Post on 18-Dec-2015
Introduction to Windows NT/2000
The operating System Zoo
Mainframe Operating Systems – High-End Servers Processes routine jobs without any interactive
user present OS/390 for example
Server Operating Systems Run on Large PC or even on Mainframes Print , file or web services Unix , Windows 2000 , Linux
The operating System Zoo(2)
Multiprocessor Operating Systems Windows 2000 (up to 32 CPUs) , SunOS
PC Operating Systems Running users applications Multimedia support Windows 98/Me/Xp
Real-Time Operating Systems Time as a key parameter (hard dead line) VxWorks , QNX
The operating System Zoo(3)
Embedded Operating Systems Run on a computer not generally thought of as
computer, like TV ,microwave etc. Have some characteristics of real-time systems PalmOS , Windows CE
Smart Card Operating Systems Very small - run on a credit card sized device Some are Java Oriented (based on JVM)
History
DOS 1 – 1980 Windows 3 – 1990 Windows NT – 1993 Windows 95 / 98 / Me Windows 2000 Pro / Server / Advanced /DC Windows XP Home/Pro - 2001 Windows.Net - 2003
Windows Family Roadmap
ClientClient
ServersServers
Home Home PCsPCs
Business Business PCsPCs 32 and 64 bit32 and 64 bit
Windows .Net Servers
Datacenter
Advanced
Small Business
Standard
NTWS
NTServer
Windows 95 / 98
Windows 2000 Product Family Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Windows 2000 Professional
Client version of the Windows 2000 product family Designed to provide a stable, reliable, and fast
platform for end users to run their applications A high-performance, secure-network client computer
and corporate desktop operating system that incorporates the best business features of Microsoft Windows 98 and builds on the traditional strengths of Microsoft Windows NT Workstation
Windows 2000 Professional 4 GB Memory 2 Processors
Windows 2000 Server
A file, print, and application server, as well as a Web-server platform, that contains all the features of Windows 2000 Professional plus many new server-specific functions
Terminal Services For small- to medium-sized organizations 4 GB Memory 4 Processors More Services and connectivity options
Active Directory Network Storage Management
Windows 2000 Advanced Server
A more powerful departmental and application server operating system that includes the full feature set of Windows 2000 Server and adds the advanced high availability and improved scalability required for enterprise and larger departmental solutions
High end enterprise networks 2-node Clustering Load Balancing 8 GB memory 8 Processors
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server A specialized high-end version of Windows 2000
Server designed for large-scale enterprise solutions and optimized for large data warehouses, econometric analysis, large-scale simulations in science and engineering, online transaction processing, and server consolidation projects
Large Database applications 64 GB memory 32 Processors 4-node - Clustering
Characteristics of Modern Operating Systems1. Microkernel architecture
Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel address space interprocess communication (IPC) basic scheduling
Other functions run in user mode and treated like any other application
Characteristics of Modern Operating SystemsMultithreading
process is divided into threads that can run simultaneously
Thread dispatchable unit of work executes sequentially and is interruptable
Process is a collection of one or more threads Useful when there is no need to serialize, e.g.,
database that deals with several clients
Characteristics of Modern Operating SystemsSymmetric multiprocessing
there are multiple processors transparent to the user these processors share same main memory and I/O facilities All processors can perform the same functions Better performance (speed), availability (fault tolerance), growth,
scaling (wide price range)
Multiprogramming vs. multiprocessing
Operating Systems Concepts
1. Process
2. Memory management
3. Information protection & security
4. Scheduling and resource management
5. Network support
6. The Shell
2000 / NT Architecture
System Components — Kernel Foundation for the executive and the subsystems. Never paged out of memory; execution is never preempted. Four main responsibilities:
thread scheduling interrupt and exception handling low-level processor synchronization recovery after a power failure
Kernel is object-oriented, uses two sets of objects. dispatcher objects control dispatching and synchronization
(events, mutants, mutexes, semaphores, threads and timers). control objects (asynchronous procedure calls, interrupts, power
notify, power status, process and profile objects.)
Kernel — Process and Threads The process has a virtual memory address
space, information (such as a base priority), and an affinity for one or more processors.
Threads are the unit of execution scheduled by the kernel’s dispatcher.
Each thread has its own state, including a priority, processor affinity, and accounting information.
A thread has a state: ready, running, waiting etc.
Kernel — Scheduling
The dispatcher uses a 32-level priority scheme to determine the order of thread execution. Priorities are divided into two classes.. The real-time class contains threads with priorities ranging
from 16 to 31. The variable class contains threads having priorities from 0
to 15. Characteristics of NT priority strategy.
Trends to give very good response times to interactive threads that are using the mouse and windows.
Enables I/O-bound threads to keep the I/O devices busy. Complete-bound threads soak up the spare CPU cycles in
the background.
Kernel — Scheduling (Cont.)
Scheduling can occur when a thread enters the ready or wait state, when a thread terminates, or when an application changes a thread’s priority or processor affinity.
Real-time threads are given preferential access to the CPU; but 2000 does not guarantee that a real-time thread will start to execute within any particular time limit. (This is known as soft realtime.)
Executive
Object Manager Naming Objects Virtual Memory Manager Process Manager Local Procedure Call Facility I/O Manager Plug-and-Play Manager
Virtual Memory Manager
The design of the VM manager assumes that the underlying hardware supports virtual to physical mapping a paging mechanism, transparent cache coherence on multiprocessor systems, and virtual addressing aliasing.
The VM manager in NT uses a page-based management scheme with a page size of 4 KB.
The NT VM manager uses a two step process to allocate memory. The first step reserves a portion of the process’s address
space. The second step commits the allocation by assigning space
in the NT paging file.
Volume and File Structure
Sector , Track , Cylinder Cluster Partition - Volume - RAID
File System
FAT16 – DOS , Windows95 , NT FAT32 – Windows32/Me/2000/Xp NTFS – WindowsNT/2000/Xp
File System
File-Allocation Table
FAT
File System
The fundamental structure of the NT file system (NTFS) is a volume. Created by the NT disk administrator utility. Based on a logical disk partition. May occupy a portions of a disk, an entire disk, or span across
several disks. All metadata, such as information about the volume, is stored in
a regular file. NTFS uses clusters as the underlying unit of disk allocation.
A cluster is a number of disk sectors that is a power of two. Because the cluster size is smaller than for the 16-bit FAT file
system, the amount of internal fragmentation is reduced.
File System — Internal Layout NTFS uses logical cluster numbers (LCNs) as disk addresses. A file in NTFS is not a simple byte stream, as in MS-DOS or
UNIX, rather, it is a structured object consisting of attributes. Every file in NTFS is described by one or more records in an
array stored in a special file called the Master File Table (MFT). Each file on an NTFS volume has a unique ID called a file
reference. 64-bit quantity that consists of a 48-bit file number and a 16-bit
sequence number. Can be used to perform internal consistency checks.
The NTFS name space is organized by a hierarchy of directories; the index root contains the top level of the B+ tree.
File System — Recovery
All file system data structure updates are performed inside transactions that are logged. Before a data structure is altered, the transaction writes a
log record that contains redo and undo information. After the data structure has been changed, a commit
record is written to the log to signify that the transaction succeeded.
After a crash, the file system data structures can be restored to a consistent state by processing the log records.
File System — Security
Security of an NTFS volume is derived from the 2000 object model.
Each file object has a security descriptor attribute stored in this MFT record.
This attribute contains the access token of the owner of the file, and an access control list that states the access privileges that are granted to each user that has access to the file.
Windows NT (2000) -NTFS
Networking
Stand Alone Domain – PDC , BDC
Network Environment
UNIXSystems
MicrosoftNetworks
RemoteAccess
Macintosh
Netware
Windows NT
NDIS
Network Device Interface SpecificationNetwork Device Interface Specification
NWLinkNWLinkNETBEUINETBEUI TCP/IPTCP/IP
Token RingToken RingEthernetEthernet FDDIFDDI
Protocols
TCP/IP: Routable organization protocol to connect Internet world
NWLink: IPX/SPX-compatible protocol to connect Netware Server
AppleTalk: Service for Macintosh clients DLC: Used to connect printer or SNA
mainframes
DHCP Service (1)DHCP Server
DHCP DatabaseIP Address 1IP Address 2
….
DHCP Client
DHCPClient
Non-DHCP Client
IP Address 1
IP Address 2
DHCP Service (2)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Assigning IP to DHCP client Automatically Centralize and Manage the allocation of
TCP/IP configuration information The client receives a valid IP address
WINS Service (1)WINS Server
WINS Client
Registration RequestUSER3=210.65.182.24
USER3
USER1
IP inquire forUSER3
USER3=210.65.182.25
WINS DatabaseUSER1 210.65.182.22USER2 210.65.182.23USER3 210.65.182.24
WINS Service (2)
Windows Internet Name Service Resolve the computer name to IP
address Update the WINS database dynamically
DNS Service
Domain Name Service Distributed database providing a hierarchical
naming system for identifying hosts on the Internet
Connect to Internet system using Internet naming conventions
Maintain a consistent hierarchical naming scheme across an organization
IIS Service
Internet and Intranet Internet Information Server Publish resources and services on the
Internet on private intranet Use HTTP, Gopher, FTP to provide
information
CSNW (1)Netware Server
NT workstationwith CSNW
NT workstationwith CSNW
SharedResources
CSNW (2)
Client Service for Netware Connect to file and print resources
directly Support Netware 2.x or later
GSNW (1)NetwareServer
NT Serverwith GSNW
Windows Client Windows Client
GSNW (2)
Gateway Service for Netware Create non-dedicated gateway to Netware
resources Avoid the license problem Manage a simple network envirenment
Component Base
DLL COM DCOM – COM+ .NET