis monawileobiT~ saqarTvelos yofili eg-
zarqosis saxlis xelSi Cagdebis, qonebis daluqvisa da sxvaTa
Sesaxeb. xsenebul faqts TbilisSi adgili hqonda 23 agvistos,
magram moskovis gazeTebSi igi dRemde ar gaSuqebula. aRmasko-
mi elodeboda am movlenebis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT cno-
bebs; komitetSi gadmogzavnil Tbilisur gazeTebSi _ `saqar-
Tvelo~ # 187-sa da `respublika~ # 44-Si es faqti Semdegnai-
rad aris gadmocemuli: `23 agvistos saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis mosaydre, Tbilisis mitropoliti leonidi gada-
saxlda qarTveli samRvdeloebis kuTvnil saxlSi (saqarTvelos
yofil egzarqosTa samyofeli). iq arsebuli kerZo qonebis da-
sacavad zomebis misaRebad mowveuli iyo qalaqis milicia. ami-
saTvis movlenilma miliciis ufrosis TanaSemwem mTavarepisko-
pos platonis sastumroSi naxa romanovebis samefo dinastiis
warmomadgenelTa 5 portreti: aleqsandre III-is, ufliswul
aleqsis, yofili mefisnacvlis nikoloz nikolozis Zis da
sxvaTa, sxva ganyofilebaSi ki yofili mefis nikoloz romano-
vis da misi dedis maria Tevdores asulis portretebi. isini
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Senaxulia yofili egzarqosis pirad qonebasTan erTad. saxlis
Cabarebisas saegzarqoso saxlis ZmebTan erTad imyofebodnen
kerZo pirebi da mamkodis dedaTa monastris monazvnebi, rom-
lebic dakiTxvis Semdeg gauSves. saqarTvelos egzarqosTa sax-
lis adgilze XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTveli mefeebis sasaxle
iyo, romelic aRa-mahmad-xanis mier Tbilisis aRebis dros da-
ingra. XIX s. dasawyisSi samefo sasaxlis adgilze aigo Tbili-
sis gubernatoris saxli. 1848 w. administraciam es saxli mihyi-
da sasuliero uwyebas. imperator nikoloz I-is gankargulebiT
da sinodis brZanebiT Tanxa mTlianad gadairicxa qarTveli
samRvdeloebis kuTvnili saxsrebidan. amis Semdeg iq binadrob-
dnen saqarTvelos egzarqosebi, qarTlisa da kaxeTis mTavare-
piskoposebi~. aRmaskomi iziarebs im azrs, rom kerZo korespon-
dencia yovelTvis ar SeiZleba iyos amomwuravi da sando, mag-
ram ai, imave gazeT `respublikis~ # 48-Si moTavsebulia Tbi-
lisis miliciis ufrosis oficialuri pataki amierkavkasiis
gansakuTrebuli komitetis wevrisadmi: `petrogradis depeSaTa
saagentos mier moskovidan gavrcelebuli cnobis uarsayofad,
Sesaxeb imisa, rom ama agvistos 23-s qarTvelebis brbom qar-
Tveli episkoposis _ leonidis meTaurobiT miitaca egzarqo-
sis saxli, daluqa eklesia, moiTxova salaros gasaRebi da daa-
patimra zogierTi sasuliero piri, Tavs movaled vTvli, mo-
gaxsenoT: ama agvistos 23-s dRis 2 saaTze miviRe sruliad sa-
qarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydris, Tbilel mitro-
polit leonidis Semdegi Sinaarsis mimarTva # 909: `b. Tbili-
sis miliciis ufross: droebiTi mTavrobis mier `ruseTis sa-
xelmwifoSi saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebrivi mdgomareobis
ZiriTadi wesebis~ damtkicebis Semdeg egzarqosis Tanamdeboba
gauqmebulia, saxli sadac cxovrobda saqarTvelos egzarqosi,
gamoTavisuflebulia ara marto iuridiulad, aramed faqtob-
rivadac, radgan masSi axla aRaravin cxovrobs. imis gamo, rom
es saxli SeZenilia saqarTvelos saeklesio xazinis saxsrebiT
(ix. sinodis kantoris saqme #5036, 1849 w.), saqarTvelos ekle-
siis droebiTma mmarTvelobam daikava igi kaTolikos-patriar-
qis mosaydris dasabinaveblad. survilisamebr, mis qveda sar-
TulSi cxovreba SeuZliaT a/kavkasiaSi rusuli eklesiis war-
momadgenlebs, manam, sanam moxdeba rusul-qarTuli eklesiis
interesebis saboloo gamijvna. gacnobebT amis Sesaxeb da
gTxovT, miavlinoT iq uflebamosili piri sxvisi qonebis aRsa-
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werad da agreTve _ sakmarisi dacva amJamad iq mcxovreb pirTa
usafrTxoebisaTvis. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri-
arqis mosaydre, Tbileli mitropoliti leonidi~.
imave dRes, saRamos 5 saaTze egzarqosis saxlSi mivavline
Cemi erT-erTi TanaSemwe sxvisi qonebis aRsawerad da saxlSi
mcxovreb pirTa dasacavad zomebis misaRebad, ris Sesaxebac wi-
naswar vacnobe muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa deputatebis
samxareo sabWos Tavmjdomares da amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebu-
li komitetis uflebamosil wevrs. egzarqosis saxlSi qalaqis
miliciam Semdegi zomebi gaatara: rusul-qarTuli saeklesio
interesebis gamijvnamde, qonebis dacvis mizniT, daluqa eg-
zarqosis saxlTan arsebuli jvris saxelobis eklesia, romel-
Sic Zvirfaseuloba inaxeboda, aRnusxa yofil egzarqos pla-
tonis mTeli piradi qoneba, moaTavsa calke oTaxSi da isic da-
luqa. egzarqosis saxlis yofili ekonomis mRvdelmonazon se-
rafimis kategoriuli uaris gamo, mieTiTebina qoneba, romelic
saxlis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, aseve Semosaval-gasavlis
wigni da fulisa da fasiani qaRaldebis salaro, miliciam da-
luqa is oTaxic, sadac inaxeba sabuTebi da cecxlgamZle skiv-
ri. am oTaxis daTvalierebis dros mRvdelmonazonma serafimma
scada, jibeSi Caedo cecxlgamZle skivridan amoRebuli fulis
2 msxvili Sekvra, magram droulad iqna SemCneuli. ekonomis
aseTma qcevam aiZula milicia daewesebina gansakuTrebuli meT-
valyureoba saeklesio qonebis datacebis aRsakveTad. Senobis
daTvalierebisas misi zeda sarTulis sastumros kedlebze aR-
moCnda romanovTa saxlis 5 portreti, maT Soris: aleqsandre
III-is, yofili memkvidris aleqsis da nikoloz nikolozis Zis,
amave saxlis qvemo sarTulze ki _ nikoloz II-is portretebi
memkvidresTan da dedasTan _ maria romanovasTan erTad gada-
Rebuli. mRvdelmonazon serafimis oTaxSi miliciis warmomad-
genlis Sesvlisas imyofebodnen: 2 moqalaqe da mamkodis monas-
tris 2 monazoni. isini isxdnen magidasTan da berebTan erTad
svamdnen Rvinos. Semdgom, mitropolit leonidis oficialuri
gancxadebis Sesabamisad, rom arqividan SeimCneoda faseuli
dokumentebis dataceba, miviRe zomebi arqivis dasacavad, amas-
Tanave, sinodaluri kantoris TanamSromlebze daubrkoleblad
gaicema sabuTebi specialuri siis mixedviT. egzarqosis saxlSi
qalaqis miliciis warmomadgenelTa mier aravin yofila dakave-
buli da y v e l a i q m y o f s m i e c a S e n o b i s T a -
315
v i s u f l a d d a t o v e b i s s a S u a l e b a. 24 agvistos
CemTan gamocxadda amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis
Tavmjdomaris xarlamovis rwmunebuli mowerilobiT, gamewia
daxmareba egzarqosis saxlis qonebis aRweris saqmeSi. manve ama-
ve dros ganmicxada, rom aRweris Sesadgenad Camoyalibdeboda
gansakuTrebuli SemTanxmebeli komisia rus da qarTvel sasu-
liero pirTagan. gaveci gankarguleba daxmarebis aRmosaCenad,
magram SemTanxmebel komisiaSi monawileobaze rusi samRvdelo-
ebis uaris gamo aRwera aRar Catarebula. miliciis mier gata-
rebuli zomebi da qonebis nusxis Sedgena sanqcirebulia amier-
kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis Tavmjdomaris v.a. xarla-
movis mier~.
zemoTqmuli naTlad gadmogvcems TbilisSi ama agvistos
23-s momxdars, amas garda Cans, rom qarTveli sasuliero wode-
bis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi qmedebiT iyvnen savsebiT loia-
lurni, Tavazianni rusi samRvdeloebis mimarT da arCeuli ka-
nonieri gzidan ar gadauxveviaT, Tbilisis miliciis ufrosis
meSveobiT moqmedebdnen rogorc droebiT mTavrobasTan, ise
adgilobriv sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan SeTanxmebiT. qar-
Tvel samRvdeloebas araferi miutacnia, daikava mxolod is,
rac ekuTvnoda da imavdroulad, miiRo zomebi sxvisi qonebis
dasacavad. dekanoz mixailovskis depeSa aSkarad amaxinjebs aR-
weril faqts. saeklesio krebas sxvanairad moqceva ar SeeZlo,
radgan ufro sarwmuno informacia ar hqonda. magram mTavare-
piskoposi platoni ar dakmayofilda depeSis gaxmovanebiT, ki-
dev ufro Sors wavida da es yvelaferi iwvevs moskovSi arse-
buli qarTuli erovnuli organizaciebis aRmaskomis gancvif-
rebasa da aRSfoTebas.
meufe platonma moaxsena krebas, rom saqarTvelo ganudga
marTlmadidebel eklesias da avtokefalurobs... magram raSi
xedavs mRvdelmTavari qarTvelTa gandgomas marTlmadidebeli
eklesiisagan? mTavarepiskopos platonisaTvis, romelic saqar-
Tvelos egzarqosis Tanamdebobaze imyofeboda 2 welze meti
xnis ganmavlobaSi da sargeblobs mecnieris reputaciiT, kar-
gad unda iyos cnobili, rom saqarTvelom qristianoba miiRo IV
s-is bolos (sic.) da mas Semdeg, ruseTTan SeerTebamde, e.i. 14
saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi arasdros gadauxvevia mar-
Tlmadideblobisagan da msoflio krebaTa dadgenilebisamebr
wmindad icavda mas. marTlmadidebeli religiisadmi Tavisi
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Tavdadebis gamo saqarTvelo ganuwyvetel brZolas eweoda
garSemo mcxovreb araqristian xalxebTan. saqarTvelos ekle-
sia marTlmadideblobisagan mas Semdegac ar gamdgara, rac mas-
ze uwmidesma sinodma gaavrcela Tavisi Zalaufleba. saqarTvelos eklesia axla ki ar avtokefalurobs, avto-
kefaluri iyo VII saukunidan (sic.) da Tavis Tavs avtokefalu-
rad Tvlida ruseTTan saqarTvelos SeerTebis Semdegac: ruse-
Tis sinods ar hqonda ufleba msoflio krebaTa dadgenilebis
gareSe gaeuqmebina saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. saqar-
Tvelos eklesia Tavs Tvlida mxolod daqvrivebulad, magram
mainc avtokefalurad. Zveli wyobisa da Zveli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelTa damxobasTan erTad saqarTvelos marTlmadi-
debel eklesias ar SeeZlo moeTmina am wyobisagan Tavsmoxveu-
li egzarqosis xelisufleba da, radgan damoukidebeli ekle-
sia ar SeiZleba arsebobdes meTauri xelisuflebis gareSe,
qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi samRvdeloebis meTaurobiT jer ki-
dev ama wlis 14 marts (unda iyos 12 marti, teqstSive xeliTaa
gasworebuli _ i. a.) aRadgina saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso da
gadawyvita sakuTari patriarqis arCeva. es aris ara marTlma-
dideblobisagan gandgoma, aramed _ msoflio saeklesio kreba-
Ta kanonebze dafuZnebuli aqti, rameTu rusuli sinodis mier
qarTveli kaTolikosebis kaTedris gauqmeba iyo arakanonikuri.
swored amitom, marTlmadideblobisagan gandgomad ar SeiZle-
ba CaiTvalos is, rom saqarTvelos eklesia ibrunebs avtokefa-
lias sawyisi formiT. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aR-
dgena ama wlis 14 marts (12 marts _ Sesworebulia iqve _ i. a.)
gamocxadda. mas Semdeg 5 Tve gavida. droebiTi mTavroba da
rusuli sinodi darwmundnen, rom es araa amboxi, masSi ukanono
da separatistuli araferia. mTavroba da sinodi Seeguen am
faqts da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefa-
lia aRdgenilad cnes. 1 agvistos (unda iyos 25 ivlisi, iqve xe-
liTaa gasworebuli _ i. a.) droebiTma mTavrobam gamosca dad-
genileba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebis Sesa-
xeb. am dadgenilebis droebiTi wesebis §3-Si naTqvamia, rom `sa-
qarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmsaxurT SeuZliaT daakmayofilon
araqarTveli marTlmadideblebis sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnile-
bani. aseve rus marTlmadidebel mRvdlebsac SeuZliaT daakma-
yofilon qarTveli morwmuneebis moTxovnilebani. unda vivara-
udoT, rom droebiTi mTavrobis dadgenileba saqarTvelos ek-
317
lesiis Sesaxeb miRebuli iyo aRsarebaTa ministris monawileo-
biTa da sinodis nebarTviT. xolo, moyvanili §3 kategoriulad
uaryofs mTavarepiskopos platonis gancxadebas saqarTvelos
eklesiis marTlmadideblobisagan gandgomis Sesaxeb.
aRmasrulebeli komiteti gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeba mTava-
repiskopos platonis saCivris miRebas, rom qarTvelebma `waar-
Tves sakaTedro taZari~. TbilisSi sakaTedro taZari erTia,
qarTveli mefis guaram bagratidis mier aSenebuli sionis ta-
Zari. mefe 600 wels gardaicvala, ase, rom sionis taZari aSene-
bulia VI saukuneSi da 12 s-is ganmavlobaSi qarTvel kaToli-
kosTa sakaTedro taZari iyo. sakiTxavia, vin vis arTmevs am ta-
Zars: qarTvelebi mTavarepiskopos platons Tu _ es ukanaskne-
li cdilobs mis mitacebas qarTvelebisagan.
aRmaskoms aseve ucnaurad miaCnia mTavarepiskopos plato-
nis gancxadeba qarTvelebis mier rus berebze ganxorcielebu-
li Zaladobis Sesaxeb, sagulisxmoa, rom am Zaladobis Taobaze
meufe platons adre araferi wamoscdenia, arc Tanadroul
presaSi dabeWdila rame, Tumca mRvdelmTavris TqmiT, es didi
xnis win _ jer kidev martSi xdeboda. aRmaskomi kategoriulad
amtkicebs, rom aseTi faqtebi ar yofila. mTavarepiskoposi
platoni cdilobs, qarTvelebi daadanaSaulos rusuli eklesi-
is warmomadgenlebisadmi mtrul damokidebulebaSi. marTalia,
qarTvelebis pativiscemiT ar sargeblobdnen dekanozebi vos-
torgovi da gorodcovi, magram maTi moRvaweoba sakmaodaa
cnobili rusuli sazogadoebisTvisac. ar visaubrebT arc ram-
denime arapopularul egzarqosze da arc saqarTvelos saeg-
zarqosoSi arsebul uwesrigobebze, ris Sesaxebac ibeWdeboda
presaSi, iseT popularul organoSi, rogoricaa i. s. aqsakovis
«Русь» (ix. mag. fadeevis statiebi 80-iani wlebSi). magram qar-
Tvelebs SeeZloT dafaseba da pativiscema Rirseuli ierarqe-
bisa: dRemde pativiscemiT ixseneben egzarqos ioanikes.
rac Seexeba imas, Tu raoden `Znelia rusisaTvis cxovreba
im ganapira mxareSi, romelsac kavkasia hqvia~ (mTavarepiskopos
platonis gamonaTqvami sagazeTo cnobebis mixedviT), aRmaskoms
aqvs mravalricxovani cnobebi am ganapira mxaridan CamosulTa,
piradi mimowerebis, presisa da TviTon rus mcxovrebTaganac
ki, saidanac Cans, rom kavkasiaSi (ufro sworad mTel amierkav-
kasiaSi) axali wyoba mSvidad da gegmazomierad, eqscesebis ga-
reSe myardeba. Cans, adgilobrivi sxvadasxvatomelebi, sxvadas-
318
xva enaze molaparake da sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mosaxleoba
axal wyobaze erTnairad fiqrobs: acnobierebs mimdinare saga-
reo movlenebisa Tu gaWianurebuli mrisxane omis safrTxes,
amavdroulad Segnebuli aqvs momxdari saSinao gadatrialebis
mniSvneloba. erTiani saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT a/kavkasiis mosaxleoba dakavebulia Semoqme-
debiTi SromiT. yoveli xalxi cdilobs SeimuSaos axali cxov-
rebis mowyobis gegma saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisa
da mezobeli xalxebis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
mTavarepiskopos platons krebaze mxari dauWira aRsare-
baTa ministris amxanagma kotliarevskim. man isaubra `im mdgo-
mareobis Sesaxeb, romelSic amJamad aRmoCnda a/kavkasiis mar-
Tlmadidebeli mosaxleoba~. aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelT
arsebuli cnobebis mixedviT a/kavkasiis marTlmadidebeli mo-
saxleobis mdgomareoba erovnebis miuxedavad srulebiT ar
Secvlila: garda imisa, rom saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebeb-
Tan da kanonebTan sruliad Seusabamo saqarTvelos saegzarqo-
sos nacvlad aRdga saqarTvelos sakaTolikoso, romlis xeli-
suflebac marTlmadidebel saqarTveloSi erTaderTi kanoni-
kuria.
aRsarebaTa ministris amxanagma isaubra, rom `saqarTve-
los mier arCeulma gzam ar SeiZleba mowoneba daimsaxuros~.
Tu es saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebas Seexe-
ba, b. kotliarevskisaTvis, rogorc mecnierisa da maRali Ta-
namdebobis adamianisaTvis, cnobili unda iyos, rom yovelgvari
gadatrialebis logikuri aucilebloba da istoriuli azri
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gadatrialeba xdeba maSin, roca arse-
buli yvela gza, romelic gadatrialebamde kanonierad iyo
miCneuli da SeiZleboda `gamarTlebuli~ yofiliyo, amoiwura,
amitomac droebiTma mTavrobam cno saqarTvelos avtokefalu-
ri eklesia. rac Seexeba gansakuTrebul SemTanxmebel komisias,
es b. kotliarevskis ki ara, droebiTi mTavrobis azria: 1 agvis-
tos (25 ivlisi) dadgenilebis §2-Si winaswaraa gansazRvruli
aseTi komisiis Camoyalibeba. Cven gvjera, Tu es komisia ver
SeZlebs saqarTvelos da ruseTis eklesiaTa gamijvnas, saami-
sod gzas mainc ipovis da Tu saWiro iqneba, mimarTavs sxva, uf-
ro kompetentur da miukerZoebel organos.
moskovSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sam-
Zimoa rusuli marTlmadideblobis centrSi _ moskovSi da Ta-
319
nac marTlmadidebel saeklesio krebaze ruseTis sinodis ne-
biT saqarTvelos egzarqosad daniSnuli mTavarepiskopos pla-
tonis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mosmena marTlmadidebeli
eklesiisagan gandgomaSi qarTvelebis dadanaSaulebis Taobaze.
qarTvelebi miCveuli arian m. m. vostorgovebis ciliswamebebs,
magram es iyo Zveli dro. axal, Tavisufal ruseTSi, sadac Zmo-
bisa da Tanasworobis saxeliT yvelas mouwodeben siyvaruli-
saken, amas ar movelodiT.
im dros, rodesac yvela cdilobs ruseTis erTianobis Se-
narCunebas, roca qarTvelebi kvlavac sruliad loialurni rCe-
bian da araviTar separatizmsa da gamoyofaze sityvas ar Zraven,
acxadeben mxolod TavianT kanonier uflebebs _ moawyon saku-
Tari saeklesio da saSinao cxovreba damoukideblad, rogorc
amas moiTxovs maTi msoflmxedveloba, erovnuli saWiroebani da
yofiTi Taviseburebani, ruseTis eklesiisa da rusuli xelisuf-
lebis warmomadgenelTa aseT gamosvlebs SeuZliaT qarTvelebis
winaaRmdeg ganawyon ara marto ruseTis adgilobrivi saeklesio
kreba, aramed rusuli sazogadoebrivi azric. magram es rusuli
saxelmwifos erTianobis propagandis interesebSi ar Sedis. aseT
pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, Sinaganad ganaxlebul ruseTSi ar SeiZ-
leba mowesrigdes mravalerovnuli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli solidaruli SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, moskovSi arsebuli qarTuli
erovnuli organizaciebis aRmasrulebeli komiteti aprotes-
tebs mTavarepiskopos platonis braldebebs saqarTvelos mi-
marT marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan gandgomaSi da sionis sa-
kaTedro taZarze cnobs mxolod qarTuli marTlmadidebeli
sakaTolikosos uflebas. agreTve protests gamoTqvams saek-
lesio sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kotliarevskis mier qarTvele-
bis gakicxvis gamo.
1917 w. -------- seqtemberi, moskovi
aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tav-re m. zandukeli, (xelmoweri-
lia)
Tavmjdomaris amxanagi (xelmouwerilia)
aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevrebi " _ "
mdivani " _ "
320
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme 6465. 2. gazeTi «Кавказъ», 29.08.1917, 193.
Irina Arabidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History
The Executive Committee of Georgian National Organizations in
Moscow and the Autocephaly Problems of the Church of Georgia (1917)
Summary
Document published with comments (Patriarchate Archive of All Georgia, case 6465 p. 133-137) is an appeal of the executive committee of the Georgian national organizations in Moscow to the first local Church council. The appeal is dated to September, 1917 and is signed by the head of the executive committee Mikheil Zandukeli.
The executive committee of the national organizations expresses pro-test against the announcement made by former Exarch of Georgia Platon (Rozhdestvenski) at the council of the Church of Russia in August, 25 in 1917.
The announcement was about `the apostasy of the Church of Georgia~ from the Orthodox faith and the fact of occupation of Exarchs’ former house by Georgian defenders of autocephaly that, as if, was carried on by pogrom and arrests. In his tendentious evaluation of the real situation in the Church of Georgia Archbishop Platon was supported by Kotliarevski, a friend of the minister of denominations.
The former house of Exarchs and the building of the Synodic Office without contradiction was a property of the Church of Georgia as it was bought by local money. Enemies of the Church of Georgia were spreading various kinds of rumors about the behavior of the Georgian clergy and were slandering fighters for freedom.
The Moscow executive committee of the Georgian national organiza-tions with the appeal sent to the Church Council of Russia expressed its atti-
321
tude towards the restoration of the Church autocephaly rights and in fact in-formed the Church council in Georgia about the real situation.
322
merab kalandaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-
sis saxelmwifo universitetis profe-
sori
amerikis aRmoCena da qarTuli
istoriografia
winamdebare naSromi istoriografiul xasiaTs atarebs da
miznad isaxavs, gaaSuqos erTi saintereso Tema: amerikis aRmo-
Cenis Seswavla saqarTveloSi. es sakiTxi istoriografiaSi Ses-
wavlili ar yofila da amitom Cven mizanSewonilad vcaniT,
masze sagangebod SevCerebuliyaviT.
am problemis obieqturad warmoCenisaTvis didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs swori kriteriumis SerCevas. ra kriteriumiT unda
SevafasoT aRiSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi qarTuli isto-
riografiis wvlili?
pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom am memkvidreobis Se-
ufasebloba ar ivargebs da am problemisadmi gulgrili, nihi-
listuri damokidebuleba swori ar iqneboda. winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi is mcire informaciac ar gveqneboda, rac am sakiTxze
gagvaCnia qarTul enaze.
am Temis mkacri mecnieruli kriteriumebiT Sefaseba mar-
Tebulad ar migvaCia. es advili gziT siaruli iqneboda da
aRiSnuli sakiTxis realistur suraTs rodi iZleva. miT ume-
tes, rom qarTuli istoriografiis winaSe mokrZalebuli amo-
cana idga da miznad isaxavda amerikis aRmoCenis populariza-
cias. mas umTavresad SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnda. am kul-
turtregerul misias qarTulma istoriografiam, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi. es iyo mTavari. swored amaSi
mdgomareobda misi mniSvneloba.
* * *
amerikis aRmoCenam qarTuli sazogadoebis yuradReba mi-
ipyro me-19 saukunis bolos. maSin saqarTvelos skolebSi axa-
li istoria rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT iswavlebo-
323
da. upiratesad es iyo kaidanovis da d. ilovaiskis saxelmZRva-
neloebi. maTi gverdis avla gamarTlebuli ar unda Candes da
aRniSul sakiTxze srul warmodgenas rodi Segviqmnis. am sa-
xelmZRvaneloebSi amerikis aRmoCenas, bunebrivia, yuradReba
eqceva da qarTul sazogadoebas masze garkveul informacias
awvdis.
d. ilovaiskis wignSi axali istoria didi geografiuli
aRmoCenebiT iwyeba, xolo p. radaSevis da n. kareevis axali is-
toriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi axali dro renesansiT da refor-
maciiT iwyeba. am TvalsazrisSi miuRebeli araferia da mas gaa-
Cia moqalaqeobis ufleba. piradad Cven migvaCia, rom d. ilova-
iskis Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos realobasTan [1].
cnobili rusi istorikosi kareevi jer vasko da gamas eqspedi-
cias exeba (1498), xolo Semdeg ki kolumbis mier amerikis aRmo-
Cenas (1492).
zogierTi mosazreba, romelic am drois istoriografiaSi
miRebuli iyo, SemdgomSi gadasinjul iqna, ufro dazustda.
ase magaliTad, p. ardaSevis saxelmZRvaneloSi kolumbis daba-
debis TariRad saxeldeba 1436 weli, xolo Semdgomi periodis
istoriul-samecniero literaturaSi ufro damkvidrda Tari-
Ri 1451 weli. carizmis dros arsebuli axali istoriis saxel-
mZRvaneloebi upiratesad memarjvene-konservatoruli pozici-
ebidanaa dawerili. aseTia d. ilovaiskis da p. ardaSevis saxel-
mZRvaneloebi. aris liberalur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli
saxelmZRvaneloebi: n. kareevi, r. viperi, p. vinogradovi.
saqarTveloSi msoflio istoriis popularizaciis saqmeSi
Tavisi wvlili miuZRvis wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazoga-
doebas. am mxriv, bunebrivia, kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCena
gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda. yuradRebas ipyrobs rafiel
erisTavis mier Sedgenili patara wignaki kolumbi, romelic
1887 wels gamovida [2]. am broSuram Tavisi mokrZalebuli
wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi kolumbis moRvaweobis popula-
rizaciis saqmeSi da qarTul sazogadoebas saerTo warmodgena
Seuqmna did zRvaosanze. misi mniSvnelobac swored amaSi mdgo-
mareobda. kolumbis biografiis es primitiuli martivi, miami-
turi gadmocema, imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fon-
ze wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. sakiTxis ufro srulyofilad
warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT, kargi iqneboda, gacilebiT meti
Tqmuliyo kolumbis meore, mesame da meoTxe mogzaurobaze.
324
aris zogierTi faqtobrivi uzustoba. ase, magaliTad, axali
miwa pirvelma dainaxa ara kolumbma, aramed rodrigo trianam.
imdroindel istoriografiaSi miRebuli azri iyo, rom kolum-
bi daibada 1436 wels, Tumca SemdgomSi istoriografia ufro
im azrisken ixreba, rom kolumbi 1451 wels daibada.
amrigad, istoriulma monakveTma 1918 wlamde saqarTve-
loSi amerikis aRmoCenis istoriiT dainteresebis uvertiurad
gaiJRera da, Cveni azriT, am problemiT dainteresebis Sesav-
lad, winaistoriad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
* * *
saqarTveloSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainteresebas mZlavri
stimuli misca orma garemoebam. 1918 wlis 26 ianvars (ax. st. 8
Tebervali) Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebam da
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxade-
bam. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikis aRmoCenis
Seswavlis, popularizaciis, akvani damoukidebel saqarTvelo-
Si dairwa. amitom es patara monakveTi am problemiT daintere-
sebis, popularizaciis, pirvel etapad SeiZleba miviCnioT. am
TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs damoukidebel saqarTvelo-
Si 1918-21 wlebSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli
saxelmZRvaneloebi.
saintereso transformacias hqonda adgili amerikis aRmo-
Cenis ganxilvis dros damoukidebel saqarTveloSi. es imiT ga-
moixateboda, rom aRniSuli Tema damkvidrda saskolo saxel-
mZRvaneloebSi, romelic haeriviT esaWiroeboda suverenul
respublikas. es saxelmZRvaneloebi warmoadgens kidev erT
mniSvnelovan nabijs amerikis aRmoCenis popularizaciis saqme-
Si.
ra Tqma unda, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan es saxelmZRvane-
loebi Rimils iwvevs, martivia da istoriografiis ganvlil
etaps warmoadgens. maTi mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
qarTvel mkiTxvels, pirvel rigSi moswavleebs, saerTo war-
modgenas Seuqmnida amerikis aRmoCenaze.
amerikis aRmoCenas saTanado yuradReba eTmoba T. Wumbu-
riZis da al. wereTlis axali istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi.
maT kargad unda hqonodaT gacnobierebuli amerikis aRmoCenis
istoriuli mniSvneloba: saxelmZRvaneloebSi Sua saukuneebisa
da axal istorias Soris zRvari gadis did geografiul aRmo-
325
Cenebze. aq moviZiebT mokle informacias kolumbze da mis mog-
zaurobaze. yuradReba eqceva didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis
mizezebs. Cveni azriT, SedarebiT mkrTaladaa gaSuqebuli ko-
lumbis meore, mesame da meoTxe mogzauroba. es Sinaarsobrivad
kidev ufro gaamdidrebda monakveTs da saxelmZRvaneloebi
mxolod moigebdnen.
d. uznaZisa da i. gvelesianis saxelmZRvaneloSi axali is-
toria iwyeba renesansiT da reformaciiT, magram es sulac ar
amcirebs amerikis aRmoCenis istoriul mniSvnelobas da mas sa-
xelmZRvaneloSi jerovani yuradReba eqceva. aq moTavsebuli
informacia sainteresoa da qarTvel mkiTxvels amerikis aRmo-
Cenaze saerTo warmodgenas Seuqmnida. es Zalian kargia. albaT,
ufro upriani iqneboda, aRniSnuli problemis calke monakve-
Tad gamoyofa da misi sagangebod ganxilva. saxelmZRvaneloSi
jer vasko da gamas mogzaurobas ganixilaven (1498) da mere ko-
lumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenas (1492). mokled aris gadmocemu-
li kolumbis biografia, xazgasmulia toskanelis gavlena ko-
lumbze, espaneTSi kolumbis Casvla. vfiqrobT, sasurveli iyo
saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebuli yofiliyo kolumbis (1493), me-
same (1498) da meoTxe (1502) mogzaurobis TariRebi.
s. avalianis da a. vulfiusis saxelmZRvaneloebSi axali
istoria iwyeba renesansiT. aq amerikis aRmoCena ganixileba gak-
vriT da gaSuqebulia metad mkrTalad, sustad. Tavad gansa-
jeT, a. vulfiusis saxelmZRvaneloSi is moTavsebulia monak-
veTSi gamogonebebi da aRmoCenebi, xolo s. avalianTan ki re-
formaciasTan erTad [5]. pirveli midgoma ufro logikuria,
vidre meore. albaT, ufro upriani iqneboda didi geografiu-
li aRmoCenebis calke monakveTad gamoyofa da ganxilva.
amrigad, damoukidebel saqarTveloSi 1918-21 wlebSi aR-
niSnuli sakiTxis popularizaciis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli na-
biji iqna win gadadgmuli. es imdroindeli qarTuli istoriog-
rafiis warmatebad unda miviCnioT. am mxriv sayuradReboa da-
moukidebel saqarTveloSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli
erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebi. es imdroindeli qarTuli isto-
riografiis mniSvnelovan warmatebas warmoadgenda da amaze
Tvalis daxuWva, rogorc amas Cadioda sabWoTa, komunisturi
reJimi, gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos. saxelmZRvaneloebma, pir-
velad qarTul sinamdvileSi, sazogadoebas amerikis aRmoCenaze
saerTo warmodgena Seuqmna. es ar aris amerikis aRmoCenis is-
326
toriis ubralo Txroba. aq saTanado yuradReba eqceva mizeze-
bis dadgenas. saxelmZRvaneloebSi gansaxilveli sakiTxebis wre
met-naklebad adekvaturia da amerikis aRmoCenis saerTo su-
raTs iZleva. zogierTi sakiTxis Semdgomi srulyofa, daxvewa,
Cveni azriT, gamoricxuli ar unda iyos.
* * *
saqarTveloSi gasabWoebis Semdeg amerikis aRmoCeniT da-
interesebam mkveTri metamorfoza ganicada da Tvisobrivad
axal fazaSi Sevida. es aris saintereso problema. amerikis aR-
moCenis Seswavla sabWoTa epoqis qarTul istoriografiaSi
faqtobrivad es iyo aRniSnuli problemiT dainteresebis meo-
re etapi.
Tavdapirvelad xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom sabWoTa pe-
riodSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainteresebis samecniero popula-
rizaciis xasiaTi Seuqcevadi xdeba. sabWoTa periodSi amerikis
aRmoCenis popularizaciisaTvis bevri ram gakeTda. es uwinare-
sad imiT gamoixateboda, rom am SromebSi Tavmoyrili iqna me-
tad mdidari da mravalferovani mecnieruli informacia, Seg-
rovda uxvi faqtobrivi masala. am mxriv wingadadgmuli nabiji
aSkaraa da amaze Tvalis daxuWva swori ar iqneboda. magram am
dainteresebam calmxrivi xasiaTi miiRo. damyarda erTi _ mar-
qsistul-leninuri ideologiis monopolia, diqtati. es mkveT-
ri feriscvaleba yvelaze reliefurad mJRavndeba msoflio
istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxSi, saxeldobr, msoflio isto-
riaSi amerikis aRmoCenis adgilis gansazRvris dros. sabWoTa
istoriografia amerikis aRmoCenas adgils miuCenda ara axal
droSi, rogorc es damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gadmocemul
saxelmZRvaneloebSia, aramed Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi. ami-
tom wminda konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT raime progresze,
winsvlaze, saubari marTebuli ar unda Candes.
qarTul sinamdvileSi amerikis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb erT-erT
pirvel seriozul-samecniero-popularul narkvevs warmoad-
gens cnobili mecnieris, geografis, prof. giorgi gextmanis
wigni „narkvevebi geografiul aRmoCenaTa istoriidan~ [6]. naS-
romis dasawyisSi avtori mkafiod ayalibebs Tavis amocanas.
„qarTul enaze metad mcire raodenobiT moipoveba wignebi,
romlebsac mikuTvnili aqvs dedamiwis zurgis Secnobis isto-
riuli ganviTarebis sakiTxi da adamianis mier geografiuli
327
sferos dapyrobis istoria. winamdebare narkvevi... miznad isa-
xavs cotaTi mainc Seavsos es xarvezebi qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi. vimedovnebT, rom miuxedavad yvela Tavisi nak-
lisa, es wigni usargeblo ar iqneba qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis~
[6, 3]. aq is xazs usvams am Temis Seswavlis dros qarTuli is-
toriografiis mizans. am mokrZalebul misias SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom avtorma urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi. prof. g. gextmanis
narkvevis mecnieruli mniSvneloba mdgomareobs mis SemecnebiT
datvirTvaSi.
avtori ganixilavs Semdeg saintereso Temebs: zogadi mi-
moxilvis Semdeg is saubrobs geografiul codnaze XV saukune-
Si. exeba im Tvisebriv naxtoms, romelsac adgili hqonda am
sferoSi renesansis dros. ganixilavs kolumbis mogzaurobis
winaistorias. SedarebiT vrclad exeba kolumbis mogzaurobas.
xazs usvams kolumbis mimoweras toskanelTan. es azri didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli iyo istoriul-samecniero lite-
raturaSi da bevri momxreebi hyavda, magram amerikelma isto-
rikosma viniom am faqts eWvis TvaliT Sexeda da is ufro SeT-
xzulad miiCnia.
g. gextmanis narkvevi aRniSnuli problemis populariza-
ciis gzaze kidev erT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens da im-
droindeli qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovan SenaZenad
gvevlineba. ra Tqma unda, es wigni dRes ukve moZvelebulia da
istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens.
prof. aleqsande namoraZis sainterso narkvevi „kolumbi
da amerikis aRmoCena~ [7] qarTul istoriografiaSi am Temaze
daweril erT-erT saukeTeso naSromad unda miviCnioT. „al. na-
moraZis wigni pirveli monografiuli xasiaTis Sromaa qarTul
enaze specialurad miZRvnili kolumbisa da amerikis aRmoCeni-
sadmi. naSromis ZiriTadi Tema erTdroulad istoriulicaa da
geografiulic; avtors didma erudiciam saSualeba misca TiT-
qmis erTnairi virtuozobiT gaeSuqebina Tavisi wignis umTav-
resi problemis es orive mxare~ [8, 185,161]. prof. al. namora-
Zis es wigni dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli Cvens monografiaSi
„dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis Seswav-
la saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi~ [9, 197, 201]
da amitom masze sityvas meti aRar gavagrZelebT.
ra Tqma unda, al. namoraZis es wigni dRes ukve moZvele-
bulia, istoriografiis ganvlil etaps warmoadgens. amitom mi-
328
zanSewonili iqneboda aRniSnul Temaze qarTul enaze Seiqmnas
axali seriozuli samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis narkvevi,
sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda Tanamedrove istoriografi-
is miRwevebi.
samecniero-popularul xasiaTs atarebs prof. giorgi
zardaliSvilis narkvevi „kolumbamdeli amerika~ [10]. aq sain-
teresod aris moTxrobili kolumbamde amerikis aRmoCenis
cdebze. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom
wignis saTauri cota sxva asociaciebs iwvevs. albaT, ufro up-
riani iqneboda sxva, SedarebiT adeqvaturi saTauri.
amerikis aRmoCenas, bunebrivia, didi adgili eTmoboda
Sua saukuneebis istoriis sabWoTa saxelmZRvaneloebSi, Tumca
ramdenad marTlzomieri iyo am problemis aRniSnuli epoqi-
saTvis mikuTvneba, Zneli saTqmelia da sakamaTo Cans [1908 wel-
saa gamocemuli 11]. saqme isaa, rom faqtobrivad, sabWoTa is-
toriografia iyo erTaderTi skola, romelic ar cnobda did
geografiul aRmoCenebs, rogorc zRvars Sua saukuneebsa da
axal epoqas Soris. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom sabWouri, mar-
qsistuli periodizacia izolaciaSi aRmoCnda da saerTaSori-
so sazogadoebam Zalze civad miiRo, ar gaiazra.
mecnierebi dRemde daoben kolumbis aRmoCenis irgvliv da
es dava, albaT, kidev didxans gastans. me-20 saukunis cnobili
holandieli istorikosis piter heilis TqmiT, „istoria daus-
rulebeli polemikaa~. ra iyo kolumbis aRmoCena „udidesi Sec-
doma, romelmac udides aRmoCenamde migviyvana~ Tu piriqiT,
kolumbma yvelaferi kargad icoda. pirvels gaaCnia raRac ro-
mantikuli Sarmi, xolo meore gacilebiT ufro prozaulad ga-
moiyureba, magram es arafers amtkicebs, niSnavs.
qarTul istoriografiaSi dominirebs tradiciuli Tval-
sazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, kolumbis aRmoCena, frangi geogra-
fis Jan anvalis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iyo „udidesi Secdoma,
romelmac udides aRmoCenamde migviyvana~ _ es aris erTi ve-
rsia. arsebobs sxva versiac, romelsac qarTuli istoriogra-
fia upiratesad, skeptikurad ekideboda. am versiis mixedviT,
kolumbma marSruti Zalian kargad icoda. germanelma mweralma
paul verner lengem, romelmac dawera saintereso wigni did
zRvaosanze, yuradReba miapyro erT garemoebas. kolumbi da-
savleTis gzisadmi did interess iCenda 1479 wlis Semdeg [12,
17]. arafers ar vamtkicebT, mxolod gamovTqvamT metad
329
frTxil varauds, rom SesaZloa, es Tvalsazrisi gacilebiT
ufro angariSgasawevi Candes, vidre es didi xnis manZilze ego-
naT qarTvel mecnierebs. oskar peSelis TqmiT: „kolumbis aR-
moCena iyo naperwkali, saidanac warmoiSva ali~. germaneli
mwerlis paul verner lenges azriT „kolumbis damsaxureba is
ki araa, rom Tamamad gadaacura atlantis okeane da aRwera
axali qveynebi, aramed aris misi aRmoCenebis istoriuli Sede-
gebi~ [12, 3].
amrigad, sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi ame-
rikis aRmoCeniT daintereseba, popularizacia mkveTrad gamok-
veTil samecniero-popularul iers iZens. am SromebSi gamov-
lenili Zalze mdidari da mravalferovani mecnieruli infor-
macia, uxvi faqtobrivi masala, sainteresoa. amave dros unda
iTqvas, rom am dainteresebam, popularizaciam calmxrivi xasi-
aTi miiRo da erT marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis CarCoebSi
moeqca. damyarda erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis mo-
nopolia. gansxvavebuli azri sastikad idevneboda. marqsistu-
li midgoma iyo erTi xedva, romelsac gaaCnda Tavisi Rirsebe-
bi da nakli da sulac ar warmodgenda WeSmaritebis ukanasknel
instancias, rogorc amas didi xnis manZilze gvimtkicebdnen. aq
aisaxa savsebiT realuri viTareba. maT airCies mecnieruli
problema da mogvces misi marqsistuli gadawyveta. istorias
ar xelewifeba erTi WeSmariteba. marqsistuli midgoma sabo-
lood CixSi moeqca. periodizaciis sakiTxi marqsistuli kon-
cefciis aqilevsis quslad migvaCnia. marqsistuli istoriog-
rafia did geografiul aRmoCenebs Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi
miuCenda adgils. aseTi midgoma kargad gamoxatavda erTi sko-
lis Tvalsazriss da aradamajereblad unda Candes da aSkarad
ar Seesatyviseba saerTaSoriso istoriografiis standartebs.
* * *
1991 wlis dekemberSi daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. saqarTve-
lom aRadgina damoukidebloba. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
qarTulma istoriografiam SvebiT amoisunTqa. marqsistul-le-
ninuri ideologiis monopolias wertili daesva. qarTul is-
toriografias SeeZlo Tavisufali arCevani gaekeTebina. es,
cxadia, seriozuli wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Seiqmna winam-
ZRvrebi istoriuli movlenebisadmi mravalvariantuli midgo-
mis. praqtikulad aqedan iwyeba saqarTveloSi am TematikiT da-
330
interesebis, popularizaciis mesame periodis aTvla, romelic
dResac grZeldeba.
pirvelyovlisa saWiro iyo aRniSnuli Tematikis marqsiz-
misagan gawmenda. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul pirvel mokrZa-
lebul nabijad me-8 klasis axali istoriis saxelmZRvanelo
migvaCnia [3].
pirvelyovlisa, didi mniSvneloba aqvs periodizaciis sa-
kiTxs. unda iTqvas, rom am Temaze qarTul istoriografiaSi
seriozuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, romelic principul
xasiaTs atarebs. erT SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs marqsistuli pe-
riodizaciis kategoriulad ugulebelyofas, xolo meore Sem-
TxvevaSi is ufro deklamaciur xasiaTs atarebs.
me-8 klasis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi Sua saukuneebisa
da axal istorias Soris niSansvetad aRebulia didi geografi-
uli aRmoCenebi. aq, faqtobrivad, kategoriuladaa dagmobili
msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizacia.
sul sxvagvaradaa gadawyvetili es Tema beJan javaxiasa da
akaki geTiaSvili me-7 klasis Sua saukuneebis istoriis saxel-
mZRvaneloSi. aq Sua saukuneebis istoria mTavrdeba mecniere-
bisa da teqnikis ganviTarebiT da didi geografiuli aRmoCene-
biT [14]. aseTi kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi paliatiurad, zeda-
pirulad migvaCnia da mTlad damajerebeli ar unda iyos.
qarTvel istorikosTa erTi nawili amerikis aRmoCenas
kvlavindeburad Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi moiazrebs da am
epoqis istorias asrulebs me-17 saukunis Sua xanebis inglisis
revoluciiT [15]. aq marqsistuli periodizaciis dagmoba mxo-
lod deklamaciur doneze xdeba [16].
didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma saTave daudo saokeano
civilizaciaze gadasvlas. es iyo Tvisebrivi xasiaTis siaxle,
romelic aSkarad ar Tavsdeba Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi. axa-
li drois siom Zalumad dabera. amitom saerTaSoriso istori-
ografia Sua saukuneebsa da axal istorias Soris niSansvetad
iRebs XV-XVI saukuneebis mijnas; didi geografiuli aRmoCe-
nebs, renesanss, reformacias.
kolumbis eqspediciaSi qarTvelebis SesaZlo monawileo-
bas exeba prof. greta CantlaZis saintereso naSromis „qriste-
fore kolumbisa da misi eqpediciis monawileebis Sesaxeb piri-
neisa da kavkasiis iberiidan~ [17]. kategoriulad raimes mtki-
ceba an ugulebelyofa Znelia da rogorc avtori dasZens, mo-
331
mavali kvleva gviCvenebs ra aris realoba da ra miTi.
kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb samecniero li-
teraturaSi gamoTqmul zogierT hipoTezas mimoixilavs prof.
leila xubaSvili naSromSi „kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCenis hi-
poTeza~ [18].
* * *
amrigad, qarTul sinamdvileSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainte-
resebis, popularizaciis garkveuli tradicia arsebobs. es
mcire masala sainteresoa da misi wayrueba, miCumaTeba, gamar-
Tlebuli ar unda Candes. cxadia, savsebiT marTlzomieri iyo,
rom amerikis aRmoCenis istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresebam um-
Tavresad asaxva hpova saxelmZRvaneloebSi. ZiriTadad es imiT
aixsneba, rom upiratesad aqcenti keTdeboda amerikis aRmoCe-
nis popularizaciaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavlis saqmeSi
qarTuli istoriografiis mTavar Rirsebad am Temis gaSuqebi-
sadmi realisturi, pragmatuli damokidebuleba migvaCnia. is
am problemis mecnierul Seswavlas ki ar isaxavda miznad, ara-
med mis popularizaciaze akeTebda aqcents. es iyo swori gza.
amitom am memkvidreobisadmi mkacri mecnieruli sazomiT mid-
goma superkritikuli iqneboda. am informaciis mecnierul
mniSvnelobas misi SemecnebiTi datvirTva gansazRvravs. qar-
Tulma istoriografiam am kulturtregerul misias SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom urigod rodi gaarTva Tavi da qarTul sazogadoe-
bas amerikis aRmoCenaze saintereso informacia miawoda, rome-
lic am Temaze saerTo warmodgenas Seuqmnida.
saqarTveloSi amerikis aRmoCeniT dainteresebam, popula-
rizaciam saintereso evolucia ganicada. Tavdapirvelad is
publicistikis CarCoebs ar scildeboda da umTavresad Tar-
gmnili literaturiT Semoifargleboda. mas wminda Semecnebi-
Ti muxti gaaCnda. mkveTri metamorfoza xdeba damoukidebel
saqarTveloSi. am problemiT dainteresebam mecnieruli elfe-
ri SeiZina da asaxva hpova axali istoriis pirvel erovnul sa-
xelmZRvaneloebSi. es popularizaciis ufro maRali safexu-
ria. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am sakiTxis gaSuqe-
bisas qarTul istoriografias swori kursi hqonda arCeuli,
rac imiT gamoixateboda, rom umTavresad evropul realiebze,
progresul liberalur Rirebulebebze iyo orientirebuli
(ZiriTadad es aris rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebi). unda vifiq-
332
roT, rom Tu ara politikuri kataklizmebi, es xazi gagrZel-
deboda, magram 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi gasabWoe-
bis Semdeg morigi mkveTri saxecvlileba xdeba. am sakiTxiT da-
interesebam mecnieruli xasiaTi miiRo, Tumca erTi marqsistu-
li ideologiis yalibSi iqna moqceuli. aq aisaxa savsebiT rea-
luri viTareba. myardeba erTi marqsistul-leninuri ideolo-
giis monopolia, diqtati. gansxvavebuli midgoma sastikad
idevneboda, miuRebeli iyo. es aris am sakiTxisadmi erTi mid-
goma, romelic sulac ar warmoadgens WeSmaritebis ukanasknel
instancias, rogorc amas didi xnis manZilze gvimtkicebdnen.
istorias ar xelewifeba erTi WeSmariteba. amitom am proble-
mis marqsistuli gaSuqeba bolosdabolos CixSi moeqca. axal
Semobrunebas adgili aqvs 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac
daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. qarTulma istoriografiam suvereno-
ba daibruna. axla mas SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTebina.
amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. Tanamedrove qarTulma istori-
ografiam kursi aiRo am Temis marqsizmisagan gawmendaze da
orientirebulia sakiTxisadmi mravalvariantul midgomaze. es
unda iyos swori gza, romelic evropuli realiebis reanimaci-
is mcdelobad gvevlineba. es mxolod dasawyisia, pirveli nabi-
jebia da am mimarTulebiT gasakeTebeli kidev bevria. aq pir-
velyovlisa, cxadia, vgulisxmobT imas, rom farTod unda gai-
Salos am sakiTxis popularizacia da unda daiweros Tanamed-
rove moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi istoriuli narkvevi kolumbze da
amerikis aRmoCenaze.
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. Д. Иловаский, Новая история, Москва П. 1908 Ардашев, Курс Новой историй,Спб; 1915. Н. Кареев, Учебная книга Новой историй. Спб. 1907 (arsebobs am saxelmZRvanelos mravali gamocema).
2. kolumbi, Sedgenili rafiel erisTavis mier, tfilisi, 1887.
3. T. WumburiZe, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1920. al. wereTeli,
msoflio istoria, naw. 3, axali istoria tf. 1920.
4. d. uznaZe, i. gvelesiani, axali istoria naw. 1, quTaisi,
1918.
5. s. avaliani, msoflio istoria (XV-XVIII saukuneebi), tfili-
si, 1920, vulfiusi, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1919.
6. g. gextmani, narkvevebi did mogzaurobaTa da did geogra-
333
fiul aRmoCenaTa istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1940.
7. al. namoraZe, kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCena, Tbilisi, 1961.
8. k. anTaZe, samecniero-popularuli monografia amerikis aR-
moCenis Sesaxeb _ universitetis Sromebi, t. 78, Tbilisi,
1963; k. anTaZe, aleqsandre namoraZis cxovreba da moRvawe-
oba _ qarTuli istoriografia, naw. 1, Tbilisi, 1968 w.
9. m. kalandaZe, dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali
istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis pirvel na-
xevarSi, Tbilisi, 1999.
10. g. zardaliSvili, kolumbamdeli amerika, Tbilisi, 1969.
11. Sua saukuneebis istoria, a. udalcovis, e. kosminskis da o.
vainStainis redaqciiT, t. 2, Tbilisi, 1949; e. agibalova, g.
donskoi, Sua saukuneebis istoria, me-6 klasis saxelmZRva-
nelo, Tbilisi, 1970; g. tivaZe, Sua saukuneebis istoria, t.
2, 1970; gr. CxartiSvili, Sua saukuneebis istoria, Tbilisi,
1968.
12. П. Ленге, Великий скиталец – Жизнь Христофа Колумба, Т, 1984. 13. k. anTaZe, n. mamukelaSvili, axali istoria, me-8 klasis sa-
xelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2001 (pirveli gamocema, 1992 w.).
14. b. javaxia, a. geTiaSvili, Sua saukuneebis istoria, me-7
klasis saxelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2003 w. SeadareT k. anTa-
Ze, l. fircxalava, Sua saukuneebis istoria, me-7 klasis sa-
xelmZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2001. (pirveli gamocema 1996 w.).
15. n. gomarTeli, Sua saukuneebis istoria, naw. 2, Tb., 1996 w.
Sua saukuneebis istoria, Tbilisi, 2004 w.
16. m. kalandaZe, msoflio istoriis periodizacia qarTul is-
toriografiaSi,. Tbilisi, 2007; m. kalandaZe, amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis istoriis periodizacia _ klio, 25, Tbi-
lisi, 2005 w.
17. g. CantlaZe-baqraZe, qristefore kolumbisa da misi eqspe-
diciis monawileobis Sesaxeb pirineisa da kavkasiis iberii-
dan krebulSi: amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, naw. IV, Tbili-
si, 2006.
18. l. xubaSvili, kolumbi da amerikis aRmoCenis zogierTi hi-
poteza, krebulSi: amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, naw. III ,
Tbilisi, 2005.
334
Merab Kalandadze Doctor of History, Professor of Ivane Javakh-ishvili Tbilisi State University
Discover of the America and Georgian historiography
Summary
This historiography study aims to research very interesting issue – the
study of discovering the America in Georgia. Till now this subject is not re-searched and our topic will try to fill this gap.
Concerning to this problem the history of the studies can be divided on several periods.
First interest in that issue was appeared from the end of 19th century and continue will 1918th when was published Rafael Eristavi’s popular re-search about Christopher Columbus.
The beginning of the popularization in this studies can be deemed 1918 – 1920th when was edited the first manuals of modern history in Georgia.
During the soviet period, interest in history of discovering the America became more scientific. In compare to the Georgian historiography of that period it was the great step forward, but ongoing process became under con-trol of Marxist-Leninism ideology. Besides that, during this period, professor Alexander Namoradze published very interesting research `Columbus and discover of America~.
The contemporary Georgian historiography tries to free itself from the ideological chiché s of Marxism ideology. First steps toward the new epoch can be fixed in newest manuals of history for school and universities press.
335
giorgi gociriZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis profesori,
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-
logiis institutis mTavari mecnier-
TanamSromeli
giorgi Citaias mecnieruli aRzrdis
meTodebi (seminarebi)
akademikosi giorgi Citaia Cemi maswavlebeli da moZRvari
iyo. dRes, roca qarTul eTnologias uWirs, Tvalwin misi daR-
lili saxe warmomidgeba, mTeli cxovreba rom Sealia am dargis
Seqmnas da ganviTarebas. Cemma kolegebma da gansakuTrebiT uf-
rosma Taobam kargad uwyis Tu ra didi pativia iTvlebode am
genialuri mecnieris mowafed, yofiliyavi misi aspiranti, di-
sertanti da Semdeg wlebis manZilze TanamSromeli.
pirvel rigSi minda gavixseno misi damokidebuleba dam-
wyeb eTnografebTan, aspirantebTan, maZieblebTan, axalgazrda
kolegebTan. is im gamorCeul adamianTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda, vi-
sac SeeZlo erTi SexvedrisTanave moexible Tavisi uSualobiT,
sisadaviT, ukidegano erudiciiTa da TavazianobiT.
sabazo ganaTlebiT eTnografi ar viyavi, amitomac vTvli
rom Cemi am dargSi mosvla bedisweris Sedegi iyo mxolod. da-
vamTavre Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis aRmosavleT-
mcodneobis fakulteti _ iranistikis ganxriT, da imis gamo
rom Cems specialobaSi aspiranturaSi miReba ar gamocxadda,
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis, ivane javaxisvilis saxe-
lobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi
eTnografiis specialobaze gadavwyvite swavlis gagrZeleba,
sadac aspiranturaSi erTi adgili iyo gamoyofili, im mizniT,
rom aRmosavlur eTnografiaSi vimuSavebdi. rCevisaTvis baton
giorgisTan unda mivsuliyavi. rekomendacia qalbatonma rusu-
dan gogolaSvilma da julieta ruxaZem gamiwia, referati ki,
romelic maSin aucilebeli iyo aspiranturaSi Casabareblad
336
prof. mixeil gegeSiZesa da cnobil iranist oTar gvilavasTan
miRebuli konsultaciebis Sedegad davwere. Tema iranSi mcxov-
rebi baxTiarebis yofasa da kulturas exeboda da Cems arCevans
Seesabameboda.
batonma giorgim yuradRebiT momismina, naxa Cemi avtore-
ferati, da gadawyvetileba momiwona. mas Semdeg ki, rac gamoc-
debi Cavabare da aspiranti gavxdi, samecniero xelmZRvanelo-
bac Tavad itvirTa. mcire xnis Semdeg TavisTan damibara bina-
ze, seminarebis mosasmenad. maSin misi ojaxi operis ukan, boris
Znelazis quCaze cxovrobda, Zvel saxlSi, kedlebi rom hqonda
dabzaruli. me gamaoca im sisadavem da ubraloebam rac iq dam-
xvda, ver warmovidgine rom akademikosebi ase Cveulebrivad,
mokrZalebulad cxovrobdnen.
seminari saRamos 8 saaTze iwyeboda, manamde ki rogorc
gagonili mqonda, batoni giorgi ori saaTiT isvenebda. aseTi
iyo misi samuSao reJimi. saubrebi wina oTaxSi _ kabinetSi imar-
Teboda, uamravi wignebis garemocvaSi. aq movismine misi pirve-
li leqcia eTnografiis SesavalSi (romelic manmade ar mqonda
mosmenili), miviRe rCeva-darigebani da seminaris momzadebis
konkretuli miTiTebebi. mogvianebiT aqve SeirCa Cemi sakandi-
dato disertaciis Temac (`qorwineba fereidnel qarTvelebSi~),
romelic maSin iranidan Cveni Tanamemamuleebis repatriaciis
gamo Zalze aqtualuri gaxldaT. me rogorc aRmosavleTmcod-
nes _ iranists, es garemoeba gansakuTrebul movaleobas makis-
rebda. swored aman ganapiroba isic, rom batoni giorgis moT-
xovniT, sakandidato minimumisTvis damatebiT savaldebuli me-
oTxe sagani _ sparsuli ena unda Camebarebina, asec moviqeci.
me aq aRarafers vityvi giorgi Citaias, rogorc samecnie-
ro xelmZRvanelis muSaobis stilsa da meTodze, radgan es
calke msjelobis sagania da Zalian bevrs kargad moexseneba,
magram vityvi mxolod, imas rom is am mxrivac gamorCeuli ada-
miani iyo. arasodes ereoda Rrmad aspirantis samuSao proces-
Si, teqstis SedgenaSi, ar asworebda dawerils da sxv. ismenda
da kiTxulobda mxolod zogierT garkveul nawilebs da iZle-
oda erT-or iseT SeniSvnas, romelsac SeeZlo safuZvlianad
Seecvala Seni winaswari `zraxvebi~, amasTan igi imTaviTve mo-
iTxovda gegmas, konkretulad gawerils da Camoyalibebuls,
misi savaraudo daskvnebiT. ar uyvarda saqebari sityvebis Tqma
da Tu amas akeTebda isic raRac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi.
337
davubrundebi seminarebs. mogexsenebaT rom yvela mecni-
ers seminaruli muSaobis Tavisi sakuTari meTodi gaaCnia. gi-
orgi Citaias seminarebi ar iyo Cveulebrivi, saleqcio kursisa
Tu programis (axla rom silabuss uwodeben) mixedviT gamar-
Tuli msjelobis asparezi, aramed es iyo zogadTeoriuli da
praqtikuli mecadineobebi _ gakveTilebi, romelsac cnobilma
eTnografma andro lekiaSvvilma mecnieruli aRzrdis skola
uwoda. es skola TiTqmis yvela misma mowafem gaiara. seminare-
bis ZiriTadi mizani eTnologiis problemebSi Rrmad garkveva
iyo, romelTa mizanic dargis specifikis, arsisa da daniSnule-
bis, misi Taviseburebebis axsna gaxldaT, umartivesi cnebebi-
dan rTul sistemamde, TiToeuli movlenis ganviTarebis isto-
riuli dinamikis gaTvaliswinebiT. es iyo namdvili Semoqmede-
biTi procesi, laboratoriuli muSaoba, roca faqtis mxolod
konstatacia ki ar xdeboda, aramed misi Sinagani bunebis anali-
zi, eTnografiuli realiis axsna adamianis faqtoris warmoCe-
niT, im ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gamovleniT, romlebic moce-
mul eTnosocialur sivrceSi Tu ekologiur garemoSi, sicoc-
xlis uzrunvelyofis kulturis TviTmyofadobas gansazRvrav-
da. aseTi iyo saerTod giorgi Citaias eTnografiuli kvlevis
principebi, meTodi, romelic Semdeg, misi mowafeebis mier iqna
gagrZelebuli. es is droa, roca amerikuli skolis mier evro-
paSi miRebuli saxelwodebis _ eTnologiis nacvlad samecnie-
ro mimoqcevaSi anTropologia Semodis. evropaSi da saerTod
ucxoeTSi damkvidrebuli skolebis da mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb
ki Cveni maswavlebeli, jer kidev adre Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetSi moRvaweobis dros, Tavis cnobil saleqcio
kursSi `svetebSi~ werda. maSin es naSromi xelnaweris saxiT
vrceldeboda. gavida wlebi, mecniereba ganviTarda, eTnogra-
fias eTnologia Caenacvla, anTropologia ki kvlav amerikel
mecnierTa prerogativad darCa. Tumca am sakiTxze msjeloba,
Tu romels unda mieniWos upiratesoba, sakamaToa da azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.
polemikis dros ar unda dagvaviwydes is garemoebac, rom
Tavad batoni giorgi gaxldaT yoveli siaxlis momxre, man pir-
velma Semoitana CvenSi cneba eTnologia (dargis saxelwode-
bad), magram Semdeg sabWoTa kavsirSi miRebuli tradiciis gamo
eTnografia arCia. eTnografiasa da eTnologias Soris gansa-
kuTrebuli principuli gansxvaveba ar arsebobs; vfiqrobT an-
338
Tropologiac eTnologias unda emyarebodes, radgan adamianis
faqtori (`anTropos~) `eTnosis~ anu xalxis gareSe warmoudge-
nelia. giorgi Citaias skola udides memkvidreobas flobs da
es memkvidreoba erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobaa dargisa
romelmac didi istoriuli gza ganvlo da romelic xalxur
yofasa da kulturas iseTi siRrmiT swavlobs, rasac Tanamed-
rove eTnosociologebi ver wvdebian. aqedan gamomdinare sa-
qarTvelosTvis upriani eTnologiaa da is aseTi saxelwodebiT
unda darCes.
zemoT ukve iTqva, rom seminars batoni giorgi eTnogra-
fiis SesavliT da istoriiT iwyebda da misi mecnieruli da
pragmatuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saubrobda. pirveli wigni,
romelic Cven unda wagvekiTxa, iulius lipsis `saganTa bunebi-
saTvis~ iyo. araerTgzis msmenia rom zogierTi mkvlevari am
naSroms seriozul mecnierul naSromad ar Tvlida da ufro
metic, saymawvilo literaturad miaCnda. drom ki namdvilad
gviCvena rom es ase araa. lipsi anTropologi iyo da Tavis dak-
virvebebs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze
myofi adamianebis, sxvadasxva tomebis empiriuli gamocdilebis
mixedviT axdenda.
lipsis wignSi praqtikuli codnis TiTqmis yvela sferoa
naCvenebi: adamiani da buneba, gare samyaros Secnoba, dasaxle-
bisa da gansaxlebis formebi, meurneobis xasiaTi, iaraRebi, su-
lieri da materialuri kulturis sferoebi. damwyebi eTnogra-
fisaTvis yovelive amis drosa da sivrceSi gaazrebaa saWiro,
igi saWiroa zogadi kanonzomierebebis dasadgenad, spontanuri
da difuziuri movlenebis, maTi gavrcelebis areebis da kere-
bis gamosavlineblad.
lipsi ar iyo erTaderTi saseminaro wigni; drodadro ba-
toni giorgi sxva literaturasac gvisaxelebda. Tvals adev-
nebda imas Tu ra gvqonda wakiTxuli da ra unda wagvekiTxa.
erTgvarad amowmebda Cvens inteleqts. gansakuTrebiT moiT-
xovda axali literaturis codnas. siaxle ki mas arasdros ga-
morCenia. piriqiT, igi sistematurad iRebda wignebs, Jurna-
lebs, biuletenebs da pirvel informacias Tavad gvawvdida.
Jurnalebidan gansakuTrebiT uyvarda `Akta Ethografica~, `В мире науки~, `Вокруг света~ da `Советская этнография~, romelsac axla
`Этнографическое обозрение~ hqvia da Cvens erovnul sajaro bib-
lioTekaSic ki aRar Semodis. rac Seexeba eTnografiis istori-
339
as, msoflioSi moqmed eTnologiur skolebs, amas Cven misi
cnobili `svetebi~-dan vecnobodiT, romelic maSin xelnaweris
an foto aslebis saxiT vrceldeboda. vfirqob misi gamocema
dResac sasargeblo iqneba studentebisaTvis.
seminarebis dros Cveni maswavlebeli did mniSvnelobas
aniWebda ara mxolod ama Tu im wignis, krebulis, monografiis,
aramed calkeuli samecniero statiis Sinaarsze saubars, am mi-
marTebiT sakuTari azris gamoTqmas da damokidebulebas. xSi-
rad marTavda dialogs: gvisvamda kiTxvebs, romelzec pasuxi
unda gagveca. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca amis gamo ara erTi Cven-
gans `Tavsatexi~ gagvCenia da uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cavvar-
dnilvarT, magram rTuli situaciidan isev mas gamovuyvani-
varT, mokled da lakonurad gvixsnida imas, rac ase rTulad
gveCveneboda. zogjer `mtkivneul~ SeniSvnasac gvaZlevda, mag-
ram is unda migeRo da Rirseulad agetana.
seminaruli muSaobis erT-erT sakvanZo moments teqstis
Sinaarsisa da komentaris garda, leqsikaze, terminebze, garkve-
ul cnebebze da ganmartebebze saubari Seadgenda. didi yurad-
Reba eTmoboda samecniero aparatis (sqolios rom vuwodebT)
da damowmebuli literaturis sworad gamoyenebis wess, weris
stilsa da orTografias. Tu axalgazrda mkvlevari amas Tavi-
dan ar daeufleboda, mere Zalian gauWirdeboda. amitomac es
moTxovna principuli da aucilebeli iyo. Tamamad SemiZlia
vTqva, rom Tu me dRes, raRacnairad vaxerxeb da SedarebiT
sworad anu marTebulad vwer, es batoni giorgis damsaxurebaa.
Secdomebs is ase advilad ar gapatiebda, magram amas saocari
taqtiT akeTebda.
kidev erTi. seminarze batoni giorgi zogjer iseTi damo-
ukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebasac moiTxovda, romelic Semdeg
statiisaTvis an moxsenebisaTvis iyo saWiro. didi pativi iyo
konferenciaze, sesiaze da metadre gafarToebuli mniSvnelo-
bis forumebze moxsenebis wakiTxva. es gansakuTrebul pasuxis-
mgeblobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da am mxriv ganebivrebulebi
ar viyaviT, TandaTan veCveodiT.
batoni giorgi axalgazrda kadrebisagan moiTxovda saer-
To ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, enebis codnas, erudiciis ga-
farToebas da mudmiv Ziebas, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi mimdina-
re procesebisadmi Tvalis devnebas. ara erTxel uTqvams da
urCevia, rom TeatrSic unda gvevlo da kinoSic, davswrebodiT
340
RirsSesaniSnav RonisZiebebs, rogorc mecnieruls ise sxvas da
rac yvelaze mTavaria, dros ar unda CamovrCeniliyaviT. uy-
varda aseTi gamoTqma `kvercxis naWuWSi nu CaiketebiTo~. yu-
radRebas aqcevda TiToeuli Cvenganis zneobriv mxares, pirad
cxovrebasac, magram arasodes ar daurRvevia urTierTobisas
etiketi da eTikuri zRvari, rac esoden aucilebeli iyo mas-
wavlebelsa da mowafes Soris. iyo Temebi, romelzedac is
arasdros ar laparakobda.
seminarebze xSirad saubrobda savele-eTnografiuli mu-
Saobis Sesaxeb. savele praqtikas is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
uTmobda. es iyo erTgvari aucilebeli `gamocda~, romelic
yvela Cvengans unda gaevlo. batoni giorgi detalurad gve-
kiTxeboda imas Tu sad viyaviT, romel eqspediciaSi miviReT
monawileoba, ra vnaxeT, rogori masala SevkribeT, SevadgineT
Tu ara kiTxvarebi da sxv. gvirCevda rom masala savele dRiu-
rebSi srulad Segvetana, Cagvewera, igi yuradRebiT, gagvekeTe-
bina grafikuli Canaxatebic, dagverTo foto ilustraciebi da
sxva. Tu SesaZlebloba mogvecemoda mogvepovebina `samuzeumo
nivTebic~ da gadagveca is adgilobrivi mxareTmcodneobis mu-
zeumebisaTvis. gamogveyenebina amave muzeumebSi daculi Canawe-
rebi, safondo masalebi.
CvenTvis cnobili iyo giorgi Citaias savele-eTnografiu-
li muSaobis kompleqsur-inteleqturi meTodi da principebi,
romelic meTodur literaturaSi dRemde erT-erT aRiarebul
meTods warmoadgens da romelsac vercerTi Tanamedrove
mkvlevari gverds ver auvlis. vicodiT isic, rom Tavad gior-
gi Citaia vera bardaveliZesTan erTad iyo didi, legendaruli
eqspediciebis avtori da xelmZRvaneli, sadac TanamSromleb-
Tan erTad aspirantebi da studentebic ki mihyavda. am eqspedi-
ciebis angariSebis umetesi nawili gamoqveynebulia, iq mopove-
buli masalebi ki calkeul mkvlevarTa naSromebs udevs safuZ-
vlad da TavisTavad unikaluria.
batoni giorgis rCeviT savele masalis Canaweris dros
mTxrobelis mier naTqvam yvela wvrilmanisaTvis unda migveq-
cia yuradReba. maxsovs erTxel aseTi ram miTxra: yvela faqti
dawvrilebiT unda aRwero, es kulturis yvela elementisTvi-
saa saWiro. aviRoT magaliTad niaxuri, qondari an qinZi, ro-
gorc mcenare, daukvirdi maT agebulebas, kvebaSi gamoyenebu-
lia rogorc Ziri, Rero, ise foToli da nayofi _ Tesli. moix-
341
mareba nedlad, umad, gadamuSavebuli saxiT, saneleblad, mzadi
formiT da sxv. xalxma kargad icis misi Tvisebebi, gemo, suni,
samkurnalo daniSnuleba. arCeven am mcenareTa velur da baRis
_ kulturul saxeobebs, rasac qarTuli kvebis kulturis is-
toriisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. es epizodi SemTxveviT ar
gavixsene. amiT imis Tqma mindoda, rom giorgi Citaias semina-
rebze me gavacnobiere kidev erTi WeSmariteba _ eTnografi-
saTvis Teoriebi da mecnieruli interpretaciebi ki aris mTa-
vari (rogorc amas xSirad eTnosociologiaSi an anTropolo-
giaSi aqvs adgili), aramed is empiriuli masala, romelsac uSu-
alod xalxSi kreb da romelsac emyarebi, rogorc pirvelwya-
ros.
batoni giorgi xazgasmiT gvirCevda, rom esa Tu is sakiT-
xi, problema kulturul-istoriul WrilSi gangvexila, droSi
momxdari cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadmonaSTebis, rudi-
mentebis, konstantebis cnebaTa Sesatyvisad da zogadkavkasiur
Tu saerTod zogadkulturul RirebulebaTa formatSi, sa-
kuTriv qarTulis _ erovnulis roli da adgili warmogveCina.
es xom mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTadi amocanaa. amitomaa rom
giorgi Citaias yvela naSromi dros uZlebs, is WeSmaritebis
Ziebis sruli dasturia. samarTlianad Tvlian misi biografebi,
rom am bumberazi mkvlevris nebismieri statia, Tundac mcire
moculobisa, axali sityvaa da arealuri kvlevis samagaliTo
nimuSi, monografiis doneze Sesrulebuli, Tanadrouli. avi-
RoT Tundac misi `Wvintiani fexsacmeli~, `qarTuli Tone~,
`raWuli saxvneli~ da sxv.
sagangebod minda xazi gavusva kidev erT faqts. roca me
batoni giorgis seminarebs vismendi, 1975-1979 wlebi iyo. maSin
XX saukunis miwiruls, mis naSromebs calke krebulebSi vkiT-
xulobdi. dRes ki, sabednierod, `xuTtomeuli~ gamocemulia,
raSiac didi wvlili mis mowafeebs q-n Tamila cagareiSvils da
mxatvar zurab wereTels miuZRvis. Seqmnilia giorgi Citaias
saxelobis eTnografiuli memkvidreobis fondi; yovelive es
saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenebia. aseve mniSvnelovan movlenad
mimaCnia, dabadebidan 120 wlisTavze mis mierve daarsebuli,
Ria cisqveS muzeumSi memorialuri kabinetis gaxsna. amiT qar-
Tveli eri da qarTuli mecniereba kidev erT pativs miagebs
didi mecnieris xsovnas.
342
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. g. Citaia, svetebi, zogadi eTnografiis kursi, Sromebi, IV,
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 1253.
2. p. yifiani, eTnologiis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1995; l. meli-
qiSvili, eTnografia Tu eTnologia, Tbilisi, 2000; ix. ag-
reTve krebuli `anTropologia momavlis mecniereba~, re-
daqtori q. xuciSvili, Tsu, Tbilisi, 2008.
3. g. Citaia, qarTuli eTnologia (1917-1926), mimomxilveli,
1926, t. I, gv. 247-261. misive ruseTis eTnologia da eTnog-
rafiuli muSaobis praqtika ssrk muzeumebSi, Sromebi, t. III,
2001, gv. 33-44.
4. Липс Ю., Происхождение вещей, Москва, 1954. 5. j. ruxaZe, Strixebi akademikos giorgi Citaias portreti-
saTvis, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 21.
6. g. Citaia, savele eTnografiuli muSaobis meTodi, Sromebi,
IV, 2001, gv. 78-86.
7. g. gegeSiZe, giorgi Citaia, Tbilisi, 1980; T. cagareiSvili,
giorgi Citaia, 100, Tbilisi, 1993; v. SamilaZe, o. miminoSvi-
li, saqarTvelos eTnologiis istroia, Tbilisi, 2009, gv.
438.
8. g. Citaia, Sromebi xuT tomad, redaqtori T. cagareiSvili,
Tbilisi, I, 1997; t. II, 2000; t. III, 2001; t. IV, 2001; t. V, 2001.
Giorgi Gotsiridze Doctor of Historical Sciences, associated pro-fessor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Uni-versity, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of Histori and Ethnology senior research scientist of the Department of Georgian Ethnology
Giorgi Chitaia’s Methods of Scientific Upbringing (Seminars)
Summary
The article is of the autobiographical character. It is dedicated to the founder of the Georgian Ethnological School, the outstanding scientist and public figure of the 20th century, academician Giorgi Chitaia; to the recalling of his methods of teaching, supervising and evaluating it from the modern
343
perspective. The seminars carried on by the supervisor are widely discussed in the article as the laboratory process. The author underscores those main principles and demands the teacher had towards young scientist, postgraduate students and applicants of the scientific degree, who were just starting their scientific career.
The author of the article is focused on different aspects of the process of perception, the theoretical and practical meanings of the discussed prob-lems, personal features, character of the teacher, his attitude towards saving national folk heritage and his contribution in the system of the common cul-tural values.
344
mzia mgalobliSvili
lela miqiaSvili
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-
yofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
quTaisi da misi mosaxleoba (frederik diubua de monperes naSromidan
`mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~)
quTaisis moaxleobas, romelic 2 000 suls aRemateba (sam-
xedro pirebis gamoklebiT), Seadgenen qarTvelebi, somxebi, eb-
raelebi da rusebi; aq mcire raodenobiT cxovroben agreTve
Turqebi da berZnebi.
TiTqmis yvela aqauri somexi vaWrobas misdevs; zogierTi
maTgani laifcigSic ki Cadis. bazarSi maT bevri duqani aqvT,
sadac ZiriTadad evropul, rusul da Turqul manufaqturul
nawarms yidian. isini ori konfesiis mimdevarni arian: udidesi
nawili kaTolike somxebi arian da maT eklesias, romelic sad-
Resaswaulo dReebSi mudam xalxiT savsea, momsaxurebas uweven
kapucini mamebi; es ukanasknelni aseve zrunaven skolazec.
erT-erT kviradRes, mesis dasrulebis Semdeg, eklesiidan ga-
mosvlisas gamaoca somexi qaliSvilebis xilvam, romlebic na-
xevrad pirbadeCamofarebulebi brundebodnen Sin. rogorc we-
si, maT qarTveli qalebis msgavsi mdidruli tanisamisi ecvaT,
Tumca garegnobiT, saxis nakvTebiT, maTgan gansxvavdebodnen:
somex qalebs kupriviT Savi Tma da warbebi aqvT, SedarebiT na-
Teli saxe, da Savi feris didroni, sicocxliT savse Tvalebi.
saxis ovali maT ara aqvT iseTi lamazi, rogorc qarTvelebs;
isini adreul asakSive sagrZnoblad imateben wonaSi. somxuri
jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve sqeli da mkvrivi kiseri.
kaTolike somexTa Soris bevria bunebiT keTili adamiani.
somxur ritze mdgomi maTi TanamoZmeni ki, rogorc ambo-
ben, amgvar qebas ar imsaxureben: maT miiCneven xelmomWirne, an-
345
garebian da TaRliT adamianebad, romlebic saxels imiT ixve-
Wen, rom bevr muStars izidaven. es srulebiTac ar aris gada-
Warbebuli Sefaseba isini, vinc Cemze adre werda am xalxis Se-
saxeb, am mxriv gacilebiT ufro mkacrni iyvnen; ubeduria xal-
xi, romelic didi xnis manZilze ganicdis Cagvras, aRiarebs
misTvis saZulvel religias, mas, rogorc wesi, devnian, abuCad
igdeben da aviwroveben dampyroblebi sabolood aseTi xalxi
aucileblad mxdal, unamuso da TaRliT erad Camoyalibdeba.
am WeSmaritebis savalalo magaliTebs warmoadgenen ebraelebi
qristianTa batonobis qveS, berZnebi, romlebic ukanasknel xa-
nebamde Turqebis zegavlenas ganicdidnen da somxebi _ sparse-
lebi uRelqveS.
iakobit[1] somxebs quTaisSi sakmaod Raribuli eklesia
aqvT, romelic mmarTvelis saxlis gverdiT mdebareobs. ekle-
siis garSemo Zveli sasaflaoa, romelsac vazis talaveri fa-
ravs, es ukanaskneli ki rionis napirebamdea gadaWimuli da am
adgilebs did sigriles fens.
quTaisis bazris didi nawili uWiravT ebraelebs, romle-
bic sinamdvileSi mxolod garegnulad gvanan sakuTar xalxs.
maT duqnebs rom Cavuare, gavocdi, roca maT saxeebSi igive nak-
vTebi, am erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli igive Tvisebebi aRmovaCine,
rac polonel an litvel ebraelebSi, Tumca CacmulobiT isini
am ukanasknelTagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian. es imdenad Se-
samCnevia, rom yovel wuTs ggoniaT, TiTqos nacnob saxeebs xe-
davT da Zalze gikvirT, rom isini germanulad ar saubroben.
ufro xSirad maT arwivisebri cxviri aqvT, wagrZelebuli piri-
saxe, Savi an wiTuri Tma-wveri, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia
litveli ebraelebisaTvis. Tvalebi Savi ferisa aqvT, taniT ki
arc Zalian maRlebi arian da arc axovanebiT gamoirCevian. ata-
reben qarTul an somxur samoss, Savi batknis bewvis sparsul
quds. wvers uSveben da safeTqlebze orive mxares Tmis TiTo
grZeli kululi aqvT CamoSvebuli. maTi umravlesoba Zvelmane-
bisa da soflis meurneobis produqtebis gadacvliT aris daka-
vebuli da a. S. ar uyvarT arc mZime Sroma, arc – savele samu-
Saoebis Sesruleba. isini Tavis win daxvavebuli wvrilmani sa-
qonlis SuaSi fexmorTxmoT mokalaTdebian, Tan kiTxuloben
biblias da bavSvebs ebraul enas aswavlian, Tumca erTmaneTSi
mxolod qarTulad saubroben. maT quTaisis bazris TiTqmis
mTeli erTi ubani uWiravT. evropeli, romelic miCveulia saku-
346
Tar Tavze didi warmodgenis mqone poloneli ebraelebis sic-
qvites, xmaurianobas, siswrafes, monur qedmoxrilobas, abezar
qcevas, didad gakvirvebulia, rom aqauri ebraelebi Zalze wy-
narni da mSvidni arian da sxva danarCeni vaWrebisagan naklebad
gamoirCevian.
erT saukuneze meti xnis win ebraelebi, romelnic manamde
imereTSi saerTod ar iyvnen, aq moizides mefeebma, anu “careb-
ma~ (tzars), romlebic maT mfarvelobdnen. isini ZiriTadad axal-
cixidan gadmovidnen. quTaisis eklesiam maT miwis nakveTi ga-
mouyo mmarTvelis saxlTan axlos, sadac isini damkvidrdnen
da sanacvlod rentas uxdian egzarqoss. maT Zalian Raribuli
sinagoga aqvT, sadac mxolod ramdenime merxi dgas kaTedris
irgvliv. interieri Cabnelebulia, kedlebi ki Seulesavi. sxva
mxriv igi Zalze waagavs litvur sinagogebs.
qvemoT me visaubreb ebraelebis saxelwodebis Sesaxeb,
romelic qarTulad istoriul fenomens warmoadgens.
imereli qarTvelebi quTaisis bazarSi umciresobas warmo-
adgenen, isini metwilad markitantebi, anu rogorc maT adgi-
lobrivebi uwodeben meduqneebi arian, yidian Rvinos, sxvadasxva
xils, Saqarlamas, yvels. maT savaWro duqnebSi ori an sami didi
qvevria (ramdenime seties[2] tevadobisa), romlebic kedelSi, uf-
ro xSirad ki Tixian miwaSia Camarxuli, Rvinis sigrileSi Senax-
vis mizniT. qvevrebidan Rvinos didi da Rrma CamCebiT amoxapaven
xolme da asxamen did kaTxebSi. Sor manZilze Rvino gadaaqvT
Txis tyavisagan damzadebuli tikebiT, romlebic Sida mxridan
baqos navTiT aris Semoglesili, rac Rvinos Tavisebur, momwaro
gemos aZlevs, magram mas advilad eCvevian. sakmaod xSirad quTa-
isSi iafad iyideba kargi wiTeli Rvino, romelic baRdaTidan,
guriidan an imereTis vake adgilebidan moaqvT.
erTi nawili imerlebisa xelosnebi arian.
taZris garda, romelsac egzarqosi uwevs momsaxureobas,
maT kidev sami eklesia aqvT.
imerlebis tanisamosi qarTulia, gamonakliss warmoadegns
Tavsaburavi: qudis nacvlad isini atareben yavisferi maudis
odnav momrgvalebul naWers, romelic nikapqveS magrdeba da
romelsac isini “quds~ eZaxian. mas zustad Tavsaxvevis forma
aqvs. Tmebi wamozrdili aqvT da ukan gadavarcxnili, raTa qu-
di kargad daexuroT. misalmebisas quds win gamosweven da ise
ixdian.
347
yvela atarebs yviTeli feris xami abreSumis naWrisagan
Sekeril perangs. am qsovils qalebi Sin amzadeben, Zafs maT mi-
erve gamoyvanili abreSumis Wiis yaWisgan arTaven. bazarze iyi-
deba aseTi abreSumis patar-patara naWrebi, zustad im zomisa,
rac erTi perangis Sesakerad aris saWiro da 4-5 abazi Rirs (4
franguli franki), SedarebiT ufro maRali xarisxis qsovilis
fasi ki 6 frankamde aRwevs. qalebi am qsovils TviTonve Reba-
ven karg wiTel ferSi.
am xalxs Cveulebad aqvs, erTxel rom Caicvamen axal pe-
rangs, manam ar gaixdian, sanam igi ar daiZonZeba. amitomac
aris, rom imerlebs Taviseburi suni aqvT; amas emateba mTeli
xrova parazitebisa, romlebic aseTi Tbili klimatis pirobeb-
Si swrafad mravldebian. es gaxlavT am mxaris qveynebis erT-
erTi didi usiamovnebaTagani, radgan am patara arsebebisagan
verafriT daicavT Tavs: isini yoveli mxridan gadmodian Sete-
vaze da yvelgan ibudeben _ rogorc warCinebul batonebTan,
ise RaribebTan. gazonebze, galereebSi, saxlebis interierSi _
isini yvelgan arian mokalaTebulni da maTi mxridan Semotevis
saSiSroeba mudam mosalodnelia.
imerlebi, megrelebi da qarTvelebi zamTarSi siamovnebiT
miirTmeven Roris xorcs. isini didi raodenobiT aSeneben Ro-
rebs, romlebic maTi saxlebis garSemo daxetialoben da ikve-
bebian leRviT, wabliT, fetviT da yvelanairi jiSis tyis xi-
liT. es aris aRTqmuli qveyana, sadac yvelaferia RorebisaT-
vis, amitom maT, TavianTi mokle da Camokidebuli yurebiT,
TiTqos raRac qedmaRluri ieric ki aqvT. Tavis droze home-
rosma SeZlo zustad Seefasebina maTi bednieri yofa, radgan
swored am adgilas moxda ulises TanamgzavrTa cnobili meta-
morfoza[3]. es Rorebi, romlebic koltebad daseirnoben qala-
qebSi, maT Soris quTaisSic, Taviseburad asufTaveben kidec
quCebs nagvisagan. amis gamo sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom aR-
mosavleTis xalxebi, kavkasielebis gamoklebiT, Rors uwmin-
dur cxovelad miiCneven da ezizRebaT.
quTaisis rusul mosaxleobas ZiriTadad jariskacebi,
oficrebi da samoqalaqo samsaxurSi myofi mcire raodenobiT
moxeleni Seadgenen. jariskacebs aq erTi yazarma da erTic la-
zareTi aqvT. Cemi iq yofnisas maT Soris bevri poloneli iyo.
ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom jariskacebi zarmacebi arian: ja-
riskaci yvelaferia da akeTebs yvelafers. rodesac igi
348
wvrTnas ar gadis, bejiTad asrulebs polkisaTvis saWiro samu-
Saoebs; mas gzavnian SeSis mosaWrelad, balaxis saTibad, tvir-
Tis gadasazidad; saWiroebisamebr, igi amzadebs agurebs, aSe-
nebs, asrulebs sadurglo samuSaoebs; erTi sityviT, iSviaTia
jariskaci, dros rom uqmad kargavdes.
quTaisSi mcire raodenobiT Turqebic cxovroben. isini
ZiriTadad qvismTlelebi, kalatozebi da durglebi arian da aq
aWaridan da trapizonidan Camodian.
aqauri berZnebi xabazebad muSaoben da acxoben dabal,
blant purs, romelic imas waagavs, yirimSi rom yidian. acxo-
ben, agreTve, arcTu ise cud simindis Rvezelebs, rgolisebu-
ri formis bliTebs, romlebsac Tokze acmulebs yidian,
cxvris cximisagan damzadebul patar-patara fenovan Rveze-
lebs da aseve cxvris Signeulis Rvezelebs da sx. yvelaferi es
ki sakmaod iafad iyideba.
quTaisis mTeli am aziuri mosaxleobis cxovreba Zvel
berZenTa cxovrebas waagavs: mamakacebi mTel dRes TavianT duq-
nebSi atareben, sxva usaqmurebic aseve bazarSi ikribebian, msje-
loben cxenebze, axal ambebze, sasamarTlo saqmeebze. aqac, iseve,
rogorc aTenSi, es aris cxovrebisa da moqmedebis centraluri
adgili. xelosansac aqve aqvs gamofenili Tavisi nawarmi da xal-
xis Tvalwin saqmianobs. yvelaferi naTlad Cans: comi, romelic
izileba, puri, romelic cxveba, wvniani, romelic ixarSeba me-
duqnesTan; aseve iWedeba nalebi, ileseba danebi, ikereba Ceqmebi,
iparseba gasapnuli Tavebi. duqani da saxelosno Ria loJebia,
sadac araferia xalxis Tvalisagan damaluli. amgvari bazari
moxetiale evropelisaTvis Taviseburad momxibvlelia; es jgu-
furi TavSeyra, gansxvavebuli yofa, xelosnobis saidumloebani,
romelic mayureblis Tvalwin ixsneba es yvelaferi nebismier ev-
ropelSi did cnobismoyvareobas aRviZebs.
kidev ufro sainteresoa bazrobis dRe. kavkasiis maRal
xeobebSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva xalxebis warmomadgenlebi Camo-
dian aq da avseben bazris quCebs.
osebs, romlebic Cerqezul qudebs atareben, aq CamoaqvT
TavianTi yveli; svanebs da zemo raWis mcxovrebT gamofenili
aqvT didi, Svidi futis sigrZisa da sami-oTxi futis[4] siganis
nacrisferi an Sav-TeTrad SeRebili Teqa, romelsac kecaven da
ise afenen cxens unagiris magivrad. mogzaurebi mas dasawola-
dac iyeneben, roca RamisTeviT Cerdebian sadme; misi fasi 5-7
349
abazi, anu 4-6 frankia. maTve CamoaqvT agreTve xurjinebi, anu
didi ormagi CanTebi, romlebic matyliTa da ZuiT aris moqso-
vili; maT cxenis unagirze gardigardmo gadakideben xolme da
Sig samgzavrod saWiro sagzals awyoben. maT Soris lamazi na-
xatebiTa da sxvadasxva feris arSiebiT morTul xurjinebsac
vxvdebiT, romelTa fasi 5-dan 7 frankamdea. mTielebs Camo-
aqvT agreTve Cerqezuli Coxa, metwilad _ nacrisferi an xmeli
foTlebisferi da igi ulaparakod iyideba 10-15 frankad.
axlomdebare soflebisa da qvemo raWis mcxovrebT Camo-
aqvT xili, CamohyavT dabaltaniani jiSis saqoneli, romelic
ise xergavs quCebs, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba gavla. maTve moaqvT
gasayidad Tafli, simindi, qaTmebi da Sesawvavad vargisi varie-
bi. isini pirdapir quCaSi awyoben RviniT savse tikebs, romel-
Tac oTxive fexi gaSverili aqvT; ismis Jivil-xivili, CoCqoli,
sxvadasxva enaze saubari da, vfiqrob, yovelive amis aRwera
bevrad ukeTes kalams imsaxurebs, vidre Cemia.
bazris saCixSi, kuTxeSi Sejguful rus jariskacebs gasa-
yidad aqvT gamotanili Zveli, dakerebuli, an axali Ceqmebi
ornaxevar an sam frankad; agreTve qveda sacvlebi, uxeSi qso-
vilis perangebi, Zveli tansacmeli da yvelaferi is, ris mog-
rovebasac moaxerxeben.
sanaxevrod rideCamofarebuli Raribi imereli qalebi,
romlebic sakuTari SromiT irCenen Tavs, erT kuTxeSi arian
mokalaTebulni da yidian Tavsafrebs, zonrebs, patar-patara
moqargul qisebs da sx.
dRis bolos duqnebs ketaven da yvela Tavis saxls miaSu-
rebs savaxSmod; cxovroben karCaketili piradi cxovrebiT. qa-
lebi iSviaTad gamodian gareT, isini aranairad ar monawileoben
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, Tumca dResaswaulebis dros xSirad
Tavis ojaxTan erTad midian saseirnod saxlidan moSorebiT.
xvamlis[5] pirdapir, cixis frialo kldeebis zemodan, fazisis
napirebze gadaSlil am patara, naxevrad tyian xeobebSi maT didi
interesiT vadevnebdi Tvals, vmonawileobdi maT drostarebaSi,
seirnobebSi; mesmoda, rogor yvirodnen daWerobanas TamaSis
dros da cdilobdnen xelidan gasxltomodnen gamarjvebuls.
maT mxiarulebaSi mSoblebi da Zmebic monawileobdnen.
rac Seexeba axalgazrda mamakacebs, ufro xSirad maT vxe-
davdi xolme kviraobiT, roca isini gasarTobad, ZiriTadad _
ferxulis sacekvaod ikribebodnen quTaisis lamazi xeebis
350
CrdilqveS. oci-ocdaaTi xelCakidebuli ymawvili simReriT iw-
yebda wreSi trials; maT Soris SedarebiT axalgazrdebi qalis
xmiT imeorebdnen misamRers, xolo ufro mowifulni maT gun-
durad pasuxobdnen dabali, mamakacuri xmiT Sesrulebuli mi-
samReriT.
me gadmoviRe imeruli ferxulis es simRera da momyavs
misi Targmani, romelic albaT naklebad gasagebia evropeli-
saTvis:
imeruli ferxuli
axalgazrdebis misamReri
asakovanTa misamReri
qali lamazi... Zalian lamazi,
mocimcime TvalebiT, “ _____ “
mosiyvarule mzeriT
tanad mSvenieri
mzeTunaxavis cxviri, sadedoflo Subli, “ ______~ abanozis warbebi,
SroSanis nikapi,
naxevrad gapobili bageebi,
sadac or mwkrivadaa
spilos Zvlisferi kbilebi,
gafurCqnuli vardebi,
fumfula mklavebi,
iniT SeRebili TiTebi,
TovliviT pirbade,
Tavaziani eSmakoba,
eleganturi ieri,
nazi gogmani,
momxiblavi Rimili,
graciozuli xma;
gnebavT?
iseTi sasiamovnoa,
iyo misi meuRle.
magram lamaz qals oh, diax
lamazi lentebi unda, “_____~ didi briliantebi
351
mdidruli da axali
saRamos kabebi, “_____~
Tbilisuri Sali. “_____~ lamazi qali WirveulobiT
sazrunavs uCens megobrebs,
xrikebi da kaprizebi
gnebavT? ara
iseTi tkbilia, iyo misi meuRle, “_____~ magram aris iseTic, movZebnoT
visTanac cxovreba sasiamovnoa, “_____~
visac aRmerTeb misi “_____~
keTili gulis gamo, kargi xasiaTis gamo, “_____~ da ganTiads adareb;
lamazebi fer-umarilis gareSe,
daxvewilebi xelovnurobis gareSe,
yovelTvis mosiyvaruleni,
yovelTvis momxibvlelni,
miuxedavad asakisa
sicocxliT savseni, mxiarulni,
rogorc Teqvsmeti wlisani,
yovelTvis rom giyvars.
gnebavT? oh, diax
iseTi sasiamovnoa “_____~
iyo misi meuRle! “_____~
ase Seusveneblad, ferxulSi grZeldeba simRera; gamar-
jveba ekuTvnis maT, vinc bolomde SerCebian sacekvao moedans
da cekvaven manam, sanam aqoSinebulni da qancgawyvetilni Zirs
ar daenarcxebian. daRlilobis miuxedavad, cekvas agrZeleben,
moZraoben laslasiT, ismis mxolo xrinwiani, CaxleCili xmebi.
es magonebs oberonis[6] cekvas, roca man Tavis patara buks Ca-
bera. bolos moedanze mxolod ori-sami mocekvaveRa rCeba da
male isinic danarCenebiviT Zalagamoleulebi ecemian miwaze.
Zveli da Tanamedrove quTaisis aRwera
Tanamedrove quTaisi Tavis Zvel nangrevebTan erTad moi-
cavs prokopisTan1 moxseniebul[7] or, erTmaneTisagan Zalze
1 II, 536, Ed. Bon.
352
gansxvavebul adgils _ uqimerionsa da quTaTisiums[8].
uqimerioni Zlieri cixesimagre iyo CrdiloeTiT, fazisis
marjvena napirze. quTaTisiumi ki moicavda Tanamedrove qala-
qis farglebs, fazisis samxreTiT _ vakeze, mdinaris marcxena
napirze.
uqimerioni sam nawilad iyofoda: akropolisi (A) _ gaSe-
nebuli iyo cicabo kldis aRmosavleT kuTxeSi, mis umaRles
mwvervalze; zeda, gamagrebuli qalaqi (B) mdebareobda akropo-
lisidan dasavleTiT, mTis platoze, xolo qvemo qalaqi (C), romelic platos kldis cicabo ferdobebze iyo gadaWimuli
da es plato ki fazisis anu rionis napirebamde aRwevda.
karga moSorebiT, am gamagrebuli cixis dasavleTiT, us-
wormasworo ladSaftze ganlagebuli iyo gareubnebi, bazrebi
da a.S.
Cems monaTxrobSi rom kargad gaerkveT, unda Tvali mia-
devnoT Cems gegmas, romelic gamovxaze atlasis I seriaSi, furc.
18. adgilis reliefisaTvis gamoviyene mTavrobis miTiTebiT
sul axlaxan Sedgenili quTaisis gareubnebis gegma. aq me daw-
vrilebiT aRvniSne antikuri xanis yvela Zegli Tu nangrevi, ro-
melTa dazustebazec inJiners Tavi ar Seuwuxebia. am gegmis Ta-
obaze zogierT mniSvnelovan ganmartebasac aqve moviyvan.
quTaisis gegmis ganmarteba
A. citadeli, anu akropolisi, eWvgareSea, prokopisdroin-
deli uqimerionia da misi daarseba adreul antikur epoqaSi un-
da vivaraudoT: igi fazisis donidan daaxloebiT 250 futis si-
maRlezea aRmarTuli. gare kedlebi kirqvis uzarmazari kvadre-
biTaa mopirkeTebuli. kldis Sverilebze ganlagebuli nagebobe-
bis daTariReba did sirTules ar warmoadgens. Crdilo da aR-
mosavleTi mxareebi miuvalia. es citadeli im dros daingra,
roca 1769 wels generali totlebeni[9] oseTisa da raWis gav-
liT aq movida imerTa mefis _ solomon I-is[10] mxardasaWerad,
romelsac imerlebi aujanydnen. amboxebulebma daxmarebisaTvis
Turqebs mimarTes, romlebic am qveynis mTavar cixeebs flob-
dnen. imereTSi rusebis Semosvlisas ajanyeba ukve Camcxrali
iyo, ase rom rusTa jaris amocanas warmoadgenda Turqebis ga-
moZeveba maT mier dakavebuli yvela cixe-simagridan. rusulma
artileriam quTaisSi maRlobze mdebare sasaflaodan cecxli
353
dauSina Turqebs da aiZula isini, iqauroba daetovebinaT; aseve
advilad gaaTavisufles varcixe, baRdaTi[11] da sx. xolo Tur-
qebisaTvis rom sabolood moespoT ukan dabrunebis saSualeba,
generalma, solomon mefesTan SeTanxmebiT, brZana, rom es cixe-
simagreebi daengriaT an aefeTqebinaT. yvelaze Zlieri Seteva
miitanes quTaisze, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovan punqtze;
uzarmazari namsxvrevebi yvela mxares mimoifanta da mTis erTi
nawili dafara. Camoqceuli qvis grovis gamo SeuZlebelia Zveli
citadelis erTi nawilis gegmis garCeva; axali cixesimagre daax-
loebiT Zvelis msgavsadaa nagebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom igi ufro
patara zomisaa da Zveli cixis saZirkvelzea aRmarTuli.
1. citadelSi SemorCenil Zvel nagebobaTa Soris yvelaze
kargad aris Semonaxuli eklesia. misi kari qarTul stilSi Ses-
rulebuli reliefebiT aris dafaruli da igi XII saukuniT Ta-
riRdeba. 1671 wels, rodesac am cixe-simagres Turqebi daepat-
ronen, igi meCeTad gadakeTda. CrdiloeTis karze Turquli
warwerac yofila, romelic 1772 wels unaxavs giulden-
Stedts[12], me ki veRar mivakvlie. cixe-simagre aRudgeniaT da
aq Tofis wamlis sawyobi gaukeTebiaT.
2. eklesiis karis mopirdapire mxares kibe adioda vrcel
SenobaSi, romelic uamravi didi ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda da
citadelis yvelaze amaRlebuli adgili eWira. es iyo lazTa me-
feebis gamagrebuli sasaxle; aqedan saucxoo xedi iSleboda
mTel am Tvaluwvdenel sivrceze: erT mxares mzeriT kolxeTis
auzSi eflobiT, meore mxares ki _ rionis xeobebSi da gelaTs
iqiT mdebare patara xeobebisa da porfirituli kraterebis qa-
osSi (aqauri carcovani niadagi metwilad am kraterebiT aris
daserili). CrdiloeTiT fasismTisa da kedelas[13] TeTri mwver-
valebic ki moCans. es mTebi quTaiss raWisagan gamohyofs da maT
Sorisac Cans xvamli Tavisi mkrTali da cicabo ferdobiT1.
3. aguriT amoSenebuli miwisqveSa gvirabi, iseve rogorc
am qveynis sxva cixeebSi _ awyurSi, zeda TmogvSi, darialSi[14]
da sx., _ Zalian mkveTri daqanebiT TiTqmis im kldis ZirSi ga-
dioda, romelic citadelis sayrdens warmoadgens. aq gamudme-
biT moCuxCuxebs saukeTeso wyaro2, romelic moyviTalo kldis
1 ixileT quTaisis ori xedi, me-2 seria, furc. 13 a, 13 b. 2 misi temperaturaa 10
0 ¾ reomiuriT, igi rions zemoT 50 fu-
tis simaRlezea.
354
sqel da mWidro fenebs Soris gamoedineba... es saidumlo gza
mtris isrebisagan icavda cixidan wylis amosatanad Casul ada-
mianebs. aqve, miwisqveS, terakotis cilindruli milebiT CaSe-
nebulma akvedukma mafiqrebina, rom am wyaros arteziuli wneva
gamoiyeneboda imisaTvis, raTa kalapoti daeviwrovebinaT da
wylis done aewiaT. aseTi gamogonebebi antikur xanaSic ki ar-
sebobda, amis nimuSia tiris[15] akvedukebi1.
4. zemo gamagrebuli qalaqi: igi gadaWimuli iyo mTis
platoze, akropolisis dasavleTiT. uzarmazari kedeli (4),
romelic mrgvali koSkidan citadelis samxreT-aRmosavleT
kuTxeSi (S.O.) gadioda, zeda qalaqs qvedasagan gamohyofda da
amave dros _ terasiseburi vrceli adgilis sayrden kedels
warmoadgenda, sadac amJamad saarqiepiskoposos xis Senobebia
ganlagebuli. aq, Zveli cacxvebisa da kaklis xeebis qveS, ro-
melTa Crdilic Sor manZilzea ganfenili, erT-erT im ulama-
zes adgils ixilavT, sadac guli xarobs, roca uamrav sicoc-
xliT savse sacxovrebels zemodan gadahyureb, ikargebi Se-
moqmedis qmnilebaTa vrcel panoramaSi da am yovelives Wvre-
tiT uzomod bednieri xar! es sanaxaoba dRis yovel monakveT-
Si erTnairad momxibvlelia. quTaisis terasa mxolod bernisa
da balis terasebs, an SveicariaSi _ friburis[16] kapucinebis
baRs Tu Seedreba. misi galavani didi rudunebiT aris nagebi
da Tavidan bolomde kargad damuSavebuli qvaTlilebiT aris
Semosili.
5. igive stilSia Sesrulebuli mrgvali koSki, romelic
terasis kuTxes qmnida; axla igi nangrevebad aris qceuli da
gverdiT skola ekvris.
6. Zveli, masiuri cixe-simagre gadakeTebulia seminariad.
es ori mopirdapire nageboba ixileT suraTis win, me-2 seria,
furc. 13 a.
7. zeda qalaqis mTavari karibWe. es is Sesasvleli gax-
lavT, sadac 1663 wels mokles cnobili darejani[17], romlis
Sesaxebac Sardeni Tavis “mogzaurobaSi~ Semzarav istorias
gadmogvcems.
8. qalaqis galavnis nangrevebi. odesRac es galavani ir-
gvliv ertya zeda qalaqs da masze daSenebuli iyo kvadratuli
1 Volney, Voyage en Syrie, etc., X[18].
355
formis mtkice, masiuri koSkebi. TeTri Tlili qvisagan didi
sizustiT nagebi es koSkebi erTobliobaSi cixis uZveles kon-
struqcias ganekuTvnebian. advili SesamCnevia, rom galavnis
erTi nawili uwin garRveuli yofila da uxeSad amouSenebiaT
patara, cudad damuSaveuli qvaTlilebiT: aqa-iq kedeli axlac
aseTive saxiT iyo amoSenebuli. quTaisis mcxovrebT, rogorc
Cans, ar surdaT am Zveli nangrevebis mitoveba, zogi maTgani am
koSkSi dabinavda, zogma ki mis kedelzeve miaSena xis gamoSve-
rili saxlebi da amgvarad Seiqmna xeebSi Cafluli es ulamaze-
si ansambli.
9. karibWeebi.
10. Tixis milebiT gayvanili wyalsadenebi, romelTa meS-
veobiTac cixeSi Semoedineboda axlomdebare wyaro.
11. nawilobrivad kldeSi moqceuli, qvebiT amoSenebuli
Webi.
12. zeda qalaqis quCa da sx.
13. zeda qalaqis centrSi medidurad aRmarTuli taZari
_ am qveynis ulamazesi nageboba.
qvemoT, Cem mier gadmocemuli kolxeTis istoriis das-
kvniT nawilSi1, mkiTxveli naxavs, rom X saukunis bolomde la-
zikisa da afxazeTis mefeebi TiTqmis yovelTvis aRmosavleTis
imperatorebis gavlenis qveS, an sulac _ maTTan vasalur da-
mokidebulebaSic ki imyofebodnen. qarTlis, anu saqarTvelos
mefeebi xSirad somxebis beds iziarebdnen. qarTvelTa moqceva
300 welze ufro adre moxda[19] _ somxebis mier qristianobis
miRebidan cota xnis Semdeg; qristianoba ki aq somxeTis gziT
Semovida. lazebma da afxazebma ki qristianoba konstantinopo-
lidan miiRes da wminda grZnobiT aRsavse imperatorebi, rom-
lebic dauyovnebliv Seudgnen maT moqcevas, ar dakmayofil-
dnen iq mxolod mRvdlebisa da ber-monazvnebis gagzavniT: Savi
zRvis mTel sanapiroze maT uamravi eklesia aRmarTes. maT So-
ris erT-erTi ulamazesi _ biWvinTis taZari me zemoT aRvwere;
igi wminda RvTismSoblis saxelzea nakurTxi da imperator ius-
tinianes[20] mier daaxloebiT 550 wels aris agebuli. Tumca
lazebs manamdec hqondaT eklesiebi: wm. stefanes saxelobis ek-
lesia xonSi an onSi (onogurisSi)[21], romelic agebulia V sau-
1 ix. t. II.
356
kuneSi, hunebze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad1. prokopi imasac mog-
vagonebs, rom iustinianem aRadgina agreTve maTi uZvelesi,
magram dangreuli eklesia; es, udavod, is eklesia unda iyos,
romlis naxatic maqvs mocemuli; igi mdebareobda arqeopolis-
Si[22] _ dRevandel noqalaqevSi2, lazebis mefeTa sasaxlis Se-
sasvlelis pirdapir.
am mxareSi Cem mier moxseniebuli yvela uZvelesi eklesia
bizantiuri stilis kvals atarebs, romelic yovelTvis ber-
Znuli stilis uxeS da damaxinjebul mibaZvas warmoadgenda.
yvelaze didi nagebobebisaTvis gadmoRebulia jvris
forma; centri ganaTebulia gumbaTiT, romelic kvadratul
svetebs an marmarilos kolonebs eyrdnoba. es ukanasknelni,
Tavis mxriv, korinTuli an ioniuri orderebis[23] asls warmo-
adgendnen da TiToeulis tani an kapiteli jvriT iyo morTu-
li. aq Zveli eklesiebis kolonebic aris gamoyenebuli. TiT-
qmis erTaderTi nimuSi, romelic dauzianebeli saxiT Semog-
vrCa amgvari arqiteqturuli kompleqsidan, gaxlavT qerCis
amJamindeli eklesia, romelic qristeSobidan 757 wels (anu
qveynis dasabamidan 6265 wels) aris agebuli, rogorc es gumba-
Tis erT-erT kolonaze amokveTil warweraSia aRniSnuli. yi-
rimSi _ qersonesis da aiu-daRis eklesiebi, aseve afxazeTis ek-
lesiebi ZiriTadad erTi da igive stilSia nagebi. yvela am ek-
lesias momsaxureobas uweven maRali sasuliero ierarqiis war-
momadgenlebi _ arqiepiskoposebi da arqimandritebi.
qalaqebisa da soflebis eklesiebi igive gegmiT aris aSe-
nebuli da gamoirCevian sisadaviTa da martivi formebiT.
afxazeTsa da kolxeTSi gadmoRebulia mSeneblobis roma-
nuli Tu bizantiuri stili, romelic ar unda avurioT spar-
sul stilTan; aq erTmaneTs originalurad uxamebdnen agursa
da Tlil qvas, maT monacvleobiT, fenebad awyobdnen; an kidev
_ Senobis interiers agebdnen aguriT, xolo qvebs ki eqsterie-
risaTvis iyenebdnen. masalis es Taviseburi aRreva, romelic
Zalze iSviaTia sparselebTan, mxolod bizantiuri stilis
kuTvnilebaa dasavleT kavkasiaSi da yovelTvis mxolod XI sa-
ukunis wina periodis nagebobaTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. am
kategoriaSi me moviazreb afxazeTis, noqalaqevis, Semoqmedis
1 Agathius, I, gv. 77. 2 ixileT atlasi, me-2 seria, ferwera, furc. 9.
357
eklesiebs, cixe-darbazis (geguTis – l.m.) sasaxles da sx. ar-
qeopolisis Zveli galavanic ki am stilSia agebuli.
mefe mirianis[24] mier saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 300 wels
agebuli uZvelesi eklesia xisa iyo. mxolod 370 wels Secvales
igi qvis eklesiiT. karga xnis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebi TavianT
nagebobebSi somxebis stils baZavdnen, ramdenadac es ukanas-
knelni maTi maswavleblebi iyvnen[25]. xangrZlivi drois man-
Zilze didi armenia[26] Zlier da ayvavebul samefod iTvlebo-
da. aq iyo yvelanair stilSi agebuli Zeglebi. Trdats _ kon-
stantines Tanamedroves da did megobars romaelebisa, romel-
Ta Sorisac igi aRizarda, somxeTSi berZnuli xuroTmoZRvre-
bis damkvidreba undoda [man Tavis das – xosroviduxts auSena
mSvenieri ioniuri orderis taZari anu sasaxle, romlis dide-
buli nangrevebi garniSi[27] dResac aRtacebas iwvevs; somxeTis
pirveli eklesiis (romelic aseve Trdatis dros aSenda, roca
wm. grigol ganmanaTlebelma[28] daaxloebiT 275 wlis axlos
qveyana qristianobaze moaqcia) frontonebi da karnizebi keso-
nebiT iyo damSvenebuli, magram miTridates Semdeg es stili
gaqra; somxebi erTgulni darCnen im Zveli aRmosavluri sti-
lisa, uxvi ornamentebisa da CuqurTmebisa, masiuri formebisa,
romelsac vxedavT persepolisis[29] portikebze Tu mefeTa ak-
ldamebze da romelic, albaT, egvipturi Zeglebis gamoZaxili
unda iyos. TavianTi eklesiebis moTxovnebTan da garegnul
formebTan am stilis misadagebiT somxebma Seqmnes sakuTari
sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba. wm. rifsimesa da wm. gaianes eklesi-
ebi vaRarSapatSi[30], romelTa agebasac VI saukuneSi varaudo-
ben, swored am stilis prototipebs warmoadgenen. isini gansa-
kuTrebul STabeWdilebas axdenen TavianTi proporciebis gra-
ciozulobiTa da sisadaviT. mogvianebiT agebuli eklesiebi
yovelTvis ufro mdidaria qandakebebiTa da CuqurTmebiT, mag-
ram yvela am eklesiisaTvis Tlili qva erTaderT samSeneblo
masalas warmoadgens rogorc interieris, ise eqsterierisaT-
vis: arsad araa gamoyenebuli aguri, radgan forovani da
mkvrivi lavis, qviSaqvis, kirqvisa da iuruli kldeebis siuxvis
gamo somxebs sxva samSeneblo masala ar sWirdebodaT [...]
[...] magram, amasTanave, qarTvelebi yovelTvis rodi baZav-
dnen somxebs: aqa-iq, kavkasiis yvelaze Soreul xeobebSi an uZ-
veles qarTul qalaqebSi vxvdebiT iseT eklesiebs, romelTa
formac sruliad TavisTavadia da romlebic Zeglebis calke
358
wyebas qmnian. aseTia patara ugumbaTo eklesiebi martivi fron-
tonebiT aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis mxridan; mTel maT mor-
Tulobas warmoadgens frontonebis fonze naxevarwriuli Ta-
Ris erT an ramdenime niSaSi uxeSad gamoqandakebul figuraTa
jgufebi da sx. vfiqrob, es gaxlavT is, rasac uZvelesi qarTu-
li sakulto xuroTmoZRvreba gvTavazobs. ruisis, lomisis[31]
da inguSeTis galiertis[32] eklesiebi swored am stilis dama-
xasiaTebeli nimuSebia.
qarTlis samefosa da afxazeTis aRorZinebis Sedegad sa-
qarTveloSi ganviTarda ara mxolod mwerloba, aramed xuroT-
moZRvrebac. bagrat III-m quTaisSi wamoiwyo taZris mSenebloba,
romelic bagrat IV-m daasrula. rodesac bagratma colad Se-
irTo elene romaeli imperatoris _ argiris Zmiswuli[33], man
simamrisagan xuroTmoZRvrebi da mSeneblebi gamoiTxova taZris
dasamTavreblad. radganac mSenebloba qarTvelma xuroTmoZ-
Rvrebma daiwyes, xolo berZnebma ki daasrules, am nagebobis
stili somxur-bizantiuria da aq gamoyenebulia yvelaferi is,
rac saucxoo da eleganturia am orive qveynis arqiteqturul
stilSi; swored amitom igi saqarTvelos erT-erT ubrwyinva-
les Zegls warmoadgens.
am taZars bizantiuri Tu romanuli jvrisebri forma
aqvs1. misi didi navi (sakurTxevelTan erTad) sigrZiT 112 same-
fo futia, xolo siganiT 26. ekvderis sigrZea 41 futi, sigane
1 ase uwodes bizantiuris minabaZ stils, romelic gavrcelebu-
li iyo IX-XII saukuneebSi da romelic win uZRoda gotikur
stils. am stilis saukeTeso nimuSebia dedofal bertas mier
baiernSi 960 wels daarsebuli eklesia, SveicariaSi nevSatelis
kolegiumi, romelic masze ramdenime wliT ufro adreulia,
aseve X saukunis sen-Jermen-de-pre[36], maiensis[37] taZari, wm.
elenes eklesia bonSi, wm. gerionis[38] eklesia kolonSi, geli-
hauzenis taZari da sx. ra guldasawyvetia, rom paiernis mflo-
belebi (seniorebi) ase naklebad afaseben mSvenier Zeglebs,
romlebic maTi kuTvnilebaa. ratom vkiTxulobdi gakvirvebu-
li, aRar iyeneben mas, rogorc taZars? igi Zalze lamaziao
mpasuxobdnen; amasobaSi ki portiki sapyrobiled gadaakeTes,
taZris korpusi did da patara beRlad, sakurTxeveli saxazino
tvirTis Sesanaxad, samkveTlo sajinoboebad da SeSis fardu-
lebad da adgili rom ar daekargaT, beRlebis zemoT darCenil
sivrceze Tambaqos, Tivis da sx. ori didi sawyobi ganaTavses.
359
ki 10-12 futi. sakurTxeveli, romelic did navs ekvris, naxe-
varwriuli formisaa, iseve rogorc orive samkveTlo[34], rom-
lebic ekvderebs ukavSirdebian. jvris mklavebi, romelTa zo-
mac eklesiis yvelaze farTo adgilze 83 futs aRwevs, mTav-
rdeba ori didi, sakurTxevlis zedmiwevniT zusti proporcie-
bis mqone naxevarwriuli SeRrmavebiT1.
gumbaTi jvris centrSi oTx rvakuTxa svets eyrdnoboda
da misi diametri mxolod 26 futi iyo. Svidi futisa da sami
diuimis[35] diametris mqone uzarmazari gumbaTis yeli amoyva-
nili iyo Svidi futis simaRlis cilindrul kvarcxlbekebze.
TiToeul kvarcxlbekze modioda ori futi simaRlis namdvili
baza, romelic Soridan, erTi SexedviT ioniur bazas waagavda.
zemoT aRmarTuli iyo ori futisa da sami diuimis siganis da
Cvidmeti futi simaRlis mqone svetis rvakuTxa RerZi, romel-
sac agvirgvinebda ori futisa da sami diuimis simaRlis kapi-
teli; es yvelaferi ki mTel kolonas ocdarva futisa da ori
diuimis simaRles aZlevda2.
kapitelebi (furc. 15, nax. 5 da 6) yvelaze TvalsaCino
mxares morTuli iyo cxovelTa figurebiT, upiratesad _ vef-
xvebis gamosaxulebebiT, romlebic ebrZvian irmebs, gareul vi-
rebs da sx. SedarebiT naklebad TvalsaCino kuTxeebze gamoxa-
tuli iyo sfinqsebis msgavsi frinvelebi, romelTac farTo
yelsabamebiT morTuli adamianis Tavebi hqondaT, brWyalebiT
ki gvelebi da mtredebi eWiraT. naklebad Tvalmisawvdom adgi-
lebSi ki mxolod arabeskebi iyo gamoqandakebuli.
am kolonebze ayolebuli iyo 22 futis simaRlis martivi
pilastrebi; maT eyrdnoboda oTxi didi naxevarwriuli TaRi,
romelzec gumbaTi idga. am TaRebis mrudis saWeqi miwidan 62
futis simaRlezea.
31 futis simaRlis ekvderebi, iseve rogorc biWvinTaSi,
gayofili iyo orad: aq iwyeboda kaTakmevlebis galereebi..
interieris yvela TaRi naxevarwriulia. mTavari sakur-
Txevlis orive kuTxe wina mxridan eyrdnoboda sakmaod mdid-
rulad morTul patara kolonebs, ixileT baza, furc. 15, nax.
7.
rogorc Cans, TabaSiriT Zalze martivad Selesili ekle-
1 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, arqiteqtura, furc. 15. 2 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, furc. 17, nax. 5.
360
siis Siga sivrce odesRac freskebiT iyo dafaruli; axla ki
mxolod ramdenime maTganis naSTiRaa SemorCenili.
faqtiurad, interierSi rogorc formis, ise ornamente-
bis mxriv, bizantiuri stili Warbobda.
magram am nagebobisaTvis ZiriTadad eqsterieris stili
da proporciebi iyo ufro metad damaxasiaTebeli. wina fasa-
dis orive mxares aRmarTuli iyo fligelis Tu oTxkuTxa koS-
kis msgavsi ori nageboba, iseve rogorc es amSvenebs kievis
lavrisa da wminda sofios eklesiebs. maT Soris darCenil siv-
rceSi Casmuli iyo karibWe, romelic sami TaRiT ixsneboda:
yvelaze didi iyo Sua TaRi, gverdebze ki – patarebi. karibWe
gansakuTrebuli arqiteqturuli brwyinvalebiT iyo morTuli.
1833 wlis gazafxulze (quTaisSi Cem Casvlamde ramdenime TviT
adre) didi wvimebis Sedegad igi Camoingra1.
yvelaze uCveulo gaxlavT is, rom maSin, roca mTel nage-
bobaSi naxevarwriuli TaRebia gamoyenebuli, karibWisa da Se-
sasvlelis TaRebi Seisrulia, rac, ormag da sammag wamaxvile-
bul kolonebTan erTad (gotikurs rom vuwodebT), gvafiqrebi-
nebs, TiTqos erT-erTi Cveni eklesiis win vimyofebiT2. kama-
rebze, karnizebze, Sesasvlelebis Sua lilvebze da pilastre-
bis zedapirze gamokveTili sxvadasxvagvari arabeskebi da foT-
lovani CuqurTmebi uaRresad daxvewili ostatobiT aris Ses-
rulebuli.
magram rogorc Cans, xuroTmoZRvrebis mTeli sidiade sa-
kurTxevlis fasadisaTvis Semoinaxes. bizantiur da romanul
eklesiebSi sami naxevarwriuli sakurTxevlis mSeneblobisas
eqsteriersa da interiers erTmaneTs uxamebdnen da aqedan ga-
momdinare, iseve rogorc paiernis, nevSatelis, biWvinTis Tu
gelaTis taZrebSi, es sami naxevarwriuli Sverili aRniSnuli
1 Camongrevamde am portikis warmosadgenad me ar meguleba sxva
naxati, garda imisa, romelic b-n gambas atlasSia mocemuli ba-
ron friqsis (romelsac b-ni gamba frics uwodebs)[40] eskizis
mixedviT. portikis amJamindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba
warmodgena iqonioT Cemi atlasis mixedviT _ ix. furc. 13 da
16, me-3 seria, arqiteqtura. 2 SesaZloa, Semedavon, rom es Sesasvleli eklesiis mSeneblobis
Semdegdroindelia, magram SemiZlia darwmunebiT vTqva, rom
igi mSeneblobis Tanadrouli periodiT TariRdeba da aq Seke-
Tebis raime niSnis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia.
361
nagebobebisaTvis mxolod da mxolod samkauls warmoadgenda.
ukve somxeTis uZveles eklesiebSi SeZles Tavidan aeci-
lebinaT es nakli: gamonaxes saSualeba, sakurTxevlebi da sam-
kveTloebi erT xazze ganeTavsebinaT, xolo cariel adgilebSi
didi niSebi CaesvaT. vaRarSapatis wm. rifsimes saxelobis ekle-
siaSi es forma jer kidev Zalze uxeSia, garnis nangrevebSi mas
ufro gaumjobesebuli saxe aqvs, xolo bagrat IV-s ukve hqonda
SesaZlebloba, srulad gamoeyenebina morTulobis es elementi
da misTvis ulamazesi proporciebic mieca.
mas Semdeg, rac sami absidi fasadis erT sibrtyeSi moaq-
cia, man igi 7,5 futi siganisa da 40 futi simaRlis ori sam-
kuTxa niSiT daamSvena, romelTagan TiToeuli wm. iakobis or-
namentiani TaRiT bolovdeboda. fasadis danarCeni nawili
wvrili da wagrZelebuli sammagi svetebiT sami didi dekorati-
uli TaRediT aris danawevrebuli. es yvelaferi ise iyo Ses-
rulebuli romanul da gotikur stilSi[39], rom gegonebodaT,
romeliRac Cveni, dasavluri nagebobidan gadmouRiaTo1.
wina da gverdiTi fasadebi aseTive stilSi, simetriula-
daa morTuli, yvelgan ornamentebis siuxve igrZnoba, TiTqmis
yvela patara kapiteli, yvela CuqurTma sxvadasxvagvaria, ise-
ve, rogorc Cvens Zvel nagebobebze.
am dekoratiuli TaRedis yvelaze didi nawili, romelic
65 futi simaRlis mqone mTavari sakurTxevlis frontonis wve-
ramde aRwevda, gaxsnili iyo mxolod erTi sarkmliT, romlis
CarCoc lamazi skulpturuli arabeskebiT iyo damSvenebuli.
meore TaRze, romelic sarkmels agvirgvinebda Ω formiT,
amokveTili iyo warwera. me igi gadmovxate (furc. 18, nax. 1,
me-3 seria) da momyavs misi Targmani, romelic CemTvis Seasru-
les samegrelos memkvidre mTavarma da b-nma brose-umcrosma:
`RvTis wyalobiT, bagratma uflis [SewevniT], mefe afxaz-
Ta da qarTvelTa, aago es wminda ... Tavisi [dedisaTvis] dedo-
fal guranduxtisaTvis~. frCxilebSi moTavsebulia sityvebi, romlebic avseben
warweris ramdenime waSlil adgils.
meore warwera moTavsebulia qvaze, romelic jvris mkla-
1 Tavis atlasSi b-n gambas mocemuli aqvs quTaisis taZris geg-
ma: sakurTxevlis fasadi aq mTlianad SecdomiT aris gamosaxu-
li; amasTanave, masStabi Zalze Semcirebulia.
362
vis kuTxeSi, sakurTxevlis marcxniv gaWrili lamazi sarkmlis
bazas warmoadgens; warwera or nawiladaa gayofili1, sarkmlis
erT mxares ikiTxeba:
`o, meufeo, romelic mbrZaneblob yvela mefeze, adide
mZleTa-mZle bagrat kurapalati, mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa,
agreTve misi mama, deda, dedofali (misi meuRle) da misi Ze,
amin~. meore mxare:
`roca mSenebloba dasrulda, iyo 223 weli aRdgomis wel-
TaRricxvidan~.[41]
es TariRi Cveni welTaRricxvis 1003 wels Seesabameba. b-
ni brose, iseve rogorc me da rogorc bevri frangi swavluli,
gakvirvebuli iyo, roca arabuli cifrebi formiT gamo-
xatuli naxa; es am cifrebis erT-erTi uZvelesi cnobili for-
maa; imis axsna, Tu ratom gamiyenes igi, advilad SeiZleba, ram-
denadac saqarTvelos mefeebs mudmivad hqondaT urTierTobe-
bi sparseTis dampyrobeli arabebis STamomavlebTan; raoden
ucnauric ar unda iyos es faqti, am cifrebs sulac rom ar mi-
vaqcioT yuradReba, es warwerebi mainc SeiZleba ekuTvnodes
mxolo da mxolod bagrat III-s an bagrat IV-s, romlebmac pirve-
lebma miiRes afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefis tituli.
Cems mier aRwerili kolxeTisa da saqarTvelos mokle is-
toriis2 gacnobisas mkiTxveli advilad gaerkveva, Tu ratom
iwyebda bagrati Tavis titulaturas afxazTa mefis wodebiT:
afxazeTi kavkasiis is nawilia, romelic dRes TiTqmis sruliad
uguleblyofili da mitovebulia.
ucnauria, rom erTsa da imave epoqaSi da TiTqmis erTsa
da imave wlebSi rus mTavrebs kievSi da qarTvel mefeebs quTa-
isSi didebisa da Zlierebisaken stiqiuri swrafva hqondaT da
cdilobdnen, monumenturi nagebobebis SeqmniT gaeTqvaT saxe-
li. Tu quTaisis taZari agebuli iyo bagrat III-isa da bagrat
IV-is dros _ anu XI saukunis dasawyisSi da SuaxanebSi, _ wm. so-
fios taZari kievSi aSenda 1037 wels, xolo lavris eklesiis
mSenebloba 1054 wels daiwyo da 1077 wels dasrulda; konstan-
tinopolis erTi da igive imperatorma mSeneblebi gamougzavna
1 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, arqiteqtura, furc. 18, nax. 2. 2 ix. II t.
363
rus monarqs _ iaroslavs[42] da afxazTa mefes _ bagrat IV-s.
magram Cemi azriT, silamaziTa da moxdenilobiT kievis
eklesiebi quTaisis taZars ver Seedrebian: am pirveli rusuli
nagebobebis interieris simZimesa da fasadebis garegnul saxes
qarTuli taZris grandiozulobasa da didmSvenierebas ver Se-
vadarebT!
Cem mier moyvanili warwerebi Sesrulebulia qarTulad,
xucuri anbaniT, romelTa silamazes, sisadavesa da gamomsaxve-
lobas Tavisuflad SeuZlia metoqeoba gauwios berZnebisa Tu
romaelebis mSvenier warwerebs. somxuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
qarTuli anbani V saukunis dasawyisSi unda iyos SemoRebuli
swavlul mesropis[43] mier, romelic aseve somxuri anbanis Sem-
qmnelic gaxlavT.1 me ufro sarwmunod mimaCnia, rom mesropma
Secvala da Seaswora asoebis Zveli forma, radgan cnobilia,
rom qarTvelebs jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis droidan
hqondaT anbani (gakruli xeli) _ mxedruli. axal damwerlobaSi
mesropma kuTxovani forma misca mTavruli asoebis simrgvales,
romelic Tavisuflad SeiZleba zenduri warmoSobisa iyos, ro-
gorc amas b-ni brose-umcrosi aRniSnavs.2` iseve rogorc ume-
tes semitur enebSi, rogoricaa ebrauli, arabuli da sx., aqac
me SevniSne, rom xSirad am warwerebSi sityvebis ZiriTadi nawi-
lidan amogdebuli iyo xmovnebi; ase magaliTad, bagratis saxe-
li da tituli xmovnebiTurT Semdegnairad unda daiweros: “ba-
grat kurapalati, mefe afxazTa da qarTvelTa~; xmovnebis ga-
reSe ki werdnen: “bgrt krplti mf afxzTa da qrTvlTa~. bagratis am sami warweris garda me aRmovaCine agreTve
meoTxec, romelic amokveTilia sakurTxevlis xelmarjvniv,
samxreTisaken mimarTul karnizis qvaze; Tumca igi ar aris
amokveTili iseTive lamazi asoebiT, rogorc danarCenebi. ai
misi Targmani, Sesrulebuli b-n brose-umcrosis mier:3
“am eklesiis xuroTmoZRvari agreTve aRsdgeba. RmerTma
Seindos meisa~. amis garda sxva warwerebi aq ar aris. qarTuli Zeglebis
1 movses xorenaci, III, 52-54, moxseniebuli sen-martenis mier
Journ. Asiat., ivnisi, 1823, gv. 322. 2 ixileT misi gramatika, xelnaweri, gv. 1, 5 da 7. 3 ixileT qarTuli originali me-3 seriaSi, arqiteqtura, furc.
18, nax. 13.
364
es zomiereba TvalSi sacemia somxurisaTvis esoden Cveuli si-
Warbis gverdiT, romelTa kedlebsac TiTqmis mTlianad fara-
ven vrceli warwerebi.
rac Seexeba bareliefs, igi mxolod erTia, patara niSaSi,
wina fasadis yvelaze amaRlebuli da mdidrulad morTuli
sarkmlis TaRze. gamosaxulia angelozi, romelsac xeli aqvs
CaWidebuli bagratisaTvis, TiTqos misi wardginebis mizniT. am
niSis zemoT, kedelze, amokveTilia lamazi jvari.1
sarkmlis CarCoze amokveTili basiliskosa da grifonis
msgavsi frinvelebs ucnauri ganlageba aqvT _ Tavebi xelmar-
jvnivaa, kudebi ki _ xelmarcxniv. es grifoni, romelic me Cav-
xate (me-3 seris, furc. 18, nax. 5) aRmosavlur ZeglebSi yvel-
gan gvxvdeba, dawyebuli pantikapeis da damTavrebuli persepo-
lisis saflavTa reliefebiT.
am didebul nagebobaze saubris dasasruls minda sinanu-
liT aRvniSno, rom droJamis garda mas adamianebisaganac didi
ziani miadga: igi xom imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom kidev mravali sau-
kunisaTvis gaeZlo mis myar, yviTeli iuruli carcis mSvenier
qvaTlilebs. Turqebma misi ngreva 1691 wels[44] daiwyes _ daaq-
cies da aafeTqes im periodSi, roca mas flobdnen2. jer kidev
1772 wels, Tavisi mogzaurobisas giuldenStedtma[45] ixila in-
terieris ramdenime uvneblad gadarCenili sveti3. dRes ki aRa-
raferia SemorCenili arc gumbaTidan da arc TaRebis umrav-
lesobidan; interieri gawmendilia da iq asaflaveben imaT,
vinc karg gasamrjelos gadauxdis mRvdlebs, maT ki moagroves
rac ki ram kargi iyo am nangrevebs Soris, ase Tu ise moaxerxes
maTi erTmaneTze dawyoba da samxreTis grZel kedelze patara
ekvderi miaSenes, sadac egzarqosi mesas asrulebda. erTxel,
swored RvTismsaxurebis dros, mis axlos qva Camovarda. Sem-
dgomSi, msgavsi ubedurebis Tavidan asacileblad, man mTavro-
bisagan iTxova nebarTva, moengriaT taZris gadarCenili erTi
kedlis mozrdili nawili, romelic saSiSriebas uqmnida ek-
vders. nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg kedlis es nawili marTlac
1 ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, furc. 18, nax. 3. 2 Cronique armenienne, romelic b-ma Sulcma gaugzavna b-n sen-
martens da romelic gadmomca brose-umcrosma. 3 Guldenstadt, Reisen nach Georgien, etc., gv. 164, klaprotis gamoc.
365
moangries1. Camongreul kedlebze yvelgan suro moedo: igi
sul zemoT miiwevs, rogorc safarveli da karnizebze amosul
buCqebs ebRauWeba.
jer kidev 1772 wels quTaisi mitropolitis (quTaTelis)
adgilsamyofeli iyo. es ukanaskneli emorCileboda afxazeTis
patriarqs, romelic Cveulebriv, gelaTSi ijda. dRes patriar-
qisa da mitropolitis funqciebi SeTavsebuli aqvs erT sasu-
liero pirs, romelic imereTis arqiepiskoposis xarisxSia da
emorCileba saqarTvelos egzarqoss, romlis rezidenciac Tbi-
lisSia. amgvar damokidebulebas sulac ar SeuSlia xeli imis-
Tvis, rom quTaisis am arqiepiskoposs yvela Zveli tituli See-
narCunebina2.
bagrat III da bagrat IV saqarTvelosa da imereTSi xuroT-
moZRvrebis axali stilis damfuZneblebad gvevlinebian; XI sau-
kuneSi daviT II-m, misma SviliSvilma, gelaTis agebisas biWvin-
Tis TiTqmis zusti asli gadmoiRo, ornamentebi ki quTaisis
taZrisas gvagonebs. daaxloebiT imave periodiT TariRdeba ni-
korwmindisa da martvilis saepiskoposo taZrebi, agreTve –
kacxis[46] eklesia; rac Seexeba mcxeTis taZars, zemoT vnaxeT,
rom igi mtris mier mTlianad iqna dangreuli da 1414 wels me-
fe aleqsandrem aRadgina da daamSvena lamazi gumbaTiT, rome-
lic, samwuxarod, 1656 wels Camoingra; magram igi imave wels
1 taZris axlandeli mdgomareobis mis pirvandel saxesTan Sesa-
dareblad ixileT atlasi, me-3 seria, furc. 13-14: me-13-ze me
mocemuli maqvs am nangrevebis ori xedi, xolo me-14-ze aRvad-
gine sakurTxevlis fasadi. 2 1772 wels giuldenStedts kolxeTis sasuliero ierarqiis Sem-
degi suraTi aqvs aRwerili: imereTs hyavda patriarqi anu ka-
Talikosi, romelic biWvinTisa da afxazeTis patriarqis ti-
tuls atarebda; misi iurisdiqciis qveS iyo quTaisis saarqie-
piskoposo, xonis, nikorwmindis, eparqiebi; mas emorCilebodnen
agreTve Semoqmedisa da jumaTis eparqiebi guriaSi. b-ni brose-
umcrosis qronikis mixedviT, imereTis sam eparqiad dayofa
moxda 1529 wels (gv.7). giuldentedtis Camosvlamde cota xniT
adre, imereTis mefesa da dadians Soris dapirispirebis Sede-
gad, samegrelom miaRwia imas, rom sakuTari patriarqi, anu ka-
Talikosi hyoloda; manamde ki odiSis, leCxumisa da samegre-
los samive episkoposi aseve afxazeTis patriarqs emorCilebo-
da[49]..
366
aRadgina rostomma[47] _ saqarTvelos muslimma mefem. mTlia-
nobaSic da detalebSic aq imitirebulia quTaisis taZari1.
me aq quTaisis taZarze did xans SevCerdi ara mxolod
imis gamo, rom es uaRresad saintereso istoriuli Zeglia,
aramed imitomac, rom es gaxlavT saukeTeso xuroTmoZRvrebis
uZvelesi nimuSi. vagrZeleb Cem mier mocemuli gegmis ganmar-
tebas:
14. mitropolitis dა mRvdლebis sacxovrebeli _ es is
Senobebia, romlebic ტaZris garSemoa ganTavsebuli; xelmar-
cxniv, portikis pirdapir mdebare didi kibe taZars ukavSir-
deboda.
C. _ qveda gamagrebuli qalaqi:
15. eqvsi-Svidi futis sisqis mqone, mdinaresTan kuTxis
didi mrgvali koSkiT daboloebuli kedeli, romelic mas da-
savleTidan icavda, romaelebis jus-is[48] msgavsad iyo agebuli,
anu garedan kldis lodebiT an kvadrebiT. SesaZloa igi iusti-
nianes dros berZnebis mier uqimerionis mSeneblobis periods
ganekuTvneba. miuxedavad qvis amgvari uxeSi wyobisa, es kedeli
imdenad mtkice iyo, rom rodesac solomon mefem 1770 wlis 6
agvistos es cixe totlebenisagan miiRo (romelmac igi Tur-
qTagan gaanTavisufla), da misi dangreva moisurva, raTa moma-
valSi mtrisaTvis misi gamoyenebis saSualeba moespo, es TiT-
qmis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. bolos iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom
igi 100-130 futis daSorebiT mdgari qvemexidan nasroli yum-
barebiT daengriaT. am kedlis nawili, uzarmazari namsxvreve-
bis saxiT, miwaze daenarcxa, danarCeni ki naxevrad Camoiqca da
gadmokidebul mdgomareobaSi darCa. ori oTxkuTxa, didi da
kargad gamagrebuli koSki, romelic kedels mdinaris mxridan
icavda, aseve Suaze gaipo da sanaxevrod Camoiqca.
16. am kedelSi CaWrili iyo Tlili qvis didi Sesasvleli
kari, romelic Tavis droze giuldenStedtsac unaxavs[50],
dRes ki igi mTlianad dangreulia; am kariT Sig kldeSi nakveTi
safexurebisaken gadiodnen.
17. qveda qalaqis quCa, odesRac orive mxares Camwkrive-
buli saxlebiT.
18. patara eklesia.
1 me-2 seria, ferwera, furc. 6.
367
19. didi eklesia ramdenadme daqanebul ferdobze, amJa-
mad mxolod misi nangrevebia SemorCenili. irgvliv mofenilia
Tlili qvis namsxvrevebi, romlebsac iseTive CuqurTmebi da
ornamentebi amSveneben, rogoric taZarzea.
20. qveda qalaqis aRmosavleTi kedeli, romelic kldeebs
miuyveba da rionamde Cadis.
D. fazisis anu rionis napirze mdebare dabla-cixis plac-
darmi;
21. misi galavani, iseve rogorc zeda-cixe, Tlili qviT
aris nagebi da Zalze mtkicea. me ver aRmovaCine xidis burje-
bis kvali: albaT aq odesRac xis xidi iyo; yovel SemTxvevaSi,
jer kidev naTlad Cans kldeSi gamokveTili xvrelebi, romleb-
Sic bagirebs amagrebdnen bornebisaTvis. savaraudod, aq oTxi-
xuTi borani unda yofiliyo.
22. karibWe, romlis naSTebi TeTri JasminiT aris dafa-
ruli.
23. gamagrebuli koSki, romelsac mama kapucinebma Tavian-
Ti saswavlebeli miaSenes; TiTqmis mTeli es placdarmi amJamad
maTi sakuTrebaa. SuaSi xis eklesia iyo aRmarTuli, dRes ki
apireben igi Secvalon qvis eklesiiT, romelic albaT daitevs
kaTolike somxebis mravalricxovan mrevls; es ukanaskneli ki
quTaisSi dRiTi dRe izrdeba. am eklesiis saZirkveli ukve
mzad aris; misi gaTxris dros miwaSi ipoves vercxlis monete-
biT savse qoTani wm. evgenis (Eugene) gamosaxulebiTa da berZnu-
li warweriT.
E. gaumagrebeli qalaqi, romelic aRmosavleTiT, uswor-
masworo ferdobebze da platoze iyo gadaWimuli. aq ramdenime
quCa da Zveli gzebi advilad amosacnobia. vxdebiT gzis piras
Camwkrivebuli uamravi qvis saxlis nangrevebs an saZirkvlis
narCenebs. #24-iT aRniSnuli saxli erTaderTia, romelic kar-
gad aris Semonaxuli.
25. uZvelesi da nangrevebad qceuli wm. giorgis eklesia;
igi arafriT ar aris mniSvnelovani. mis garSemo Zveli leRvis
xeebiTa da baRis frTaTeTraTi daburuli sasaflaoa.
26. kidev erTi dangreuli eklesia, mravalricxovani mi-
naSenebis naSTebiT. swored am adgilidan gavakeTe Zveli quTa-
isisa da fazisis xeobebis xedis Canaxatebi _ atlasi, II seria,
furc. a. 27. didebuli saxli, cixis msgavsad _ mtkice, Tlili qviT
368
naSeni galavniT garSemovlebuli.
28. Zveli bazari.
29. xis qalaqis adgili.
30. aguriT naSeni yvelaze Zveli ubani; amJamad aq Senobe-
bi TiTqmis gamqralia, Cans agurebis grova qvebis gareSe; zogi-
erTi maTgani Zalze didi zomisaa.
31. mTlianad dangreuli qvis Zveli eklesiebi Tu sam-
locveloebi; isini ulamazes adgilas iyvnen ganlagebulni.
erT-erTi am samlocvelos ZirSi, gzispiras, mTis platodan
Znelad misadgomi, Rrma ufskruli eSveboda; wvimis wyali swo-
red am ucnaur ZabrSi Caedineboda, romelic carcovan kldeSi
gaCenil uzarmazar naprals warmoadgenda.
32. marcxena napirze moCans riyis qviT nagebi xidis bur-
jis naSTebi, romlis boloSic, aRmosavleTiT, Turquli abano
iyo.
33. aqve Cans meore xidis burjebic; es xidi pirdapir ci-
xisken mimavali fenili quCiT bolovdeboda.
34. Zvel burjebze daSenebuli axali xidi.
35. meoTxe xidis burjebi; am xidiT erTi napiridan meo-
reze ise gadadiodnen, rom mdinarispira kldeebze asvla aRar
sWirdebodaT.
F. rionis marcxena napirze gaSenebulia dabla-qalaqi.
igi TiTqmis mTlianad xiT iyo nagebi. Cans mxolod xuTi-eqvsi
xis eklesiisa Tu samlocvelos nangrevebi. erT-erT maTganSi
dRes saxelmwifo baRis mebaRe cxovrobs, meore ki mmarTvelis
sasaxlis samzareulod aris gadakeTebuli.
axali rusuli qalaqi Zveli qalaqis adgilze gaSenda: a aris samxedro hospitali, b _ yazarmebi, c _ bazari, d _ didi
moedani, e _ saxelmwifo baRi, f _ mmarTvelis saxli, g _ ebra-
elTa ubani sinagogiT.
G. ^imereTis mefeTa Zveli rezidencia (manam, sanam am
mxares ruseTi daepatroneboda). aq uamravi nageboba garSemov-
lebuli iyo uZvelesi kedlebiT da erTi TxriliT, maTgan
dRes mxolod nakvalevia SemorCenili. giuldenStedtis dros
am adgils `oqros Cardaxs~ (anu galereas) uwodebdnen[51]. pro-
kopis Txzulebis mixedviT, es ubani iyo pirvandeli quTaisi, _
berZnebis kutaia, aietis samSoblo, romelic lazebma (mas rom
“ქuTaTisiums~ uwodebdnen) mefe gubazis dros daangries, raTa
369
sparselebisaTvis ar CaebarebinaT; magram sparselebma 551
wels, mermereosis[52] dros, aRdgines quTaTisiumi, raTa igi
TavianT ZiriTad adgilsamyofelad eqciaT. SemdgomSi, rode-
sac lazebma kvlav ukan daibrunes qalaqi, adgilobriv mefeebi
aq xSirad iwyobdnen sakuTar rezidencias.
36. am rezidenciis ZiriTadi nageboba dRes mTlianad dan-
greulia; pirveli sarTuli warmoadgenda gadaxurul sacxov-
reblebs, maT zemoT ki xis sarTuli iyo daSenebuli. 1650
wels, rodesac ruseTis mefis _ aleqsi mixeilis Zis[53] elCebi
nikifore irbaxis (ColoyaSvilis)[54] meTaurobiT imereTis me-
fe aleqsandres[55] eaxlnen, am didi oTaxebis yvela kedeli da-
faruli iyo naxatebiT, romlebzec aleqsandres winapar mefeTa
sabrZolo scenebi iyo asaxuli. sasaxlis ukan gadaWimuli iyo
xeebiT daburuli didi baRi.
37. meore, qvis sasaxle, nawilobrivad rionzea gadmoki-
debuli, sami TaRiT anu arkadiT. mas ufro beRelis Sesaxedao-
ba aqvs.
38. samefo eklesia, romelic dRes rusul eklesiad aris
gadakeTebuli.
39. sakmaod lamazi formis izolirebuli samreklo; uwin
igi mefis rezidenciis Sesasvlel kars warmoadgenda. SemorCe-
nilia ramdenime mSvenieri xe, romelTa Crdilic samreklos fa-
ravs.
H. quTaisis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli da qalaqidan
moSorebiT mdebare ubani, romelic bunebrivadac da galavni-
Tac aris daculi. aq aranakleb oTxi eklesiis nangrevebia Se-
morCenili. es ubani, savaraudod, romeliRac didebuls ekuT-
vnoda, radgan #40 _ erT-erTi im kvadratul, gadaxurul koS-
kTagania, romelic mtris Semosevis dros TavdacvisaTvis gamo-
iyeneboda: TaRovani RiobiT xalxi koSkSi adioda da iq afareb-
da Tavs.
41. qalaqis am nawils wyliT amaragebda mSvenieri wyaro
(wyalsadeniT), misi temperatura reomiuriT 8,50-ia.
42. dabolos, fazisisaken Camaval kldis ferdobze, Zali-
an lamaz garemoSi, momwvano qviSaqvisagan nagebi patara sam-
locvelos nangrevebia[56]. dasavleTisaken mimarTul mis Sesas-
vlels naxevarwriuli TaRi aqvs. did qvaze, romelic mis zeda-
pirs faravda, uwin warwera iyo moTavsebuli. axla qva kldis
ZirSi egdo da mec Cavedi warweris gadmosaRebad; radgan qvis
370
kuTxeebi ukve Camomtvreuli iyo, warweris sruli mniSvneloba
ver gavarkvie, yoveli SemTxevisaTvis, gadmoviRe is, rac ga-
darCa. Cemi TxovniT, misi Targmani b-ma brose-umcrosma Seas-
rula:
“…[Ze]… mefe bagratidma [aaSena mTavarangelozebis es
wminda eklesia, gabras monawileobiT 6617 wels~. es TariRi, romelic Cveni welTaRricsvis 1109 wels See-
sabameba[57], adasturebs, rom es patara eklesia agebuli yofi-
la saxelovani daviT III dros, romelsac metsaxelad aRmaSene-
beli uwodes. manve aago wminda RvTismSoblis taZari gelaTSi.
misi zeoba 1089 wlidan 1124 Tu 1126 wlamde grZeldeboda[58].
bagratidis saxelis win, romliTac, rogorc aRvniSne, es nak-
luli warwera iwyeboda, datovebuli iyo mxolod oTxi asos
adgili, savaraudod _ aq im bagratidis saxeli igulisxmeba,
romlis Sesaxebac warweraSia saubari. am asoebidan SemorCeni-
lia mxolod “r~, romelic demetres[59] _ daviT III-is Zisa da
memkvidris saxelis bolo aso unda iyos. igi jer kidev mamis
sicocxleSi iyo CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi da cnobili
iyo Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolebSi gamoCenili gmiro-
biT. SesaZlebelia, eklesiis qvemoT ganlagebuli, galavanSe-
movlebul nagebobaTa mTeli es ansambli misi, rogorc mefis
Zis, saufliswulo mamuli da rezidencia iyo.
am eklesiis qvemoT, kldeSi amokveTilia mravali mRvime
da savaraudoa, rom aq gadioda miwisqveSa gza, romlis meSveo-
biTac ukavSirdebodnen eklesiis patara ezos; SemorCenilia mi-
si kvalic… eklesiis gverdiT, kldis ukana mxare dafarulia
uzarmazari kvadratuli saflavis qvebiT, iseve, rogorc es
bretanSia. Svidi-rva futis siganis filebi qmnian kvadrats,
romelic aseve sxva filebiT aris dafaruli. aseTi saxis saf-
lavis qvebi kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleobas hqonda da mogviane-
biT me is zemo raWis mcxovreblebTanac aRmovaCine.
komentarebi
[1] iakobitebi – monofizitebis erT-erTi Sto; daarse-
bulia episkopos iakob baradeis (zanzales) mier, romelic VI s.
Sua xanebSi ganudga marTlmadideblur eklesias. es mimdinare-
oba gavrcelebuli iyo Crdilo-aRmosavlet afrikaSi, dasav-
leT aziasa da samxreT indoeTSi (diubuas naSromis Sesaxeb ix.
371
Cveni werilebi: Jurn. “analebi~, #2, 2000, #1-2, 2002; kerb.
“Casucasica~, #7, 2003; kreb. “axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiT-
xebi~, #2, 2009, #1-2, 2010).@
[2] setie – Zv. franguli siTxisa da marcvleulis sazomi
erTeuli, daaxl. 150-idan 200 litramde.
[3] igulisxmeba kirkes (circes) mier Sinisaken mimavali
odisevsis Tanamgzavrebis Rorebad gadaqcevis epizodi.
[4] futi _ sigrZis sazomi erTeuli inglisur sistemaSi
(0,3048 m.).
[5] xvamli – mTa cageris r-nSi, raWa-leCxumis kavkasion-
ze.
[6] oberoni _ (miT.) elfebis mefe Zv. franguli legendi-
dan, feriebis dedoflis – titanias qmari. am gmiris saxels
vxvdebiT araerT cnobil avtorTan; gansakuTrebuli popula-
roba moipova Seqspiris piesisa (“zafxulis Ramis sizmari~) da
veberis operis (“oberoni~) wyalobiT. legendis Tanaxmad, obe-
roni jadosnuri bukis mflobelia.
[7] prokopi kesarieli _ VI s. bizantieli istorikosi, av-
tori naSromisa “iustinianes omebis istoria~. [8] antikuri xanis avtorebTan quTaisi sxvadasxva formiT
moixsenieba: kutaia, kutaioni, kutatisioni, quTaTisiumi, qu-
TaTisi, kvitaioni da sx.
istoriuli cixesimagris _ uqimerionis adgilmdebareo-
bis Sesaxeb qarTul samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadas-
xvaobaa; erT-erTi versiiT, es aris quTaisSi, arqielis goraze
dRemde nangrevebis saxiT SemorCenili Zveli cixesimagre. akad.
s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, uqimerioni Zveli quTaisis cixea, xolo
prokopis mier moxseniebuli uqimerioni rionis marjvena napir-
ze _ leCxumisa da svaneTisaken mimaval gzaze unda mdebareob-
des (amis Taobaze vrclad ix. georgika, II, gv. 203; v. jaoSvili,
quTaisi, Tb., 1989, gv. 65-66; v. CakvetaZe, quTaisis istoriidan,
Tb., 1960).
[9] totlebeni gotlib kurt hainrix fon (1715-1778) _ ru-
seTis armiis general-maiori, 1761 w. Ralatis braldebiT daa-
patimres da sikvdili miusajes, magram imperator petre III-s
sikvdilis Semdeg ekaterine II-m Seiwyala; saqarTveloSi, ker-
Zod ki imereTSi totlebenis Camosvla 1768-1774 ww. ruseT-
TurqeTis oms ukavSirdeba: ruseTi Tavad iyo dainteresebuli
am omSi saqarTvelos CabmiT. Tavis mxriv, solomon I-ic garkve-
372
uli mosazrebiT CaerTo saomar moqmedebebSi: igi imedovnebda,
ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT daemorCilebina urCi mTavrebi, da-
ebrunebina TurqTa mier mitacebuli teritoriebi da sabolo-
od ganedevna isini imereTidan. am SemTxvevaSi diubuas Tval-
sazrisi solomonis winaaRmdeg “imerlebis ajanyebis~ Taobaze
realur safuZvels moklebulia.
[10] solomon I (aleqsandre V-s Ze) _ imereTis mefe 1752-
1784 ww.
[11] varcixe (vardcixe, adreuli Suasaukuneebis rodopo-
lisi) _ sofeli imereTis dablobze, md. xaniswylisa da rionis
SesarTavTan; pirvelad moixsenieba VI s. bizantiur wyaroebSi
(georgika, t. III, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc., Tb., 1936). gviandel Su-
asaukuneebSi _ imereTis mefeTa erT-erTi rezidencia.
baRdaTi (1940-1990 ww. _ maiakovski) _ qalaqi imereTis
dablobze, md. xaniswylis napiras. 1703 w. igi osmalebma daika-
ves da aq jer xis (e.w. Txmelis-cixe), mogvianebiT ki _ qviTki-
ris cixe aages, sadac Turquli garnizoni idga. 1770 w. solo-
mon I-ma da totlebenma erToblivi ZalebiT alyaSi moaqcies da
brZoliT aiRes baRdaTis cixe.
[12] ix. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba, gv. 139.
[13] fasismTa _ mwvervali raWis kavkasionis mTavar qedze,
md. rionisa da cxeniswylis saTaveebTan; kedela _ qedi onis r-
nSi, Soda-kedelas aRmosavleTi nawili.
[14] awyuris cixe _ feodaluri xanis cisesimagre mtkvris
marjvena napirze, sof. awyurTan, borjomidan 30 km-ze; zeda
Tmogvi//Tmogvis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi javaxeTSi, md.
mtkvris marcxena napirze, axland. aspinZis r-nis sof. TmogvSi;
wyaroebSi pirvelad ixsenieba X s-Si. darialis cixe _ gadmoce-
mis Tanaxmad, darialis xeobaSi pirveli simagre mefe mirians
augia, V s-Si ki igi vaxtang gorgasals aRudgenia.
[15] tiri (axland. suri _ libanSi) _ finikielTa qalaq-sa-
xelmwifo xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze; mdebare-
obs kldovan kunZulze (“tir~ _ klde).
[16] bali (germ. bazeli) _ qalaqi Crd. SveicariaSi, saf-
rangeTisa da germaniis sazRvarTan, daarsebulia romaelTa mi-
er da cnobilia Tavisi arqiteqturuli ZeglebiT. friburi _
qalaqi das. SveicariaSi, md. sarinze, friburis kantonis admi-
nistraciuli centri.
[17] igulisxmeba Teimuraz I-is asuli darejani _ zurab
373
aragvis erisTavis, Semdeg ki imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is
coli.
[18] volnei konstantine fransua de Sansebefi (1757-1820)
_ frangi filosofosi da mwerali; imogzaura axlo aRmosav-
leTSi da gamoaqveyna naSromi “mogzauroba egviptesa da siria-
Si~ (1787 w.). [19] qarTul istoriografiaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadebis TariRad aRiarebulia 326 w.
[20] iustiniane I didi (483-456) bizantiis imperatori 527-
565 ww., ibrZoda sasanianTa iranis winaaRmdeg da am brZolis
asparezi iyo lazikis (egrisis) samefo. arazusti cnoba imis Se-
saxeb, rom afxazebma iustinianes dros miiRes qristianoba, da
rom man afxazTa qveyanaSi RvTismSoblis taZari aaSena, momdi-
nareobs prokopi kesarielisagan. sinamdvileSi biWvinTis cnobi-
li taZari X-XI ss. nagebobaa, restavrirebulia XIX s-Si, 1866 w.
voronovis mier (l. rCeuliSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 281). proko-
piseul legendas zogierTi qarTuli wyaroc iziarebs: mag. va-
xuSti wers rom “am muwis-wyalis dasavliT ars biWvintas ekle-
sia didi, didSeni, keTil friad, gumbaTiani, zRvis kidesa ze-
da. es aRaSena iustiniane keisarman SemkobiTa didiTa. pirvel
iyo saepiskopozo, Jamsa afxazTa mefeTaTa iqmna sakaTaliko-
zod, da aw ars saydari afxazTa kaTalikozisa, aramed aw xucis
amarad, vinadgan afxazni arRara moneben rjulsa da sarwmuno-
ebasa~ (vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, s. yauxCiSvilis
gamocema, Tb., 1973, gv. 171). taZris mxatvrul-stilisturi ana-
liziT dadgenilia, rom igi ara uadres X s-isaa. misi pirveli
vrceli aRweriloba ekuTvnis diubuas, man Tavis naSroms da-
urTo Canaxatebi da azomvebi, romelTac dResac ar daukar-
gavT mniSvneloba (ix. l. rCeuliSvili, dasax. naSr., gv 284).
[21] VI s-is bizantieli istorikosis _ agaTia sqolastiko-
sis cnobiT “onogurisi~ martvilisa da xonis r-nebis sazRvar-
ze mdebare unagiras mTas Seesabameba: “es saxeli [onogurisi]
Zveladve Seerqva am adgils, sesaZlebelia, imis gamo, rom hun-
nebi, romelTac onogurebi ewodebodaT, am adgilas Sebmian
kolxebs warsul wlebSi da damarcxebulan, da am gamarjvebis
niSnad da Zeglad aqaur mcxovrebT es saxeli SeurqmeviaT am
adgilisaTvis. amJamad bevri ase ki aRar uwodes, aramed, rad-
gan aq dafuZnebulia im wminda stefanes taZari, romelic, ro-
gorc amboben, sakuTari nebiT Seeba mters saukeTeso qristian-
374
Ta gulisaTvis da Caqolil iqna mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, misi sa-
xeli ewoda am adgils~(vrclad ix. georgika, III, gv. 59-62).
[22] igulisxmeba arqeopolisSi (noqalaqevSi) dRemde Se-
morCenili ormoc mowameTa eklesia, romelic V s-Si augiaT,
magram omianobis periodSi dazianebula da prokopi kesarielis
cnobiT, VI s-Si imperator iustinianes ganuaxlebia (ix. georgi-
ka, II, gv. 220).
[23] arqiteqturuli orderi – dgarul-koWovani siste-
mis struqtura da mxatvruli damuSaveba, romelic cnobili
iyo Zveli egviptis, babilonur-asurul da sparsul xuroTmoZ-
RvrebaSi. orderebis mzidi nawilebia sveti, kapiteliTa da ba-
zisiTurT. klasikur sistemad es stili Camoyalibda Zvel ber-
Znul arqiteqturaSi (Zv. w. aR. V s.): korinTuli orderi Zv. w.
aR. V s-is II naxevarSi Seiqmna da farTod gavrcelda romaul
arqiteqturaSi; ioniuri orderi SedarebiT msubuqi proporci-
ebiTa da mdidruli dekoriT gamoirCeva.
[24] qarTlis mefis mirianis zeobis zusti TariRi daud-
genelia; qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis monacemebiT, igi so-
mexTa mefis _ Trdat III-is (298-330 ww) da romis imperator kon-
stantines (306-337 ww.) Tanamedrovea da, amave dros, jer kidev
cocxalia 361 wels (vrclad mis Sesaxeb ix. saqarTvelos isto-
ria uZvelesi droidan XX saukunis bolomde, t. II, Tb., 2012,
gv. 10-18). wm. ninos miTiTebiT mirians IV s. 30-ian wlebSi xis
eklesia auSenebia, romelic aRar gadarCenila. meore, qvis ek-
lesiisagan, romelic iqve aago vaxtang gorgasalma (V s. meore
naxevarSi), gadarCa mxolod calkeuli nawilebi, amJamad Car-
Tuli sveticxovlis taZris dRevandel korpusSi: 1970-1971 ww-
Si Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad, calkeul
fragmentebTan erTad, gorgasliseuli eklesiis mTeli moxazu-
loba da mirianiseuli samlocvelos kvalic gamovlinda (v. be-
riZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974, gv. 21-22)
[25] qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis somxuridan warmomavlo-
bis diubuaseuli mcdari koncefciis Sesaxeb ixileT Cveni we-
rili “frederik diubua de monperes koncefcia qarTuli xu-
roTmoZRvrebis Sesaxeb~ (krebulSi “axali da uaxlesi istoriis
sakiTxebi~, 2, 2010).
[26] didi armenia (didi somxeTi) _ Zveli somxeTis saxel-
mwifo. warmoiSva mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. aR. 220 w. selevkidma
antioqe III-m daipyro araratis samefo da igi somxeTis satrapi-
375
es SeuerTa. didi somxeTi moicavda urartus saxelmwifos
TiTqmis mTel teritorias. gansakuTrebul Zlierebas miaRwia
tigran II didis zeobisas (Zv. w. ar. 95-55 ww.); 387 wels didi
Armenia daeca, misi teritoria gaiyves bizantiam da iranma, xo-
lo 428 w. aq sabolood mefobac gaauqmes.
[27] garni _ (qarT. wyaroebSi garnisi), erevnis aRmosavle-
TiT (27 km-ze), geRamis mTebis Ziras mdebareobs; savaraudod,
cixe agebulia Zv. w. aR. II s-Si. IV s-is pirvel mesamedSi Trdat
III-is mier Catarebuli mSeneblobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs 1945
w. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili bazaltis qva-
ze moTavsebuli berZnuli warwera. xosroviduxtis sasaxle ar-
werilis aqvs somex mematianes movses xorenacs (ix. movses xo-
renaci, somxeTis istoria, gamosca al. abdalaZem, Tb., 1984, gv.
176).
[28] grigol ganmanaTlebeli (daaxl. 2390326) _ somexTa
ganmanaTlebeli da kaTalikosi (302-326 ww.). misi saxelis mi-
xedviT somexTa eklesias ewoda grigorianuli.
[29] persepolisi _ darios I-is mier (Zv. w. aR. VI s. miwu-
ruls) daarsebuli aqemenidebis iranis Zveli sataxto qalaqi.
[30] vaRarSapati _ qalaqi arartis dablobze, somxuri
grigorianuli eklesiis centri katalikosis rezidenciiT. va-
RarSapatis raionSi mdebareobs eCmiaZini, ris gamoc mas am sa-
xeliTac moixseniebdnen (1945 wlamde). wm. rifsimes taZari (eC-
miaZinis aRmosavleT mxares) agebulia 618 w. kaTalikos komita-
sis dros. wm. gaianes taZari mdebareobs eCmiaZinis samxreT na-
wilSi da agebulia kaTalikos ezras mier 630 wels.
[31] ruisi _ daba Sida qarTlSi (qarelis r-ni); ruisis ta-
Zari VIII-IX ss-is Zeglia, XI s-Si igi mniSvnelovnad gadaukeTebi-
aT (vrclad ix. g. CubinaSvili, ruisis taZrisi istoria, enimkis
moambe, V-VI, 1940).
lomisa _ uZvelesi salocavi, wm. giorgis saxelobis ek-
lesia (VIII-IX ss.) md. qsnisa da aragvis wyalgamyofi qedis
uReltexilze; gegmiT _ martivi sameklesiiani bazilika. tra-
diciis Tanaxmad, misi saxelwodeba loma-xars ukavSirdeba. sa-
varaudod, lomisa Tavdapirvelad mTvaris sakulto taZari yo-
fila, mogvianebiT ki warmarTuli taZris adgilze augiaT
qristianuli eklesia, romelic qsnis xeobis mosaxleobis upir-
veles salocavad iqca (ix. j. gvasalia, qsnis xeobis istoriuli
geografiis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis
376
krebuli, t. III, Tb. 1967).
[32] gal-erdi _ qristianuli sakulto nageboba inguSeT-
Si, sof. egentis maxloblad (ix. l. xuciSvili, gal-erdi _
qristianobisdroindeli Zegli inguSeTSi, Zeglis megobari, 64,
Tb., 1988).
[33] bagrat III _ gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe
(975-1014); bagrat IV _ saqarTvelos mefe 1027-1072 ww., giorgi
I-is Ze. mas colad hyavda bizantiis imperatoris romanoz III-is
Zmis _ basilis asuli elene, romelic maleve gardaicvala da
bagratma colad SeirTo osTa mefis asuli borena. bagratis
taZris mSenebloba X s-is bolo meoTxedSi daiwyo da, warweris
Tanaxmad, 1003 wels dasrulda. diubua cdeba, rodesac taZris
dasrulebas bagrat IV-s miawers. aseve mcdaria misi msjeloba
taZris somxur-bizantiur arqiteqturul stilze (ix. aqve, 25-e
koment.).
[34] savaraudod, aq diubua, rogorc kaTolike, saTana-
dod ver gaerkva detalebSi: sakurTxevlis marcxniv iyo sam-
kveTlo, xolo marjvniv _ sadiakvne.
[35] diuimi//duimi _ Zv. sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, 2,54 sm.
[36] sen-Jermen-de-pre _ 990-1014 ww. agebuli taZari pa-
rizSi.
[37] maiensi _ qalaqi da porti germaniaSi. maiensis eklesia
X-XIII ss-iT TariRdeba daSereuli stiliT aris nagebi (romanu-
li, gotikuri da baroko).
[38] koloni _ qalaqi germaniaSi, rainis marcxena napirze,
mniSvnelovani industriuli centri. aq SemorCenil brwyinvale
monumentur ZeglTa Soris aris wm. gerionis eklesia, agebuli
IV s-Si.
[39] romanuli stili – X-XII ss-Si das. evropaSi gabatone-
buli mxatvruli stili. termini SemoRebul iqna XIX s-Si.
gotika, gotikuri xelovneba – (ital. gotiko – guTuri), pi-
robiTi saxelwodeba stilisa, romelic evropul xuroTmoZ-
Rvrebasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi batonobda XII s. miwurulidan
XV (zogan XVI) s-mde.
[40] gambas mixedviT frici livorneli baronia, gzis mSe-
nebeli, kapitani. gamba mas axasiaTebs rogorc “dauRalav, si-
cocxliT savse, guldinj~ adamians, “mas unda umadlodnen qu-
Taissa da surams Soris dRes arsebuli mSvenieri gzisa da misi
Tavdasavlelis gayvanas~ (ix. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba
377
amierkavkasiaSi, m. mgalobliSvilis Targmani, Tb., 1987, gv. 167).
[41] pirveli warwera bagratis taZris aRmosavleT fasad-
ze, sarkmlebs zemodan Semoyolebuli CuqurTmiani kamaris qve-
da waxnagzea moTavsebuli da Semdegnairad ikiTxeba: “q. Sewev-
niTa RmrTisaÁTa, bagratisagan _ nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa afxazTa
da qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatisa da dedisa maTisa gua-
randuxt dedoflisa, aReSena wmidaÁ ese saydari, ÃeliTa... “
meore warwera amokveTilia taZris CrdiloeTis kedelSi,
sarkmlis qvemoT Casmul qvis filaze da masSi gandidebulia
bagrat III: “q. hoi meufeo, mflobelo yovelTa sufevaTao, ume-
tesad adide Zlieri bagrat kurapalati, afxazTa da qarTvel-
Ta mefeÀ, Tana: mamiT, dediT, dedofliT da ZiT maTiT, amen~ (ix. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, II, dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos warwerebi, gamosca v. silogavam, nakv. I, Tbn., 1980,
gv. 52-54).
mesame warwera gvamcnobs: “q. odes ganamtkicna iataki,
qronikoni iyo 223~ (v. cincaZe, bagratis taZari, Tb., 1964, gv.
8).
[42] igulisxmeba iaroslav brZeni (978-1054) _ kievis didi
mTavari 1019 wlidan; misi mmarTvelobisas, 1037 wels daiwyo
kievis sofios taZris mSenebloba. kiev-peCoris monasteri 1051
w. daarsda, 1598 wlidan ki mas lavra ewoda.
[43] mesrop maStoci _ V s. somexi moRvawe, somxuri tradi-
ciis Tanaxmad _ somxuri anbanis Semqmneli. cnoba maStocis mi-
er qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnis Taobaze Zireulad mcdaria
(ix. epistoleTa wigni, z. aleqsiZis gamocema, Tb., 1968, 030-
047).
[44] bagratis taZari 1692 wels “Semusres osmalTa, da wa-
riRes svetni misni da marmariloni samcxes~ (vaxuSti., aRwera..,
gv. 157).
[45] giuldenStedtis mogzauroba, t. I, gv. 141.
[46] nikorwminda 1010-1014 ww. TariRdeba; rac Seexeba mar-
tvils (Wyondidis taZari), dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom igi VII
s. pirvel naxevarSia agebuli, xolo X s-Si afxazTa mefis gi-
orgi II-s dros (922-957 ww.) safuZvlianad iqna gadakeTebuli;
swored amitomac garegnulad igi aRar gavs jvris tipis Zegls.
amrigad, gaugebaria, ris safuZvelze miiRo diubuam aseTi das-
kvna. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCa kidev
erTi warwera imave taZris dasavleT fasadze, romelsac, mar-
378
Talia Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram Tavis droze igi broses
mier iqna gamocemuli. swored am warweris teqstSia mocemuli
TariRi _ 996 weli (ix. Cveni werili “frederik diubua de mon-
peres koncefcia...~, gv. 7). kacxis eklesia X-XI ss. mijnazea age-
buli.
[47] rostomi _ qarTlis mefe 1632-1658 ww., daviT XI-is
(dauT-xanis) Ze.
[48] didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, Cven ver mivakvlieT am
terminis zust gansazRvrebas. savaraudod, aq igulisxmeba sa-
marTaldamcavi dawesebulebis romelime nairsaxeoba (jus _ laT.
samarTal;I, kanonTa krebuli, sasamarTlo sistema; daxmarebi-
saTvis did madlobas movaxsenebT b-n l. gordezians).
[49] ix. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba, t. I, gv. 209.
[50] iqve, gv. 141.
[51] “oqros Cardaxi~ XVII s. pirvel naxevarSi augia imere-
Tis mefes giorgi III-e (1605-1639). Senoba SemorCa XIX s-mde, ro-
desac igi sacxovrebel saxlad gadaakeTes. imave saukunis Sua
wlebSi jer kidev idga uZvelesi karis eklesia, romelic jer
ruseTis jaris sagarnizono saydrad iTvleboda, xolo 1850
wlidan klasikur gimnazias gadaeca. iqve idga sasaxlis yofili
kedlis SesasvlelTan aRmarTuli koSki-samreklo, romlis dan-
grevis neba ar miucia kavkasiis mefisnacval m. voroncovs. am-
Jamad aRar arsebobs arc koSki da arc eklasis (vrclad ix. v.
jaoSvili, quTaisi.., gv. 302-303).
[52] gubaz II _ egrisis mefe VI.s. 40-50-ian wlebSi; mermere-
osi (mermeroe) _ iraneli sardali, ibrZoda bizantielTa wina-
aRmdeg.
[53] aleqsi mixeilis Ze (1629-1676) _ ruseTis mefe 1645-
1676 ww. mis dros imereTis samefom ruseTis mfarveloba mii-
Ro. axlo urTierToba hqonda kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-Tan,
romlis SviliSvili _ erekle (SemdgomSi erekleI) 1652 wlidan
mis karze imyofeboda.
[54] igulisxmeba 1650-1652 ww. moskovis saxelmwifos mier
imereTSi gamogzavnili elCoba nikifore toloCanovisa da
aleqsi ievlevis SemadgenlobiT. maT mier Sedgenili saangari-
So moxseneba XVII s. Suaxanebis imereTis samefos istoriis am-
saxvel mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs (ix. toloCanovis ime-
reTSi elCobis muxlobrivi aRweriloba, 1650-1652 ww., rusuli
teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da mimoxilviT gamosca i. cinca-
379
Zem, Tb., 1970; aqvea mocemuli imereTis mefis aleqsandres sac-
xovreblis aRwerilobac, ix. gv. 109). nikifore irbaxTan (niko-
loz ColayaSvilTan) dakavSirebiT diubua imeorebs im mcdar
mosazrebas, romelic qarTul istoriografiaSi iyo gabatone-
buli mis mogzaurobamdec da momdevno periodSic: kerZod, Te-
imurazis mier moskovSi elCad gagzavnili nikifore episkoposi
(warmoSobiT berZeni) sul sxva pirovnebaa da mas araferi aqvs
saerTo nikifore irbaxTan; sinamdvileSi aleqsi mixeilis Zis
elCi toloCanovi marTlac Sexvedria nikifore irbaxs, oRond
es moxda imereTSi misi diplomatiuri vizitis dros _ 1650-
1652 ww. (vrclad am sakiTxze ix. g. akofaSvili, qarTveli dip-
lomati nikoloz ColayaSvili _ nikifore irbaxi, Tb., 1977, gv.
8-15).
[55] aleqsandre III _ imereTis mefe 1629-1660 ww.
[56] saubaria quTaisis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi gan-
lagebul mwvane yvavilas istoriul-arqiteqturul kompleq-
sze; aq aris Zveli eklesiis nangrevebi. irgvliv uamravi mRvi-
mea, romlebsac mtris Semosevisas tavSesafrad iyenebdnen. aqve
yofila Zveli sasaflaoc. diubuas mier moyvanili warwerebi
dRes aRar arsebobs, amJamad ki am teritoriaze quTaisis sazo-
gado moRvaweTa panTeonia (v. jaoSvili, quTaisi..., gv. 301).
[57] es TariRi bizantiuri welTaRricxvis (e.w. dasabamis)
mixedviT aris gamoTvlili: 6617-5508=1109.
[58] saubaria daviT IV aRmaSenebelze, romlis zeobis wle-
bia 1089-1125.
[59] demetre I _ daviT aRmaSeneblis Ze, saqarTvelos mefe
1125-1155/1156 ww.
* arqiteqturuli terminologiis dasazusteblad gaweu-
li daxmarebisaTvis did madlobas movaxsenebT prof. T. saniki-
Zes.
380
Mzia Mgaloblishvili Lela Mikiashvili
Doctor of history, scientific researcher, the Department of Modern and Contemporary History,
The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology
Kutaisi and Its Population
(From “Travel in The Caucasus~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)
Summary
Frederic Dubois de Monpere is a scientist-traveler, whose works promoted the development of Europian Kartvelology. Frenchman by origin, born in Switzerland, he was an outstanding geologist, naturalist and archeologist. He traveled a lot, including Transcaucasian countries and Georgia among them (1833-1834) which resulted in fis extensive work (in 6 volums) “Travels around the Caucasus, at Circassians and Abkhazians, in Kolkhida, in Georgia, Armenia and the Crimea~. The work is written in the genre of keeping a diary, where he described everything heard and seen in detail, precisely defining the information on antique, medieval and his contemporary authors about this region. The striking illustration of this very important work is the honorary reward – the gold medal of French Geografical society, awarded ti him in 1838.
The importance of “Travels~ for Georgian original source studies should be espesially noted: because of the known political events, a certain gap has appeared in Georgian historiography, concerning the description on the history of the first half of the 19-th century (after the conquest of Georgia by Russia). Hence, Duboi’s “Travels~ acquires the significance of primary source in many historical aspects of the given period.
One part of Dubois’ work, complitly dedicated to the describtion of Kutaisi and its population, is published in the given article.
381
gia gelaSvili
istoriis dotqori, ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istori-
isa da eTnologiis institutis axali
da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
lazistanis sanjayi
Wardr.15.4 trapizoni, 1872.24.X
(moxseneba Sedgenilia britaneTis konsulis mier Tavisi mTavro-
bisTvis da daculia q. oqsfordSi, bodlis biblioTekis uor-
dropTa koleqciis fondSi)
es sanjayi, anu olqi mesamea komerciuli TvalsazrisiT,
xolo politikuriT da eTnografiuliT pirveli mniSvnelobis
im oTxs Soris, romlebic qmnian trapizonis vilaeTs. igi moi-
cavs vilaeTis aRmosavleT nawils _ rizedan ruseTis sazRvre-
bamde. misi uSualo gubernatoria faSa _ muTeserefis rangiT;
is imyofeba baTumSi.
sanjayi dayofilia sam kaim-makamlikad (kaim-makamliks). pirvels, albaT SecdomiT, uwodeben lazistans _ esaa saxeli,
romelic, Tu marTals vityviT, ekuTvnis meore kaim-makamliks.
is vrceldeba rusuli sazRvridan _ nikolaevidan anu SekveTi-
ladan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, Woroxis SesarTavamde samxreT-
dasavleTiT. [olqis] Sida nawili SemosazRvrulia focxovi-
sa(Poskow) da artaanis(Ardahan) mxareebiT, romlebic miekuTvne-
bian erzrumis vilaeTs. igi Sedgeba oTxi nawilisgan:
pirveli _ yaza (kaza) anu baTumis iurisdiqcia. qalaq ba-
Tumis garda am yazaSi aris 52 sofeli 13.388 mcxovrebiT; am
ukanasknelTagan 12.370 mahmadiania, 804 berZeni da 214 somexi.
aRweris sias, romelSic adgilobrivi macxovreblebia mxolod
Setanili, axla unda daematos CerqezTa koloniebi, romlebic
gansaxldnen yazas sazRvrebSi. isini Semdegnairad ganisazRvre-
bian: Cerqezebi da afxazebi pirveli, anu didi emigraciis dros
1864 wels gadmosaxlebuli _ 9500 suli; afxazebi meore, an
ufro mcire emigraciisas 1867 wels _ 1200; sul 10.700 suli.
es migrantebi soflebad ar ganixilebian: metwilad Semoinaxes
382
saxlebis Senebis Tavisi wesi _ did farTebze calcalke da ga-
fantulad. yvela mahmadiania. amaT Tu mivumatebT zemodasaxe-
lebulTa ricxvs, am mxareSi gamodis 24.088 macxovrebeli.
berZnebisa da somxebis gamoklebiT, romlebic SedarebiT
axali Camosulebi arian (pirvelebi trapizonis mezoblad, meo-
reni livanas-Liwaneh), am yazas mosaxleoba TiTqmis yvela qar-
Tul-guruli modgmisaa; isini arian lamazi, Sromismoyvare (me-
urne) da ufro mSvidi bunebis, vidre sakuTriv qarTvelebi.
Tumca maT meTaurebs, romlebic cxovroben baTumsa Tu mis ax-
los, amboben, uRalates rusebma.
ZvelTagan mtroba (Suri) arsebobda qarTvelebsa da Cerqe-
zebs Soris, rac, rogorc sxvaganac xdeba, SemorCa da gaZlierda
ubedurebisa da gadasaxlebis gamo; aqedan gamomdinare, advilia
Cxubis gaCaReba ZiriTad macxovreblebsa da axal migrantebs So-
ris, romlebic erTad Sejgufulan baTumis yazas sazRvrebSi. am
viTarebaSi rusuli intrigebi, cxadia, moqmedebdnen.
am mxaris dabali adgilebi mdidaria simindiT da brinjiT;
maRlobebi _ tyeebiT.
meore nahie (nahija) anu raioni, aris aWara-ulia, anu zemo
aWara. is vrceldeba maRali mTagrexilis samxreTi kalTis gas-
wvriv, romelic gamohyofs Turqul saqarTvelos rusulisgan.
maRalmTianeTi xuTi Tvis manZilze _ maisi-seqtemberi _ warmo-
adgens ialaRs (Yaila), anu zafxulis saZovrebs; Svidi Tve ki is
TovliTaa dafaruli. mTis ferdebi, gansakuTrebiT Crdiloe-
Tis, anu zRvis mxareze, uxvadaa Semosili giganturi soWis,
fiWvis, wifelis da sxva xeTa tyeebiT. mTeli mxare mdebareobs
zRvis donidan 3.500-7.500 futis simaRleze. CrdiloeTiT mde-
bareoben qvablianisa (Kaboulian) da axalcixis(Achizka) rusuli
provinciebi; aRmosavleTiT _ focxovis; samxreTiT arian Sav-
SeTis (Showshat) giganturi mwvervalebi, romlebzec Tovli
mTlianad arasodes dneba.
mkacrad rom ganvsajoT, am mxareSi araa soflebi. adgi-
lobrivTa xis qoxebi aqa-iq arian gafantuli xeebs Soris; zog-
jer ramdenime saxli erTad Sejgufulad dgas miwis mcire nak-
veTze, sadac mTis ferdis kuTxe iZleva saSualebas moiyvanon
xorbali, simindi, Svria; aseve aqvT cota xexili. mudur-i
(Mudeer) anu gubernatori warmoSobiT Zlieri da memkvidreobi-
Ti qarTveli begia; misi rezidencia samflobelos TiTqmis cen-
trSia da ewodeba kulah-i (Kulah).
383
zemo aWaraSi saxlTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 2.700-ia. is
iTvlis 14.000 suls; yvela mahmadiania da qarTul-guruli war-
moSobis. yoveli mamakaci SeiaraRebulia. am mTielebs ukaviaT
aRmosavleT anatoliis e.w. karis gasaRebi, misi mTavari Sesas-
vleli, anu wina kari, yarsis mxridan. erTaderTi gamoyenebuli
gza baTumidan mZlavr rusul cixesa da savaWro centr axalci-
xemde (Achiska), gadis am arealis Sua xeobaSi _ aWara-su-dereze
(Ajarah-Soo-Dere) da exeba rusul sazRvars vali-eliasTan (Wali-Elias), zed umaRles Txemze. am gzis nawili memkvidreobiTi mu-
duris, anu gubernatoris _ Serif begis (Shereef Beg) iSviaTi
mondomebiTa da ostatobiT moyvanilia saukeTeso mdgomareo-
baSi, rac iZleva mZime artileriis gatarebis saSualebas. sxva
adgilas gza viwro gasasvleliT gadis zed ufskrulis piras _
igi erTnairad Tvalwarmtacia da saSiSi.
arsebul trasaze (sasurvelia ukeTesi) bevri transporti
gadis, Tumca uamravi dabrkolebiT; gaivlis ra aWaris saz-
Rvars, nawili miemarTeba axalcixisken, nawili, focxovisa da
arsianis gadasasvleliT, ardahanisken. sargebeli mcire Semo-
dis am mxaris saucxoo xe-tyidan da asec iqneba, sanam gza gaum-
jobesdeba.
mesame nahie (nahija) anu raioni, aris aWara-sufla (Ajarah-Supla), igive qvemo (Lower) aWara. mas ukavia mTebis dabali nawi-
li qvemoT baTumis yazamde, sadac aWara-su erTvis Woroxs da
Cans zRva.
ZiriTadi reliefiT, produqtiT da mcxovrebTa xasiaTiT
es mxare Zalze gvagonebs zemo aWaras; mxolod gansxvavdeba da-
bali mdebareobiT da ufro rbili haviT. saxlebi aq erTmane-
Tis axlosaa da imsaxureben soflis saxels. damrgvalebuli
gamoTvliT aq 37 sofelia da 11.000 mcxovrebi. yvela mahmadia-
nia. yovelTvis SuRlis msgavsi Cndeba amaTsa da wina nahias So-
ris.
muduri anu gubernatori, memkvidre begi zis qedaSi
(Kedah) da Zalze mkacrad ganagebs gadasasvlels.
meoTxe nahie, anu raioni aris Coruk-su (Chorook-Soo). igi mdebareobs zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, baTumidan Crdilo-aRmo-
savleTis mimarTulebiT, zemoT sasazRvro mdinare Corukamde (Chorook), romelic ar unda avurioT WoroxSi (Chorok). es uka-
naskneli aris didi mdinare, romelic saTaves iRebs lazista-
384
nis mTebSi balahoris axlos, beiburTis iqiTa mxares, Sors da-
savleTisken.
is moedineba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken zRvis napiris
paralelurad, oRond Zalze daSorebiT qveynis SigniT; bolos
mkveTrad uxvevs CrdiloeTisken, gaivlis livanas (Livaneh) da ba-
Tumidan daaxloebiT 8 milze dasavleTiT erTvis zRvas. amas-
Tan, sul TurqeTis teritoriaze miedineba. Coruki (Chorook) ki aris mcire, saTaves iRebs guriis mTebSi da moedineba aRmosav-
leTidan dasavleTisken; mis erT mxares rusuli samflobeloa,
meoreze _ Turquli. mis SesarTavTan aris patara sofeli, ro-
melsac adgilobrivebi SekveTils (Shefkatil), rusebi ki nikolaevs
eZaxian. Coruk-sus raioni Tavis mxriv guriis dabali mxaris na-
wilia, sadac pirvelad aRimarTebian aWaris mTebi. misi mTavari
sofelia Coruk-su; is Zevs sazRvridan daaxloebiT 9 milze sam-
xreTiT, zRvis axlos. aq dgas fexosanTa batalioni.
`muduri~ anu gubernatori aris memkvidre begi. mosaxleo-
ba mTlianad mahmadiania, warmoSobiT gurulebi, otomanTa er-
Tguli, miuxedavad rusTa intrigebisa, rac Sesustda. aq 50 so-
felia da 21.000 mosaxle. mohyavT simindi da brinji; sxva same-
urneo produqcia TiTqmis gamoricxulia; mniSvnelovania zRva-
Si TevzWera. mTel kaim-makamlikSi, baTumis gamoklebiT, aris
daaxloebiT 176 sofeli da 70.088 mcxovrebi. amaTgan 69.070
mahmadiania, 1.018 _ aramahmadiani. mosaxleobis saSualo sim-
Widrove daaxloebiT 27-ia erT kvadratul milze.
meore kaim-makamliki aris arxova (Arkhowa). esaa namdvili
lazistani, yvelgan mkvidri lazuri mosaxleobiT. is zRvis na-
pirs misdevs Woroxis SesarTavidan aRmosavleTiT, rizes saz-
Rvrebisken dasavleTiT; qveynis SigniT mas akravs Zalian maRali
qedi, cnobili lazistan daRleris (Daghler), anu lazistanis
mTebis saxeliT. am samflobelos mTliani sigrZe daaxloebiT 80
milia, gani _ 25, udidesi ki 50. aq Cven gvaqvs xuTi qvedanayofi.
pirveli _ arxovas yaza, anu iurisdiqcia. mTavari sofeli,
sadac TviT kaim-makami zis, aris arxova (Arkhova) zRvis napir-
ze, magram unavsadgurod. is Zevs TiTqmis naxevar gzaze baTum-
sa da rizes Soris. sanapiro kldovania; niadagi, sadac araa tye
da buCqnari, nayofieria. mTavar mosavals iZleva simindi da
xexili. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili meTevzea. nusxiT aq
51 sofelia 19.551 macxovrebliT. amaTgan 18.115 mahmadiania,
1.436 `berZeni~. unda SevniSnoT, rom `berZnebi~sxva araferia,
385
Tu ara `lazi~, romlebmac bizantiis xanaSi miiRes qristianoba
da axlac garkveulwilad axsovT (SeinarCunes). es yaza kargad
amaragebs otomanTa mamaci mezRvaurebiT.
meore `nahie~ aris hamSini (Hamsheen). is mTlianad qveynis
SigniT mdebareobs, lazistanis mTebis gare da Sida qedebs So-
ris zeganze, sadac iwyeba didi mdinare orTanah-su (Ortanah-Soo); igi gadakveTs mxares da aTinesTan axlos Caedineba zRva-
Si. mTavari sofelia hamSini. gverdiTi gza, romelic zamTarSi
gauvalia, aqedan miemarTeba rizes trasisken da Semdeg erzru-
misken.
am mxares, romelic jer piradad ar mominaxulebia, ambo-
ben, rom aqvs gansakuTrebuli iaila (Yaila _ ialaRi-g.g.), anu
saZovrebi, garSemortymuli tyiani mTebiT. hamSinSi aris som-
xuri kolonia; albaT esenia Turqmanuli ambebis dros gamoq-
ceulebi. gamoTvliT da damrgvalebiT aq aris 40 sofeli da
20.000 mosaxle. amaTgan 17.000 mahmadiania, 3.000 _ somexi. ar-
cerTi `berZeni~ araa aq registrirebuli.
mesame `nahie~, anu raioni aris aTine (Atineh). mas ukavia
zRvis sanapiro zoli arxovadan rizemde. saxelwodeba berZnu-
lia: aTine identuria aTenis. iq aris berZnuli nangrevebi; pa-
tara koncxi da gasaCerebeli adgili (pireusis imitacia) gamoS-
verilia zRvisken; misi kldis boloze aRmarTulia saintereso
(Taviseburi) bizantiuri cixe, romelic amJamad wyliTaa gamo-
yofili, rac nela, magram TandaTan aRwevs am napirs. erT lie-
ze aRmosavleTiT aris eski-trapezunis (Eski-Trabezun), anu `Zve-
li trapezondis~ nangrevebi; es unda iyos klasikuri xanis ber-
Znebis trapezunti. aq aTi aTasma [igulisxmeba qsenofontis
`anabazisi~ _ g.g.], romelic misdevda mTis ferdebs TorTumi-
dan, gadakveTa harpasusi, anu Woroxi beiburTs qvemoT; pirve-
lad dainaxes zRva demir-daRidan, anu `rkinis mTidan~ hamSinis
axlos, da ase daeSvnen napirisken maSin arsebul trapezundis-
ken. Tanamedrove trapizoni umTavresad romanul-bizantiuri
qmnileba unda iyos da qsenofontis dros iyo umniSvnelo. es-
ki- trapezuni ueWvelad berZnulia.
aTine, arxovas msgavsad, TevzWeris mxarea; magram napiri
ufro dabalia da bevrgan aqvs adgilebi Ruzis CasaSvebad da
mcire zomis navsadgomisTvis. mxare, romelic araa dafaruli
xSiri buCqnariT, ieliT da SqeriT, nayofieria simindisa da se-
386
lisTvis. aRweriT aq 22 sofelia da 8.328 mosaxle; amaTgan
7.828 mahmadiania, 500 _ `berZeni~.
meoTxe `nahie~ aris gonio (Konieh). igi mdebareobs Woro-
xis marcxena anu dasavleT napirsa da sanapiros Soris kuTxeSi,
baTumTan axlos. Tavad gonio, am mcire `raionis~ mTavari so-
feli, Zevs mdinaris SesarTavTan. mas gaaCnia forti (simagre),
magram ganiaraRebuli. aq didi TevzWeraa; mxaris mosavalia si-
mindi da brinji. aqvs 19 sofeli 6.212 mosaxliT. amaTgan mahma-
diania 5.150, berZeni _ 626, somexi _ 436. es ukanaskneli aris
axali kolonia livanadan.
mexuTe `nahie~, anu raioni (segmenti) aris xofa (Khopah). mas ukavia zRvis sanapiro zoli goniodan arxovamde. misi mTa-
vari sofelia xofa. aq aris mSvenieri yure, sadac sakabotaJo
gemebi afareben Tavs. xofaSia sakarantino sadguri da sabaJo
Senoba. janmrTeli havisa da garemos silamazis gamo xofa gax-
da sayvareli sazafxulo kurorti mdidari baTumelebisaTvis.
saxlebis raodenoba TviT xofaSi 120-ia, macxovrebeli _ 800.
xofasa da gonios Soris mTebze saxloben kaxaberis qur-
Tebi (Kakhaber Curdes) _ Semawuxebeli da xandaxan saSiSi mezob-
lebi. maTTan iTvlian 150 karavs. sxva qurTebi TavianT saqo-
nels aZoveben ufro maRla mTebSi. zemoT dasaxelebulTa gar-
da, didi raodenobiT gadmosaxlebuli Cerqezebi da afxazebi
gafantulebi arian yvelgan kaim-makamlikSi. maTi zusti raode-
noba ucnobia; albaT, sadRac 10.000-mde unda iyvnen.
sasoflo da zRvis produqtebi xofas raionSi(seqciaSi)
msgavsia arxovasa da aTinesi. aq aRricxulia 20 sofeli da
8.000 mosaxle. amaTgan 7.700 mahmadiania, 300 _ berZeni.
yvela rom SevajamoT, arxovas mTel kaim-makamlikSi aris
152 sofeli da 78.091 mosaxle. aqedan 27.793 iyo mahmadiani;
aramahmadiani _ 6.298. mosaxleobis simWidrove erT kvadratul
milze daaxloebiT 26-ia. mTlianad mxare Txladaa dasaxlebu-
li, magram, rac maT macxovreblebs sWirdebaT, asruleben xa-
risxianad, radgan arian anatoliaSi yvelaze saukeTeso da
energiuli modgmis warmomadgenlebi. sanapiro soflebi mra-
valmxriv hgavs aRmosavleT norfolkis sanapiros meTevzeebi-
sas (portis mtvirTavebisas).
mesame kaim-makamliki aris livana (Livaneh). is mTlianad Si-
da qveyanaSi mdebareobs, didi mdinaris _ Woroxis orive napi-
ris gaswvriv, romelic aq miedineba TiTqmis pirdapir Crdilo-
387
eTiT. mxares qmnis mdinaris xeoba (veli); aRmosavleTiT mas ak-
ravs SavSeTisa (Showshat) da artanujis (Ardanooch) mTebi, dasav-
leTiT lazistanisa, xolo samxreTiT olTis (Olti) mxare. gana-
pira samxreTiT xeoba iyofa: erTi toti miemarTeba dasavle-
TiT beiburTisken, meore samxreT-aRmosavleTiT olTisken, sa-
idanac gzas mivyevarT e.w. `saqarTvelos kariT~ erzerumisken.
es kaim-makamliki uwin ekuTvnoda erzerumis `vilaeTs~, magram
gasul zafxulSi Catarebuli teritoriuli gadanawilebisas is
gadaeca, da samarTlianadac, trapizons, romelTanac ufro me-
tadaa dakavSirebuli teritoriulad da politikurad, vidre
erzerumTan.
is iyofa or raionad (seqciad): pirvelia TviT livanas ya-
za, anu iurisdiqcia. mTavari qalaqi imave saxelisaa, Tumca so-
mexi mosaxleobis mier iwodeba arTvinad (Artween). am yazas
uWiravs kaim-makamlikis samxreTi nawili: esaa Woroxis xeobis
zemo mimarTuleba.
livana, anu arTvini mcire manZilze Zevs Woroxis kalapo-
tidan dasavleT mxareze da daaxloebiT 200 futze wylis do-
nidan; amiT daculia dablobis usiamovnebebisgan (daxuTva, ci-
eba_fevers). baTumidan wasuls mdinaris aRma ayolebiT iqamde
sWirdeba 24 saaTi, xolo daRmarTiT _ 8 saaTi. iq aris saxmele-
To gzac, romelic mdinaris marcxena napirs miuyveba da Zalze
hgavs umniSvnelo sabuqsiro savals. am gzas nakleb iyeneben.
qalaqis mosaxleobas Seadgenen _ 3.520 mahmadiani, 2.810 ka-
Tolike somexi, 840 qarTveli somexi. sul _ 7.170 suli. aq ar
arian berZnebi. mahmadianebi qarTvelebia; kaim-makami, anu leite-
nant-gubernatori TiTqmis aqamde iyo qarTuli warmoSobis begi.
livanaSi xdeba selis (tilos) mniSvnelovani rewva. aq dam-
zadebuli Salis magvari sartyeli cali 50 piastrad iyideba
da kargad moixmareba. igive saqmianoba yvavis iseT did sof-
lebSi, rogoricaa boCxa (Botjeh), maraditi da yizil-Tofraki
Woroxze dabla qvemoT. magram livanas mTavari savaWro saqo-
nelia abreSumi, romlis didi raodenoba aq irTveba da saeq-
sportod gadis. es axali SemoRebulia.
mTebis orive mxareze moipoveba bewveuli, Tafli, cvili
da xetyis masala. am ukanasknels tivebad acureben mdinareze.
xexili, simindi da brinji kargad modis xeobaSi.
yazas nusxa asaxelebs 92 sofels da 62.800 mosaxles. amaT-
gan mahmadiani iyo 57.448, aramahmadiani _5.352.
388
livanadan aRma mdinare kvlav sanaosnoa mokle manZilze
faSa-kioprimde (Pasha-Kopri). aq gza uxvevs aRmosavleTisken,
artanujisa da ardahanisken. es ukanaskneli 12 saaTis savalze,
an 42 inglisuri miliTaa daSorebuli.
meore nahie anu raioni (seqcia) aris maWaxeli (Majakal). is misdevs Woroxis dabal dinebas mis marjvena mxareze, anu aRmo-
savleTis napirze, livanas sazRvrebidan qvemoT, aWara-sus Wo-
roxTan SeerTebamde, daaxloebiT 6 milze zRvidan.
mTavari sofelia maWaxeli, ukve naxsenebi mdinaris Ser-
Tvis axlos. mxare mTiania da xSirtyiani; Zalze waagavs aWaras,
romlis nawilsac warmoadgens geografiulad. macxovreblebi
qarTvelebia, yvela mahmadiani; soflebi pataraa da gafantuli.
aRweriT 25 sofelia da 9.520 mosaxle. ZiriTadi produqti aq
kargi xarisxis xe-tyea, gansakuTrebiT kaklis xe.
livanas kaim-makamlikSi gvaqvs 118 sofeli 72.320 mosax-
liT. aqac kvlav mahmadiania 66.968 suli, aramahmadiani _ 5.352.
es gaxlavT yvelaze kargad dasaxlebuli mxare lazistanis
`sanjaySi~; erT kvadratul milze modis daaxloebiT 82 mosax-
le.
rom SevajamoT `sanjayis~ monacemebi, miviRebT Semdegs:
446 sofeli, 220.499 mosaxle; amaTgan 208.831 mahmadiani da
12.668 aramahmadiani. mosaxleobis simWidrove daaxloebiT 45-
ia erT kvadratul milze.
baTumi
es qalaqi Zevs Rrma yuris dasavleT mxares, daaxloebiT
17 milze samxreT-dasavleTiT Coruq-sudan. 20 wlis win is iyo
ubralo sofeli, sanam rusuli `Savi zRvis sanaosno xazebis~
dafuZnebam da foTis mezoblobam misi komerciuli mniSvnelo-
ba ar gazarda, da zogi mxriv aRemata am sanapiroTa sxva nav-
sadgurebs.
axla is aris muTeserefis, anu vice-gubernatoris rezi-
dencia, romlis iurisdiqcia trapizonis daqvemdebarebiT
vrceldeba Turquli saqarTvelos did nawilze da mTel la-
zistanze. baTumis bazari moicavs 385 duqans (maRazias),romel-
Tagan zogi sakmaod kargad maragdeba sursaTiT, alkoholuri
sasmeliT, Tu manCesteruli saqonliT. saxlebis ricxvi 246-ia;
mudmivad Camosaxlebuli_1.383, romelTa erTi-meTormetedi
berZenia, erTi-mesamedi gadmosaxlebuli Cerqezebi. amaT SeiZ-
389
leba miematos 400-mde moZravi mosaxle, rogorebic gvxvdebian
sazRvao navsadgurebSi.
qalaqSi aris SelanZRuli da daumTavrebeli konaki, anu
mTavrobis saxli, telegrafis sadguri mxolod Turquli gzav-
nilebisaTvis, imave juris fosta, sakarantino uwyebis Senoba
lazareTis gareSe, ori meCeTi, patara sajaro abano, sabaJo,
rusuli sakonsulo da sanaosno saagento, berZnuli eklesia.
qalaqis mdebareoba dabalia da arajanmrTeli; quCebi uqvafe-
niloa; qalaqi Zalze WuWyiania.
navsadguri (mis gegmas vurTav) Tumca pataraa, saukeTesoa
da daculia qarebisgan, garda Crdilo-Crdilo-aRmosavleTisa,
romelic xSiria aq da gamowveulia mezobeli kavkasiis qedis
mimarTulebiT. napiris axlos Rrmaa da Ruzis CasaSvebi fskeri
myari.
konstantinopolis SuquraTa frangulma kompaniam navsad-
guris Sesasvlelis dasavleT piras rkinis boZze daayena orma-
gi naTura (farani). xis navmisadgomi da Casajdomi zoli, ag-
reTve gemmisabmeli samagri aago rusulma kompaniam. Turqul
mTavrobas yovelive ar moswonda, xolo TviT araferi gaakeTa
arc usafrTxoebisTvis, arc portis sargeblianobisTvis da
xSirad abrkolebda da cdilobda Secvlas.
baTumis mniSvneloba efuZneba im faqts, rom qerCidan
surmenemde, an sinamdvileSi sinopamde, mravali aseuli milis
sanapiro zolze ar arsebobs sxva usafrTxo navsadguri, an
iseTi, sadac sanaosno operaciebi xelSeuSlelad tardeba yo-
vel amindSi.
marTalia, marto rusebma gaiges, rogor esargeblaT am
upiratesobebiT. maT baTumi gadaaqcies Savi zRvis ori sanaos-
no xazis Semxvedr punqtad _ odesa da qerCi CrdiloeTiT,
trapizoni samxreTiT _ aq isini asruleben CatvirTva-Casxdo-
mas, gadmotvirTva-gadmosxdomas, rasac foTis Ria reidi
usafrTxod ver akeTebs. amas garda, baTumis porti aris TavSe-
safarad moxerxebuli navsadguri. foTis bunebrivi navsadguri
axla yvelaze metad aqtiuri komerciis punqtia Savi zRvis
mTel aRmosavleT sanapiroze; amis mizezia nawilobriv naviga-
cia mdinare rionze, ufro metad ki tfilisis dasrulebuli
rkinigza. amrigad, yovel kviras rusuli xomaldebis xuTi re-
gularuli Semosvlaa baTumSi _ erTi odesidan, erTi trapizo-
nidan da sami pirdapir foTidan; amas garda iSviaTi gemebisac.
390
asevea mravali gasvlac. inglisuri gemebic xSirad stumroben
baTums Tavis gzaze foTisken, an foTidan: uamindoba, datvir-
Tvis saqme aiZulebs maT ramdenime dRe gaCerdnen aq. magram
yvelaferi rusul sanaosno kompaniasTan, anda foTTan SeTan-
xmebiT xdeba. dabolos, baTumi aris qerCidan samxreTisken mi-
mavali orTqlisa da ialqniani yvela gemis TavSesafari cud
amindSi, rac xSiria am zRvaSi.
es garemoebebi, mezobel sazRvrebs gaRma xmeleTiTac da
zRviTac xSir Sida urTierTobebTan erTad qmnis imis safuZ-
vels, rom baTumis namdvili cxovelmyofeloba, rusuli sana-
osno-saagentosa da sakonsulos aryofnisas, ucbad daubrun-
deboda im mdgomareobas, raSic axlo warsulSi imyofeboda _
gaxdeboda arajanmrTeli patara sanapiro sofeli, rogoricaa
Coruk-su, an ufro naklebi.
Turqebis sanaosno kompania konstantinopolSi aseve gzav-
nis Tavis gemebs baTumSi, magram arapunqtualoba da defeqtu-
ri pirobebi xels uSlian maT seriozuli konkurencia gauwion
rusebs. is rezolucia, romelic otomanurma mTavrobam miiRo
baTumis gamagrebis Taobaze _ iyolios didi batarea 80 qveme-
xiT, ager ukve sami welia Sesrulebis procesSia dasavleTis
sasazRvro punqtSi. msgavsi daniSnulebis da aRmsruleblobis
meore divizioni gamwesebulia yuris ukidures ganapira samxre-
Tisken; mesame ki ganixileba aRmosavleTis SemosasvlelTan.
TviT baTumis adgilobrivi importi da eqsporti (imisgan
calke, rac depozitzea) araa didi. bunebrivi kavSirebi, saxel-
dobr,samxreT saqarTvelosa da ruseTis kavkasiasTan daketi-
lia, radgan Turquli anatoliis mxares mas Zalian susti ko-
merciuli mniSvnelobis mxolod ori satransporto gza aqvs.
magram kargi Saragza Tavisufali mimosvliT, iseTi, rogoric
ukve arsebobs ruseT-saqarTvelos teritoriaze _ rogorc
foTis, ise SemovliT ozurgeTisken da amrigad tfilisiskenac
_ aseve damatebiTi xazi, damakavSirebeli foTi-tfilisis rki-
nigzasTan, ucbad miscemda baTums navaWris 9/10-s, rasac amJa-
mad iyofen trapizoni da foTi da romlidanac lomis wili am
ukanasknelze modis. amiT baTumi gaxdeboda kavkasiisa da spar-
seTis sazRvao navsadguri da Savi zRvis portebidan mniSvne-
lobiT meore odesis Semdeg. magram es Znelad Tu asruldeba,
radgan SenarCunebulia amJamindeli sazRvari ruseTsa da oto-
manTa samflobeloebs Soris. baTumis faqtiuri eqsporti da
391
importi maTive gamoTvliT da mTeli mxaris mimatebiT, vfiq-
rob, savsebiT gautoldeba wliurad 40.000 funts. magram mTe-
li transportireba (vaWroba) ise mWodrodaa dakavSirebuli
kontrabandul saqmianobasTan, rom SeuZleblad mimaCnia swori
da saimedo viTarebis arseboba.
sanapiros gaswvriv baTumis raioni (district), es vake da Wao-
biani zoli, vrceldeba daaxloebiT 10 milze Woroxis Sesar-
Tavamde. qveynis SigniT is adis aWaris tyian mTebamde da swra-
fi aWara-sus WoroxTan SeerTebamde. igi moicavs 18 sofels _
1.057 saxls an ojaxs, romelTagan 300 Cerqezebia; eseni ekuT-
vnian 1864 da 1867 wlebSi afxazur emigracias. aq ar arian ad-
gilobrivi qristianebi. mosaxleTa mTliani raodenoba 7.616-ia.
Cerqezebi umTavresad cxovroben baTumis axlos Waobian
miwebze. danarCeni mosaxleoba qarTvelebia, aseve mcire Sere-
viT lazebi, megrelebi da osmaloebi (Osmanlee). afxazebi mid-
rekilebi arian qurdobisken; agreTve hyidian Tavis bavSvebs,
risTvisac privatulad (kerZod) pouloben mzadmyof myidve-
lebs TurqTa Soris. am mankierebas Tu gamovricxavT, isini
arian asatani mezoblebi, kargi meurneebi, energiulebi da sa-
erTod gonierebi. sxva adgilobrivebi xasiaTiTa da CvevebiT
Zalian hgvanan Tavis qarTvel naTesavebs Coruk-sudan. maTi
saxlebia xis qoxebi, erTmaneTisgan sakmaod daSorebulebi.
CerqezTa saxlebi, amis sapirispirod, erTadaa Sejgufuli.
brinji aq uxvad modis da ukeTesi xarisxisaa, vidre Co-
ruk-susTan; Semdeg modis simindi. agrokulturebis sias avse-
ben: cota seli, baR-bostneuli, arc Tu kargi xili da gogra.
gorakebi dafarulia buCqnariTa da xeebiT. kaklis xis gamok-
lebiT, tyes SeSis garda sxva daniSnuleba ar aqvs. delfine-
bis(?) TevzWera (porpoise-fishery) am napirze iZleva uamravi Tev-
zis zeTis (qonis) eqsportis saSualebas.
oficialuri monacemebi pirdapiri gadasaxadebisa qalaqi-
sa da mxarisaTvis Semdegia:
qonebis gadasaxadi--------------------------------48.703 piastri
sasoflo-sameurneo mosavlis meaTedi--------------121.000 ~
cxvarze gadasaxadi--------------------------------------- 4.434 ~
`bedeli~ (Bedel), anu samxedro samsaxuridan
ganTavisufleba, mxolod qristianebisTvis----------1.021 ~
ganusazRvreli raodenoba (sxvadasxva)------------ 213.349 ~
amas unda daematos _
392
damatebiTi qonebis gadasaxadi------------------------ 24.200 ~
sagzao gadasaxadi fuliT, an fulis raime
realuri safasiT------------------------------------------22.140 ~
jami damatebianad Seadgens------------------436.707 piastrs,
an TiTqmis 3.971 funt sterlings; saSualo ricxvi wliu-
ri gadasaxadisa ojaxze daaxloebiT 3 funtia.
cvlilebebi raodenobaSi, romlis mixedviTac TiToeuli
mxare ibegreba, dakavSirebulia TviT mxaris saerTo (mTavar)
maxasiaTeblebze....
sanapiro gza baTumidan Woroxis SesarTavamde warmoad-
gens soflis Saragzas, gamavals vake Waobian areze. Woroxze
foniT gasvla SeiZleba mxolod ramdenime kvira gansakuTrebiT
mSral sezonSi; sxva dros masze gadasvla mxolod boraniT
(trosiT, TokiT) xerxdeba, xolo wyaluxvobisas, rogoric ga-
zafxulzea, saerTod SeuZlebelia. SesarTavTan aris saguSago.
qveynis SigniT viwro Saragza miemarTeba baTumidan samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT aWaris mxareSi, romelSic Sedis mTavari xeobiT.
meore biliki, romlis trasad gadaqcevas cdilobs TurqeTis
mTavroba, mihyveba mTebis Zirs, sanam Seva Woroxis xeobaSi da
aivlis ufskrulsa da swraf nakads Soris livanas mxareSi.
mTeli es regioni ekuTvnis gurjistans da eqvemdebareba baTu-
mis gubernatorobas. masSi Sedis 4 olqi, romlebic me moviare
da axla avRwer....
baTumi
[aq Cven movitanT baTumis Sesaxeb gagzavnil meore moxse-
nebasac, radgan is iZleva saSualebas Seivsos zemomotanili ma-
sala qalaqis mdgomareobasTan da mis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSi-
rebiT _ g.g.].
baTums aqvs saucxoo navsadguri dasavleT mxareze. is Ta-
visi kargi xarisxiT mesamea Sav zRvaze: pirvelia sevastopoli,
meore sinopi. navsadgurs TiTqmis wris forma aqvs; misi baza
samxreTiTaa, Sesasvleli ki Crdilo-Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT.
TavSesafari ise srulyofilad aris daculi _ dasavleTiT Su-
quradan, aRmosavleTiT mis sapirispiro mxares mdebare pun-
qtamde, romelsac ewodeba `serei~, rom arc erTi mxridan mo-
naberi qari ver iwvevs seriozul Sedegs navsadguris SigniT.
Ruzis CasaSvebi mSvenieria, xolo navsadguris sivrce iZleva
393
saSualebas, rom iq usafrTxod dadges 20-mde didi gemi (ial-
qniani).
qalaqi baTumi aqamde iyo cotaTi didi, vidre lazistanis
sanapiro sofeli, ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli meTevzeebiTa da
kontrabandistebiT. magram bevrma garemoebam gamoiwvia misi
swrafi zrda, rac axlac mimdinareobs. axlandeli aRweriT aq
4.500 mahmadiania, 350 berZeni, 120 somexi _ sul 4.970 moqalaqe.
qalaqis bazari moicavs 150 maRazias da kidev 50 axlaxans aSe-
nebuls navmisadgomis mezoblad.
amas garda baTumSi aris: vrceli da kargad ganlagebuli
sabaJo; qalaqis sazRvrebs SigniT uxerxulad mdebare karanti-
ni; gubernatoris didi da cudad nagebi sasaxle; ori batareis
narCenebi, TiTo maTgani navsadguris Sesasvlelis orive mxare-
ze; portis ormagi lamfioni (farani) _Suquradan erT lieze.
aris aseve patara yazarma (baraki), sadac jariskacTa rotaa
ganTavsebuli. saukeTesodaa ganlagebuli rusuli sakonsulo.
rusi konsuli, romelic amave dros orTqlis gemebis saagen-
tos warmomadgenelia, ise moqmedebs, rogorc sxva yvela naci-
onalebis (britanelTa CaTvliT) konsuli. mxolod sparselebs
hyavT Tavisi calke sakonsulos warmomadgeneli.
navmisadgomidan, rusuli sakonsulos axlos, gamodis xis
grZeli jebiri; mis pirdapir damagrebulia uzarmazari tivti-
va, romelic ekuTvnis `rusul sanaosno kompanias~. es tivtiva
bagiriTaa dakavSirebuli napirTan da isea moTavsebuli, rom
rusul xomaldebs misces Sua da rac SeiZleba moxerxebuli da-
sayenebeli navmisadgomTan. amasTan, mxolod maT aqvT misi ga-
moyenebis neba, maSin roca imave dros is materialurad uqmnis
uxerxulobas sxvebs, gansakuTrebiT mcire sakabotaJo gemebs,
romlebic Zlieri qarisas Semodian navsadgurSi; maT xels uS-
lian igive rusuli tivtiva da misi bagiri, rac arc Tu iSvia-
Tad xdeba maTi avariis mizezi. bevri navi da sicocxlec dai-
karga ase. isic marTalia, rom am xelisSemSleli pirobebis wi-
naaRmdeg navsadguris Turqi mflobelisa da mosaxleobis se-
riozul da ganmeorebul protests mohyva firmani konstanti-
nopolidan am dabrkolebis moSorebis Sesaxeb. magram rusebis
gavlena imdenad didia baTumSi, Tu sxvaganac, rom firmani
mkvdar werilad aqcia.
baTumis mosaxleoba Zalze narevia; aq arian Turqebi, la-
zebi, qarTvelebi, Cerqezebi, afxazebi da zangebic ki. impera-
394
toris brZanebiT yvela Savi gaasaxles kavkasiidan. `berZnebi~,
saeWvo aRweris mixedviT, Savi zRvis portebSi arian gavrcele-
buli. isini umTavresad arian mcire sursaTis momwodeblebi,
an spirtiani sasmelebis calobiT movaWreni. somxebi baTumSi
arian axali kolonistebi; isini movidnen erzrumis sanaxebidan.
SemCneulia albaT, rom aRmosavleTis qalaqSi somxebis
mateba Zalze waagavs mniSvnelobiT evropis ebraelTa moZrao-
bas. esaa barometri, rom aRniSno adgilis mzardi keTildReo-
ba da misi fuladi garigebebis gafarToeba.
rac Seexeba havas: miuxedavad zogan amoSrobiTi samuSao-
ebis warmoebisa, Waobiani niadagi qalaqis dasavleTiT Woro-
xisken, baTums garkveulwilad ciebians xdis. mas Semdeg, rac
mezoblad Cerqez-afxazTa gadmosaxleba da Sedegad kultiva-
ciis (miwis damuSavebis) zrda moxda (umTavresad simindis da
brinjisa), klimati wlidan wlamde umjobesdeba.
[komercia]
trapizonidan aRmosavleTisken da irgvliv odesamde, Sav
zRvaze garda rusulisa, sxva trasebi (xazebi) orTqlis geme-
bisTvis ar arsebobs. SarSandel agvistomde franguli `or-
Tqlis kompania~ anxorcielebda curvas foTsa da trapizons
Soris,.. magram axla trasac da orTqlis xomaldebic mihyides
ruseTs...
raporti exeba orTqlis xomaldebis sam sxvadasxva trasas;
samive rusulia: pirveli _ yovelkvireuli trasa konstantino-
polidan baTumamde da ukan. aqeT-iqiT gzaze Sedian trapizon-
Si. meore _ marSruti odesidan baTumamde (sevastopolis, ial-
tis, qerCis da Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros movliT). xo-
maldebi, romlebic am marSrutiT dacuraven or kviraSi er-
Txel, umetesad didi zomisaa. rusul `Savi zRvis sanaosno
kompanias~ moqmed samsaxurSi aqvs 55 orTqlis gemi, metwilad
didebi da SeuZlia iqonios 6 qvemexi; esaa uzarmazari floti
savaWro saxeliT. meTaurebi da oficrebi ayvanilia mxolod
rusuli samxedro-sazRvao flotidan.
mesame _ mokle gza foTidan baTumamde. aq curaven kvira-
Si orjer mcire zomis msubuqi orTqlis gemebiT, romlebsac
SeuZliaT foTis gareT, rionis SesarTavTan gadalaxon Tav-
Txeli da gaiaron 34 mili iqidan baTumamde. xandaxan mesame ge-
395
mic gamodis kviris ganmavlobaSi; es damateba imisTvis xdeba,
rom daabalansos SemTxveviTi nakleboba cudi amindis dros...
Semosvla-gasvlis wliuri raodenoba 182-ia, xolo tonaJi
_ 61.028.....
inglisuri orTqlis gemebis danaxva Sav zRvaSi da gansa-
kuTrebiT baTumsa da foTSi, yvelaze metad aSinebs `rusul
sanaosno (saxomaldo) kompanias~. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebri-
via maTi mxriv mcdeloba, rom Seikavon Tavi maTTvis sawinaaR-
mdego ideis waxalisebisgan...
baTumi warmoadgens pirvel Semkreb punqts ara marto sa-
yovelTaod cnobili emigraciisa, aramed mravali individua-
luri emigrantisac, romlebic, sazRvris farulad gadmokve-
Tis Semdeg, aqedan midian TurqeTis sxva punqtebSi.
baTums xmeleTiT kavSirebisa da komerciisTvis aqvs ori
gza. pirveli aWaris mTebiT aRmosavleTisken mihyveba sazRvars
TurqeTis mxareze, Cadis focxovis xeobaSi da kveTs sazRvars
badelak-Tan, baTumidan 80 milze; aqedan gza midis axalcixis-
ken, samxreT saqarTvelosa da tfilisisken. gzis ganStoebas
mivyavarT erevnamde... sparseli vaWrebi Tavrizidan Cveuleb-
riv am umoklesi gziT modian.
meore marSruti misdevs Woroxis xeobas samxreTiT liva-
nasken; Semdeg uxvevs ardahanisken, saidanac samxreT-dasavle-
TiT ukavSirdeba olTis da erzerums, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
yarss. am marSruts erTgvarad amsubuqebs samdinaro gza dabla
Woroxze livanadan baTumisken...
suxum-kaladan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT _ trapizonamde
samxreT-dasavleTiT, kargi komerciuli navsadguris ararsebo-
bisas, baTumi aRmocenda rogorc didi mniSvnelobis sakabota-
Jo da TavSesafari sadguri.
erTi sityviT, trapizonisa (Tavisi sparsuli tranzitiT)
da sinopis Semdeg (Tavisi ganTqmuli portiT), baTumi mesame
adgilzea samxreT Sav zRvaze. saucxoo navsadguri, Sida gze-
bis ganaxleba, axlaxans mis mezoblad Cerqezuli koloniis ga-
Cena _ yovelive mis sasikeTodaa da qalaqi swrafad da myarad
izrdeba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT.
[zogadi SeniSvnebi trapizonis vilaeTis Sesaxeb]
(Cven amoviReT mxolod is nawili, rac exeba mosaxleobas _g.g.)
...eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT regioni iyofa sam gansxva-
vebul nawilad; saxeldobr, TviT trapizonis, lazistanisa da
396
gurjistanis mxareebad, romelTagan TiToeuli dasaxlebulia
erTmaneTisgan warmoSobiT, garegnobiT, xasiaTiTa da saqmiano-
biT gansxvavebuli xalxiT.
daviwyoT qarTvelebiT, romlebmac misces Tavisi saxeli
gurjistans. gamorCeulad lamazia rogorc kaci, ise qali; sia-
movnebis moyvaruli, mxiaruli, gulRia da cvalebadi xasiaTi-
saa. maTi Cveulebrivi saqmianobaa miwaTmoqmedeba da xelosno-
ba; oriveSi gamoirCevian, gansakuTrebiT meoris dekoratiul
dargSi. mwyemsobisadmi naklebi midrekileba aqvT da ufro nak-
lebi vaWrobisadmi, meduqneobisa da komerciisadmi (msgavsi ram
maT naTesavebSia gavrcelebuli rusul-saqarTveloSi, isic ma-
galiTis ZaliT). meduqneebi, romlebic gvxvdeba Turqul gur-
jistanSi, arian ucxoelebi, umTavresad somxebi. qarTvelebs
uyvarT Tavisi qveyana, ar arian samogzaurod ganwyobili. iSvi-
aTad Sexvdebi mTel anatoliaSi, an ise Sors, rogoric kon-
stantinopolia saxlidan wasuls, garda saeWvo samsaxurisa sa-
zogado abanoebSi. isini gacilebiT Zlier mgrZnobiareni arian
civilizaciis kargi Tu mavne socialuri gavlenisadmi, vidre
mcire aziis sxva mahmadiani xalxebi.
lazi, romlis nacionalobis Sesaxeb arsebobs mravali,
ZvelTagan saeWvo (yuriT moTreuli) varaudi, sinamdvileSi
arian megrelebi _ warmoSobiTac da eniTac, hgvanan Tavis na-
Tesavebs ruseTis samegrelodan. isini arian qarTvelebze muqi
saxis feris da ufro uxeSi nakvTebis, magram kargi da moqnili
aRnagobis; amtanni, magram uxaliso mwyemsebi; kargi meduqneebi
da movaWreni; pirvelxarisxovani meTevzeebi da mezRvaurebi.
ar akliaT teqnikuri ostatoba, magram qarTvelebze dabla
dganan. miwaTmoqmedebis mxriv mcire miRwevebi aqvT. dabolos,
energiulobiT, gambedaobiT da gaqnilobiT aRematebian patio-
san da moridebul qarTvelebs. amasTan, nakleb arian midreki-
li socialuri progresis gakveTilebisadmi; garkveulwilad
fanatikurebi arian religiur SexedulebebSi. mogzauroben
xSirad da Sors, magram imave azriTa da CvevebiT brundebian,
rogoriTac wavidnen.
orive modgma garkveviT ario-kavkasiuria. Tavis Turanel
mmarTvelebs _ Turqebs uyureben rogorc ucxoebs da ar arian
maTdami ganwyobili. saerTo saxelwodeba islami aris erTa-
derTi kvanZi, amasTan Zalze Zlieri, romelic aiZulebs maT
morCilebbas. mxolod gareSeebTan urTierTobisTvis iyenebs
397
orive Turqul enas; erTmaneTSi ucvlelad laparakoben Tavi-
anT dialeqtze _ qarTulad an megrulad. ra Tqma unda, gle-
xobam xSirad sxva ena arc icis.
trapizonis mxaris aRmosavleTis masaxleobaSi bizantiur-
ma sisxlma da wyobam datova kvali, romelic oTxi saukunis
manZilze ar waSlila. maTi STamomavloba Seeria otomanur,
somxur da Turqmanul warmomavlobas, Tumca, Tu sworad vuS-
veb, SenarCunebulia aborigenuli ponturi substrati. axla na-
rev elements eZaxian `berZens~, rac Warbobs aq mahmadianebsa
da qristianebs Soris da romlebic hgvanan Sesaxedavad, forme-
biT da xasiaTiT. maRaziebi da yvela saxis datarebiTi vaWroba
aris maTi uZlieresi saqme, miwaTmoqmedeba ki usustesi. arian
sakmaod kargi mwyemsebi. gansakuTrebiT daostatebulan rTva-
Si; saukeTesod ician qvis da aguris wyoba....
...trapizonis mTeli provinciis mosaxleoba oficialuri
monacemebiT aris 938.140 suli. aqedan mahmadiania 768.200, ber-
Zeni 131.074 da somexi 38.866....
Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi state University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-resear-cher of the department of modern and Contem-porary History
Lazistan and Batumi
Summary
In the following article there is given a Georgian translation of the Re-
port by British Consul at Trebizond on the population, trade, agriculture of Lazistan and Batumi during the years 1864-69.
In this Report we find valuable information about present conditions of Lazistan and Batumi, their political and economic situation.
This Report is registered in the Wardrop collection of Bodleian Library (Oxford).
398
gia gelaSvili
istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis is-
toriisa da eTnologiis institutis
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.
ingliseli Jurnalisti beChoferi
baTumis Sesaxeb (1919-1920 wlebi)
Sesavlis magier
karl erik beChoferi (1894-1949) daibada londonSi. sko-
laSi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoavlina humanitaruli mec-
nierebebisadmi. mamam 15 wlisa gagzavna germaniaSi, sadac swav-
lobda germaniis universitetis klasikuri filologiis fa-
kultetze. ukve studentobisas ugzavnida is werilebs yovel-
kvireul `The New Age~-s. 17 wlisam moisurva msoflios gacno-
ba. 1911 wels gaemarTa msoflios garSemo samogzaurod. man
mTeli aTi weli gaatara mogzaurobaSi; moinaxula CineTi, ia-
ponia, indoeTi, CrdiloeTi afrika da sxv. is orjer imyofebo-
da ruseTSi (1917 wlis revoluciamde da mis Semdegac; kargad
Seiswavla rusuli ena da colic rusi SeirTo). yovelive man
aRwera sxvadasxva wignebSi: `ruseTi gzajvaredinze~ (1916), `de-
nikinis ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi 1919-1920~ (1921), `moSimSile ru-
seTSi~ (1921), `mogzauris tvirTi indoeTSi, Soreul aRmosav-
leTSi, ruseTSi da a.S~ (1922) da sxva. samogzauro Canawerebs
garda man uamravi naSromi Seqmna, rogorc biografiuli xasia-
Tis (uinston CerCilis, 1927), aseve literaturuli (litera-
turuli renesansi amerikaSi -1923; rusuli anTologia, ingli-
surad -1917); agreTve gamoaqveyna rusi da ukraineli mwerle-
bis nawarmoebTa inglisuri Targmanebi (Cexovi, bloki, gumili-
evi, lesia ukrainka da sxva). xsenebis Rirsia misi urTierToba
spiritizmis mimdevarTa lider g.i. gurjievTan, romelsac ga-
ecno tfilisSi 1919 wels. am urTierTobis Sedegia beChoferis
naSromi _ `WeSmariteba spiritualizmis Sesaxeb~ (1932).
am mokle mimoxilvidan Cans avtoris ganaTleba da moRva-
weobis farTo interesebi.
399
rogorc zemoT iTqva, beChoferi orjer imyofeboda ru-
seTSi: 1914 wels Cavida rogorc armiis Tarjimani; 1915 wels
ramdenime Tve dahyo baTumSi. meored ruseTi da kavkasia moi-
naxula 1919 wlis zamTarsa da 1920 wlis gazafxulze rogorc
Tavisufalma Jurnalistma da privilegirebulma britanelma
korespondentma. `Cemma marSrutma baTumisa da tfilisis gav-
liT mimiyvana rostovsa da taganrogSi _ general denikinis[1]
mTavar StabSi. moxaliseTa armiis ukandaxevis mere, garkveuli
xani vimyofebodi ekaterinodarsa da novorosiiskSi... yirimis
Teodosiidan xelmeored vestumre baTumsa da tfiliss... Sem-
deg erevansa da baqos~.
am mogzaurobas Sedegad mohyva beChoferis wigni _ `deni-
kinis ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi 1919-1920~ (londoni, 1921). wignis
aTi Tavidan Txroba baTumis Sesaxeb mocemulia I TavSi _`bri-
tanelebi baTumSi~ (gv.3-38) da VIII TavSi _`yirimsa da kvlav kav-
kasiaSi~ (gv.236-251).
teqnikuri mizezebis gamo Cven mTel am masalas amJamad
srulad ver warmovadgenT, magram vecdebiT misi garkveuli na-
wilis Targmanis mowodebas avtoriseuli aRweriTa da komenta-
rebiT. (teqstis gamotovebul adgilebs avRniSnavT mravalwer-
tiliT).
beChoferi politikuri SexedulebebiT britaneTis mTav-
robis miznebis gamomxatvelia. isic baTumis olqs TavianT sa-
kuTrebad miiCnevs da winaaRmdegia qarTvelTa iq Sesvlis. ami-
tomac, rogorc TviT ambobs, tfilisuri presa mas uwodebs
`matyuaras, ruseTis samsaxuris agents, spekulants, Jandarms
da denikinels~.
marTalia sakamaTo da sakomentaro sakmaodaa, magram Cveni
statiis Zalze ganvrcobas da komentirebas moverideT da ga-
davwyviteT am cnobaTa mowodeba avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli
saxiT. rogorc wyaros, mas Sesabamisi periodis specialistebi
gamoiyeneben da saTanadod Seafaseben. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis
mTavaria avtoris mier danaxuli faqtebis xeluxleblad war-
moCena. rogorc profesori alfred cimmerni beChoferis wigns
darTul SesavalSi wers, `b-ni beChoferi Seyvarebulia ruseT-
Si. amitom, rasac is ambobs britaneTis politikis Sesaxeb ru-
seTsa da amier- kavkasiaSi, SeiZleba bevri ram usiamovno iyos
Tavisi qveynis pativismcemeli mkiTxvelisTvis, magram esenia
istoriuli dokumentebi, romlebic SemorCebian, Tuki istoria
400
daikargeba. droa britanelma xalxma sinamdviles Tvali gaus-
woros~.
[ baTumi. Tavi I]
samxreT ruseTSi 1915 wels Cemi vizitis pirveli punqti
iyo baTumi,sadac davyavi ramdenime Tve, roca vswavlobdi ru-
suls. bevrma ingliselma ar icis, rom baTumi aris navsadguri
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, romelic ruseTs gadasca
TurqeTma 40 wlis win, ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg[2]. is aris
baqo-tfilis-erevnidan momavali rkinigzis bolo sadguri, ag-
reTve azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da Crdilo-dasav-
leT sparseTis navsadguri. navTobis mili mohyveba rkinigzas
baqodan baTumamde, saidanac is gemebiT gaaqvT evropaSi. TviT
baTumis provincia mdidaria, mcirea da SedarebiT auTvisebe-
li. is aris gasaRebi kaspiiT sparseTisken: Sahma gaiara is ev-
ropaSi Tavisi axlandeli vizitisas. baTumi amierkavkasiis WiS-
karia evropisken; rom ara es, igi ar iqneboda didad saintere-
so mxolod macxovreblebis araCveulebrivi siWreliTa da ir-
gvliv midamos simSvenieriT. baTumis provinciis mosaxleoba
dasturia Sors mimavali kavSir-urTierTobebisa. pirvel rigSi
esaa rusebi _ gadarCenilebi da imaTi memkvidreebi, vinc baTu-
mi waarTva Turqebs 70-ianis bolos da ramdenime aseuli mosax-
liani meTevzeTa sabralo soflidan gadaaqcia ayvavebul nav-
sadgurad. mas Semdeg rac mas rusebi daeuflnen, baTumi iqca
gamagrebul punqtad, xolo misi mosaxleobis didi nawili Se-
adgines rusma samoqalaqo da samxedro pirebma. amaT da kidev
sxva rus kolonistebs zRvis sanapiro zolze ekuTvniT for-
Toxlisa da Cais plantaciebi, rac sakuTari xeliT gaaSenes im
tyeTa adgilze, sadac uwin Turquli da qurTuli qoxebi iyo
gafantuli. omis win[3], viTom mxolod samxedro miznebisTvis,
miiRes sanapiro zolis dasakuTrebis ufleba; sinamdvileSi da-
ibeves ukeTesi mdgomareobisa da naTesavebisTvis....sasaxeloa
maTi Cais, forToxlis, limonis, mandarinis, bambukis planta-
ciebi da yvavilebi...
Turquli sazRvari qalaqidan samxreTiTaa 40 milze ; ami-
tom baTumis provinciaSi yovelTvis iyo TurqTa garkveuli
raodenoba. omis dawyebisas TurqTa armia Semovida provincia-
Si im imediT, rom baTums daibrunebdnen. am warumatebeli Se-
tevisas maT adgilobrivi Turqebi exmarebodnen. me maxsovs iT-
401
qva, rom xuTi wlis win Caisa da forToxlis plantaciebis sau-
keTeso mebaRe yvela Turqi gaqra omis gamocxadebis erTi-ori
dRiT adre da rogor male dabrundnen provinciaSi razmebis
meTaurebad _ zogi maTgani polkovnikebad, xolo erTi mTavra-
dac (princad)!
rusebisa da Turqebis garda iq arian qarTvelebi (uZvele-
si qristianebi), romlebsac axla aqvT sakuTari saxelmwifo,
dedaqalaqiT tfilisSi... yvelaze mravalricxovani xalxi ba-
Tumis provinciaSi, umTavresad mTebSi, arian aWarlebi _Sereu-
li sisxlis mahmadianebi. axlaxans maT gamoavlines erovnuli
TviTSegnebis mcire magaliTi; magram metwilad isini Tavis
Tavs jiutad uwodeben da Tvlian Turqebad.
Semdeg iq bevri sparselia; xilis yvela gamyidveli baTum-
Si sparselia, romlebic gamoirCevian grZeli mosasxamiT, Tavze
araxCiniT da iniT SeRebili wveriT. aq cxovroben qurTebi da
is aWarlebi, romlebic Tavs qurTebs uwodeben, am veluri da
didebuli originalebis aRmaSfoTeblad. yovel gazafxulze es
xalxi ikribeba gvarebad da adian mTebSi TavianT saZovrebze...
yvela plantatori yuradRebiT unda iyos qurTebis gadaadgi-
lebisas. isini arian urcxvi qurdebi da yovelive jojoxeTad
iqceva maTi moZraobis gzaze.
baTumSi cxovroben: aTasobiT berZeni _ qalaqSi vaWrebi,
mTebSi glexebi; somxebi _ mdidari saqmosnebi da Raribi muSebi;
TaTrebi, asirielebi, ebraelebi; Cinelebi manjuriidan, romle-
bic laparakoben wamxdari rusuliT; gurulebi, lekebi, Cerqe-
zebi da kavkasiuri modgmis sxva mravali warmomadgeneli _ro-
gorc qristianebi, ise mahmadianebi. dRes, Sua aRmosavleTis
gaukacurebis Semdeg, baTumSi vxvdebiT mravali xalxebis aTa-
sobiT ltolvils.
baTumis simSveniere cnobilia. adgilobrivi TqmiT is
msoflioSi mesamea Tavisi silamaziT; me ar vici, sad aris da-
narCeni ori, radgan baTumi araCveulebrivad aRmafrTovanebe-
lia. mwvane nayofieri mTebi eSvebian dabla zRvisken da gansac-
vifrebel naxevarmTvariseburad SemozRudaven baTumis naxe-
varkunZuls. aq izrdeba msoflios yvela mcenare da xe_keTil-
Sobili, Tu mavne. bunebam Tu plantatorebma aq gaamravles
mravali jiSi; zafxulsa da Semodgomaze midamo dafarulia
vardebiT, rac advili gasamravlebelia...
baTumSi Camovedi 1919 wlis noembris dasawyisSi. mTel
402
gzaze liverpulidan konstantinopolamde garkveviT veravin
miTxra, vin marTavda baTums. zogi qarTvelebs asaxelebda, zo-
gi darwmunebuli iyo, rom iq idga ingliselTa garnizoni. kon-
stantinopolidan vimgzavre amerikuli saeskadro naRmosniT;
Sesabamisad ar gamivlia sapasporto Semowmeba. sanapirodan, sa-
dac naRmosani navTobiT itvirTeboda, daveSvi qalaqisken.
iq iyo igive bazrebi, mravalferovani da lamazi xalxi, ise-
ve nakleb dasaqmebuli, rogorc yovelTvis; igive rusi moxelee-
bi uniformebiT da qudebiT. damxvda iseTive wvima, romelic sa-
bednierod male wydeba, iseTive siTbo _ rogorc 5 wlis win.
rkinigzis sadgurze SevniSne ingliseli jariskacebi. gzispira
kafeSi Sevxvdi Zvel nacnobs. is aris guruli (e.i. qarTvelTaga-
ni), romelsac rkinigzis sadgurisken gzispiras hqonda patara
maRazia, sadac plantatorebi yoveldRiurad yidulobdnen pur-
sa da xorcs. bolo cxra Tu aTi wlis manZilze is gamdidrda da
dRes maRaziis garda flobs or plantacias; aseve marTavs kidev
sam-oTxs, romelTa mepatroneebi an rusul frontze imyofebian,
an Zalze dakavebulebi arian qalaqSi, anda saerTod aRarc arse-
boben _gardaicvalnen sadRac bolSevikuri ruseTis bnel sap-
yrobileebSi. man iyida saxerxi manqana, Wris tyeebs da yidis Ze-
lebsa da ficrebs. amasTan mas ainteresebs mezoblad warmoebu-
li yvela garigeba. igi srulad imkis warmatebis Sedegebs: yve-
laze marjve kacia mTel SemogarenSi. Tu vinmes surs saqmis
mogvareba, ityvis `gamogzavnilia ambrosisTvis, man icis, rogor
moiqces~... mas arasdros ar aviwroeben mmarTvelebi. `araferi
Secvlila~_miTxra man, `aq Cven gvyavs bolSevikebis nairsaxeoba
da irgvliv sakmao yaCaRebi. mdgomareoba gafuWda (maneTi waxda
_Zvel kapikamde daeca), magram kvlav unda gamokeTdes, radgan
britanelebi arian aq~. `maT datoves tfilisi da baqo, magram
baTumis provincia britanelebis mieraa okupirebuli~. man mimi-
TiTa kafes kedelze gakrul uwyebaze, romelic gvamcnobda,
rom baTumis provincia amJamad britaneTis saokupacio mxarea,
xolo TviT qalaqi baTumi samxedro mdgomareobaSia. male gavige
yovelive siaxle. ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg amier-
kavkasiis rusuli armiebi, romlebmac sami wlis manZilze daa-
marcxes Turqebi am boboqar qveyanaSi, uwesrigo ukandaxeviT
gabrundnen evropul ruseTSi. me vfiqrob, rom jariskacebis
sabWos msgavsi arsebobda baTumSi cota xans, magram mas ar unda
hqonoda moqmedebis didi SesaZleblobebi. roca jariskacebi
403
gza-da-gza ZarcviT gavidnen, qarTulma nawilebma daikaves pro-
vincia... 1918 wlis TebervalSi amierkavkasiaSi qveynis saqmeTa
mosagvareblad Seiqmna `seimi~, anu parlamenti. moxda TurqebTan
dazaveba, Tumca male daarRvies sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo. amas
mohyva brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba[4] bolSevikebsa
da mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlis ZaliTac baTumis, yar-
sis da ardaganis mxareebi gadaeca TurqeTs. seimma uari Tqva
xelSekrulebis aRiarebaze, magram misma winaaRmdegobam marcxi
ganicada. qarTvelTa jarebi baTumidan gaecalnen gacilebiT
mcire Turqul mowinave Zalebs. amas garda adgilobriv gav-
rcelda xma, rom qarTvelma politikosebma qalaqi Turqebs mih-
yides. 1918 wlis 26 maiss seimi daiSala da Seiqmna ramdenime axa-
li respublika: saqarTvelo (dedaqalaqi tfilisi), azerbaijani
(dedaqalaqi baqo) da somxeTi (dedaqalaqi erevani). baTumis da-
kavebis Semdeg Turqebi wamovidnen tfilisisken. qarTvelma po-
litikosebma pro-germanuli mxare daiWires. germanelTa misia
gamoCnda tfilisSi, xolo qarTuli Cavida berlinSi. saqarTve-
lom gamoacxada ruseTisgan damoukidebloba da aRiara brest-
litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba1, rogorc piroba germaneleb-
Tan kavSirisa... Turqebi aRmosavluri meTodebiT icavdnen wes-
rigs; isini joxiT quslebSi scemdnen yvela soflis Tavs, rom-
lebic raime sadavidarabos uCendnen. amiT maT mCqefare baTumi
da provinciac mkvdar ared aqcies. vinc SeZlo, gaiqca qveynis
siRrmeSi; vinc ara, Caiketa TavianT saxlebSi da eloda ganTavi-
suflebas. baTumis mTavari quCebi iqcnen cxenebisa da cxvrebis
saZovrebad. daiketa yvela duqani da qalaqi eniTauwerlad ga-
binZurda.... amasobaSi aRmosavleTis frontze omi Cvens sasar-
geblod Semobrunda. bolos gaimarjva antantam da TurqebTan
gaformebuli dazavebiT britanuli jarebi Semovidnen amier-
kavkasiis dasakaveblad2. baTumSi maT naxes 20.000 Turqi. amaTi
didi nawili zRviT gagzavnes konstantinopolSi. Turqma
oficrebma miiTvises amaTi kuTvnili fuli da produqtebi da
1 1918 wlis 10 aprils trapizonis konferenciaze moxda es aRiareba.
iq iyo gamoqveynebuli SeTanxmeba qarTvelebsa da germanelebs So-
ris_damoukideblobis gamocxadebis momentidan germanelTa mxriv
mxardaWeris sanacvlod... 2 pirvelive kviras, roca britanelTa jarebi Sevidnen baTumSi, nasvam-
ma Sotlandielma quCaSi mokla rusi generali (Zalze usiamovno da-
sawyisi).
404
sawylebs ramdenime muWa Txili darCaT saWmelad; isini buzebi-
viT ixocebodnen konstantinopolisken mTel gzaze. danarCeni
Turqebi xmeleTiT gaabrunes trapizonisken.... sabolood ger-
manelebic gavidnen da daiwyo amierkavkasiis okupacia britane-
lebis mier.... TurqTa gandevnis mere amierkavkasiis respubli-
kebma daiwyes namdvili damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebiviT arse-
boba.... saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebi kulisebSi
energiulad muSaobdnen general denikinis winaaRmdeg, saja-
rod ki neitralitets aRiarebdnen misi brZolis mimarT bol-
SevikTa winaaRmdeg.... Tavis mxriv denikini uars ambobda maTi
damoukideblobis aRiarebaze. samagierod, mxars uWerda somxe-
Tisas da masTan megobrul urTierTobaSi rCeboda....britanul-
ma jarebma baqo datoves 1919 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi, tfilisi _
ivlis-agvistoSi. agvistoSive gaica brZaneba baTumis mitovebis
Sesaxebac.... yvela samzadisi Catarda provinciidan gasasvle-
lad. transporti idga baTumis navsadgurSi; darCenili maragi
da saqoneli gayides. ukanasknel wuTs movida telegrama, rome-
lic wina brZanebas auqmebda. ase darCnen britanelebi1. Tavda-
pirvelad baTumis administracia darCa adgilobrivi sabWos
(municipalitetis) xelSi, romelic arCeuli iyo, raTa mosaxle-
obis sxvadasxva elementebis narevTan SeZlebisdagvarad gamoe-
naxaT saerTo ena. male sabWo iqca araefeqtur centrad. adgi-
lobrivi dokis muSebis gaficvis Semdeg, rac mohyva britanuli
samxedro mmarTvelobis mier provokaciulad anti-britanuli
gazeTis daxurvas; sabWom da britanelma samxedro guberna-
torma idaves, Tu vin warmoadgenda mTavar mmarTvels provin-
ciaSi. sakiTxis mosagvareblad britaneli oficrebis jgufi
(umetesoba gubernatoriviT irlandieli) erT mSvenier dilas
miadga administraciis sxvadasxva samsaxurebs da sabWos wevre-
bi gaaTavisufles iol, magram Semosavlian Tanamdebobebidan.
es oficrebi ar iyvnen profesionali administratorebi; isini
warmoadgendnen britanuli jaris ubralod SerCeul oficro-
bas, romlebsac amierkavkasiaSi wesrigi unda daecvaT. Cemda ga-
1 baTumis garnizons Seadgenda me-80-e qveiTi brigada, romelsac bri-
gadis generali kuk-kollisi meTaurobda; is iyo aseve samxedro gu-
bernatori. SeiaraRebul Zalebs warmoadgenda 27-e diviziis brigada
da Savi zRvis armiis nawili, romlis mTavari Stabi iyo konstantino-
polSi. es punqti ki iyo inglisTan makavSirebeli. sul iq iyo daaxl.
800 inglisuri da 1200 penjabis nawili.
405
sakvirad gavige, rom, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, britanuli ad-
ministracia sakmaod arapopularuli gaxda. me myavda erTi-
ori nacnobi britanel oficerTa Soris baTumSi da gaocebuli
viyavi im urTierT gaugebrobiT, rac arsebobda maTsa da ru-
sebs Soris. britaneli oficrebi saerTod iyvnen wesieri da ni-
Wieri adamianebi, magram,zogi mizezis gamo, xalxis TvalSi Can-
dnen rogorc qurdebi da aramzadebi. aseve arapopularuli
iyo samoqalaqo gubernatori; rogorc ambobdnen, misi ebrae-
lobis gamo. yvelas surda Cveni darCena baTumSi, magram yve-
las, an TiTqmis yvelas mravlad esmoda xmebi Cveni administra-
ciis naklovanebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc me davidgine, danaSaulTa
umetesobas ar hqonia adgili britaneli mmarTvelebis mxri-
dan.... arc erTma britanelma oficerma, romlebsac ase mou-
lodnelad daevalaT baTumis provinciis mmarTvelobis Camor-
Tmeva adgilobrivi korumpirebuli da zozina administraciis-
Tvis, ar icoda rusuli ena da rusuli cxovrebis xasiaTi.
Tarjimnebi unda enaxaT adgilobriv: iq Tavmoyrili levantine-
lebi da ebraelebi, aseve mcire rusi yofili oficrebi warmo-
adgendnen damakavSirebel rgols keTilganwyobil administra-
ciasa da Zalze ukmayofilo mosaxleobas Soris. iseT adgilas,
rogoric baTumia da aseT dros sakmaoze meti iyo cduneba Su-
amavlisTvis, raTa daecvaT inglisuri eTika movaleobis Ses-
rulebisas.... [Semdeg saubaria gavrcelebul meqrTameobaze,
Tundac samxedro mosamsaxureebis mxridan, romlebic yiddnen
nawilis kuTvnil sabnebs da sxva. _ g.g.].
imisTvis, rom Cveni administracia namdvilad warmatebuli
da popularuli gaxdes, saWiroa baTumSi Caiyvanon rusuli eni-
sa da yofis mcodne pirovnebebi. baTumSi myof britanelebs es
ar SeuZliaT, xolo maRali mmarTveloba,romelmac gadawyvita
baTumis Stabad qceva, ar Cans, rom iyos sakmaod dainteresebu-
li okupaciaSi, raTa gagzavnos saeqsperto daxmareba. Zalze
mcire, an araferi gakeTda kuk-kollis da misi qvemdgomebis
dasaxmareblad. arc saTanado kavSirebis, arc momaragebis da
daxmarebis Rirsad ar Tvlidnen konstantinopolidan. Sedegad,
amaTi saqmianobis umetesoba uqmi iyo da maTi mcdeloba metwi-
lad wyalSi gadaiyara im sisaZaglis gamo, romlis gverdis av-
lac ver SeiZles. baTumSi, generlidan dawyebuli, dabal
oficrebamde, sakmaod marjve gamodgnen maTTvis uCveulo saq-
mianobaSi. mxolod mcire, magram mZime Secdomebma gaafuWes ma-
406
Ti reputacia. aravin icoda, rodemde vrCebodiT baTumSi, an
vis gadaecemoda provincia.... viTareba cudidan uaresisken mi-
dioda. me mqonda upiratesoba damenaxa viTareba britanuli da
adgilobrivi TvaliT; es iyo gaugebrobebis da xSirad araswo-
ri miTiTebebis naRvliani speqtakli.... mainc britanulma oku-
paciam, naklovanebebis miuxedavad, mSvidoba moitana.
me male Sevicvale pirveli STabeWdileba, rom baTumSi Ce-
mi bolo yofnis Semdeg xuTi wlis manZilze TiTqos mciredi
sxvaoba davinaxe. iq iyo sakmaod gansxvavebuli atmosfero.
suls xuTavda is, rasac ruseTSi uwodeben `spekulacias~. ma-
Raziis vitrinebSi naklebad ido saqoneli, magram maTze gakru-
li iyo sareklamo (misawvevi) gancxadebebi xizilalas, Cais, qi-
naqinas, mandarinis, tansacmlis da a.S., rac miRebuli hqondaT
gasayidad rekomendatoris sawyobebSi....spekulacia iyo adgi-
lobriv mTavari industria. garigeba xdeboda yvelaferze....Se-
motanili saqoneli kvlav da kvlav iyideboda, sanam miaRwevda
momxmareblamde. odesis vaWarTa naxevari baTumSi imyofebo-
da.... konstantinopolidan baTumisken gzaze kafeSi Semxvda
londonSi gacnobili rusi. roca SevTavaze, xom arafers (we-
rils da sxvas) gamatanda baTumSi, Cemda gasaocrad mipasuxa
_`maqvs paketi wamlebiT, magram xom ici, dRes Zma Zmas ar endo-
bao~.
fulis krizisi baTumSi qmnida saukeTeso asparezs speku-
laciisTvis. raTa gaigos viTareba, mkiTxvelma unda gaiazros,
rom mTel samxreT ruseTsa da amierkavkasiaSi ar arsebobda
erTi saerTo valuta. xmarebaSi arsebuli mTeli fuli, ra
Tqma unda, iyo qaRaldis. Zveli rusuli imperiuli maneTi, e.w.
`nikolozis~, iyo arasakmarisi (iSviaTi) da gacilebiT metad
fasobda, vidre yvela axali gamoSvebis. arc ise Zviri, magram
sxvebze ukeTesi iyo `kerenskis~ banknotebi, gamoSvebuli 1917
wels kerenskis mTavrobis mier. baTumSi ZiriTadad ixmareboda
qaRaldis ori fuli, romelTa fasic cvalebadobda. es iyo
`donis maneTebi~, gamoSvebuli general denikinis samflobelo-
Si samxreT ruseTSi da e.w. `amierkavkasiuri bonebi~, gamoSvebu-
li amierkavkasiis seimis mier da erToblivad garantirebuli
saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mier, rogorc maTi
valuta. magram am saerTo banknotebis beWdva Sewyda da TiToe-
ulma am saxelmwifom daiwyo Tavisi sakuTari valutis gamoSve-
ba. amierkavkasiis bonebi yvela adgilobrivze met pativSi iyo.
407
britanulma mTavrobam scada moewesrigebina gacvla _donisa
da amierkavkasiis maneTebi iqneboda legaluri da eqvivalentu-
ri safasi. magram zamTarSi, donis maneTebis gaufasurebis ga-
mo, es samzadisi CaiSala da Sewyda TviT mmarTvelTa mxridan1.
qarTuli, somxuri da azerbaijanuli valuta ixmareboda mxo-
lod TavianT qveynebSi.
garemo sunTqavda gacvliT an masze saubriT. qalaqis ma-
Raziebis naxevari gadakeTda valutis gadamcvlelad.spekulan-
tebi baTumSi iafad yidulobdnen `donis maneTebs~, midiodnen
novorosiiskSi (denikinis teritoriaze), sadac donis maneTebi
Zvirad fasobda, xolo amierkavkasiurs ar icnobdnen. isini
iZendnen inglisur funtebs da moiCqarodnen ukan baTumisken
da amas kvlav donur maneTebze cvlidnen. ase imeorebdnen am
operaciebs. xandaxan sargeblian gacvlas eweodnen konstanti-
nopolSi (Turqul funtebze), an tfilisSi (qarTul maneTze)
qveynis SigniT. rac daemarTa maneTs, igive mouvida saqonel-
sac.... kapiki (maneTis es measedi nawili), ra Tqma unda, gaqra
scenidan. amJamad maneTi iyo umciresi savaluto erTeuli. ma-
neTi kapikis Zvel safasze dabla daeca _ is gaxda erT farTin-
gze (=1/4 pensi _ g.g.) naklebi. am vardnis Sedegi, rac yovel-
dRiurad grZeldeboda, saSineli iyo. aman gamoiwvia Zveli fe-
nebis sruli moxrCoba da axali plutokratiis aRsvla, romlis
simdidres umetes SemTxvevaSi maTi moSimSile mezoblebis sak-
vebiT da sxva aucilebeli saqonliT spekulacia warmoadgenda.
warmoidgineT rusuli ojaxi, romlis danazogi maneTebSi iyo
700 funti, rac amJamad mxolod 7 funtis ekvivalentu-
ria!....cxovreba 20-jer gaZvirda.... Sedegad baTumSi mcxovrebi
rusebi gaRatakdnen....yvela restoranSi naxavdi kargi ojaxis
1 moxaliseTa armiis damarcxebis Semdeg, `donis maneTebi~ praqtiku-
lad uxmari gaxda baTumSi. 1920 wlis ianvarSi britaneTis samoqalaqo
gubernatorma, polkovnikma harrisma moulodnelad gaauqma am fulis
xmareba puris sayidlad, rac warmoadgenda mTavrobis monopolias.
radgan administraciis yvela momsaxure am fuliT ixdida, aman miiyva-
na amboxebamde 12 ianvars. dokerebisa da mtvirTavTa brboebi Tavs da-
esxnen samoqalaqo administraciis ofisebs. britaneli Cinovnikebi,
romlebsac megobrebi `qalaqis mamebad~ icnobdnen, Senobis ukana kare-
bebidan da fanjrebidan gavidnen qvebisa da sabeWdi mowyobilobebis
srolis TanxlebiT. mTavar quCebze aRebuli iqna zogi maRazia. saWi-
ro gaxda jaris nawilebis gamoZaxeba. daapatimres 45 pirovneba; Ti-
Toeuls miusajes sami Tvis mZime samuSao.
408
ganaTlebul qalbatonebs, romlebic elodebodnen spekulan-
tebs da meZav kompanionebs; gareT wvimaSi ki_rus oficers (an
moxeles), romelic ezideboda odeseli msuqani vaWris Cemo-
dans, romelsac Camoetana valutis sakmao spekulatiuri rao-
denoba, produqtebi, tansacmeli an medikamentebi.
mcire raodenoba bednieri xalxisa tivtivasaviT moeqca
dinebaze....,rusebi ki daiZirnen....me vicnobdi plantators, ro-
melic qristeSobisas 120.000 donur maneTad (=120 funts) yid-
da mandarinis wliur mosavals, rac zafxulamde yofnida. mag-
ram es maneTi ise gaufasurda, rom baTumSi 20 funtamde ergo.
saocari ram gamomJRavnda okupaciis adre dReebSi. ingli-
suri fulis maneTebze gasacvlelad hqondaT oficialuri sa-
armio tarifi. mmarTvelebi wuxdnen, rom amierkavkasia ar wae-
leka inglisur fuls; amitom maT nawilebisTvis SemoiRes ga-
daxda maneTebiT oficialur tarifTan SesabamisobaSi, rac
amasTan yovelTvis dabali iyo sabazrosTan SedarebiT. bazar-
ze SegeZlo erT funtSi ageRo 1000 maneTi, maSin roca armiis
xazinadari Sen xelfasad mogcemda funtSi 400 maneTs. sanam
samxedro gubernatorma Sewyvita es praqtika, sazriani brita-
neli jariskacebi TavianT naTesavebs inglisidan agzavnineb-
dnen cota funtebs, romelsac bazarze cvlidnen spekulaciur
fasad. am maneTebiT isini midiodnen armiis fostaSi da iZen-
dnen britanul fulad gzavnils gadasacvlelad. amgvarad maT
SeeZloT naTesavebisTvis valis dabruneba da TiTqmis 100%-ia-
ni mogebis Cadeba saqmeSi. Tveebis manZilze, sanam oficialuri
tarifi ar movida SesabamisobaSi sabazro gacvlebis nixrebTan,
arc erTi moxele (oficeri) Tu personali baTumSi ar xarjav-
da penss armiis xelfasidan. is agrovebda mas da uecari saWi-
roebisas anaRdebda Ceks an funtebs. saubedurod, yalbi Ceke-
bis gaCenam daTrguna gacvla. Cemda samwuxarod, aRmovaCine,
rom Cemma savsebiT kargma Cekebma imis naxevari momca, rac sa-
fulidan amoRebul erT-or funtSi mergo.
erTaderTi efeqturi gza am siZneleTa Tavidan asacileb-
lad iqneboda garantirebuli valutis gamoyeneba. me vici, rom
gubernatorma generalma kuk-kollisma dabejiTebiT moiTxova
es kursi, magram okeanisgaRmelma avtoritetebma CaSales. yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, roca aravin icoda, ramden xans gagrZeldebo-
da britanelTa mier baTumis okupacia, ar arsebobda sababi
britanelTagan garantirebuli valutis gamoyenebisa. konstan-
409
tinopoleli mamebi iTvlebodnen baTumSi jarebis darCenis mo-
winaaRmdegeebad....
me Sevexe zogierT uxerxul viTarebas amierkavkasiis
cxovrebidan. arc zRvaze iyo ukeTesi mdgomareoba. Semdegi in-
cindentebi tipiuria, rac yoveldRiurad gvesmoda baTumSi Ce-
mi yofnisas: baTumisken sanapiros gaswvriv micuravda gemi; uc-
bad qarTveli mgzavrebis jgufma, romlebsac revolverebi
purSi hqondaT damaluli, daakaves ekipaJi da mgzavrebi. niCbi-
ani navi mocurda qarTuli napiridan da waiyvana yaCaRebi, xo-
lo ubedurma mgzavrebma ukapikod gaagrZeles gza....
mdidari somexi vaWari kompanionTan erTad jdeboda Tavis
avtomobilSi sastumro palasTan (esaa baTumis erTi umTavresi
sastumroTagani), roca kacebis jgufi mivarda, Cacxrila is da
gaecala iqaurobas didi raodenobis fuliT, romelic gardac-
vlils bankSi mihqonda....
erTi qarTveli politikosi Camovida baTumSi parizidan,
sadac, rogorc Tqva, exmareboda saqarTvelos saqmis gatanas
samSvidobo konferenciaze[5]. britaneli samxedro gubernato-
ris monaxulebis Semdeg, gaemarTa sadgurisken tfilisis mata-
rebelSi Casajdomad. platformaze britaneTis sabaJo samsa-
xurSi myofma rusma oficerma SeamCnia, rom qarTvels saeWvod
didi moculobis bargi hqonda; amitom mosTxova Cemodnebis Se-
samowmeblad gaxsna; iseve, rogorc yvela mgzavrs moeTxovebo-
da, romlebic aseT dros Cveulebriv eweodnen kontrabandas.
iman ganucxada, rom iyo `qarTveli diplomati~ da uari uTxra
bargis Cvenebaze. roca rusma oficerma daiJina, qarTvelma
gascxo saxeSi. rusuli dawerili Tu dauwereli kanonia, rom
oficers neba aqvs uzRos msgavsi SeuracxyofisaTvis; oficeri
gamoudga qarTvels sadgurze da esrola. tyviam msubuqad gak-
ra mkerdze. qarTveli daeca. britanelma patrulma daureka
policiis ufross... man naxa mosacdelSi myofi mkvnesare qar-
Tveli, romelsac gars exvivnen qarTveli konsuli, qarTveli
samxedro ataSe, qarTveli sazRvao ataSe (qarTul sazRvao Za-
las warmoaCenda droSa, ramdenime ialqniani gemi da rusi me-
patroneebisgan CamorTmeuli erTi-ori buqsiri da a.S.) da sxva
qarTveli oficialuri pirebi. rusi oficeri uZravad ijda
diplomatis Cemodnebze da ucdida maT gasaxsnel gasaRebebs.
policiis ufrosma iynosa xifaTi da maSinve gaemarTa samxedro
gubernatorisken.... aman ubrZana rusi oficris dapatimreba da
410
qarTvelis wayvana britanul hospitalSi...russ, misda gasakvi-
rad, eqvsTviani patimroba miusajes, magram mTeli vada ar Se-
usrulebia, radgan baTumis cixeebi ar iyo ise vrceli, rom
maTSi mosaTavsebel kandidatTa meaTedic ki SeefarebinaT; iqa-
uri saknebi Zlivs yofnida uricxv naZiralas, romlebmac baTu-
mi aqcies borotmoqmedebis buded. tfilisel da quTaisel
qarTvel xelmZRvanelobas Cvevad aqvT baTumis xarjze gan-
tvirTon Tavisi qalaqebi borotmoqmedebisa da meZavebisgan da
amiT gaurTulon saqme britanelebs.... baTumSi momxdari yvela
danaSaulis 90% britanuli okupaciis dros Caidines qarTve-
lebma....
borotmoqmedTa dasaSineblad baTumis provinciaSi brita-
nelma xelmZRvanelebma mimarTes sajaro egzekucias. es Zalze
mkacri RonisZiebaa, magram gamarTlebuli SedegebiT. samjer
gamoiyvanes patimarTa mcire jgufi cixidan da xalxis Tvalwin
daxvrites. sasjelma qalaqSi jadosaviT imoqmeda damnaSave
elementebze. yoveli egzekuciis Semdeg danaSauli sagrZnob-
lad klebulobda ramdenime kviris manZilze.
[ Tavi VIII ]
baTumis provinciaSi damxvda politikuri cieb-cxeleba...
1920 wlis TebervalSi britanulma nawilebma, romlebsac eka-
vaT da marTavdnen mxares, mosaxleobis samwuxarod, uecrad
miiRes evakuaciis brZaneba. Semdeg, rogorc wina wels, ukanas-
knel wuTs gaauqmes is. britanuli nawilebi darCa, magram arc
maT, arc sxva aravin icoda, Tu amJamad rodemde gagrZeldebo-
da maTi aq yofna. male cnobili gaxda antantis umaRlesa sab-
Wos gadawyvetileba (san-remo, 1920 wlis 20 aprili), romlis
safuZvelzec baTumi da mis garSemo ganusazRvreli mcire zo-
na unda gamxdariyo `porto franko~_ erTa ligis qvemdebared.
frangebis afrikul da italiur batalionebs unda Caenacvle-
binaT Cveni nawilebi, oRond darCeboda britanuli administra-
cia. es RonisZieba Sevidoda ZalaSi, `sanam rusuli sakiTxi
mogvardeboda~.
provinciis mosaxleoba aRfrTovanda umaRlesi sabWos ga-
dawyvetilebiT, rac maTTvis or sasurvel moments moicavda:
britanuli nawilebi rCebodnen da qarTul jarebs ekrZalebo-
daT provinciaSi Sesvla. frangebisa da italielebis mosalod-
nel Casvlas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen _ ukvirdaT da ar iyvnen
411
darwmunebuli, Tu rogor unda gansaxlebuliyvnen aseT gauge-
bar viTarebaSi baTumSi..... pesimistebi ambobdnen, rom baTumi
gadaecemoda bolSevikebs an qarTvelebs, Tuki Cven aRar movi-
survebdiT iq yofnas. rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma daadastu-
ra, es myviralebi savsebiT marTlebi aRmoCndnen.
sarwmuno wyaroebidan Sevitye, rom evakuaciis SeCerebis
mizezs qarTuli mTavrobis daJinebuli moTxovna warmoadgen-
da, rom britanelebi darCeniliyvnen baTumSi, imis SiSiT, rom
britanelTa gasvlis Semdeg ara marto baTums, aramed saqar-
Tvelosac daipyrobdnen. mogvianebiT, roca tfilisSi Cavedi,
igive ganmarteba CaviniSne, rogorc qarTuli politikis aspeq-
ti.... qarTveli Sovinistebi gacofdnen, roca dainaxes, rom
ukanasknel wuTs baTumi usxltebodaT xelidan. TavianTi ris-
xva gamoxates antantis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebiT, mowo-
debebiT da sagazeTo werilebiT.... maT, mTavrobis usityvo
TanxmobiT, ganacxades, rom baTumis provincias daikavebdnen
samxedro ZaliT. marTlac male qarTuli jaris sami damouki-
debeli SenaerTi gadavida baTumis provinciis sazRvrebze. er-
Ti javSnosani matarebliT gaCerda natanebSi (pirveli sadguri
baTumis provinciaSi), ori danarCeni gadavida mTebze, sadac
inglisuri saguSagoebi iyo. baTumis operaciis qarTveli sar-
dali Cavida baTumSi. maSinve britanelma mmarTvelobam gaaf-
rTxila qarTuli mTavroba, rom maTi es Semosvla niSnavda
omis gamocxadebas maTTan, rogorc saokupacio ZalasTan da
dabejiTebiT mosTxova jarebis ukan gayvana....me avedi sasaz-
Rvro soflebisken mTaSi, sadac qarTvelebis Zalebi idgnen.....
baTumis samxedro gubernatori kuk-kollisi baTumidan avida
[xuloSi] Stabis ramdenime wevrTan erTad da saTaTbirod mo-
uxmo qarTvel sardals da hkiTxa_`xom ar apirebda oms brita-
nelebTan~, razec, ra Tqma unda, uari miiRo...
Cemi zogi statia, dawerili londonis gazeTebisTvis, Ca-
movida amierkavkasiaSi da Zalze ganarisxa tfilisis oficia-
luri Tu araoficialuri gazeTebi. mag.: `brZola~_social-de-
mokratebis rusuli gazeTi uxeSad miwodebda gamousworebel
matyuaras; `erToba~_mSobliur enaze eubneboda Tavis mkiT-
xvels, rom me viyavi ruseTis samsaxuris agenti, spekulanti an
Jandarmi![6] yvela ki erTxmad `denikinels~ miwodebda; es iyo
umkacresi saginebeli termini qarTul politikur leqsikon-
Si...
412
tfilisi amtkicebda, rom hqonda axali argumenti baTumis
dakavebis sasargeblod _ es iyo baTumis saqalaqo sabWos mim-
dinare arCevnebi, sadac naxevarze meti adgilebi miiRes qar-
Tvelma kandidatebma1. magram mravali wyarodan (adgilobrivi
da britanuli) gavige, rom es arCevnebi Znelad Tu CaiTvlebo-
da adgilobrivi ganwyobis miukerZoebel sazomad. arCevnebi Ca-
tarda swored maSin, roca britanelebi udrood emzadebodnen
evakuaci- isTvis....rogorc ki gaxda cnobili, rom britanelebi
darCebodnen, berZnulma partiam maSinve miuTiTa siebis defeq-
tebze, xolo rusebma gaaprotestes arCevnebis kanoniereba....
is rac umetesma jgufebma daiviwyes, iyo is, rom arCevnebi ar
warmoadgenda `namdvil referendums, Tu vis unda hqonoda ba-
Tumi~, rogorc amas tfilisis oficialuri gazeTi auwyebda; es
sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara qalaqis administraciis arCevnebi,
romlidanac, ra Tqma unda, provinciis mTeli macxovreblebi
gamoricxuli iyvnen. mTeli mxaris referendumi rom Catarebu-
liyo mSvidobian dros,isini etyodnen qarTvelebs `daicadeT,
sanam qarTuli mTavroba mova aq!~ _ Sedegi, vfiqrob, Sokis
momgvreli iqneboda yvela qarTvelisTvis, romlebic patios-
nad fiqrobdnen, rom baTumis provincia dasaxlebuli iyo `Cag-
ruli qarTvelebiT~, romelTa erTaderT survils warmoadgen-
da `SeerTebodnen TavianT sisxliT Zmebs~ tfilisidan.
tfilisSi Cavedi martis bolos da kargad vnaxe, rom qa-
laqi dakavebuli iyo oficialuri agitaciiT baTumis Sesa-
xeb..qalaqSi Catarda `proletariatis~ da moswavleTa demon-
stracia-manifestaciebi; mividnen ucxoelTa misiebSi, raTa ec-
nobebinaT `erTsulovani survili~ baTumis saqarTvelosTvis
daTmobis Sesaxeb. amerikis, safrangeTisa da italiis misiebis
ufrosebi `saxlSi ar daxvdnen~ da rezoluciebi konvertiT
dautoves. inglisis sagangebo warmomadgenelma b-nma uor-
dropma[7] arakeTilgonivrulad miiRo deputacia.... meore Tu
mesame dRes tfilisis gazeTebma amcnes, TiTqos b-ni uordro-
pi `dapirda~, rom umaRlesi sabWos dadgenileba baTumis Sesa-
1 qarTvelTa Sablonuri argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad, rom baTumi
qarTuli qalaqia, iyo is faqti, rom qalaqis meri (municipalitetis
Tavi) yovelTvis iyo qarTveli. samwuxarod, am mkicebis `safuZvliano-
bas~ gviCvenebs saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis tfilisis merad 10 wlis man-
Zilze 1918 wlamde somexi m.xatisianis yofna, romelic Semdeg somxe-
Tis respublikis prezidenti gaxda.
413
xeb xelaxla ganixileboda saqarTvelos sasargeblod. erTi ga-
zeTi (`ganaxleba~) ase iwyebda statias: `britaneTis mTavari
warmomadgeneli ambobs, rom zogi britaneli oficris saqci-
els CixSi Sehyavs is~...statiis mizani iyo eCvenebina, rom gene-
rali kuk-kollisi da misi Stabis wevrebi dadiodnen provinci-
aSi da mouwodebdnen saqarTvelos survilebis winaaRmdeg...~
tfiliseli da baTumeli rusebi da somxebi gaognebuli iy-
vnen... generali saswrafod Cavida tfilisSi. meore dRes tfi-
lisis gazeTebSi rusulad gamoqveynda sagareo saqmeTa minis-
tris gegeWkorisadmi b-n uordropis uarmyofeli werili (1920.
21 marti).....
politikur wreebSi ori paradoqsi SevniSne _ erTi is iyo,
rom tfilisSi gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, bolSevikebi erT
TveSi an 6 kviraSi Sevidodnen baqoSi, radgan denikinisa da mo-
xaliseTa ganadgurebis Semdeg gza gaexsnaT amierkavkasiisken.
meore paradoqsi iyo baTumTan urTierToba. mTavroba gareg-
nulad yvelafers cdilobda, rom baTumi waerTmia boroti
britaneli imperialistebisTvis,romlebsac Tavisda didad sau-
xerxulod ekavaT is. magram, rac meti xalxi xdeboda saqmeSi
Caxeduli, qarTveli mmarTvelebi ufro daJinebiT gamodiodnen
britanuli SenaerTebis baTumSi dasarCenad. meore paradoqsi
is iyo, rom, tfilisSi gabatonebuli azris mixedviT, bolSevi-
kebi erT TveSi, an 6 kviraSi Sevidodnen baqoSi, radgan, deniki-
nisa da moxaliseTa ganadgurebis Semdeg, gza gaexsnaT amier-
kavkasiisken.
mcire komentarebi
[1] denikini (1872-1947) TeTrgvardieli generali ruseTis sa-
moqalaqo omis dros (1918-1920). kontrrevoluciis erT-
erTi mTavari xelmZRvaneli. 1917 wels general kornilov-
Tan erTad Seqmna moxaliseTa armia.
[2] igulisxmeba ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi.
[3] igulisxmeba 1914-1918 wlebis msoflio omi.
[4] brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba daido 1918 wlis 3
marts ruseTsa da germania-avstria-ungreT-osmaleT-bul-
gareTs Soris.
[5] igulisxmeba erTa liga, romelic Seiqmna 1918 wels xalxTa
Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa da maTi uSiSroebis
414
uzrunvelyofis mizniT. iuridiulad gaaforma msoflio
omis Semdeg germaniisa da TurqeTisTvis CamorTmeuli ko-
loniebis ganawileba antantis qveynebs Soris.
[6] `erToba~_qarTuli gazeTi, gamodioda TbilisSi 1917-21
wlebSi. 1918 wlis 26 noembridan iyo saqarTvelos soc._de-
mokratiuli (menSevikuri) muSaTa partiis centraluri or-
gano.
[7] jon oliver uordropi (1864_1948) ingliseli diplomati,
qarTuli kulturis moamage, qarTvelTa megobari.
Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Senior-scientist researcher of Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology.
English Journalist Bechhofer about Batumi (1919 – 1920)
Summery
Carl Eric Bechhofer (1894-1949), journalist and British correspondent, visited Russia and Caucasus in 1914 and 1919-20. His privileges were knowledge of Russian and experience of the country and people. After his last journey he published in 1921 in London a work `In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, 1919-1920~. The first and the eights chapters dedicate to Ba-tumi and Caucasus.
In the following article there is given a Georgian translation and com-ments of Bechhofer’s material about Batumi. He describes everything he saw himself – Population of Batumi Province, its social-economic and political situation in 1919-1920.
415
avTandil sonRulaSvili
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-
fesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa
da eTnologiis institutis axali da
uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis gamge
mniSvnelovani gamokvleva samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
r e c e n z i a
o. T u r m a n i Z i s monografiaze `saadgilmamulo urTierTobani
da agraruli moZraoba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
(1878-1928 ww.), baTumi, 2009
bolo wlebSi qarTvel mecnierTa yuradReba Cveni samSob-
los politikuri istoriis sakiTxebze iyo gamaxvilebuli. bu-
nebrivia, es procesi savsebiT kanonzomier movlenas warmoad-
genda. saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebis gansaidumloeba da is-
toriuli movlenebis obieqturad Sefasebis SesaZlebloba sa-
qarTvelos warsulis TeTri laqebis gaSuqebas moiTxovda.
kargad moqceula Rvawlmosili mecnieri profesori oTar
TurmaniZe, rom saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxis, aWaris agraru-
li istoriis metad rTuli sakiTxis Seswavla ganuzraxavs, rac
warmatebiT ganaxorciela kidec.
sarecenzio naSromi 389 gverds moicavs. igi Sedgeba oTxi
Tavisa da 12 paragrafisgan. Tan erTvis rusuli da inglisuri
reziumeebi. Sesaval nawilSi dasabuTebulia Temis aqtualoba
da 50 wliani sakvlevi periodis oTx etapad dayofa. avtorma
Temis etapebad dayofas safuZvlad daudo is Taviseburebani,
rac sakvlevi xanis TiToeul monakveTSi arsebobda. misive sa-
marTliani SeniSvniT mxaris kolonizaciisaTvis carizmma XIX
saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi Se-
inarCina miwaTmflobeloba_miwaTsargeblobis osmaluri for-
mebi, saadgilmamulo gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado sistema~
(gv. 7).
416
iqve, siRrmiseulad aris gaanalizebuli wyaroTmcodneo-
biTi baza. mkvlevars moZiebuli da Seswavlili aqvs, rogorc
gamoqveynebuli dokumenturi wyaroebi, aseve saarqivo masale-
bi, romlebic pirvelad Semoaqvs samecniero brunvaSi da sru-
liad axal warmodgenas gviqmnis TiTqosda kargad cnobil sa-
kiTxebze.
farTod aris gamoyenebuli qarTuli da rusuli Jurnal-
gazeTebi, statistikuri krebulebi, mosaxleobis aRweris masa-
lebi, TviTmxilveli mogzaurebis, memuaruli literaturisa
da Tavad mecnieris savele-eTnografiuli masala.
yovelmxriv aris damuSavebuli da saTanadod Sefasebuli
samecniero literatura da saerTod, kritikulad aris war-
modgenili, rogorc pirveladi wyaroebi, aseve sakiTxis garSe-
mo arsebuli istoriografia.
ruseTma TurqeTTan omis Semdeg aWaris imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi SemosvlisTanave rusuli administraciuli mmarTvelo-
ba SemoiRo. Tanamdebobebze mxolod rusi moxeleebi iniSne-
bodnen. daiwyo rusuli enis danergvis procesi. `mmarTvelobis
yvela rgolSi _ aRniSnulia gamokvlevaSi - saqmis warmoeba ru-
sul enaze mimdinareobda, rac mkvidri mosaxleobis mdgomare-
obas kidev ufro amZimebda~ (gv. 43).
maRal mecnierul doneze aris Seswavlili aWaraSi mimdi-
nare agraruli urTierTobani, osmaluri miwaTsargeblobis we-
sidan imperiis cxovrebis wesze gadasvlis mtkivneuli proce-
sebi.
sainteresod aris axsnili aWaridan muhajirobis mizezebi.
erTi SexedviT xalxi mSobliuri kuTxidan TiTqos Tavisi nebiT
midioda. faqtobrivi masalis moxmobiT dadasturebulia, rom
es iyo mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis, religiuri fa-
natizmis, wamqezeblobis, mosaxleobaze politikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri zewolis, rusuli samxedro-politikuri aparatis aR-
viraxsnilobis Sedegi.
sarecenzio naSromis avtoris samarTliani SefasebiT `sam-
xreT-saqarTvelodan mosaxleobis emigraciiT dainteresebuli
iyo rogorc ruseTis, ise osmaleTis mTavrobebi~. ruseTi am
miwebs saxazino miwebad aqcevda. amave dros koloniuri mizne-
bisaTvis iyenebda (gv. 73). yuradReba gamaxvilebulia carizmis
gansakuTrebul interesebze baTumis olqis zRvispireTis so-
cialur-ekonomikuri aTvisebisaTvis, sakuTari interesebidan
417
gamomdinare Caisa da subtropikuli kulturebis ganviTarebi-
saTvis (ix. gv. 79).
avtorma yuradRba miaqcia mxaris kolonizaciis sakiTxebs.
rusi da sxva eTnikuri elementebis saqarTveloSi da kerZod
aWaraSi CasaxlebiT mkvidri erovnebis winaaRmdegobac Zalas
dakargavda da maTi damorCileba advilad moxerxdeboda
(gv.85).
saarqivo wyaroebze dayrdnobiT warmoCenilia glexobis
socialuri struqtura, miwaTmflobelobis evolucia da mesa-
kuTreTa jgufebis daxasiaTeba. am metad saintereso da rTuli
sakiTxis daxasiaTebas naSromis calke Tavi eZRvneba.
sainteresoa, rom baTumis olqSi xiznebis ori kategoria
arsebobda: adgilobrivi qarTvelebi da ucxo qveynebidan Semo-
xiznulni. xizanTa meore kategoriaSi iricxebodnen qurTebi,
berZnebi da boSebi (gv.110).
saTanadod aris gaSuqebuli miwaTsargeblobis formebi.
miwis ijariT gacema da sxv. mimoxilulia soflis meurneobis
kulturebi, rac damaxasiaTebelia aWaris reliefisaTvis. av-
toris piradi dakvirvebisa da specialuri eTnologiuri sa-
mecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia Sromis
iaraRebi, transporti da a.S.
istoriuli eqskursis moxmobiT naCvenebia aRa-begebis mi-
waTmflobelobis Taviseburebani, rac aWaris osmaleTis impe-
riaSi yofnis dros arsebobda. maT kerZo sakuTrebaSi yma-mamu-
lebi aRar hqondaT. imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg
qarTvelebi, romlebic gavlenian begebad iTvlebodnen aranak-
leb ukmayofiloni iyvnen carizmis xelisuflebisadmi (gv. 125).
sarecenzio naSromis avtorma saTanadod gaaSuqa sakulto
nagebobebi, eklesiebisa da meCeTebis miwaTsargeblobis prob-
lemebi, savakufo miwebis sakiTxebi (gv. 160-169).
kapitalizmis ganviTarebas garkveuli uaryofiTi Sedege-
bic hqonda. kerZod, adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis nawi-
li iZulebuli xdeboda saukeTeso savargulebi ucxo tomeleb-
ze gaeyida. es iyo erovnuli tragedia, TiTqmis danaSaulis
tolfasi. am mtkivneul procesebs faqtobrivi masaliT gad-
moscems avtori da samarTlianad askvnis, rom `miwis kapitali-
zaciis Sedegad aramarto demografiuli, aramed socialuri
suraTic Seicvala. Camoyalbda miwismflobelTa axali jgufi,
romelic ZiriTadad ucxoelebisagan Sedgeboda~ (gv.193). qar-
418
Tuli miwis mflobelebi xdebian Cineli lau jon-jau, somexi
gaitur megovoriani, rusi m. sinicini, germaneli p. panceri da
a.S. mTlianobaSi erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT moaxalSe-
ne miwismflobelTa umravlesobas rusebi warmoadgendnen. meo-
re adgili ekavaT somxebsa da berZnebs. aWaraSi miwismflobel-
Ta Soris gvxvdebian frangebi, ingliselebi, germanelebi, ita-
lielebi, danielebi, Cexebi, latvielebi, ukrainelebi, Turqebi,
sparselebi, polonelebi, belorusebi da sxva eris warmomad-
genlebi. 1925 wlis monacemebiT, 22 moaxaleSne sazRvargareTis
saxelmwifos qveSevrdomi iyo (gv. 197).
farTo xasiaTis masStabebi miiRo agrarulma moZraobam
aWaraSi XIX saukunis bolos da gansakuTrebiT 1905-1907 wlebis
revoluciis dros. am fonze aRsaniSnavia qvemo aWaris glexTa
1905 wlis Tebervlis ajanyeba, ris Sesaxeb masalebi gamoaqvey-
nes, rogorc kavkasiis, ise ruseTisa da evropis presam. aRniS-
nul movlenebze sainteresod aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba
gamokvlevaSi. saadgil-mamulo gadasaxadebis gazrda reaqciis
periodSi mosaxleobas aiZulebda saprotesto gamosvlebis
sxvadasxva forma eZebna. 1907-1917 wlebSi protestis pasiuri
forma _ mosaxleobis ayra-gaqceva farTod gavrcelda aWaraSi
(gv. 290).
pirveli respublikis periodSi politikuri kataklizme-
bis fonze samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo evropa-osmaleTis in-
teresebis erT-erTi mTavari poligoni gaxda. amas mohyva axali
okupacia sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan da bilSevikuri agraruli
eqsperimentis ganxorcileba aWaraSi, iseve, rogorc mTel sa-
qarTveloSi. es sakiTxebi saarqivo dokumentebiT aris Sejere-
buli da mraval siaxles gvTavazobs.
Cvenis azriT, sarecenzio naSromis maRali done erTdro-
ulad ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba: 1. avtoris profesiona-
lizmi; 2, specialuri da momijnave samecniero literaturis
safuZvliani codna; 3. epoqis istoriuli procesebis siRrmise-
uli gaazreba; 4. axali saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroebis kri-
tikuli analizi da samecniero brunvaSi Semotana.
aqve aRvniSnavT araarsebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvnasa da sur-
vils: 1. naSromis 92-e gverdze naTqvamia, rom 1914 wels axal-
sofelsa da donguzadaSi ~ZiriTadad seqtantebi da baptistebi
cxovrobdnen~. gamodis, rom seqtanti da baptisti sxvadasxva
cnebaa. realurad ki baptistebi igive seqtantebi arian. 2. sa-
419
surveli iyo yoveli Tavi mokle daskvnebiT Seejamebina av-
tors, an naSromis dasasruls punqtobrivad Camoeyalibebina
kvlevis Sedegebi.
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom prof. o. TurmaniZis mo-
nografia mniSvnelovani gamokvlevaa da qarTuli istoriogra-
fiis mdidari SenaZenia.
Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Professor
Review on Otar Turmanidze’s Monograph: `Land Relations and Agrar-ian Movement in The South – West Georgia (1878 - 1928)~, Batumi, 2009
Summary
Otar Turmanidze’s Monograph: `Land Relations and Agrarian Move-
ment in The South – West Georgia (1878 - 1928)~, Batumi, 2009 is evaluated in the article. It is said that the current agrarianrelations in Ajara in 1878 -1928 are monographically studied in the work. The reasons of population Mukhajirism from Ajara are very interestingly explained. The colonization problems of the region are given in the work as well.
420
dodo WumburiZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane ja-
vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa
da eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxle-
si istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-
TanamSromeli
axali gamokvleva ilia WavWavaZis
mkvlelobaze
2011 wlis bolos gamovida
Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis sa-
xelobis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis profesoris Tengiz simaS-
vilis monografiuli gamokvleva
_`social-demokrati bolSeviki
teroristebi _ ilia WavWavaZis
mkvlelebi~. wignis avtori didi
xania ikvlevs ruseTis imperiis
saidumlo-politikuri policii-
sa da revoluciur-teroristu-
li organizaciebis saqmianobas,
aseve, Tanamedrove radikalur
islamur mimdinareobebs kavkasi-
asa da saqarTveloSi, evropasa
da amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
Si. misi kvlevebiT dainteresdnen sazRvargareTis samecniero
centrebi da ramdenjerme miiwvies axalgazrda qarTveli mecni-
eri erTobliv proeqtebze samuSaod. ruseTis Jandarmeriisa da
oxrankis saqmianobis paralelurad, Tengiz simaSvilma Seiswav-
la ilias mkvlelobaze Seqmnili yvela saxis literatura, sa-
arqivo da presis masalebi da 2008 wels `axali da uaxlesi is-
toriis narkvevebSi~ pirvelad gamoTqva mosazreba, rom iliko
imerliSvili, igive `imereli~ cnobili social-demokrati bol-
Seviki teroristi, duSeTis mazraSi moqmedi social-demokra-
tebis mcxeTis `wiTeli razmis~ meTauri, ilia WavWavaZis mosak-
lavad ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis mTavari organi-
zatori da ilias fizikuri mkvlelobis uSualo monawilea.
421
aqamde bevri mkvlevari am fsevdonimis iqiT sergo orjonikiZes
moiazrebda. ramdenime xnis Semdeg, damoukideblad, igive das-
kvnamde mivida literatori nodar grigalaSvili da am sakiT-
xze gamosca kidec saintereso wigni. Temis irgvliv polemika
gaaqtiurda, ris gamoc Tengiz simaSvilma sakiTxis dasazusteb-
lad moZiebuli uamravi saarqivo dokumentis analiziT, tero-
ristuli organizaciebis specifikis da saqarTveloSi ruseTis
pirveli revoluciis dros moqmed wiTel razmebze arsebuli
informaciebiT SeZlo Seeqmna vrceli monografia, sadac daw-
vrilebiTaa ganxiluli TemasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi.
mkvlevari uamravi wyarosa da literaturis, sasamarTlo
eqspertizebisa Tu dakiTxvis oqmebis, im drois sazogadoebri-
vi viTarebis, partiuli da klasobrivi interesebis analiziT,
adgens, rom ilia WavWavaZis fizikuri mkvlelebi iyvnen: gigla
berbiWaSvili, vano (ivane) inaSvili, pavle fSavliSvili (afcia-
uri) da iliko (ilia) imerliSvili. maT exmarebodnen da mkvle-
lobaSi monawileobdnen: dimitri jaSi da lado feiqriSvili.
mkvlelobis damkveTi iyo rsdmp (bolSevikebis) kavkasiis komi-
teti. organizaciis erT-erT krebaze miRebuli dadgenileba
gadasces organizaciis miTiTebiT moqmed mcxeTis `wiTel
razms~, romlis wevrebmac es davaleba `pirnaTlad~ Seasrules.
monografias axlavs eqvsasamde gamoyenebuli wyarosa da
samecniero literaturis dasaxeleba, oTxasamde saarqivo do-
kumentis fotopiri, rac naTels xdis mkvlevris mier Catare-
bul Sromasa da kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli mecnieruli das-
kvnebis obieqturobaSi gvarwmunebs.
wignis prezentacia moewyo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da iakob gogebaSvilis sa-
xelobis Telavis universitetSi. sityviTa da moxsenebebiT ga-
movidnen istorikosebi, mwerlebi, sazogadoebis warmomadgen-
lebi, maT Soris _ ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologi-
is institutis TanamSromlebi.
422
Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, main research scientist of Ivane Javakh-ishvili Institute of History and Ethnology.
The New Study About Ilia Chavchavadze’s Murder
Summary
In the monograph of Tengiz Simashvili, Professor of Telavi Univer-
sity, on the basis of new archive materials it is documentary proved that Ilia Chavchavadze was killed by the group of Mtskheta `Red Detachment~, the head of which was Ilia Imerlishvili. The members of the detachment were: Gigla Berbichashvili, Vano Inashvili and Pavle Pshavlishvili. Killer was Imerlishvili himself. Participants of this murder were: Dmitri Jashi and Lado Peiqrishvili. Murder was ordered by the Caucasian committee of LPRSD.
423
gela saiTiZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-
fesori
avTandil sonRulaSvili
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-
fesori
guldasmiT wasakiTxi wigni
mimdinare wels qarTvelma mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam uda-
vod kargi saCuqari miiRo _ gamovida mxcovani mecnierisa da
SesaniSnavi sazogado moRvawis, profesor ioseb Ciqavas monog-
rafiuli gamokvleva: `Jordanias mTavrobis da erovnuli Zale-
bis moRvaweoba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis
(1921-1933 ww.)~. wigni, romelic 300-ze met gverds moicavs, Sed-
geba Sesavlis, rva Tavisa da daskvnisagan.
aseTi gamocemis saWiroebaze avtori Tavadve miuTiTebs
wignis winaTqmaSi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `winamdebare monog-
rafias vaqveynebT azrTa Sejerebis da WeSmaritebis dadgenis
mizniT. vinaidan aRniSnul problemaze arsebobs saqarTvelos
mTavrobis avtoritetuli komisiis daskvna da araerTi mecnie-
ris kompetenturi naSromi, romlebSic mocemulia met-nakle-
bad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi~ [gv. 3].
avtorisave miTiTebiT, es `mosazrebebi da daskvnebi~ mis-
Tvis misaRebi da gasaziarebeli yofila, Tumca zogierT sakiT-
xTan dakavSirebiT gadauwyvetia `erTgvarad gansxvavebuli mo-
sazrebebis~ gamoTqma da axleburi formulirebis gakeTeba...
gamomdinare aqedan, igi mouwodebs `mecnierebs, politikosebs
da sxva kompetentur pirebs~, romlebic am problemiT arian
`dainteresebulni, erTxel kidev daafiqsiron dokumentebze
dafuZnebuli argumentirebuli mosazrebebi da gaakeTon ufro
sarwmuno da damajerebeli daskvnebi~ [iqve, gv. 3].
am gancxadebis Semdeg naTeli xdeba avtoris pozicia imas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra saqmianobas eweoda sazRvargareT,
emigraciaSi gaxiznuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos kanonieri
mTavroba pirveli aTwleulis manZilze, anu manam, sanam misi
legitimuri arseboba sabolood ar gauqmdeboda~ (1933 w.).
aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT, marTlac, araerTi
mecnieruli gamokvleva Tu pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobis mogo-
424
nebani arsebobs, romelTa avtorebic rogorc qarTveli, ise
sazRvargareTeli mkvlevrebi, sazogado da samxedro moRvawee-
bi, cnobili mwerlebi da publicistebi arian. sarecenzio naS-
romidan sCans, rom avtori kargad icnobs am literaturas da
ufro metsac: samecniero mimoqcevaSi dRemde Semoutanel sa-
arqivo dokumentebsac; axdens maTSi moxmobili mosazrebebis
citirebas, gamoTqvams Tavis damokidebulebas ama Tu im faqti-
sa da movlenis gamo sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebas...
gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod da Tanamedrove mkvlevar-
TaTvis sasargeblod migvaCnia wignSi araerTi istoriuli Ri-
rebulebis dRemde ucnobi an, naklebadcnobili dokumentis
sruli teqstis mTlianad motana... maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: ge-
neral hekeris 1920 wlis dekembris saidumlo moxseneba [gv. 43-
47]; noe Jordanias adiutantis kote imnaZis `dRiurebSi~
1921wlis TebervalSi, Tbilisis datovebasTan dakavSirebiT ga-
keTebuli Canawerebi [gv. 55-60]; n. ma-lis `naambobi~ tabaxme-
lasTan omis Sesaxeb [gv. 61-69]; nik. ToxaZis mier warmoTqmuli
sityva 1971 wlis 19 marts parizSi, qarTuli saTvistomos kre-
baze [gv. 69-72]; Salva abduSelis mogoneba `Tebervlis dReebi~
[gv. 72-78]; val. CubiniZis `mogonebebi~ [gv. 78-86]; saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis
1921 wlis 27 martis mimarTva msoflios socialisturi parti-
ebisadmi [gv. 111-119]; fil. maxaraZis 1921 wlis 6 dekembris sai-
dumlo moxseneba ruseTis kompartiis cekasadmi... [gv. 144-155];
noe Jordanias moxseneba sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenelTa
konferenciaze, 1922 wlis TebervalSi [gv. 157-162]; S. amireji-
bis moxseneba qarTuli saTvistomos sxdomaze 1924 wlis agvis-
tos ajanyebis Sesaxeb [gv. 245-265] da sxv.
avtors, aseTi teqstebis srulad motanasTan dakavSirebi-
Tac naTlad aqvs dafiqsirebuli Tavisi pozicia Salva amire-
jibis naazrevisadmi gakeTebul mokle komentarSi, sadac wers:
vinaidan, es axali da mdidari masala samecniero mimoqcevaSi
gvian iqna Semotanili, misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba am prob-
lemaze momuSave sxva mkvlevrebs ar eqnebodaT, amitom gamar-
Tlebulad vTvli am precendentis daSvebas, raTa momavali
mkvlevrebi mainc SeeSvan sxvaTa mier moZiebuli citatebis
gadmocitirebas da sxvaTa namuSakaris gaTavisebaso.
avtors Tavisi saTqmeli ganfenili aqvs wignis rva TavSi
Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
425
I. revoluciis eqsporti, saqarTvelos gasabWoeba;
II. saqarTvelos gasabWoeba;
III. demokratiuli mTavrobis RonisZiebani damoukideblo-
bis SesanarCuneblad;
IV. brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis;
V. genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia da saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobis aRdgenis problema;
VI. 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyeba _ qveynis damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis gmiruli furceli;
VII. erTa ligis roli da demokratiuli Zalebis mxardaWe-
ra saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi;
VIII. legaciis gauqmeba.
kvlevis konkretuli Sedegebi ki gamotanili aqvs sakmaod
vrcel daskvnaSi, romelSic ara mxolod warsulis, aramed sad-
Reisod gamosadegi Sexedulebebic aqvs Camoyalibebuli.
avtori Tavis monografiaSi vrclad mimoixilavs Cveni
qveynis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis perspeqtivebs. ra Tqma
unda, istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlenad Tvlis 1918 wlis 26
maiss aRsrulebul faqts _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga-
mocxadebas, mis rols qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri, kul-
turuli Tu samxedro mSeneblobis gzaze; damoukidebeli, de-
mokratiuli mTavrobis mier gatarebul RonisZiebebs saxelmwi-
foebrivi mSeneblobisaTvis; did tragediad miiCnevs mis xelax-
la okupaciasa da aneqsias, moZalade CrdiloeTeli mezoblis
mxridan. miaCnia, rom `1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelo ga-
sabWoebul iqna ZiriTadad gareSe Zalebis mier _ es iyo sabWo-
Ta ruseTi da misi wiTeli armia [gv. 306-307]. magram iqve Seg-
vaxsenebs, rom `aq Savi TeTrisagan unda ganvasxvavoT~, anu un-
da gaviTvaliswinoT Tu `ra viTareba Seiqmna saqarTveloSi
1801 wels ruseTis mier qveynis mierTebis Semdeg, ra iyo misi
faqtobrivi Sedegebi (kolonizacia) da ra asparezi gadauSala
sabWoTa xelisuflebam axal saqarTvelos... [iqve, gv. 307]. ker-
Zod, `miuRebel mwvave represiebTan da sxva Seuwynarebel uar-
yofiT movlenebTan erTad bevri sasikeToc misca sabWoTa xe-
lisuflebam Cvens xalxs...~ [iqve].
swored aq aris saWiro avtoris mosazrebaTa zustad gage-
ba da ara imis daufiqreblad wamoZaxili _ prof. i. Ciqavas sab-
WoTa xelisuflebis nostalgia gasCeniao. Tu movlenebs `dro-
sa da sivrceSi~ ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom carizmi didi
426
gulmodginebiT cdilobda imperiaSi Semavali mcire erebis, e.
w. `inorodcebis~, yovelmxriv asimilacias, mamulisa da enis
warTmevas, rwmenis Seuracxyofas, ris winaaRmdegac saukuneze
meti xanis manZilze ibrZoda qarTveli xalxic da rom ara XIX
saukunis 60-nelTa _ iliasa da mis TanamoazreTa Tavgadadebu-
li winaaRmdegoba, vin icis ra moxdeboda?!
TviTmpyrobluri ruseTis memkvidre _ sabWoTa kavSirma
da mis saTaveSi gadatrialebis gziT mosulma bolSevikebma,
erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis saqveynod gacxadebiT, Tavi
iZulebuli gaixades, raTa rigi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi
miecaT sabWoTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi erebisaTvis. aman Seqmna
SesaZlebloba imisa, rom saqarTvelos mcxovrebT garkveuli
SeRavaTebi mieRoT sakavSiro (anu saimperio) xelisuflebisa-
gan; amasTan erTad centraluri biujetidan soliduri asigne-
bani gamoeyoT respublikis ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmSe-
neblobisaTvis... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aq mimdinare procesebs
gakontrolebis TvaliT gamudmebiT uyurebda emigraciaSi ga-
xiznuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgen-
lebi. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada bevri iseTi ram aSenebuliyo Tu
gakeTebuliyo sabWoTa wlebSi, razec manamde ocnebac ki war-
moudgeneli iyo. (mag. `dinamos~ stadionis, rusTav-qalaqis,
metropolitenis, engurhesis da a. S. gaxsenebac sakmarisia),
aRaras vambobT soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis, kulturis,
ganaTlebis sferoebSi miRweul warmatebebze... SemoqmedebiTi
niWisa da Sromismoyvare qarTveli xalxis mSvidobiani saSuale-
bebiT SeCereba vinaidan SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom mimarTavdnen
bolSevikebi represiebsa da sisxlisRvras. gana mizanmimarTuli
genocidi ar iyo saqarTvelosaTvis, ukmayofilebis gamomTqme-
li adamianebis cixe-dapatimrebebi, masobrivi daxvretebi, sam-
milion naxevari respublikidan 700 aTasi adamianis meore
msoflio omis (1941-1945) frontebze gawveva da sxv.
avtors, esa aqvs mxedvelobaSi, roca wers: `monografiaSi
motanili didZali sabuTebi da saarqivo dokumentebi uflebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis aqti ar iyo
qveynis tipiuri okupacia, romelic miznad isaxavda sxvisi te-
ritoriis dapyrobas da misi mosaxleobis damonebas, aramed
iyo qveynis gasabWoeba, rusuli wiTeli armiis meoxebiT, ro-
melsac qveynad hyavda mxardamWeri Zalebi...~ [gv. 307].
427
avtoris azriT, SemdgomSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma da-
adastura, rom `sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi yvela cda
saqarTvelos dakarguli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad ganwi-
ruli da uperspeqtivo iyo~ [gv. 308], xolo `1991 wlis 9 ap-
rils _ qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgena ssr kavSiris ngrevis
Sedegi iyo. igi erTgvarad daaCqara damoukideblobisaTvis
mebrZoli Sida Zalebis aqtiurobam da mZlavrma erovnulma
moZraobam~ _ daaskvnis avtori.
Tanamedrove etapze, damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa da
qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis sakiTxebze roca fiqrobs, prof.
i. Ciqavas upirveles mosagvareblad xelmZRvanel adgilebze
myofi politikuri da sameurneo kadrebis profesiuli da zne-
obrivi profili miaCnia; rom `xelisuflebaSi axalgazrdebTan
erTad unda iyvnen saRad moazrovne, gamocdili, erovnuli,
windaxeduli moRvaweebi~, magram qveynisa da sazogadoebisaT-
vis sazianod miaCnia is, rom `ori aTeuli wlis manZilze, qvey-
nis saTaveSi, parlamentsa da mTavrobaSi, sakrebuloebSi, gu-
bernatorebad da gamgeblebad, mokalaTebulni arian yofili
mekuWnave-mesawyobeebi, saqmosnebi da a. S., romlebsac sxvadas-
xva gziT iSoves kapitali da axla politikaSi eZeben TavSesa-
fars... aseTma vaixelmZRvanelebma gakotrebamde miiyvanes qve-
yana da xalxi~, _ dasZens avtori.
igi gamosavals xedavs imaSi, Tu qveynis saTaveSi iqnebian _
brZeni, daRvinebuli patiosani politikosebi, sazogado moRva-
weebi da ara SemTxveviTi TviTmarqvia liderebi... rom `mxolod
da mxolod saRi azri, goniereba, samSoblos siyvaruli da er-
Tianoba gadaarCens qveyanas~ [gv. 311].
naTqvamia: `miTxari vinaa Seni megobari da getyvi vina xar
Sen~. am gamoTqmis pasuxi prof. i. Ciqavas Tavisi wignis winaT-
qmaSi aqvs gacxadebuli, roca farTo mkiTxvel sazogadoebas
Tavad auwyebs im gamoCenil mamuliSvilTa saxelebs, romlebic
misi ganuyreli megobrebi yofilan da konkretulad asaxelebs
maT: mirian narmania, gigla jvebenava, SoTa daraselia, SoTa
mesxia, damiane gogoxia, iuri kaWarava, irakli anTelava, ilia
tabaRua, Jora surmava, mixeil Rvinjilia, kolia sturua, da-
viT gvritiSvili, givi kiRuraZe, niko qorTua, beqirbi xasia,
giorgi canava, givi gvenetaZe, SoTa jRamaZe, lavrenti da So-
Tiko sotkilavebi, duru maqacaria, valodia gulordava. ara-
viTari da sxva da ase Semdeg! swored maT naTel xsovnas uZ-
428
Rvnis wlebiT damZimebuli pirovneba Tavis bolodroindel
naSroms.
gulisyurian mkiTxvels albaT arc es faqti darCeba yu-
radReba miuqceveli. wignSi araerTi pirovnebis Rvawlsa da
damsaxurebazea obieqturi msjeloba, warmoCenilia maTi `saqme-
ni sagmironi~, Tumca TiTqmis ugulvebelyofilia iseTi sazo-
gado da politikuri moRvawis saxeli, rogoric iyo generali
konstantine afxazi... istoriaSi dasarCenad SesaZloa didi
ilias diswulobac yofnoda, magram, cnobilia, rom am upira-
tesobiT mas arasdros usargeblia, rogorc saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobis gamocxadebamde, ise damoukideblobis wlebSi.
man Tavisi pirovnuli TvisebebiT da mamuliSviluri RvawliT
daimsaxura aRiareba Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris. igi rogorc
samxedro, gamoirCeoda Tavisi simamaciT da gmiruli SemarTe-
biT sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros, Rirseulad edga saTaveSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavad-aznaurobas, rogorc maTi wi-
namZRoli (marSali). iyo ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos arCeuli
wevri, Tavisi qveynis da xalxis interesebis damcveli... cariz-
mis damxobis Semdeg, sxva mamuliSvilebis mxardamxar monawile-
obda yvela saerovno saqmis gadawvetaSi, iyo saqarTvelos
erovnuli yrilobis mowvevis iniciatori, mxarSi edga iv. java-
xiSvilis qarTuli universitetis daarsebis saqmeSi, iyo saqar-
Tvelos `damoukideblobis aqtis~ erT-erTi Semoqmedi, saqar-
Tvelos parlamentis wevri, `upartioTa partiis~ damfuZnebeli
da xelmZRvaneli, saqarTvelos parlamentis samxedro komisiis
wevri, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis yrilobis erT-erTi
Tavmjdomare, mogvianebiT saqarTvelos demokratiuli partiis
Tavmjdomare. emigraciaSi ar wavida, radgan Tvlida, rom ga-
Wirvebis Jams samSoblos mitoveba uRirsi saqme iyo samxedro
pirisaTvis, miTumetes RenerlisaTvis... zneobriv Segonebad ga-
modgeba misi sityvebi: `sad gagonila Renerlebi brZolis veli-
dan garbodnen maSin, roca samSoblo gansacdelSia~-o. aq ki
Tavis 14 TanamoazresTan erTad `Cekistebis~ tyvia miiRo Sub-
lSi. igi namdvilad zneobrivi gmiri unda gaxdes momavali Tao-
bebisaTvis.
Cveni azriT, naSromi maRal profesiul donezea daweri-
li, Tumca aseT mSvenier wignSi arc Tu iSviaTad gvxvdeba da-
sanani stilisturi da koreqturuli Secdomebi...
429
amasTan erTad gvaqvs erTi seriozuli SeniSvnac: ara Tu
kargi, aramed aucilebeli iyo naSroms Tan darTvoda vrceli
reziume, romelime ucxo enaze, rac mas ramdenadme xelmisaw-
vdoms gaxdida saqarTvelos istoriiTa da qarTveli xalxis be-
diT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis, miTumetes dRevandel
saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi.
P.S. Tavs uflebas mivcemT da baton iosebs, 90 wels gada-
cilebul mxcovan mecniers, omgadaxdil jariskacs, mSromeli
xalxis samsaxurSi damaSvral sazogado moRvawes, yvelasTvis
misabaZ zrdil kolxs, vusurvoT janmrTeloba da kidev did-
xans sicocxle, raTa kidev araerTi Rirebuli naSromiT gaam-
didros qarTuli istoriuli mecniereba.
Gela Saitidze
Doctor of the Historical sciences, Professor
Avtandil Songulashvili Doctor of the Historical sciences, Professor
A Book that Should Be Red Thoroughly
Sammary
Sometimes ago readers had a pleasure to have a new, comprehensively
interesting monograph written by a well-knownprofessor, doctor of historical sciences and public figure in years Iosef Chikava. The book, `Activities of Jordania’s Government and National Forces For Restoring Georgia (1921-1933)~, consists of preface, eight chapters and conclusion. The author in his preface mentions that there is not a single scientific work, resolutions of au-thoritative state commissions, archive materials that are in scientific circula-tion, memoires of the famous public figures about the mentioned problem where `you can find more or less various viewpoints and conclusions~. But however the authorstill decided to express `different opinions and new state-ments~ about some problems.
430
Professor I. Chikava successfully fulfills his promise and clearly for-mulates his position about the activity of forcedly exiled abroadlegal gov-ernment of the independent Georgia during the first ten years. The concrete results of the research are given in a quite big conclusion, where not only the results of the past are evaluated but are given some viewpoints that must be taken into consideration today.
Worthy of note is the author’s viewpoint when he evaluates historical facts objectively, from the point of view of science without propaganda. Of course he believes the act of announcing the independence of Georgia in May, 26, 1918 and the measures that government carried on for the benefit of the country creationwere great historical events. He believes that reoccupa-tion and annexation of the country by Bolsheviks Russia and etc. was a great tragedy. But he writes: `here we should make difference between black and white~, it means we should `realize what kind of situation was in Georgia from 1801 when Russia joined the country and what Soviet government pro-posed to the new Georgia~.
According to author’s opinion `besides intolerable, harsh repressions and other intolerable negative events Soviet government gave our people many benefits… ~
Professor I. Chikava mentions that the act of February, 25, 1921 was not a typical occupation of the country that aimed capturing territory of other countryand enslavement of the people, but it was a Sovietisation of the coun-try with the help of red army, which had supporters in the country~, that So-viet Union and its Bolshevik leaders who came to their ruling positions by coup d'étatannouncing publicly the right of nations’ self-determination obliged themselves to give nations living in the Soviet Unionsome rights and independence. Among them were Georgians. Creative and industrious Geor-gian people manage to do in those conditions the things that were unimagin-able before.
By showing the concrete facts and analyzing them professor I. Chikava gives readers interesting and special conclusions. In our opinion this is the reason of the author’s victory.
431
nodar latibaSvili
iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis
saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti
brZola saqarTveloSi pirveli
mravalpartiuli arCevnebisTvis
1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragikulma movlenam gardamtexi
roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobaSi.
9 aprilis tragedia iyo is mijna, roca mTeli qarTveli
eri ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg erTianad gamovida. saqarTve-
los komunistur xelisuflebas sabolood gautyda saxeli. sa-
qarTveloSi faqtobrivad orxelisuflebianoba damyarda.
radikalurma politikurma partiebma Seqmnes erovnu-
li xsnis komiteti. misi umTavresi mizani iyo saqarTvelos sab-
WoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gamoyvana da damoukideblobis
mopoveba, rac etapobrivad unda ganxorcielebuliyo.
amgvari moqmedeba iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa xelisuf-
lebis struqturebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebas, brZolis saSua-
lebad saprotesto mSvidobiani moZraobis (gaficvebi, mitinge-
bi, SimSiloba) gamoyenebas.
erovnuli xsnis komitetis iniciativiT, 1989 wlis oq-
tomberSi, TbilisSi, sportis sasaxlesTan, qarTveli axalgaz-
rdebis mjdomare aqcia gaimarTa. isini sabWoTa armiaSi samsa-
xurze uars acxadebdnen. xelovnebis muzeumTan, afxazeTidan
Camosuli qarTvelebic, protestis am formiT regionSi arse-
buli problemebis mogvarebas moiTxovdnen.
1989 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi erovnuli xsnis komite-
tis wevrebi ramdenjerme Sexvdnen saqarTvelos partiuli xe-
lisuflebis warmomadgenlebs sxvadasxva moTxovnebiT. isini
sazRvargareTis qveynebis politikur organizaciebTan urTi-
erTobas, saerTaSoriso forumebze daswrebis uflebas, im wve-
432
vamdelebis dausjelobas iTxovdnen, romlebic uars ambobdnen
sabWoTa armiaSi samsaxurze.
gaficulTa moTxovnebSi aseve sxva problemebis saswara-
fod gadaWris moTxovnac Sedioda: soxumSi 1989 wlis ivlisSi
momxdari sisxliani Setakebis moTaveebis dasja; afxazeTis ram-
denime raionSi sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagani jarebis nacvlad qar-
Tuli miliciis Seyvana; e.w. `samxreT oseTis“ avtonomiuri ol-
qis saxelwodebis Secvla cxinvalis olqiT; rokis gvirabis ga-
uqmeba; gardabnis, marneulis, dmanisis raionebsa da foniWala-
Si ukanonod mitacebuli miwebis dabruneba kanonier mflobel-
TaTvis; kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis daSla da
maT mier mikuTvnebuli miwebis glexobis xelSi gadacema; sae-
Tero dro televiziaSi, radioSi, alternatiuli adgili res-
publikis centralur gazeTebSi da a.S.
opoziciuri politikuri partiebis zegavleniT, 1990
wlis martSi, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo specialuri
dadgenileba, romliTac 1921 wlis TebervalSi, saqarTvelos wi-
naaRmdeg sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro moqmedeba Sefasebuli iyo,
rogorc qveynis okupacia da faqtobrivi aneqsia. imave uzenaesma
sabWom 1990 wlis martSi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos arCev-
nebis Catarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebac miiRo. arCevnebis mi-
marT saqarTveloSi arsebulma politikurma partiebma araer-
Tgvarovani pozicia daikaves.
1990 wlis 13-15 marts radikaluri Zalebis iniciativiT
TbilisSi, filarmoniis did darbazSi, erovnuli moZraobis sa-
gangebo konferencia _ erovnuli forumi Catarda. erovnuli
xsnis mTavarma komitetma TviTlikvidacia gamoacxada. masSi
erovnuli moZraobis yvela ZiriTadi Zala monawileobda. ker-
Zod, masSi Sediodnen: 1. helsinkis kavSiri; 2. erovnul-demok-
ratiuli partia; 3. monarqistuli partia; 4. wminda ilia mar-
Tlis sazogadoeba; 5. demokratiuli partia; 6. erovnuli da-
moukideblobis partia; 7. qristianul-demokratiuli kavSiri.
maTgan forumSi 3-3 wevri Sedioda, sul 21 wevri. axali orga-
nizaciebidan forumSi TiTo-TiTo wevri Sevida. amrigad, Tav-
dapirvelad forumSi 42 wevri Sedioda. [1, 114]
forumma boikoti gamoucxada 1990 wlis 25 martis arCev-
nebs da saerTod ukanonod scno sabWoTa sistema. erovnulma
forumma Seurigebeli pozicia daikava arsebuli xelisuflebis
433
mimarT. erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri axalgazrduli frTa
maqsimalurad upirispirdeboda sabWoTa sistemas, mis saxel-
mwifoebriv struqturebs. maTi azriT, erovnul moZraobas un-
da mieRwia saqarTvelos koloniuri mdgomareobis aRiarebi-
saTvis da daumorCielblobis gziT ebrZola dekolonizacii-
saTvis.
momavali arCevnebisadmi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobis damokidebulebis gasacnobad sainteresoa 1990 wlis
12 marts saxalxo frontis mier gamoqveynebuli mimarTva. [2]
mimarTva sazogadoebas Seaxsenebda, rom saparlamento
brZola mxolod erT-erTi saSualeba iyo damoukideblobisken
mimaval gzaze da ara erTaderTi. damoukideblobisken mimaval
gzaze iseTi parlamentis gamoyeneba, rogoric saqarTvelos
hqonda, SesaZlebeli iyo. radikaluri banaki sruliad uaryof-
da sabWoTa arCevnebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas. `sad gago-
nila, _ acxadebdnen qristian-demokratebi, _ erTpartiuli
sistemis arsebobisas WeSmaritad demokratiuli arCevnebi. am
saqmis ayola Cveni saerTo-saero saqmis dasamarebas xom ar niS-
navs? movuxmoT gonebas, mxari davuWiroT boikots!~ [3]
25 martis arCevnebis CaSla gamoiwvia radikaluri moZra-
obis imJamindelma gaerTianebam da erT Tvalsazrisze dadgo-
mam, rac misasalmebeli da nayofieri iyo.
13-15 martis konferenciam iuridiuli Zalis armqoned
gamoacxada komunisturi struqturebi da igi de-faqtod arse-
bulad miiCnia. miRebuli iqna 6-punqtiani dadgenileba: 1. sa-
qarTvelo gamocxadda okupirebul qveynad; 2. sabWoTa saqar-
Tvelo gamocxadda fiqciad; 3. sabWoTa xelisufleba aRiare-
buli iqna `danaSaulebrivad~; 4. uzenaesi sabWo aRar iyo qar-
Tveli erisa da kanonieri mosaxleobis nebis gamomxatveli iu-
ridiuli organo; 5. gamocxadda `ufarToesi samuSao~ gardama-
vali opoziciuri xelisuflebis asarCevad, romelic iqneboda
qarTveli eris nebis gamomxatveli da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
winaSe daayenebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis sa-
kiTxs; 6. am punqtSi dasturdeboda erovnuli forumis Seqmna.
sabWoTa imperiuli xelisuflebis iuridiul gauqmebas
ase afasebda irakli wereTeli: `Cveni gadawyvetileba radika-
luria, magram es aris xsnis erTaderTi gza... ra Tqma unda,
gardamaval periodSi saqarTvelos kanonier mosaxleobas gau-
434
Wirdeba, magram saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis saWiroa yve-
laferi moviTminoT.~[4]
erovnulma forumma Tavisi dagenilebiT konkretulad
ukarnaxa xalxs, ra unda gaekeTebina arCevnebis CasaSlelad.
uzenaesi sabWos deputatobis yvela kandidati `moralurad
valdebuli~ iyo moexsna sakuTari kandidatura; arCevnebis
dRes, 25 marts, yvela `patiosani adamiani~ unda gamocxadebu-
liyo saarCevno ubanze da unda amoeSala sakuTari gvari saar-
Cevno siidan, daewera gancxadeba, rom politikuri mosazrebe-
bis gamo, boikots ucxadebda sabWoTa arCevnebs, es gancxadeba
unda gaetarebina registraciaSi.
saqarTvelos amdroindeli partiuli nomenklatura da
sabWoTa xelisufleba gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tu
arCevnebi Catardeboda, advili SesaZlebeli iyo, xalxis didi
nawili, eleqtoratis naxevari mainc, ar mosuliyo da arCevnebi
CaiSleboda. amitom, maT daaswres movlenebs da 1990 wlis 20
marts moiwvies saqarTvelos ssr XI mowvevis uzenaesi sabWos
riggareSe XIV sesia. sesiam ori mniSvnelovani dadgenileba mii-
Ro: 1. arCevnebi gadaitanes oqtombrisaTvis: 2. arCevnebi gaxda
mravalpartiuli.
mravalpartiuloba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-er-
Ti umniSvnelovanesi atributia da saqarTveloSi misi damkvidre-
ba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis didi warmateba iyo.
erovnul forumSi gaerTianebulma radikalTa umravle-
sobam 1990 wlis 27 martis sxdomaze daadgina, rom qarTveli
eris da saqarTvelos kanonieri mosaxleobis saxeliT SeiZleba
uflebamosili iyos mxolod da mxolod sayovelTao kenWis-
yriT arCeuli opoziciuri xelmZRvaneloba. es axali demokra-
tiuli struqtura unda yofiliyo erovnuli kongresi, rome-
lic boikots gamoucxadebda yovelgvar sabWoTa struqturasa
da mis mier organizebul arCevnebs. ufro realistur pozicia-
ze aRmoCndnen erovnuli moZraobis ufrosi Taobis warmomad-
genlebi.
maT SesaZleblad miiCnies avtoritetdakarguli da xal-
xisTvis miuRebeli komunisturi sistemis pirobebSi mieRwiaT
jarSi samsaxuris boikotisTvis, an qarTveli axalgazrdebi
erovnul danayofebSi gaerTianebuliyvnen.
435
erovnuli forumis saxiT orad gaiTiSa radikalTa jgu-
fi, ramac kidev ufro mwvave da sabediswero xasiaTi SeiZina.
gaTiSvis sababi gaxda 24 aprils imelis win, erovnuli forumis
sxdomis mimdinareobisas atexili srola, romelic ,,mxedrio-
nis~ (xelmZRvaneli _ jaba ioseliani) da ,,TeTri giorgis~
(xelmZRvaneli Tengiz managaZe) razmelebs Soris gaimarTa. gi-
orgi Wanturia am incidents uSiSroebis komitetis provokaci-
ad Tvlida da miiCnevda, rom am or samxedro formirebas, rom-
lebic forumSi erTiandebodnen, araferi hqondaT dasapirispi-
rebeli. [5]
Wanturias es mosazreba SesaZloa mcdaric iyo, radgan
`mxedrions~ xels aZlevda moZraobis diskreditacia. es kargad
gamoCnda SemdegSi (daaxloebiT samnaxevari wlis Semdeg) gia
Wanturias mkvlelobaSi misi monawileobis damadasturebeli
masalebiT. [6]
Tavad es incidenti, imelis win momxdari srola Sedegi
iyo im winaaRmdegobisa, rac forumSi SeiniSneboda. dapirispi-
rebis mTavari mizezi ideur-politikuri xasiaTis iyo da cal-
keuli dasis politikur platformebs Soris gansxvavebaSi ido.
jer kidev aprilis dasawyisSi merab kostavas sazogadoebis
sxdomaze gamosulma zviad gamsxurdiam wamoayena axli gaerTi-
anebis Seqmnis idea, romelic Sedgeboda `erTi strategiis,
taqtikisa da miznmimarTulebis~ mqone partiebisagan. es sityva
da gancxadeba 17 aprils gamoqveynda `axalgazrda iverielSi~,
ramac forumSi myofi im partiebisa da organizaciebis ukmayo-
fileba gamoiwvia, romlebic ar moiazrebodnen gamsaxurdias
banakSi da momaval axal gaerTianebaSi.
amrigad, ideur-politikuri gansxvavebebi gaxda erovnuli
forumis daSlis mizezi. 24 aprilis pirvelma SeiaraRebulma da-
pirispirebam, rac kidev ufro gaRrmavda, gamoiwvia zviad gamsa-
xurdiasa da misi momxreebis gasvla forumidan, forumis gaxleC-
va-daSla. damoukideblobisaTvis brZola saqarTveloSi urTier-
TdapirispirebiT, brZoliTa da pirvelobis mopovebis surviliT
warimarTa.
436
damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:
1. dimitri SveliZe, politikuri dapirispirebebi da erov-
nuli xelisuflebis damxoba saqarTveloSi (1987-1992
ww.), Tbilisi, 2008.
2. saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis saarCevno mimarTva qar-
Tveli xalxisadmi, 1990, 12 marti.
3. badri maWavariani, me da gardaqmna, gazeTi `qristian-
demokrati~ 1990 wlis ianvari.
4. gazeTi `qarTuli filmi~ 1990, 21 marti.
5. g. Wanturia, ar davuSvebT koalicias!, gazeTi `qristian
-demokrati~, 1990 wlis maisi.
6. gazeTi `asaval-dasavali~, 2007, 18-24 ivnisi.
437
institutis TanamSromelTa samecniero
mivlineba SvedeTSi
2011 wlis 24-25 noembers SvedeTis dedaqalaq stokholmSi
da sauniversiteto qalaq ufsalaSi (stokholmidan Crdiloe-
TiT 70 km-ze) Catarda samecniero konferencia, romelic mieZ-
Rvna Svedur-qarTul urTierTobebs XI s-Si.
konferencia SvedeTSi saqarTvelos saelCos egidiT Catar-
da. mis organizebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis piradad saqarTve-
los elCs SvedeTSi, konstantine qavTaraZes.
konferenciis muSaobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo Tsu
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis direq-
torma, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma vaJa ki-
knaZem; aseve, institutis Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istori-
isa da wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebis ufrosma mecnier-Ta-
namSromelma, istoriis doqtorma giorgi WeiSvilma.
institutis direqtorma konferenciaze ori moxseneba wa-
radgina: `saga ingvar mogzauris Sesaxeb da qarTuli wyaro
(`matiane qarTlisa~)~ da `bagrat IV, liparit baRvaSi da varan-
gebi anu vikingebi saqarTveloSi~.
sainteresoa, rom konferenciis erT-erTi sxdoma Catarda
stokholmis erovnul istoriul muzeumSi (e.w. `vikingebis mu-
zeumSi~). muzeumis darbazSi SvedeTis 50-mde wamyvani mecnieri
iyo warmodgenili. vaJa kiknaZisa da giorgi WeiSvilis moxsene-
bebma didi interesi gamoiwvia. konferencias ganumeorebeli
elferi SesZina batoni kote qavTaraZis mier gamarTulma pre-
zentaciam da miRebam. miReba gaimarTa vikingebis muzeumis oq-
ros fondSi, sadac Cveulebriv, arc foto da arc kino gadaRe-
ba ar SeiZleba da mnaxvelTa vizitis droc mkacrad gansaz-
Rvrulia. qarTvelebisaTvis oqros fondSi gamonaklisi daiSva
da miRebam saRamos 5 sT-dan 11 sT-mde gastana.
Svedi kolegebisaTvis namdvili aRmoCena iyo oqros fondSi
gamarTul prezentaciaze warmodgenili qarTuli samzareulos
delikatesebi da qarTuli Rvino, aseve, saCuqrad mirTmeuli
svanuri qudebi. prezentacias eswrebodnen qarTveli maspin-
Zlebi SvedeTSi saqarTvelos saelCos warmomadgenlebi, qar-
438
Tveli mecnierebi, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis kulturi-
sa da turizmis departamentis TanamSromlebi, romlebic swo-
red am dros ewvivnen stokholms da Svedi mecnierebi. ovaluri
darbazis centrSi mdebare auzi savse iyo saqarTvelodan Camo-
suli turistebis mier wyalSi Cayrili aseulobiT monetiT.
konferenciaze daisaxa Svedur-qarTuli samecniero urTi-
erTobebis gagrZelebis perspeqtivebi. 2012 wlis gazafxulze,
sapasuxo vizitiT, Tbiliss ewveva Sved mecnierTa jgufi pro-
fesor gunila larsonis xelmZRvanelobiT. zafxulisaTvis ki,
svaraudod, daiwyeba dazverviTi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi sa-
qarTvelos im regionebSi, romelTac XI s-Si vikingebi estum-
rnen.
439
profesor niko javaxiSvilis
samecniero mivlineba poloneTSi
2011 wlis 7-27 seqtembers poloneTis respublikaSi samec-
niero mivlinebiT imyofeboda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecniereba-
Ta fakultetis profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis institutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofi-
lebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli, istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori niko javaxiSvili. igi miwveuli iyo am qveyanaSi gamar-
Tul or saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaSi monawileo-
bis misaRebad.
9-11 seqtembers, varmia-mazuris savoevodos administra-
ciuli centris _ qalaq olStinis saxelmwifo universitetis
organizebiT, q. ramsovoSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samecniero
konferencia Temaze: `poloneli da msoflios samarTalmcod-
neebi~. masSi monawileobdnen rogorc poloneTis calkeuli sa-
mecniero-saswavlo dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebi, aseve
ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebidan Casuli mecnierebi.
konferenciis pirvel samuSao dRes, n. javaxiSvilma wai-
kiTxa ori moxseneba Semdeg Temebze:
1) `qarTuli samefo taxtis memkvidre ufliswuli daviT
bagrationi (1767-1819), rogorc sjulmdebeli~;
2) `ufliswuli ioane bagrationi (1768-1830) _ sjulmdebe-
li da avtori qarTuli saxelmwifo jildoebis proeqtisa~.
22-25 seqtembers, lublinis savoevodos administraciuli
centris _ qalaq lublinis maria kiuri-sklodovskaias saxelo-
bis saxelmwifo universitetis organizebiT, q. kazimeJ-dolni-
Si gaimarTa saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia Temaze:
`poloneTi da polonelebi _ ucxoelTa TvaliT. ucxoelebi _
polonelTa TvaliT~. samecniero konferenciaSi monawileob-
dnen rogorc poloneTis samecniero-saswavlo dawesebulebe-
bis warmomadgenlebi, aseve sazRvargareTis qveynebidan miwveu-
li mkvlevarebi.
konferenciis gaxsnis dRes, n. javaxiSvilma waikiTxa mox-
seneba Temaze: `poloneTi da polonelebi gamoCenil qarTvel
moRvaweTa TvaliT (XX saukunis ocian wlebamde)~.
440
zemoxsenebul konferenciebSi monawileobis miRebis gar-
da, n. javaxiSvilma qalaq gdanskis saxelmwifo universitetSi
waikiTxa leqciaTa mokle kursi Temaze: `qarTul-polonuri
urTierTobis istoriidan~ (12-27 seqtembers).
niko javaxiSvilis gamosvla samecniero konferenciis gaxsnaze
marcxniv — konferenciis organizatori, profesori lex dubeli
(22 seqtemberi, 2011 weli, qalaqi kazimeJ-dolni)
441
2007-2011 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis bibliografia
2007, #1
vaJa kiknaZe, axali saarqivo masala vaJa-fSavelas ojaxuri biogra-
fiisaTvis (pavle razikaSvili)
gela saiTiZe, Salva amirejibi _ gazeT `saqarTvelos~ publicisti
mzia tyavaSvili, ruseTis samxedro eqspedicia osebis winaaRmdeg da
osTa saqarTveloSi migraciis zogierTi sakiTxi
mzia tyavaSvili, kavkasiis omisa da muhajirobis zogierTi sakiTxi
dodo WumburiZe, dimitri nazariSvili
SoTa vadaWkoria, ruseTis demokratiul-federaciul
saxelmwifod mowyobis idea qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi (1917
weli)
niko javaxiSvili, espaneTis samoqalaqo omi da saqarTvelo (1936-
1939 ww.)
aleqsandre oTaraSvili, qarTuli mefrinveleobis produqtebis
eqsporti XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
Tengiz simaSvili, `oxrankis~ `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~ _ agente-
bi 1905-1907 wlebSi
nunu miqelaZe, sazogadoebriv-politikuri sakiTxebi gazeT `ami-
ranSi~
asmaT jiqia, ramdenime dakvirveba sulxan-saba orbelianis "samoT-
xis karze~
merab kalandaZe, konstantine gamsaxurdias novela „napoleoni“
lela saraliZe, safrangeTis roli Tanamedrove msoflioSi da sa-
qarTvelo
Sorena murusiZe, somxeT-azerbaijanis teritoriuli
pretenziebi baTumis olqze (1919-1920)
manana darCaSvili, 1991 wlis 9 aprili _saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-
ebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena
avTandil sonRulaSvili, religiuri seqtebis istoriidan saqar-
TveloSi
eldar bubulaSvili, rusi egzarqosebis moRvaweobis
istoriidan (XIX s-s I naxevari)
xaTuna qoqraSvili, qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi (XIX s-is bolo _ XX s-is dasawyisi)
irine arabiZe, axali wyaroebi saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtokefaliis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT (1920 w.)
caca CxartiSvili, saeklesio presis istoriidan; Jurnali `jvari
vazisa~ (1978 # 1, 2)
442
gia gelaSvili, XIX saukunis 10-30-iani wlebis britaneli
mogzaurebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (mokle mimoxilva)
mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, metrologiur erTeulTa
sistema XIX s. pirveli naxevris saqarTveloSi Jak fransua gambas ma-
salebis mixedviT
giorgi gociriZe, tradiciuli qarTuli sufris kulturul-isto-
riuli paradigmebi
akaki maTiaSvili, gela saiTiZis naSromi _ qarTuli politikuri
azris istoriidan
2007, #2 gela saiTiZe, ilia WavWavaZe ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi
vaJa kiknaZe, ilia WavWavaZe da me-19 saukunis samRvdeloeba
avTandil sonRulaSvili, istoria _ yalbi da WeSmariti
mzia tyavaSvili, kazakTa yofa-cxovreba Crdilo kavkasiaSi da maTi
gadasaxlebis sistema
dodo WumburiZe, kita abaSiZe (moRvaweobisa da sazogadoebriv-po-
litikuri azrovnebis zogierTi aspeqtis SefasebisaTvis)
vaJa CoCia inglisis politika da antantis Seqmna(1904 - 1907)
niko javaxiSvili, ruseTis ukanaskneli imperatori da qarTvelebi
lela saraliZe, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921 w.w.) da
oseTis sakiTxi
Sorena murusiZe, baTumis olqis sakiTxi saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikaSi (1918-1920 ww.)
nugzar zosiZe, irakli manveliZe, saqarTvelo 1921 wlis Teber-
val-martSi
SoTa vadaWkoria, "damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis"
sakiTxi da qarTuli politikuri azri 1991- 1994 wlebSi
xaTuna qoqraSvili, samxreT saqarTvelodan 1944 wels gasaxlebuli
mosaxleoba da samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidrTa koleqtiuri mexsiereba
eldar bubulaSvili, `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~
moRvaweobis istoriidan
irine arabiZe, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis (`ozako-
mi~) wvlili saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalur uflebaTa ganxor-
cielebis saqmeSi (droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebis mixed-
viT)
443
caca CxartiSvili, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia saqarTve-
los erTianobisaTvis brZolaSi
leila mWedliSvili-nakudaiZe, duxoborebis istoriidan amerika-
Si
Tengiz simaSvili, Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili, radikaluri islamuri
mimdinareoba vahabizmi da saqarTvelo
gia gelaSvili, germaneli mogzaurebi saqarTveloSi ( XVIII - XIX s.s.)
mzia mgalobliSvili , lela miqiaSvili, Jak fransua gamba vaWro-
bis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb XIX s. pirve-
li naxevris saqarTveloSi (Tbilisis strategiuli adgilmdebareo-
bis analizi)
daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis mefeTa ojaxebi da
maTi Tanamedrove STamomavlebi
anzor saxvaZe, imigraciuli politikis samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg
voicex materski, recenzia profesor niko javaxiSvilis wignze: „Грузины под российским флагом“
merab kalandaZe, mark blokis wigni „feodaluri sazogadoeba“
merab kalandaZe, kote anTaZis gaxseneba
2008, # 1(3)
avTandil sonRulaSvili, vin aris erovnuli umciresoba?
mzia tyavaSvili, ruseTis samxedro eqspedicia `oseTis vilaieT
dvaleTSi~ (1821 weli)
niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-finuri urTierTobis istoriidan
Ggela saiTiZe, XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTuli erovnul-demok-
ratiuli presa da Jurnali `niSaduri~ (1907-1908)
dodo WumburiZe, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
ideologiuri safuZvlebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi
giorgi gociriZe, ilia WavWavaZe afrikis koloniuri dayofis Se-
saxeb
oTar gogoliSvili, presis roli socialuri da erovnuli moZrao-
bis gaaqtiurebis saqmeSi (baTumis olqi, 1911-1913 ww.)
Teimuraz vaxtangiSvili, iakob gogebaSvilis EerTi statiis gamo
(`didi varamis Sesaxeb~)
Tengiz simaSvili, social-demokrati — bolSeviki teroristebi
ilias mkvlelobis Semsruleblebi
444
lela saraliZe, dasavlur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da qarTu-
li emigracia
niko javaxiSvili, qarTvelTa qorwinebani romanovTa dinastiis
warmomadgenlebze
madona qebaZe, iuzef pilsudski _ poloneli xalxis saxelovani
Svili
merab kalandaZe, ruseTis istoriis periodizacia
Кикнадзе В. И., Проблемы становления гражданского общества в современной Грузии Tengiz grigolia, evrokavSiris konstitucia _ utopia Tu realoba
SoTa vadaWkoria, ruseTis sajariso SenaerTebis saqarTvelodan
gayvanis sakiTxi da qarTuli sinamdvile (1918-2006 ww.)
jemal arixovi, saqarTvelo-azerbaijans Soris urTierTobis zogi-
erTi aspeqtebi (1990-2007 wlebSi)
eldar bubulaSvili, `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis
aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis~ moRvaweobis istoriidan
xaTuna qoqraSvili, kaTolikos-patriarqis kirion II-is erovnuli
da sazogadoebrivi pozicia
caca CxartiSvili, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri presa (`Sinauri
saqmeebi~, `ganTiadi~)
sofio andRulaZe, svaneTis mecnieruli Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis
dekanoz polievqtos karbelaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
irina arabiZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio saqmeTa gadamwyveti komisris
profesor beneSeviCis moRvaweoba da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtoke-
faliis sakiTxi (1917 w.)
gia gelaSvili, gotfrid mercbaxeri saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleo-
bis Sesaxeb
gia gelaSvili, sami inglisuri dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
nino RambaSiZe, `ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~ dmanisis raionis azerbai-
janeli mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi
daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa saqorwino asaki
daviT javaxiSvili, kaxeTis batoniSvilTa meuRleebi
aleqsandre bendianiSvili, sayuradRebo naSromi bolo bagratova-
ni xelmwifis Sesaxeb
445
2008, # 2(4)
niko javaxiSvili, diplomatiuri etiketi da nadimis tradiciebi
qarTul samefo karze (XVI—XVIII saukuneebi)
niko javaxiSvili, leCxumis sardal-mouravebi, (XVIII saukunis mi-
wuruli — XIX saukunis dasawyisi)
dodo WumburiZe, saingilo (istoria da Tanamedroveoba)
Mmzia tyavaSvili, osebis 1810-11 wlebis ajanyeba leon
batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT
ediSer narimaniZe, qarTvel mahmadianTa ajanyeba da samcxe-javaxe-
Ti (1917 w. noemberi-1918 w. ivnisi)
SoTa vadaWkoria, brestis sazavo xelSekruleba da qarTuli poli-
tikuri azri 1918 wels
dodo onikaZe, `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ sakiTxisaTvis 1918-1921
wlebSi
malxaz cirekiZe, `dahyav da ibatones~ dampyrobluri doqtrina moq-
medebaSi (zaqaTalis olqis magaliTze)
dodo WumburiZe, mixeil javaxiSvilis erTi werili
saqarTvelos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb
caca CxartiSvili, poloneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis
zogierTi sakiTxi
vaxtang feraZe, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan
naTela jorjikia, epizodebi saqarTvelos avtonomiebis
istoriidan (1938-1952 ww. )
lela saraliZe, cxinvalis regionis istoriidan (1990-1991 ww.)
gela saiTiZe, universitetis daarsebis istoriisTvis
zaur gumaSvili, CeCneTi 1816-1819 wlebSi
vaJa CoCia, inglisis politika saraevos mkvlelobis Semdeg
vasil kaWarava, civi omi, prezidenti eizenhaueri da
rasizmi 1950-iani wlebis amerikaSi
vasil kaWarava, Dduaiet eizenhaueri da 1956 wlis ajanyeba ungreTSi
ediSer gvenetaZe, iranis islamuri revolucia da msoflio
maia amirgulaSvili, gvWirdeba Tu ara ideologia
avTandil sonRulaSvili, somxuri eklesiis pretenziebi saqarTve-
loSi
eldar bubulaSvili, egzarqosobis periodSi arsebuli sasuliero
saswavleblebi (zogadi daxasiaTeba)
446
sofio andRulaZe, saero da sasuliero ganaTlebis sinTezis sakiT-
xi episkopos stefane bodbelis (vasil karbelaSvili) SemoqmedebaSi
oTar gogoliSvili, CexeTis 1618 wlis ajanyebis saistorio wyaroe-
bisa da literaturis mimoxilva
xaTuna qoqraSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis problematika kaToli-
kos-patriarqis kirion II-is naazrevSi
Sorena murusiZe, qarTuli emigraciis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-
li moZraobis kvlevis problemebi
merab kalandaZe, profesori varlam donaZe
lela miqiaSvili, ioane qarTveliSvilis “memuarebis~ mniSvneloba
qarTul istoriografiaSi
daviT CoCiSvili, iehuda Cornis mogzauroba dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gia gelaSvili, ingliseli Jurnalisti henri nevinsoni saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb (1906 )
daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa meuRleebi (bagrationTa dinas-
tiis kaxeTis Sto)
daviT javaxiSvili, qarTvel mefeTa Svilebis raodenoba (bagrati-
onTa dinastiis kaxeTis Sto)
mixeil qavTaraZis mosagonari
2009, # 1(5)
niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-latviuri urTierTobis istoriidan
nunu miqelaZe, ganaTlebis sakiTxi gazeT `isarSi~
aleqsandre mosiaSvili, gazeTSi `xma kaxeTisa~ gamoqveynebuli pub-
likaciebis avtorTa biografiisaTvis
Maleqsandre mosiaSvili, gazeTi `xma kaxeTisa~ TergdaleulTa
TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb
SoTa vadaWkoria, trapizonis sazavo konferencia da qarTuli po-
litikuri azri 1918 wels
oTar gogoliSvili, axali saarqivo masalebi baTumis wyalmomarage-
bisa da saeklesio mSeneblobis Sesaxeb XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi
dali zeragia, erovnuli problemis Salva nucubiZiseuli xedva
maka SavguliZe, Telavis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli mu-
zeumis istoria da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
dodo WumburiZe, `uCinari, magram diadi~ — aleqsandre garsevaniS-
vili (1864-1936)
447
caca CxartiSvili, ioseb CijavaZis biografiis zogierTi sakiTxi
igor kveselava, stalinizmi, stalinis pirovnul-politikuri Stri-
xebi
niko javaxiSvili, qarTuli legionis bonebi (1916-1917 ww.)
mzia tyavaSvili, qarTuli diaspora da 1917 wlis revoluciuri
procesebi ruseTis imperiaSi (presis masalebis mixedviT)
lela saraliZe, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis moRvaweobis
istoriidan (1921-1922 ww.)
rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigraciis kavkasiuri politika (1920-
1930-ian wlebi)
jemal gaxokiZe, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis politikuri faqtorebi
vaJa SubiTiZe, rezo ruxaZe, saqarTvelos politikuri orientacia
Tengiz grigolia, maia amirgulaSvili, saqarTvelos integraciis
mimzidveli da risk-faqtorebi bisekisa da suamis farglebSi
maia amirgulaSvili, globalizacia da saqarTvelos samomavlo
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
ediSer gvenetaZe, balkaneTis krizisidan — kosovos damoukideblo-
bamde
suliko grigalaSvili, arqtika - axali geopolitikuri arena
avTandil sonRulaSvili, qarTveli ebraelebis religia da yofa-
cxovreba
qeTevan pavliaSvili, qarTuli marTlmadideblobis denacionali-
zaciis procesi da rusuli bizantizmis Sedegebi saqarTvelos mar-
Tlmadidebel samociqulo eklesiaSi (XIX-XXs-is dasawyisi)
eldar bubulaSvili, imereTis eparqia egzarqosobis periodSi
irina arabiZe, misioneri ignatevi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-
liis Sesaxeb
sofio andRulaZe, sruliad saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadi-
debeli eklesiis meoTxe kreba (1927 wlis 21-27 ivnisi) da episkoposi
stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili)
mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, Jak fransua gamba War-be-
laqneli lekebisa da ingiloebis Sesaxeb
gia gelaSvili, haqsthauzenis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb
goCa saiTiZe, axali masalebi wminda mRvdelmowame arqimandrit gri-
gol feraZis cxovreba-moRvaweobis istoriidan
daviT javaxiSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ufliswulTa STamomavloba
(XVIII-XXI saukuneebi)
448
gela saiTiZe, mniSvnelovani Rirebulebis wigni
joni kviciani, salome baxia-oqruaSvili, istoriis gakveTilebi
(dakvirveba zaur margievis wignze `Батум во времена Османской империи~, baTumi, 2008 w.)
Tamar anTaZe, merab kalandaZe, nodar kikvaZe — enciklopediurad
ganaTlebuli pirovneba
2009, # 2(6)
avTandil sonRulaSvili, 9 aprilis tragediis politikuri Sefase-
bisaTvis
caca CxartiSvili, 9 aprilis lebediseuli xedva
niko javaxiSvili, oTxi etiudi baltiis qveynebTan saqarTvelos
urTierTobis istoriidan
niko javaxiSvili, Tavad afxazTa sagvareulos istoriisaTvis
apolon TabuaSvili, saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis Sekrebis organize-
bis sakiTxisaTvis XVIII saukunis II naxevris qarTl-
kaxeTis samefoSi
dodo WumburiZe, `Tanamedroveobis yvelaze didi mecnieri~ da `sa-
qarTvelos lomonosovi~ — vasil petriaSvili (1845-1908)
SoTa vadaWkoria, osebis 1918 wlis ajanyebebis Taviseburebebi da
osi separatistebis ganiaraRebis mcdelobis asaxva qarTul politi-
kur azrovnebaSi
nato sonRulaSvili, qarTuli erTobis homogenizaciis procesi da
misi asaxva XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis
beWdur mediaSi
lela saraliZe, saqarTveloSi euTos misiis moRvaweobis istorii-
dan
Sorena murusiZe, erekle SveliZe, `qarTvel mxedarTa darazmulo-
bis~ istoriidan
vasil kaWarava, makartizmis SuqCrdilebi 1950-iani wlebis amerikaSi
Tengiz simaSvili, rusuli specsamsaxurebis istoriidan
vasil kaWarava, 1954 wlis saxelmwifo gadatrialeba gvatemalaSi da
centraluri sadazvervo saagento
Tornike SurRulaia, aSS-is sagareo dazvervis strategia
449
zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis roli da adgili globalur geopolitika-
Si
korneli kakaCia, amerikuli diplomatiis `axali toni~ da saqarTve-
lo
vaxtang rCeuliSvili, saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri funqciebis
Sesaxeb
suliko grigalaSvili, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisi da avtok-
ratiis momavali
qeTi jijeiSvili, Sio sanaZe, giorgi CxikviSvili, sabediswero po-
litikuri paralelebi
eldar bubulaSvili , saingilos qristiani mosaxleoba XX saukunis
20-40-ian wlebSi
mzia tyavaSvili, qsnis erisTavebis mamulebis sakiTxi dosiTeos fi-
cxelauris `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ proeqtSi
gela saiTiZe, `suli dasdves cxovarTa TvisTaTvis...~ (axalmowameTa
xsovnisaTvis)
irina arabiZe, ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli saqarTvelos eklesiis av-
tokefalur uflebaTa ganxorcielebis saqmeSi (1917 w.)
qeTevan pavliaSvili, sabWoTa imperiis saeklesio politika maxlo-
bel aRmosavleTSi XX s-is 20-60-ian wlebSi (`stalinis proeqti~ da e.
w. `forToxlis garigeba~)
merab kalandaZe, istoria, istoriografia, istoriis filosofia,
meTodologia
xaTuna qoqraSvili, `qalTa Aistoria~ da genderuli kvlevebi sais-
torio mecnierebaSi
mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, XIX s. 30-iani wlebis raWa
frederik diubua de monperes `mogzaurobis~ mixedviT
gia gelaSvili, ramdenime werili oliver uordropis koleqciidan
gia gelaSvili, bolSevikebis SeWra saqarTveloSi
maka SavguliZe, aleqsandre WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumis istoria da mi-
si ganviTarebis persperqtivebi
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis delegaciis
monawileoba polonel istorikosTa XVIII saerTo-erovnul yriloba-
Si
profesor niko javaxiSvilis mivlineba latviaSi
450
2010, # 1(7)
gela saiTiZe, platon ioseliani — redaqtori, publicisti
(dabadebis 200 wlis gamo)
xaTuna qoqraSvili, Pplaton ioseliani — saeklesio istoriis mkvle-
vari (zogadi mimoxilva)
dodo WumburiZe, rusuli kolonizacia afxazeTSi da dasaxleba
parnauTi
caca CxartiSvili, afxazeTis Teatraluri cxovreba XIX saukunis
80-90-ian wlebSi da istoriuli mexsiereba
oTar gogoliSvili, aWara ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT (XIX s-is
80-iani wlebi)
ilia vadaWkoria, gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa
da gamoqveynebuli mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb (1886-1889 ww.)
qeTevan mania, qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobis
procesi `iveriis~ (1887) mixedviT
nato sonRulaSvili , identobrivi avtonomiurobis ideali: Tavi-
suflebis idea da misi kultivacia beWduri mediis saSualebiT XX sa-
ukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTul erTobaSi
irina arabiZe, damatebiTi cnobebi eqvTime TayaiSvilis
1917 wlis eqspediciasTan dakavSirebiT
lela saraliZe, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis
istoriidan (1917-1922 ww.)
SoTa vadaWkoria, Sida qarTlis mTis osebis sagadasaxlebo politi-
ka da qarTuli politikuri azri (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)
nugzar zosiZe, baTumis olqi 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi
nino RambaSiZe, vaxtang RambaSiZe — cxovreba da moRvaweoba
Tamar TamaraSvili, ganaTlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (Telavis
pedagogiuri teqnikumi (1924-1939))
niko javaxiSvili, qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII saukunis
miwurulidan — XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde)
giorgi beJitaSvili, poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis is-
toriis zogierTi aspeqti
avTandil sonRulaSvili, saqarTvelos urTierToba dasavleT ev-
ropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan XX saukunis pirvel meoT-
xedSi
nodar xorbalaZe, saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis is-
toriidan
malxaz makaraZe, damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo da ruseTis
agresiuli politika
sofiko davlaSeriZe, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da
aSS-is politika postsabWour sivrceze
451
korneli kakaCia, aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli TanamSromlobis
qartia: icavs Tu ara is saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas?
mzia tyavaSvili, SotlandielTa axalSenis istoriidan Crdilo kav-
kasiaSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi)
Tamar anTaZe, Uuiliam III oraneli
vasil kaWarava, 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi
vasil kaWarava, politikuri partiebis ideologia da platformebi
aSS-is 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi
Tengiz grigolia, ruseTi da irani axlo aRmosavleTis regionalur
geopolitikaSi
Tornike SurRulaia, aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento
(`Savi oTaxi~)
maia amirgulaSvili, globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi
Teimuraz dalaqiSvili, xaTuna TodaZe, daviT mamulaiSvili, tra-
diciuli kavkasiuri sabrZolo iaraRis
warmoebis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva
(ZiriTadi tipebi da saxeebi)
eldar bubulaSvili, ucnobi masalebi sasuliero ganaTlebis Sesa-
xeb XX s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi
sofio andRulaZe, qarTveli samRvdeloeba sabWoTa totalitaru-
li reJimis damyarebis periodSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli (va-
sil karbelaSvili)
merab kalandaZe, dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebi
XX saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi
niko javaxiSvili, toponim `Tbilisis~ istoriisaTvis
xaTuna qoqraSvili, `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqimandriti ni-
kifore Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb (1817-1818 ww.)
mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, masalebi XIX s. 30-iani wle-
bis afxazeTis samTavros istoriidan (frederik diubua de monperes
`mogzaurobis~ mixedviT)
gia gelaSvili, sami dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
452
irakli faRava, Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominalTa
sistema da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa dinastiis periodi)
zurab kvetenaZe, saWiroa Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriis `xelaxla
dawera~
niko javaxiSvili, soliduri samecniero wigni
dodo WumburiZe, aleqsandre bendianiSvili
2010, # 2(8)
vaxtang sonRulaSvili, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centraluri xe-
lisuflebis organizacia XVIII saukuneSi (mefe)
ilia vadaWkoria, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri da socia-
luri istoriis sakiTxebi gazeT `iveria~-s mixedviT (1886-1889 ww.)
oTar gogoliSvili, sazogadoebrivi moZraoba da politikuri viTa-
reba baTumis
olqSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
dodo WumburiZe, rusuli dasaxlebebi afxazeTSi XIX saukunis bo-
los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
nugzar zosiZe, kidev erTxel trapizonis sazavo konferenciis Sesa-
xeb
SoTa vadaWkoria, Sida qarTlis mTis osebis `damoukideblobis~ sa-
kiTxi
da qarTuli politikuri azri (1918-1920 ww.)
eldar bubulaSvili , rafiel ivanicki-ingilos biografiisaTvis
gela saiTiZe, poloneTis sakiTxi gazeT `iveriaSi~
niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-baltiuri urTierTobis istoriidan (XIX
saukunis dasawyisidan _ XX saukunis dasawyisamde)
niko javaxiSvili, qarTul-baltiuri urTierToba emigraciaSi. bal-
tiis qveynebi qarTvel emigrantTa TvalsawierSi (1921-1991 ww.)
rusudan dauSvili, qarTvel emigrantTa politikuri saqmianoba
amerikaSi XX saukunis 20-50-ian wlebSi
Sorena murusiZe, `bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli amerikuli ko-
miteti~
453
gia gelaSvili, d. RambaSiZe, kavkasia (misi xalxi, istoria ekonomika
da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba) (londoni, 1918)
mzia tyavaSvili, UdaRestnelTa muhajiroba XIX saukunis 60-ian wleb-
Si
ediSer gvenetaZe, Uisraelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis istoriidan
vasil kaWarava, kubis revolucia da eizenhaueris administracia
Tornike SurRulaia, didi britaneTis specsamsaxurebi
avTandil sonRulaSvili, adamianis uflebebi _ istoriuli `Stri-
xebi~
lela saraliZe, evrokavSiri da saqarTvelo (konfliqtebis mogva-
rebis
evropuli gza)
gela caava, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi: ruseTis faqtori
afxazeTis konfliqtTan mimarTebaSi
zurab kvetenaZe, ruseTis sagareo politika da natos aRmosavle-
TiT gafarToebis sakiTxi
maia amirgulaSvili, religiebis roli Tanamedrove globalizebul
politikur sivrceSi
giorgi kokoSaSvili, isari rogorc sasruli iaraRi saqarTveloSi
xaTuna qoqraSvili, ruseTis saeklesio-administraciuli da reli-
giuri politikis istoriidan Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi (XIX s-is 10-20-
iani wlebi)
irina arabiZe, saqarTvelos sakaTolikosos rusuli marTlmadide-
beli samrevloebis mmarTveloba (XX s. 20-30-iani wlebi)
caca CxartiSvili, baTumi-lazeTis eparqiis istoriidan
merab kalandaZe, istoriuli mecnierebis istoria
mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili, frederik diubua de monpe-
res koncefcia qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesxeb
irakli faRava, avSarianTa dinastiis safase kavkasiis fulad mimoq-
cevaSi
eldar bubulaSvili, `saintereso naSromi~
454
mzia tyavaSvili, Urecenzia m. m. blievisa da s. s. bzarovis wignze
badri cxadaZe, JamTaaRmwerlis `aswlovani matianis~ erTi adgilis
gagebisaTvis
profesor niko javaxiSvilis samecniero mivlineba latviaSi
niko javaxiSvili, mixeil qurdianis mosagonari
2011, # 1(9)
oTar gogoliSvili, guram xajiSvili, karlo CxeiZe baTumSi (1885-
1906 ww.)
SoTa vadaWkoria, Sida qarTlis mTis osebis 1920 wlis ajanyeba da
qarTuli politikuri azri
niko javaxiSvili, qarTveli generlebi baltiispireTSi (XVIII sauku-
nis miwurulidan — XX saukunis ocian wlebamde)
juli bankanaSvili, aleqsandre nikuraZe — evropul-qarTuli ur-
TierToebebisa da paralelebis Sesaxeb
lela saraliZe, qarTuli antisabWoTa emigraciis moRvaweobis isto-
riidan (XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi)
nino uCava, qarTveli emigrantebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
gela saiTiZe, goCa saiTiZe, `kavkasiis pirveli yovelmxrivi mecnie-
ri-mkvlevari~ (gustav rades dabadebis 180 wlisTavis gamo)
mzia tyavaSvili,erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi da migraciuli
procesebi Crdilo kavkasiaSi 1917 wels (qarTuli presis mixedviT)
zurab kvetenaZe, iyo Tu ara gardauvali ganxeTqileba mokavSireebs
Soris meore msoflio omis Semdeg
marika mamforia, baskuri separatizmis problema XXI saukuneSi
avTandil sonRulaSvili, politikuri lideris imiji
gela caava, konfliqti afxazeTSi da saqarTvelo-ruseTis
urTierTobebis aspeqtebi
455
Tamar darCia, ronald reiganis politikuri portreti
Tornike SurRulaia, Zalis diplomatia amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis sagareo politikis arsenalSi
dodo WumburiZe, rusuli armiis generali ivane andronikaSvili
(1798-1868)
ediSer gvenetaZe, anzor siWinava, dRevandeli vanis raionis teri-
toriaze mdebare eklesia-monastrebis da samrevlo skolebis isto-
riidan (XX s-is 20-ian wlamde)
caca CxartiSvili, afxazeTis ganaTlebis zogierTi sakiTxi 1900-
1913 wlebSi (presis masalebis mixedviT)
Tamar TamaraSvili, ganaTlebis istoriidan TelavSi — XX saukunis
20-ian wlebSi (vaJTa gimnazia da somxuri Sereuli gimnazia)
eka buxraSvili, gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~ Tbilisis sa-
xelmwifo universitetis daarsebis Sesaxeb
maka SavguliZe, kaxeTis regionis muzeumebis problemebi da maTi
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
irina arabiZe, `ganaTlebis moZraoba~ ruseTis eklesiaSi XX sauku-
nis
20-ian wlebSi (broSuris `Что такое обновленчество~ mixedviT)
merab kalandaZe, saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis
istoriografiis Seswavla
gia gelaSvili , iohan kolis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb
gia gelaSvili, varlam CerqeziSvilis ramdenime werili oliver
uordropisadmi
GgoCa saiTiZe, Sorena murusiZe, axali dokumentebi qarTuli poli-
tikuri emigraciis istoriidan (XX saukunis 50-iani wlebi)
dodo WumburiZe, qarTul-baltiuri aTaswlovani urTierTobis ma-
tiane
badri cxadaZe, ucxoeli avtorebi somxur-Turquli genocidis Sesaxeb
igor kveselava, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis peripetiebi aRmosav-
leT
saqarTveloSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi)
malxaz sioriZe (1957-2011)
456
gamomcemloba `universali~
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