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IslamIslamChapters 6-7-8 Chapters 6-7-8
Mr. BartulaMr. Bartula
AP World HistoryAP World History
The Arabian PeninsulaThe Arabian Peninsula ca 600 CE ca 600 CE
The Arabian PeninsulaThe Arabian Peninsula
• Crossroads of trade Crossroads of trade routesroutes
• Wealthy citiesWealthy cities
• Clan rivalriesClan rivalries
• PolytheisticPolytheistic
• Mecca, dominated Mecca, dominated by Umayyad Clanby Umayyad Clan
Muhammad 570-632Muhammad 570-632
• Rasul’ Allah 610Rasul’ Allah 610
• Qu’ran (Recitations)Qu’ran (Recitations)
• Opposition fromOpposition from
UmayyadsUmayyads
622 Hijra (flight)622 Hijra (flight)
622-630 Exile in Yathrib622-630 Exile in Yathrib
(Medina)(Medina)
630 Conquest of Mecca630 Conquest of Mecca
632 Death632 Death
Tenets of IslamTenets of Islam
• Continuation and fulfillment of Continuation and fulfillment of Judaism and ChristianityJudaism and Christianity
• The last message of Allah (God) to The last message of Allah (God) to humanityhumanity
• Salvation ReligionSalvation Religion
• Materialistic rather than spiritualMaterialistic rather than spiritual
• Egalitarian (the umma)Egalitarian (the umma)
Tenets of IslamTenets of Islam
• PatriarchalPatriarchal
• MonotheisticMonotheistic
• TranscendentTranscendent
• SyncreticSyncretic
The Qu’ranThe Qu’ran
• Divided into surahs Divided into surahs (recitations)(recitations)
• Organized by Organized by length of surahslength of surahs
• Overall Theme: Overall Theme: submission to the submission to the will of Allah.will of Allah.
Early Examples of Islamic Early Examples of Islamic SyncretismSyncretism
• Praying toward Praying toward JerusalemJerusalem
• The “Satanic The “Satanic Verses”Verses”
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
• 1. Iman (Faith) "There is none worthy 1. Iman (Faith) "There is none worthy of worship except God and of worship except God and Muhammad is the messenger of Muhammad is the messenger of God." God."
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
• Salah: Prayer five times a day, facing Salah: Prayer five times a day, facing MeccaMecca
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
• Zakah: charity to the poorZakah: charity to the poor
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
• Sawm: Fasting in the month of Sawm: Fasting in the month of RamadanRamadan
The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam
• The Hajj: Pilgrimage to MeccaThe Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
Shar’iaShar’ia
MeccaMecca
Great Mosque of Samarra, Great Mosque of Samarra, IraqIraq
Bandar Aceh, IndonesiaBandar Aceh, Indonesia
Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.
The Dome of the RockThe Dome of the Rock
The Early Spread of IslamThe Early Spread of Islam
The DhimmisThe Dhimmis
• ““People of the People of the Book”Book”
• Tolerated, but Tolerated, but must pay taxesmust pay taxes
• Some minority Some minority groups ( Jews) groups ( Jews) preferred Muslim preferred Muslim rule because of rule because of toleration.toleration.
Reasons for Islam’s appealReasons for Islam’s appeal
• SyncretismSyncretism
• Easily understood Easily understood and followedand followed
• Accepting of other Accepting of other faithsfaiths
• EqualityEquality
Muslims in the WorldToday
Muslims in the WorldToday
Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population
Countries with the Largest Muslim
Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00
06. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000
7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000
8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh
114,000,000
9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the
world.
The First Islamic SplitThe First Islamic Split
• After Muhammad’s death, his father-After Muhammad’s death, his father-in-law Abu Bakr became Caliph in-law Abu Bakr became Caliph (“Successor”)(“Successor”)
• The first four Caliphs were relatives The first four Caliphs were relatives of Muhammadof Muhammad
• Rivalry between tribes led to Rivalry between tribes led to dissension and eventually conflictdissension and eventually conflict
Battle of Karbala 680Battle of Karbala 680
• Final split between MuslimsFinal split between Muslims
• Sunni MuslimsSunni Muslims
• Shi’a MuslimsShi’a Muslims
Sunni IslamSunni Islam
• The majority of Muslims worldwideThe majority of Muslims worldwide
• Caliphate can be held by any devout Caliphate can be held by any devout Muslim manMuslim man
• Some Sunnis are more Some Sunnis are more fundamentalist:Wahhabism fundamentalist:Wahhabism
Sh’ia IslamSh’ia Islam
• About 10-15 % of About 10-15 % of worldwide Muslim worldwide Muslim population.population.
• Centered in Iran and Centered in Iran and IraqIraq
• Only descendants of Ali, Only descendants of Ali, the son-in-law of the son-in-law of Muhammad, can be the Muhammad, can be the rightful Caliphrightful Caliph
• Hierarchical, more Hierarchical, more mystical than Sunnismystical than Sunnis
• Also called The Twelvers Also called The Twelvers (for the Twelfth Imam)(for the Twelfth Imam)
The Tomb of Ali, Najaf, IraqThe Tomb of Ali, Najaf, Iraq
The Umayyad Caliphate 661-The Umayyad Caliphate 661-750750
• Dar al’ IslamDar al’ Islam
• Capital: DamascusCapital: Damascus
• Wealth and luxuryWealth and luxury
• Mawalis not equal to Arab MuslimsMawalis not equal to Arab Muslims
• Increasingly secular (non-religious)Increasingly secular (non-religious)
Dar al’ IslamDar al’ Islam
Dar al’IslamDar al’Islam
• International trade International trade and commerceand commerce
• Muslims encouraged Muslims encouraged merchants and trademerchants and trade
• Close cooperation Close cooperation between Muslims, between Muslims, Jews, and ChristiansJews, and Christians
• Many major cities Many major cities and urban areasand urban areas
Umayyad Mosque of Umayyad Mosque of DamascusDamascus
The Abbasid Caliphate 758-The Abbasid Caliphate 758-12581258
• Disaffected Mawalis overthrew Disaffected Mawalis overthrew UmayyadsUmayyads
• Abbasid capital: BaghdadAbbasid capital: Baghdad
• Mawalis equal to Arab MuslimsMawalis equal to Arab Muslims
• Dhimmis toleratedDhimmis tolerated
The Abbasid Palace in The Abbasid Palace in BaghdadBaghdad
Abbasid Gardens in Abbasid Gardens in BaghdadBaghdad
Muslim GardenMuslim Garden
CordobaCordoba
CordobaCordoba
CordobaCordoba
CairoCairo
Islamic ScienceIslamic Science• Islam encouraged Islam encouraged
scientific study to scientific study to demonstrate Allah’s powerdemonstrate Allah’s power
• The Muslim need to pray The Muslim need to pray facing Mecca required facing Mecca required knowledge of geometry knowledge of geometry and astronomyand astronomy
• Muslims preserved and Muslims preserved and expanded classical expanded classical sciencescience
• Jews, Christians, and Jews, Christians, and Muslims all participated in Muslims all participated in a flowering of science, art, a flowering of science, art, philosophy, and culturephilosophy, and culture
Muslim Observatory at Muslim Observatory at SamarkandSamarkand
Al-Haytham: Founder of Al-Haytham: Founder of Modern OpticsModern Optics
Al-Biruni: mathematician, Al-Biruni: mathematician, astronomer, and geographerastronomer, and geographer
Ibn Sina (Avicenna): physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna): physician and philosopherand philosopher
The CrusadesThe Crusades• In 1095 the Turks In 1095 the Turks
restricted European restricted European visits to the Holy Landvisits to the Holy Land
• Pope Urban VII and Pope Urban VII and other European leaders other European leaders called for a crusade to called for a crusade to free the Holy Land from free the Holy Land from the “infidels”the “infidels”
• The Seljuk Turks The Seljuk Turks became the dominant became the dominant Muslim power in the Muslim power in the Middle East after 1071Middle East after 1071
• Eight Crusades between Eight Crusades between 1095-late 1200s1095-late 1200s
• Only the First Crusade Only the First Crusade succeeded, temporarily, succeeded, temporarily, in putting the Holy Land in putting the Holy Land under European control.under European control.
• Europeans were Europeans were exposed to the higher exposed to the higher culture of Dar al’Islamculture of Dar al’Islam
• Little or no effect on Little or no effect on Muslims from the Muslims from the Europeans.Europeans.
Abbasid DeclineAbbasid Decline
• Invasions of the Middle East by Seljuk Invasions of the Middle East by Seljuk Turks and others weakened central Turks and others weakened central authorityauthority
• The Abbasids became more “Persian” and The Abbasids became more “Persian” and less “Arabic” in culture, thus distancing less “Arabic” in culture, thus distancing themselves from the Muslim heartlandthemselves from the Muslim heartland
• In 1258 the Mongols destroyed the In 1258 the Mongols destroyed the Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate
• Cultural and Economic growth continued Cultural and Economic growth continued despite political decline.despite political decline.
The spread of Islam to India The spread of Islam to India and Southeast Asiaand Southeast Asia
711: Muslims invade India711: Muslims invade India
• India weak and decentralized since India weak and decentralized since the collapse of the Gupta Dynastythe collapse of the Gupta Dynasty
• Muslim invaders conquered much of Muslim invaders conquered much of northern India and established a northern India and established a capital at Delhi (Delhi Sultanate)capital at Delhi (Delhi Sultanate)
• Hindus and Buddhists regarded as Hindus and Buddhists regarded as dhimmis by their Muslim rulers.dhimmis by their Muslim rulers.
• Islam attracted many lower caste Islam attracted many lower caste Indians Indians
• Brahmin leaders practiced syncretism Brahmin leaders practiced syncretism to keep Hindus from converting.to keep Hindus from converting.
• The majority of Indians remained The majority of Indians remained Hindu, but Muslims remained rulersHindu, but Muslims remained rulers
• India was now part of Dar al’Islam and India was now part of Dar al’Islam and its trading empireits trading empire
• Indian science and mathematics Indian science and mathematics were adopted and spread by the were adopted and spread by the MuslimsMuslims
• Wrongly calling Wrongly calling them “Arabic them “Arabic Numerals”, Numerals”, Europeans adopted Europeans adopted Indian numerals Indian numerals during their Middle during their Middle Ages.Ages.
Islamic Influence in IndiaIslamic Influence in India
Sufism: Another Branch of Sufism: Another Branch of IslamIslam• Mystical sect with Mystical sect with
Hindu and Buddhist Hindu and Buddhist elementselements
• Developed in India Developed in India and in Southeast and in Southeast AsiaAsia
Islam in Southeast AsiaIslam in Southeast Asia
• Southeast Asia was a Southeast Asia was a transfer point for transfer point for goods moving from goods moving from China to the Middle China to the Middle East.East.
• Muslim merchants Muslim merchants carried Islamic culture carried Islamic culture into Southeast Asia into Southeast Asia after the collapse of after the collapse of the Buddhist empire of the Buddhist empire of Srivijaya.Srivijaya.
Angkor Wat: A Symbol of Angkor Wat: A Symbol of Religious SyncretismReligious Syncretism
Hindu Temple at Angkor Hindu Temple at Angkor WatWat
Buddhism at Angkor WatBuddhism at Angkor Wat
Islam at Angkor WatIslam at Angkor Wat
Islam in AfricaIslam in Africa
Africa Before IslamAfrica Before Islam
• Stateless societies Stateless societies based on kinship groupsbased on kinship groups
• Animistic religionsAnimistic religions
• Christianity in EthiopiaChristianity in Ethiopia
• Market economies based Market economies based on agricultureon agriculture
• Iron metallurgyIron metallurgy
• Little technology and no Little technology and no industryindustry
• Trade and CommerceTrade and Commerce
Islam in AfricaIslam in Africa
• 640-700 North 640-700 North Africa became part Africa became part of Dar al’Islamof Dar al’Islam
• Islam spread south Islam spread south over trans-Saharan over trans-Saharan caravan routescaravan routes
• The “three coasts” The “three coasts” of Africa facilitated of Africa facilitated Islam’s spreadIslam’s spread
• Islam was successful Islam was successful because syncretism because syncretism allowed it to allowed it to accommodate ideas accommodate ideas from indigenous from indigenous groups and religionsgroups and religions
• Islam also succeeded Islam also succeeded because it was because it was introduced by wealthy introduced by wealthy merchants carrying merchants carrying desirable goodsdesirable goods
MaliMali
TimbuktuTimbuktu
Islam on the “Swahili Coast”Islam on the “Swahili Coast”• The East Coast of Africa The East Coast of Africa
is called the “Swahili is called the “Swahili Coast”Coast”
• This region was in This region was in contact with the Middle contact with the Middle East and India through East and India through Indian Ocean trade.Indian Ocean trade.
• Islam spread along the Islam spread along the coast, but indigenous coast, but indigenous religions dominated the religions dominated the interiors.interiors.