Post on 16-Dec-2015
Ira A.
FULTONSchools of Engineering
Global Challenges in Industrial Engineering and Operations Management for the 21st Century
Ronald G. Askin, Professor and DirectorSchool of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ 85287-8809 USA
Ron.Askin@asu.edu
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Overview
• On-going global manufacturing and economic activity trends
• Where US manufacturing research and activity are headed
• What are the implications/opportunities for IEs globally?
• Where is IE’s future
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Arizona and ASU
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Shaping the World
Politics and
Cultures
Environment and Nature
Economics and
Ingenuity
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Manufacturing Trends and Status Today
• Global Production/Supply Networks
• Transit costs and speeds changing slowly
• Raw material availability, labor costs, markets vary globally
• Information access is level; education becoming level
• Transition from Mechanical/Physical to Electrical/Info Dominance
• Green for Sustainability (Financial and Environmental)
• Health applications are growing markets
• Nanomaterials are solutions on the horizon
Manufacturing Creates Wealth!
Services fleetingly facilitate life but limit wage growth due to
standardization, scalability and automation difficulty.
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Globalization!
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
www.worldatlas.com
Fab
Intel Wafer Fab and Test/Assembly Facilities
Assembly/Test
Region Revenue Asia/Pacific 51% Americas 20% Europe 19% Japan 10%
It’s Markets, Resources and Economics
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
WTO: Peace and Prosperity Through Cooperative Commerce
153 Member Countries, 30 Accessions (in process) in 2009
WTO: A system of trading rules and forum for intergovernmental negotiation
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Why is US IE Changing So Much So Fast?
• Thomas L. Friedman, Hot, Flat and Crowded
- Level playing field through logistics and global connections (web)
- American expectations for good wages, clean jobs/environment
- High competition outsourcing, off-shoring
• Opportunity of new science – bio, info, nano
• Growth of service expenditures (health care, finance)
• Dragged along by our engineering counterparts
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
But are We Changing?
• Of Top 20 Ranked SchoolsIndustrial and Systems Engineering Industrial and Operations Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Management Science and Engineering Industrial Engineering and Management Science
Operations Research and Information Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Industrial and Systems Engineering
Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering Industrial Engineering
Operations Research/Industrial Engineering Industrial, Systems and Operations Engineering
• IIE Members vote Down Name Change in 2009
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Industrial Engineering in the US – Past and Present
New Markets Outside of Manufacturing
1910 2010
HealthcareHomeland Security
Finance
Logistics
Info Services
EntrepreneurWe’ve grown out but have we grown up?
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
The Scientist/Engineer Today
The Doctor The Civil Engineer
CAT Scan PET Scan
Realtime tracking(Cameras, GPS)
Embedded structural health monitoring/control
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Revolutionary Change in Technology
Moore’s Law Human
Genome Decoding
n 1990: $3B, 13 yrsn 2009: $350k, 13 weeksn 2015: $300, 13 min.
Gordon Moore's original graph from 1965
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
The IE Today
http://www.strategosinc.com/value_stream_mapping1.htm
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itd itdd t i
Maximize Z w Z
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ij iji j
c Y B
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Z Y i I t T d D
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Subject to:
Methods have stagnated.Remaining traditional Manufacturing opportunities in US are limited.
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
IEs Improve Integrated Systems
How must faster/better/cheaper can we define, model, and improve a system today than in 1979?
Have we changed at the same rate as others over the past 30 years?
While the world became a ubiquitous information, global society, IE found better icons for flowcharts!
Today’s systems are complex and integrated. Why aren’t we flourishing most in complex environments?
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Where Could/Should We Be?• Virtual Reality Models of Systems – miniature Ron sits on
the part and flows through the machine and plant
• Virtual Reality Models of datasets with automated coloring, sizing for outliers
• Automated Simulation/Optimization Models from Capital Asset files
• Automated model decomposers, data cleaners and preprocessors
• Full data history on shop and order status with real-time planning updates – customers manage their orders.
We’re too Cheap!
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
The Prevailing Business Attitude
Phil Knight, Founder of Nike
“There is no value in making things any more. The value is added by careful research, by innovation, and by marketing.”
Deputy Director, DARPA 7/19/2010
“To innovate we must make.”
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
World Gross Domestic Product
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000GDP by Region
AfricaAsiaCentral AmericaEuropeNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorld
YEAR
CO
NS
TA
NT
19
90
US
BIL
LIO
NS
Data Source: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnlList.asp
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
GDP – Asia
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
GDP per Capita-Global Wealth Distribution
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000GDP / Population
Africa
Asia
Central/Latin America
Europe
North Amer-ica
World
YEAR
19
90
US
D P
er
Ca
pit
a
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
GDP/Capita – Asia and US
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
GDP Growth Rate: Current GDP/1970 GDP
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 GDP Growth Rate by Region
AfricaAsiaCen-tral Amer-icaEu-ropeNorth Amer-icaSouth Amer-icaWorldYEAR
GR
OW
TH
RA
TE
Asia Rising, Europe Falling
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Manufacturing Growth Rate by
Region
Africa
Asia
Central Amer-ica
Europe
North Amer-ica
South Amer-ica
WorldYEARG
RO
WT
H R
AT
E
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Export Dependence by Region
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Total Exports/GDP by Region
Africa
Asia
Central America
Europe
North America
South America
World
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
Asia growing rapidly
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Export Importance by Country
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Trends in Interdependency
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Total Imports/GDP by Region
Africa
Asia
Central America
Europe
North America
South America
World
YEAR
PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Import Percentages by Country
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Import Export Growth Rates
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
0
5
10
15
20
25Export Growth Rate by Region
AfricaAsiaCen-tral Amer-icaEu-ropeNorth Amer-icaSouth Amer-icaWorld
YEAR
GR
OW
TH
RA
TE
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Import Growth Rate by Region
AfricaAsiaCen-tral Amer-icaEu-ropeNorth Amer-icaSouth Amer-icaWorld
YEAR
Central America Gaining Net SurplusAsia Expanding Activity Rapidly
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Observations
US has room to consume more of the world’s goods
US spends most on services, not products
Central America and Europe highly dependent on trade
US, Japan and South America too insular?
Japan continuing to wane
Growth linked to global trade, particularly for small economies
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
What’s the Role and Impact of Manufacturing?
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Global Manufacturing Growth
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Manufacturing by Region
AfricaAsiaCentral AmericaEuropeNorth AmericaSouth AmericaWorld
YEAR
CO
NS
TA
NT
19
90
US
BIL
LIO
NS
Europe, No. America losing ground;Asia gaining
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Manufacturing Activity by Country
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Manufacturing Importance by Region
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Manufacturing/GDP by Region
Africa
Asia
Central America
Europe
North America
South America
World
No./So. America , Europe losing ground
World relatively constant
Asia Gaining
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Manufacturing Production per Capita
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
Manufacturing / Population
Africa
Asia
Central America/Latin AmericaEurope
North America
World
YEAR
19
90
US
D P
er
Ca
pit
a
Surprising relative growth consistency except Africa
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Manufacturing per Capita by Country
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Population Growth Rates
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
1,000,000,000
2,000,000,000
3,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
5,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
7,000,000,000
8,000,000,000
Population Data by Year
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Latin America / Central America
World
YEAR
PO
UL
AT
ION
Despite problems, Africa is growing fastest
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Population Growth Rates – Focus on Asia
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
The Rapidly Changing Landscape
Companies brace for end of cheap made-in-China eraBy ELAINE KURTENBACH, AP Business Writer Elaine Kurtenbach, Ap Business Writer –
Thu Jul 8, 12:57 pm ET
SHANGHAI – Factory workers demanding better wages and working conditions are hastening the eventual end of an era of cheap costs that helped make southern coastal China the world's factory floor. A series of strikes over the past two months have been a rude wakeup call for the many foreign companies that depend on China's low costs to compete overseas, from makers of Christmas trees to manufacturers of gadgets like the iPad. Where once low-tech factories and scant wages were welcomed in a China eager to escape isolation and poverty, workers are now demanding a bigger share of the profits. The government, meanwhile, is pushing foreign companies to make investments in areas it believes will create greater wealth for China, like high technology. shifting production to the inland areas …Massive investments in roads, railways and other infrastructure are reducing the isolation of the inland cities.
Maybe, but the growing market is still there!
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
US Industry Activity – Percent of GDP*
1947
1951
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Retail trade
Logistics
Information
Finance, insurance
Health care
* US Dept of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Where will these lines go from here?
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
US Manufacturing Future
• Focus on design (shorter product life cycles, more customized
demands as choices proliferate)
• Focus on green manufacturing (sustainability)
• Focus on low volume, high precision, high tech products
• Focus on developing and using nanomaterial processes –
atomic scale layered composites
• Focus on renewable energy power sources
• Focus on defense industry
• High volume only when automated (low volume and product
flexibility relative to labor at least for awhile longer)
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
World wide Opportunities –Successful Approaches (Business 101)
• Identify competitive advantage (low cost of labor, primary materials)
• Identify market needs and means
• Ensure adequate infrastructure
• Find investors – gov’t, banks, parent companies
• Focus on a core
automotive parts assembly in Mexico first,
then build up to aerospace parts
• Low Cost Assembly originally in Asia (Is Africa the future?)
• Global Production Global Wealth Logistics Dominance
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Where Do Manufacturers Build?
• Close to Raw Material and Parts Suppliers
• Close to Customers
• Adequate Labor Supply and Low Labor Rate
• Adequate Transportation Network (Air, Rail, Shipping, Roads)
• Favorable Community/Tax Situation
• Access to Utilities (power, water)
• Possible risk mitigation driven facility distribution
• Limited cultural/political hurdles
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
US National Academy of Engineering Grand Challenges
n Web page: http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/n View video (6 min)
Make solar energy economical – less than 1% today but large potential Provide energy from fusion – develop scalable, envir. benign method Provide access to clean water – affordable and available for all Reverse engineer the brain – combining engineering and neuroscience Advance personalized learning – speeds, styles, content for individual
Develop carbon sequestration methods – capture and store excess CO2
Restore and improve urban infrastructure – better design and materials for transportation, water, waste, power, etc. for livable cities
14 Grand Challenges for the 21st Century
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
NAE Grand Challenges cont.
Engineer the tools of scientific discovery – blending of engr. & science to explain nature
Advance health informatics – better everyday care and preventing bio attacks/pandemics
Prevent nuclear terror – protect society from increasing risks and proliferation Engineer better medicines – body sensing, personalized drugs, delivery
methods Enhance virtual reality – for training, treatment, communication, and
entertainment Manage the nitrogen cycle – better fertilization techniques and
recapture/recycle Secure cyberspace – protect essential infrastructure
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
IIE Fellows: Grand Challenges for Industrial Engineering
Reengineering Health Care Delivery Creating a Technology Oriented Culture Engineering a Sustainable Society Developing Better Decision Tools Mitigating and Responding to Disasters Point of Use Manufacturing Infrastructure Food Security
Fellows Report: http://www.iienet2.org/uploadedfiles/IIE/News/Grand%20Challenge%201.pdf
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
1. Reengineering Healthcare Delivery: An Integrated Approach
Demographics: Young and poor are fastest growing segment, U.S. and worldwide
Number of senior citizens growing fast (and baby boomers won’t go gently into the night)
Healthcare is largest U.S. industry Health care inflation rate 3 times overall rate Woeful under investment in info technology Excessive waste Medical info and treatment increasingly technology-
enabled
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
1. Reengineering Health Care
Individual care needed – risk analysis, modeling/mining genomic info, personalized treatment scripts, safety/quality in individual led treatment
System improvements needed – QC, logistics, info technology, provider collaboration hierarchically and vertically, financial system and models
Science advances needed – treatment protocols, data mining/bioimaging, human sensing
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
2. Creating a Technology Oriented Society
Body of tech knowledge growing rapidly System size and complexity growing rapidly (U.S.) relatively wealthy – life is easy Many of brightest youth pursue pursue law, business U.S. youths perform poorly in math/science
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
2. Creating a Technology Oriented Society
Get the word out about opportunities and need
Optimize available human resource
Jazz up what we do
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
3. Engineering a Sustainable Society
U.S. population will double this century World population will more than double Over 50% now live in urban areas Wealth increases ecological footprint Climate change will change geographic resource availability
What’s Your Carbon Footprint?
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
3. Sustainable Society
Need sustainable transportation systems Efficient/effective governmental services – judicial,
social security, police/fire Designing scalable urban environments Designing efficient community structures connecting
urban (production, consumption) to rural (raw materials)
The IE Role
Can you live a healthy happy virtual life at home?
Is there an optimal city size?
How to tradeoff privacy and security?
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
4. Develop Better Decision Making Tools
The Problem
Modeled entities are growing in size Models are expensive to build, hard to sell Models are limited in scope, life-span Organizations have vertical and horizontal
boundaries (multiple constituencies)
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
4. Better Decision Making Tools
Better, more fully deployed, and relevant sensors Models to fuse, validate and evaluate data/information Improved models of human behavior Enrich “Rational” models with subjective behavior Risk analysis and interaction models of tightly coupled massive
technology-oriented systems and their failure modes/scenarios Rapid modeling and computational tools Scalable, maintainable, rapidly developable models More understandable models/More valid models Human embedded modeling paradigms and tools (immersion
and visualization)
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
5. Mitigating and Responding to Disaster
Natural and man-made disasters are happening more frequently
Societal expectation is for safer lives, quicker emergency care
Larger urban regions, tightly-coupled specialized lives, and climate change lead to more susceptible systems and larger scale impacts
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
5. Mitigating Disaster
Optimal deployment of detection technologies (natural and competitive games)
Optimization of emergency response resource positioning and deployment
Managing transition from search to rescue to recovery and care
Integrated communications, logistics, and decision making
Real-time decision making with various info levels (resilient planning and control)
Resilient system(s) design Optimal deployment and use of sensing technology and
risk assessment models
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
6. Point of Use Manufacturing
Demand for Customized Products
Demand for Sustainable Manufacturing/Distribution
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
6. Point of Use Manufacturing
Distributed (home) or neighborhood manufacturing New process development for solid free form fabrication Development of nano and mega technology for point of
use production Design of infrastructure for material delivery, user-driven
design
“It’s Not Easy Being Green”
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
7. Infrastructure Construction
Time to revolutionize infrastructure construction (progress has lagged)
Construction inefficient and quality variable
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
7. Infrastructure Construction
Take advantage of advances in computing, robotics, materials, and management science to reduce cost, time, injuries, environmental impact
Design smarter structures
Determine optimal investments for infrastructure $
Allow maintainable, culturally appropriate, ergonomically safe construction methods and system designs
Why Can’t we manufacture structures in factories for field assembly with higher quality and productivity?
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
8. Safe, Available, Affordable Food & Water
Population growth, changing weather patterns, political strife, man-made biohazards, natural biohazards threaten worldwide
Current cultivation practices not sustainable and use non-renewable resources
Profits vs. Politics vs. Social Good Standard procedures, testing and traceability needed across food
supply chain Procedures for local food production and security needed
The Problem
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
8. Safe, Available Food and Water
Develop traceable supply and distribution networks (RFID, imaging, procedures, etc.)
Design and deploy maintainable solutions Perhaps assist in governmental planning for development
The IE Role
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
What Constitutes IE?
Manufacturing planning (process planning, tooling design/maintenance)
Production operations (planning, scheduling, quality assurance, material handling)
Engineering management (engineering economics, product services, facilities design/mgmt., distribution/logistics)
System modeling (information systems/flow, modeling and simulation)
Ergonomics/Human Factors
IE Today IE Tomorrow
• Additions? • Deletions?
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Industrial Engineer 21st Century
We are the Information
Preparer
We are the Data Hunter/Gatherer
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Conclusions
We are needed but we must Wander or Wither
We must Revolutionize on a Bigger, Broader, Faster Scale
We must integrate our strengths – humans, math models, computing, big picture/multiobjective comfort level, efficiency mindset
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
The Big Picture
But We Must Broaden our Workspace!
Opportunities Abound!
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Questions/Comments/Complaints?
Ron Askin
School of Computing, Informatics, and
Decision Systems Engineering
ron.askin@asu.edu
School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering
Kuala Lumpur, January 2011
Futurizing the BSIE Curriculum
Greater emphasis on global cultures Learning to serve on multidisciplinary, multicultural, politically
pressured teams Must bring unique value to the team (Systems thinking, Project
Management, Multiobjective Dec. Making, Dealing with Complexity & Uncertainty)
Dynamic, Nonlinear, Continuous Large-Scale Modeling (Not just Discrete Event Simulation and Desk Top LP)
Understanding Human Behavior and Preferences (Beyond HF) Risk Management and Mitigation as an integral activity Broader Science Knowledge (Biology, Ecology) Sophisticated Information Technology Users (Sensor Capability &
Network Design; Data Information Decision Systems) Systems Modeling of Urban Environments, Infrastructure Broader Mindset of Major Societal Impact and Socio-Technical
Problem Solving (not just making widgets)
What’s Your Ten?