IPM , Pesticide management

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1 / 63 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC

WELCOME

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

CUSTOMIZED ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING

INSTRUCTOR

Insert Instructor Name Here

Define Pest and Integrated Pest Management.

Discuss the Benefits of IPM.

Discuss IPM Prevention.

Discuss IPM Monitoring.

Discuss IPM Control Techniques.

Discuss Specific Control Techniques.

Discuss Educating Others in IPM.

Discuss IPM Guidelines.

Discuss Use of Contractors.

OBJECTIVES

Understand the Definition of Pest and Integrated Pest

Management.

Understand the Benefits of IPM.

Understand IPM Prevention.

Understand IPM Monitoring.

Understand IPM Control Techniques.

Be Familiar with Specific Control Techniques.

Understand the Importance of Educating Others in IPM.

Be Familiar with IPM Guidelines.

BACKGROUND

In 1972, 2.8 million tons of pesticide were used worldwide, by 1990, the amount had grown to 46 million tons worldwide.

Annually in the U.S., there are more than 22,000 people poisoned from pesticides.

Currently there are 25,000 pesticides registered for use in the United States. However, 19,000 of them have not been reregistered since 1972 when legislation required testing for carcinogenic effects.

Supervisors

Facility Engineers

Maintenance Personnel

Department Managers

Building Occupants

Process Specialists

Environmental and Safety Committees

LEARNERS

The goal of this course is to provide supervisors with the tools needed to institute an integrated pest management program on their facility. It recommends practical, actions that can be carried out by facility management, maintenance personnel and building occupants. The course will help you to integrate good integrated pest management activities into your existing organization and identify which of your staff have the necessary skills to carry out those activities.

OVERVIEW

WHAT THIS COURSE DOES NOT DO

The course is not intended to become a pest advisor or to be a pesticide applicator. These specialties required training beyond the intended scope of this course. Where this expertise is needed, outside assistance should be solicited.

FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT (FIFRA)

The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use

EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users to register when purchasing pesticides

EPA is required to make instructional materials concerning integrated pest management (IPM) techniques available to individuals at their request

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Pertinent Regulations:

FIFRA has been codified in 40 CFR Parts 150—18940 CFR 170 addresses Worker Protection Standard IPM is not addressed specifically in any regulations,

however, as you will see, IPM is the best management practices for pesticides

WHAT ARE PESTS?

Pests are plants and animals in undesirable locations according to man’s liking Common pests are insects, mites, snails, birds, weeds, nematodes, and pathogens Pests can cause health problems, including malaria, hantavirus and plague from mosquitoes, fleas and rodents Insects, rodents and weeds can also cause structural damage to buildings, roads and landscape

THE PROBLEM WITH PESTICIDES

Specifically these include: Lack of complete health and safety data on many pesticides currently in use Possible adverse short- and long-term health effects from acute and low-level long term exposure to pesticides Health care professionals not recognizing the exposure symptoms of the 25,000 registered pesticides Contamination to the surrounding environment including waterways and food web Pest resurgence due to resistance to toxic chemicals Inconsistencies in the regulation of pesticide applications

WHAT IS IPM?

IPM utilizes a combination of: Preventive measures Monitoring Control techniques

IPM’s goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures

IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides, but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort

WHAT IS IPM?

IPM uses the following criteria: Using pesticides whose health and safety data are known Using very low toxic pesticides to minimize acute and chronic effects of pesticide exposure Limiting the number of pesticides used to aid physicians in identifying any effects of exposure Using preventative measures when at all possible and when using chemical pesticides limiting their use Using methods which are not easily resisted by pests Using the least toxic method should always stay within the bounds of all pesticide regulations and laws

BENEFITS OF IPM

The benefits include: Economic Safety Effectiveness Environmental

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Economic Pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation are costly The costs associated with hazardous waste disposal and reporting are also averted Health risks and health monitoring are also reduced by using IPM

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Safety IPM reduces risk IPM results in fewer pesticide applications, at reduced rates, using the safest possible materials In many cases, the handling of hazardous pesticides is eliminated altogether

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Effectiveness IPM delays pest resistance Genetic resistance is one of the most serious problems facing pesticide users IPM does not rely solely on chemical controls, therefore genetic resistance is less likely to occurPreserving the effectiveness of existing pesticides helps reduce costs for everyone

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Environmental IPM preserves the environment Indiscriminate pesticide and fertilizer use can reduce populations of beneficial plants, insects, fish, animals and other organisms

PESTICIDE TOXICITY CATEGORIES

Hazard Indicator

1. - Danger 2. - Warning 3. - Caution

Oral LD50 Up to 50 mg/kg 50-500 mg/kg >500 mg/kg

Inhalation LC50

Up to .2 mg/kg .2-2 mg/kg >2 mg/L

Dermal LD50 Up to 200 mg/kg

200-2000 mg/kg

> 2,000 mg/kg

Eye Effects Corrosive Persistent irritation

Reversible irritation

Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irritation

Moderate irritation

PREVENTION

Preventive measures are an important step because they eliminate the pest by disturbing a potential habitat Prevention means planning for a potential pest and taking the necessary steps aimed at disturbing the pest’s habitat in such ways as erecting a physical barrier, eliminating food or water, or introducing a predator The choice of pest-resistant varieties of species that are well adapted to local conditions precludes pest infestation Taking action after a pest infestation occurs could be too late to save landscape or buildings

PREVENTION

Urban/Structural IPM Pesticide use around infants and children, hospital patients, food, or other sensitive environments can create real or perceived risks IPM principles for urban environments are the same as those for crops and ornamental plants Alternatives to pesticides, such as exclusion or sanitation, can sometimes provide permanent solutions to otherwise chronic problems

PREVENTION

Entryways Keep doors shut when not in use Place weather stripping on doors Caulk and seal openings in walls Install or repair screens Install air curtains Keep vegetation, shrubs, and wood mulch at least 1 foot away from structures

PREVENTION

Classrooms and Offices Allow food and beverages only in designated areas If indoor plants are present, keep them healthy Keep areas as dry as possible by removing standing water and water damaged or wet materials In science labs, store animal foods in tightly sealed containers and regularly clean cages In all areas, remove dust and debris Routinely clean closets, lockers and desks Frequently vacuum carpeted areas Consult with your local health department if head lice is present

PREVENTION

Food Preparation and Serving Areas Store food and waste in containers that are inaccessible to pests Containers must have tight lids and be made of plastic, glass, or metal Place screens on vents, windows, and floordrains to prevent cockroaches and other pests from using unscreened ducts or vents as pathways Improve cleaning practices, including promptly cleaning food preparation equipment after use and removing grease accumulation from vents, ovens, and stoves Use caulk or paint to seal cracks and crevices

PREVENTION

Rooms and Areas With Extensive Plumbing Promptly repair leaks and correct other plumbing problems to deny pests access to water Routinely clean floor drains, strainers, and grates Seal pipe chases Keep areas dry Increase ventilation when necessary Store paper products or cardboard boxes away from moist areas

PREVENTION

Maintenance Areas After use, promptly clean mops and mop buckets Allow eating only in designated eating areas Clean trash cans regularly, use plastic liners in trash cans, and use secure lids Keep areas clean and as dry as possible, and remove debris

MONITORING

Monitoring or the regular inspection of your facilities is key to IPM Monitoring must be systematic and regular to be effective Setting up a good monitoring program is a cost-effective way to get started in IPM Proper identification of pests and the problems they pose is essential in selecting control methods Often, symptoms look similar for different pests It is important to know the pests that can thrive in your area

MONITORING

Benefits of monitoring include: A greater awareness of pest activity, including changes in pest populations Up-to-date information on the health of your facilities and landscape Data that can be used to compare pest outbreaks from season to season Early detection of pest problems resulting more management options An effective monitoring program can save you money

MONITORING

Knowing your pests: What pests have affected my facilities in the past? What other pests can possibly for my facilities? What are the hazards if the pest remains unchecked? When is the pest most active? Where is this pest’s habitat preferences? What does the pest look like at different times of its lifecycle? Are there any benefits to the pest? How can you prevent a pest appearing? How can you control a pest once it is established?

MONITORING

What to look for The Pest Damage Droppings Tracks and traces Hosts

MONITORING

Where to look Where has pest damage occurred in the past? What areas might the pest find food and shelter? Ask a pest professional for ideas where to monitor for pests

MONITORING

When to look

Factors include: Weather How soon after applying pesticides, fertilizers or water pests reappear

MONITORING

Thresholds Know your action thresholds The mere presence of a pest is not enough reason to apply a control measure The number of pests must be sufficient to cause enough harm to pay for the control measure The number of pests required to justify a control measure is called the "action threshold" This threshold may be a certain number of damaged plants, insects in a trap, or weeds in a field

MONITORING

Use IPM checklists During problem times, such as spring, some areas may have to be visited weekly or more often, looking for pest infestation Results should be compared to previous findings to determine trends Records should have dates, temperature, specific location, host plant or area of infestation, pest(s), and natural enemies present, sampling done with a description of the procedure for sampling, and any counts Records should also document any use of control measures taken

MONITORING

Trapping can be an effective method of monitoring in addition to spot monitoring Traps can be used on insects, rodents, or animals Here is how insect trapping can help you: •Insect traps can often indicate if a spray is economically justified •Traps often target adult stages of pests•Trapping is a useful timing tool

MONITORING

Traps are at work 24 hours a day Traps can indicate problem areas, or hot spots, requiring corrective action or spot treatments without having to treat all areas Trapping may help you reduce your use of pesticides A well-run trapping program gives you information on which to base and document your decisions

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Helpful decision-making criteria for selecting the proper control/combined control strategy:

1. Proven Efficacy

2. Lowest Environmental Impact

3. Operational Feasible

4. Cost-Effective.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

The primary control methods used in IPM are:CulturalMechanicalPhysicalBiologicalChemical Some control methods may also kill off potential predators of the pest and exacerbate the pest problem

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Cultural These controls are modifications of normal facility or plant care activities that reduce or avoid pest problems These include landscape maintenance such as proper fertilizing and watering Eliminating ponding for potential mosquitoes and reducing trash for insects and vectors are also examples of cultural controls

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Mechanical These controls involve labor, not including the application of chemical pesticides Controlling weeds by hand-pulling, weed eaters or mulching are examples Application of sticky traps, bird netting and hand-picking insects are all mechanical controls

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Physical These controls are environmental manipulations that indirectly control or prevent pests by altering temperature, light or humidity The addition of the product Aquashade to a pond darkens a pond and limits the amount of sunlight needed for algae growth Certain foliar diseases are controlled by thinning the plant canopy, which improves air circulation and reduces humidity The use of diluted white latex paint applied to trees to reduce sun scald is also a physical control

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Biological These control methods use beneficial organisms to control unwanted organisms The introduction of lady beetles to a garden area or beneficial nematodes to a lawn are examples of biological control

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Chemical Pesticides include insecticides (for insects), fungicides (for fungi), rodenticides (for rodents), aviacides (for birds) and herbicides (for weeds) All pesticides fall into one of the three classes: Class I is Danger, Class II is Warning, and Class III is Caution If a pesticide is warranted, use the least toxic pesticide to be effective in controlling the pest

SPECIFIC CONTROL METHODS

AQUASHADE Properties: Aquashade is a commercially registered aqua-blue dye used to filter out sunlight prohibiting algae and plant growth in ponds Safety: The dyes used in Aquashade are safe for animals and humans and are nontoxic to plants Uses and Application: Aquashade is used in ponds to prevent the growth of algae and submerged weeds

BORAX Properties: Borax, or sodium tetraborate, is a combination of boron, sodium and oxygen and is mined from the soil in its crude form Safety: Borax is safe around plants and mammals and displays an oral LD50 in rats of 6,000 mg/kg Uses and Application: Borax is effective against most insects and it is recommended that wood be treated with borax to prevent termite damage

CARBON DIOXIDE Properties: Carbon dioxide is the bi-product from animal respiration Safety: Carbon dioxide is a poison to all animals, but it does occur naturally in the atmosphere and is best used in an enclosed space, it will kill unwanted pests Uses and Application. Carbon dioxide may be the control of choice when faced against large numbers of cockroaches, and pantry moths, beetles and weevils

DIATOMAEOUS EARTH Properties: Diatomaeous earth is mined from fossilized shells of colonized algae known as diatoms and has abrasive and absorptive qualities Safety: Diatomaeous earth is virtually nontoxic to mammals Uses and Application: Diatomaeous earth has microscopic jagged edges, though harmless to mammals, are very effective against insects such as ants, beetles, cockroaches, earwigs, fleas, pantry weevils, silverfish, termites, cutworms, and mealybugs

ELECTRO-GUN Properties: The electro-gun is a patented invention which directs 90,000 volts of electricity at 60,000 cycles per second and is used primarily by termite exterminators Safety: The electro-gun is non-toxic and one of the most effective, proven methods for exterminating termites, though the high voltage of the electro-gun makes it a safety concern Uses and Application: The electro-gun is effective at exterminating termites, carpenter ants or any other wood burrowing insect

GARLIC OIL Properties: The strong scent of garlic oil contains the volatile oil alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfer-oxide) Safety: Though safe around humans, garlic oil can be toxic to pest and beneficial insects Uses and Applications: Garlic oil should be used on plants and shrubs to repel insects

INSECTICIDAL SOAPS Properties: Insecticidal soaps contain either sodium or potassium hydroxide on a fat, the result is the insect dehydrates and dies Safety: Insecticidal soaps have an oral LD50 of 16,500 mg/kg in rats Uses and Applications: Insecticidal soap should be used on outdoor plants to protect against outdoor ants, aphids, mealy bugs, and scales

LADY BEETLES Properties: Lady beetles are a carnivorous beetle, feeding upon many pest insects Safety: Lady beetles are completely safe and do not harm plants or animals Uses and Application: Lady beetles can be purchased commercially and released safely in trees or garden areas where aphids, mealy bugs, and scales are a pest

NEEM OIL Properties: Neem oil is an extract from the neem tree, a widely grown ornamental tree found in Africa and Asia Safety: Neem oil has a very low toxicity in mammals with an oral LD50 of 13,500 mg/kg in rats, with only rare cases does the oil irritate human skin Uses and Applications: Neem oil has been shown effective against 170 insect species including aphids, cockroaches, beetles, moths, mites, locust, nematodes, cutworms, mealy bugs, mosquitoes, lady beetles and fruit flies; and it can be used against brown patch, pink snow mold, pythium and summer patch fungi

NEMATODES Properties: Beneficial nematodes are microscopic in size and invade the bodies of pest larvae and release a deadly bacteria which kills within 48 hours Safety: Beneficial nematodes are nontoxic and are harmless to plants, earthworms and higher organisms Uses and Applications: Beneficial nematodes are effective against 250 varieties of pest larvae including cutworms

TRAPS Properties: Traps are used to capture and kill unwanted pests and differ in technique and form, but all are designed to lure, with the aid of bait, the pest into its grasp Safety: Traps do not have any toxicity, though care should be used when setting any traps Uses and Application: Live traps should be used to capture cats, pigeons, seagulls, skunks, and squirrels; traps that kill the pest should be used for flies, pantry moths, mice, rats, and pocket gophers

WASP-STOPPER AEROSOL Properties: Wasp-Stopper is an aerosol that contains the active ingredients pyrethrin and rotenome, as well as highly evaporative substances that freeze the bees, wasps or hornets Safety: Wasp-Stopper is the least toxic, commercially available, control for bees, hornets and wasps Uses and Application: Wasp-Stopper is designed to be sprayed six to eight feet away from a hive and it first freezes, then poisons the bees, wasps or hornets

WET VACUUM Properties: A wet vacuum, or "shop vac", with an extremely fine filter is an excellent insect killer Safety: Shop vacs are completely safe, leaving no adverse environmental effects Uses and Application: The shop vacuum can be used indoors or outdoors against insects

EDUCATING OTHERS

All facility occupants should understand the basic concepts of IPM and who to contact with questions or problems Educating and training staff to function within an IPM context is important to the success of an in-house IPM program Educating the staff has several benefits: All personnel can be useful in monitoring for specific pests and reporting their presence to staff pest control personnelAll personnel are also helpful in reporting the efficacy of a particular control method

IPM GUIDELINES

IPM Guidelines that are helpful in designing a program:1. Preventative measures should be explored early2. No control method is to be taken until/unless a problem is observed and verified3. The problem must exceed the “acceptable level of damage”4. Evaluate available alternative methods of control5. Select the method that is most effective/cost-effective and has the lowest impact on the environment6. Time control action for effectiveness and safety7. Follow-up and monitor results, keep records8. Evaluate and modify the program as necessary

RESOURCES

Books:Common-Sense Pest Control by William Olkowski, Sheila Daar and Helga OlkowskiPests of Landscape, Trees and Shrubs by the University of California

Websites:National IPM Networkhttp://www.reeusda.gov/agsys/nipmn/index.htmUC IPM Online http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

Remember, You Control Your Facility or Area!

Review Procedures With Them Before Starting the

Ensure They Are Properly Trained!

Determine Their Environmental Compliance Record!

Determine Who Is in Charge of Their People!

Determine How They Will Affect Your Facility’s

Environmental Compliance!

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL IPM PROGRAM

1. DETAILED WRITTEN IPM INSPECTION GUIDELINES.

2. DETAILED WRITTEN IPM BEST MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES.

3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS

4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING

5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION

6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP

THE IMPORTANCE OF A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT

“I would ask all of us to remember that protecting our environment is about protecting where we live and how we live. Let us join together to protect our health, our economy, and our communities -- so all of us and our children and our grandchildren can enjoy a healthy and a prosperous life.”

Carol Browner Former EPA Administrator

IPM , Pesticide management

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