Post on 25-Dec-2015
Introduction to the Session 6 - Theme 4 – on “Water
Resources Management and Governance”
Integrated Water Resources Management implies three main elements:
The Concept of Integrated Water Resources Management
Economic Equity EnvironmentalSustainability
Management Instruments Assessment Information Allocation
Instruments
EnablingEnvironment Policies Legislation
InstitutionalFramework Central -
Local River Basin Public -
Private
Balance “water for livelihood” and “water as a resource”
• IWRM:• A cross-sectoral approach
Water for
people
Water for
food
Water for
nature
Water for
otheruses
Cross-sectoral integration
• Enabling environment
• Institutions
• Management tools
• Implementation frameworks• For IWRM
Framework for water governance
Framework for water infrastructure development
Framework for water and sanitation service delivery
Framework for water efficiency improvements
Addressing vulnerability:Addressing vulnerability:“Vulnerability of Water Resources to Environmental Change in Africa”
Aim:Aim: Managing vulnerability risks at transboundary, national and local, river/lake/groundwater basin and catchment levels
Action: Action: Assessment of effects of environmental and human driven changes on water resources
Impact:Impact: Management and long-term conservation of ecosystems – Strategy and policy development - Awareness creation…
Africa’s high dependence on natural resources makes people vulnerable to environmental change Where are water resources most at riskWhere are water resources most at risk??
BackgroundBackground
We don‘t know yetWe don‘t know yetVulnerability is multifaceted: Climate variability; Pollution; Population growth; Competition over water; Data availability and quality; Knowledge gaps…
Why we need vulnerability assessmentsWhy we need vulnerability assessments People already live on the threshold Ecosystems are at high risk
For whom it is importantFor whom it is importantGovernment, Policy and decision-makers and affected communities...
Where are water resources most at riskWhere are water resources most at risk??
The river, lake, groundwater basin approachThe river, lake, groundwater basin approach
Basin approach supposes:Basin approach supposes:
Balances resource protection and utilization Considers all components hydrological cycle Incorporates IWRM principles
(equity / efficiency / sustainability)
Seeks to maintain a balance between competing pressuresSeeks to maintain a balance between competing pressures
Resource integrity in the long-term Social upliftment and advancement Economic growth and use of environmental resources
Cluster Parameter * Vulnerability Indicator*
Climate Rainfall, Evapotranspiration
Aridity
Ecosystems
Water dependency Land use Landcover Stream flow
Hydrology Storage Quality
Physiography
Hydrogeology Yield Recharge
Water Availability Desertification Storage and Supply
Infrastructure
Demography
Socio- Economy
Economy
Population Size and Distribution
HIV-AIDS/ Water-Related Diseases
Water Demand Water Supply Value of Water
Population Density and Growth
Poverty Access to Water Water Use Conflicts
Legislation
Policies Acts Regulations Guidelines
Institutional
Adherence to IWRM principles
Human Resources
Sector reform Implementation and
adaptive capacity Management
Knowledge Literature/reports Data availability,
gaps, and quality
Wa
ter S
carc
ity
Key parameters and indicatorsKey parameters and indicators
Key parameters and indicatorsKey parameters and indicators
Water Water ScarcityScarcity
PhysiographyPhysiography
Socio-EconomySocio-Economy
ManagementManagement
ClimateClimateEcosystemsEcosystemsSurface WaterSurface WaterGroundwaterGroundwater
DemographyDemographyEconomyEconomy
LegislationLegislationInstitutionalInstitutionalKnowledgeKnowledge
ClusterClusterWater Water
AvailabilityAvailability
Water UseWater Use
IndicatorIndicator
Cluster Parameter * Vulnerability Indicator*
Climate Rainfall, Evapotranspiration
Aridity
Ecosystems
Water dependency Land use Landcover Stream flow
Hydrology Storage Quality
Physiography
Hydrogeology Yield Recharge
Water Availability Desertification Storage and Supply
Infrastructure
Demography
Socio- Economy
Economy
Population Size and Distribution
HIV-AIDS/ Water-Related Diseases
Water Demand Water Supply Value of Water
Population Density and Growth
Poverty Access to Water Water Use Conflicts
Legislation
Policies Acts Regulations Guidelines
Institutional
Adherence to IWRM principles
Human Resources
Sector reform Implementation and
adaptive capacity Management
Knowledge Literature/reports Data availability,
gaps, and quality
Water S
carcity
PhysiographyPhysiography
Climate Extreme events and impacts
Ecosystems Impacts of land use changes
Surface Water Distribution, quantity and quality Storage and supply infrastructureGroundwater
Socio-EconomySocio-Economy
Demography Population growth and urbanisation Water related diseases and HIV/Aids Access to safe water and sanitation services Water use Water related conflicts
Economy
Management Management
Legislation Governance of water resources Implementation and adaptive capacity (finances, human res.)Institutional
Knowledge Data availability and quality Knowledge gaps (climate change, water pollution, water res.)
Key issues, adaptation and mitigationKey issues, adaptation and mitigation
Northern AfricaNorthern AfricaNile River BasinNile River BasinNubian Groundwater BasinNubian Groundwater Basin
Nile River and Nubian Groundwater BasinsNile River and Nubian Groundwater Basins
Vulnerable: high aridity, low water availability, high poverty and moderate management
Western AfricaWestern AfricaSenegal and Niger River BasinsSenegal and Niger River Basins
Senegal and Niger River BasinsSenegal and Niger River BasinsHigh aridity, low water availability, water scarcity
Vulnerable: high poverty, delayed sector reform, very low adaptive capacity
Southern AfricaSouthern AfricaZambezi and Orange River BasinsZambezi and Orange River Basins
Zambezi and Orange River BasinsZambezi and Orange River Basins
Cluster Vulnerability Indicator Zambezi River Basin Orange River Basin Aridity <20% of the area >50% Water Availability Vulnerable Stressed
Physiography Storage and Supply Infrastructure
Well developed - middle course
Highly developed - upstream
Population Density 18 p/km2; downstream increase; variable
12 p/km2; upstream increase; variable
Access to Safe Water Urban ~70%, Rural ~45%; highly variable
Urban ~70%, Rural ~45%; variable
Water Use Agriculture ~80% Agriculture ~60% Poverty Higher Lower
Socio- Economy
Conflicts Eastern Caprivi region Lower Orange River Sector reform In progress Advanced Implementation and adaptive capacity Moderate to bad Reasonable Management Data availability, gaps, and quality Moderate to bad Reasonable
High aridity, low water availability, water scarcity
Vulnerable: inadequate access, management and poverty
Key Issues – 1Key Issues – 1
Ph
ysiog
raph
y
Climate change & variability
Increased frequency of droughts and floods Small reduction in Rainfall Large reduction in river flow
……Persistent drought in the Sahel since 1970s…Persistent drought in the Sahel since 1970s…(includes largest part of Niger River Basin)(includes largest part of Niger River Basin)
Ecosystems
Biodiversity Desertification Wetland degradation
……Deteriorating ecosystem integrity Lake Victoria Basin…Deteriorating ecosystem integrity Lake Victoria Basin…
Surface Water Limited resources, unevenly distributed & over-exploited
……Nubian Sst Aquifer Basin: non-renewable water resource…Nubian Sst Aquifer Basin: non-renewable water resource… Pollution
……Industrial & municipal effluent loading Orange River Basin…Industrial & municipal effluent loading Orange River Basin…Groundwater
Key IssuesKey Issues
Key Issues – 2Key Issues – 2
So
cio-E
con
om
y
Demography
High population growth rate in urban areas Water related diseases and HIV/Aids
……Southern Africa has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS…Southern Africa has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS… Poor water and sanitation coverage and service delivery
……Inadequate access to clean water and sanitation inInadequate access to clean water and sanitation inperi-urban and rural areas…peri-urban and rural areas…
Agriculture most important economic activity and biggest water consumer (80%) Competition for water
……High competition between irrigators and hydropower inHigh competition between irrigators and hydropower inRufiji Basin…Rufiji Basin…
Economy
Key Issues – 3Key Issues – 3
Man
agem
ent
Legislation Water legislation Inadequate institutional strength and capacity
..Establishment of Co-operative Frameworks for Managing ..Establishment of Co-operative Frameworks for Managing Shared Waters in the context of IWRM..Shared Waters in the context of IWRM..
Institutional
Knowledge
Data access, sharing, reliability and standardisation Monitoring Knowledge Gaps
- Insufficient insight into climate change and variability - Water pollution inadequately addressed - Groundwater recharge largely unknown - Environmental Flow Requirements largely unknown
Water Scarcity Water Scarcity
Water resources are at risk andWater resources are at risk andwater stress is expected to increase…water stress is expected to increase…
Adaptation and Mitigation OptionsAdaptation and Mitigation Options
Institutional & Legislative Framework
Water Sector Reforms Managing (shared) waters and ecosystems Communities' responses to water stress
Capacity Building Capacity enhancement programmes
Data & Monitoring
Data rescue Standardized assessments Monitoring for improved early warning systems and effective water management
Technologies
Surface / groundwater storage and use Rainwater harvesting Improvement urban water supply Investment in wastewater treatment Improvements in agricultural techniques Water Trade