Post on 30-Nov-2014
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Israel Overview The Urban Planning Perspective
From tents to tents…
1948 - 2011
Ancient Cities … easily recognizable names, most are active cities today, some are archeological sites. Source for most of our World Heritage Sites: • Jerusalem, • Acre, • Massada, • The white City of Tel Aviv, • The Biblical Tels (Megiddo,
Hazor, Lachish, Beersheba), • The Incense Route and Desert
Towns (Mamshit, Ovdat, Shivta, Nizana).
Independence and the Sharon Plan 1952
• Main objectives
– Settle the many immigrants and refugees in housing
– Disperse the population to fill the entire area of the newly formed state
IPhP 1952
Independence and the Sharon Plan 1952
IPhP 1952
NOP 31 1993 NOP 35 2005 IMP 2020 1997 IPhP 1952
National Outline Plan 35 – 2005 Main Objectives
NOP 35 2005
• Fully and flexibly provide for the varied demands. • Narrow the gaps between groups and regions: cultural
diversity & instrumental collaboration. • Strengthen cities and discourage suburban sprawl. • Preserve open space, agriculture, rural landscapes and
cultural heritage. • Accelerate development of Public Transport. • Attend to neighboring populations and areas. • Sustainably utilize environmental resources. • Establish a clear and recognizable Spatial Structure:
– Emphasis on Jerusalem, the Negev and the Galilee. – Four metropolitan regions. – The National Green Spine and Green Buffers
Facts & Figures 2009
• Population of 7.6 Million, Growth 1.8%
• Urban 92% in: 220 Cities and Towns
• Agricultural 8% in: 985 Villages
• Area: 22,150 SqKm,
• Average Density: 329 Per/SqKm
High country density but
low city density
City Population Density
[pop/sqKm]
Jerusalem 773,000 6,175
Tel Aviv-Yafo 403,700 7,792
Haifa 265,600 3,853
Rishon LeZiyyon 228,200 3,887
Petah Tiqwa 209,600 5,841
Ashdod 206,400 4,043
Be'er Sheva 194,300 1,654
Holon 184,700 9,760
Netanya 183,200 6,327
Bene Beraq 154,400 21,031
Ramat Gan 145,000 8,908
Bat Yam 130,000 15,913
Rehovot 112,700 4,890
Ashqelon 111,900 2,340
Density of leading world cities
Manhattan 32,000 Ville de Paris 24,000 Barcelona Eixample 35,000 London Camden 14,000
Growth in Israel
• Population
• Households
• Area
• Cars
• Vehicle Km Traveled
2010
7.6M
2M
2.3M
2030
10M
~5M
3.3M
Growth in Israel
34B 70B
Israeli Economy
Source: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Index, 2009-2010
The World Economic Forum ranked Israel
27th
out of 134 countries for 2009-2010
WEF Global Competitiveness Index 2009-2010
Tel-Aviv Metro Area
43% of Population
on 7% of Area produces 59% of GDP
Tel-Aviv – the 52nd largest metro economy in the world and #50 in GDP per capita
LED in the Context of Cities
LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
Beer-Sheba
LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
The Great City
in the Region of a Great City
Beer-Sheba
Cities that are not Great
Beer-Sheba
Towns Outside a Great City Region
Beer-Sheba
Due to their poor design - Most Israeli cities do not provide their residents
with the economic, social and cultural opportunities to realize their full potential as individuals or as a
community.
We can do much better!!!
The Social Justice Movement
• Started as a housing crisis.
– What did not lead to the crisis?
– What did lead to the crisis?
– What can be done differently?
– What additional budgets are needed?
– What can be the role of NGOs?
What did not lead to the crisis?
• It is not a lack of land designated and marketed for building – There is more land designated for building than is
need for the next 20 years
• It is not a failure of the “free market” – There is no free market in the Israeli real-estate
market, it is all centrally controlled
• It is not the failure of the bureaucracy to approve enough plans – There are approved plans for over 160,000 dwelling
units that no-one wants to build
What did lead to the crisis?
1. Limits on urban development that do not enable reaching the necessary density for success and prosperity of cities.
2. Mass development of car dependent sleep only suburbs that require their residents to buy cars and waste time and money every day on them.
3. Urban planning that encourages and facilitates construction on open space at the edge of towns while neglecting the inner cities.
4. Design that encourages use of private vehicles and inefficient public transportation based on outdated concepts.
5. Archaic planning system, hierarchical, cumbersome and not committed to the residents nor to promoting the true interests of the state.
What can be done differently?
1. Urban densification in the periphery and intermediate cities. 2. Changes in the urban density policies of Tama35. 3. Preference and promotion for the development of the older
neighborhoods in the city centers rather than in open areas outside the city.
4. Reducing standards and expropriations for "public purposes" in municipal plans.
5. Development of efficient, frequent and convenient public transport.
6. Build neighborhoods with a wide variety of residence types rather than homogeneous neighborhoods for the rich.
7. Reforming the planning system and empowering the local planning committees.
What additional budgets are needed?
• The 52B ₪ annual building budget is plenty!
• The issue is how it is used not how do we increase it.
What can be the role of NGOs?
• Be the catalyst for social change of a social problem that cuts across all populations but afflicts marginalized populations the most – Awareness
• Affordable access to opportunities is tightly linked to city design • Grass roots level as well as government
– Tools • For building cities and towns around people not cars • For participatory planning, budgeting and governance • Model projects based on tools
– Policies • Research to inform policy makers • Lobbying for policy change and participating in committees
– Processes • Translate new policies to processes • Training on new policies and processes
The Regional Opportunity