Post on 20-Oct-2015
description
Microprocessor & Microcontroller Based Systems
Lecture 1: Introduction to Microcontrollers
By: Shahid S. Jan (Modified by Faizan Jawaid)
Course Online
Course web site: • Dropbox link
– Syllabus, lecture slides, assignments, solutions, project guidelines, reference/reading material etc.
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CLASS POLICY
Assignments must be submitted within the
Microcontroller
• Elements of a microcontroller– Microprocessor– I/O ports– Memory– Counters and timers– Special purpose interface devices (RS232,
USB, CAN, PWM, ADC, etc.)
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Microcontroller
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Embedded Systems
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Embedded systems are special purpose computing systems designed to perform specific task(s).
Embedded Systems
7Intentionally left blank.
Embedded Systems Markets
1. Household
2. Entertainment
3. Automotive
4. Industry
5. Communication
6. Medical
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1. Household
• Climate control (thermostats, furnaces, etc.)
• Sprinkler systems
• Home security systems
• Appliances– Microwaves, refrigerators, ovens, washing
machines, dish washers, etc.
• RFID
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2. Entertainment
• TV, DVD/BR players, Remote Controllers, etc.
• Game consoles (Xbox, PS, Nintendo)
• iPod
• Digital cameras
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3. Automotive
• 50–100 embedded systems in autos
• 10–15 million lines of C code
• 35–45 micros per automobile
• BMW has a max of 70 micros
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3. Automotive (cont’d.)
• Antilock brakes
• Air bags
• Keyless entry
• Fuel injection
• Climate control
• GPS
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4. Industrial
• ATM Machines
• Computer equipment (networks, printers, mouse devices, disk drives, etc.)
• Calculators
• Avionics
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4. Industrial (cont’d.)
• Test equipment (scopes, meters, etc.)
• Robotics
• Ultrasound M/c
• Electronic tolls
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5. Communications
• Cell phones
• Answering machines, fax machines
• PDAs
• Wireless radio
• RFID
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6. Medical Applications
• Dialysis
• Electronic Surgical equipment
• Monitoring (ECG, EEG, blood pressure, ...)
• Imaging (Ultrasound, MRI, X-Ray)
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Embedded Systems Market
• Worldwide PC sales in 2008:256 million units
• Worldwide microcontroller sales in 2008:11 billion units
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Embedded Systems Growth
MPU MCU DSP Total
2004 30,488
12,449
7,798 50,734
2005 34,970
12,082
7,635 54,687
2006 37,605
12,837
9,083 59,526
2007 44,141
13,981
11,046
69,168
2008 45,280
14,686
11,391
71,358
2009 52,020
16,399
13,205
81,624
2010 56,154
17,805
15,996
89,956
2011 61,331
18,864
17,664
97,859
CAGR 10% 8% 14% 10%
MPU = microprocessors
MCU = microcontrollers
DSP = digital signal processors
World market, millions of dollars
CAGR = compounded annual growth rate
Source: DSP Outperforms.pdf18
Embedded Systems Growth
Microcontrollers only
Sales in millions of dollars
Units in millions
Source: Market1.doc, http://www.electronics.ca/presscenter/articles/580/1/New-Study-Predicts-10-percent-Growth-for-Microcontrollers/Page1.html
Sales Units Price/unit
2004 12,449 6,930 $1.80
2005 12,082 7,081 $1.71
2006 12,446 8,464 $1.47
2007 13,716 10,233 $1.34
2008 15,631 11,255 $1.39
2009 16,272 11,831 $1.38
2010 17,723 13,502 $1.31
2011 19,204 14,450 $1.33
2012 20,480 15,765 $1.30
2007-12CAGR
8% 9% –1%
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Automotive Applications
• Microcontrollers in automobiles– $5.8 billion in 2006– $9.5 billion in 2010
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DSPs
• Two largest DSP customers: Nokia and Motorola
• Wireless phones comprise 85% of DSP market
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DSP Market
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Microcontroller Market
• 2005: 8-bit market about $5 billion, led by Microchip Inc. (24%)16-bit market about $5 billion
• Over 40 microcontroller manufacturersTI, Motorola, Freescale, Atmel, Parallax, National, Intel, Zilog, Hitachi/Mitsubishi/Renesas, Cypress, Holtek, Rabbit, Toshiba, NEC, Philips, Sanyo, Matsushita, Sony, LG Semicon, Samsung, Siemens, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Semtech, …
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Microchip PIC
• Microchip makes almost 400 different microcontrollers
• Microchip Advanced Parts Selector software available at www.microchip.com
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Datasheet p. 1
PIC = peripheral interface controller
Max clock freq.• 4 MHz• 10 MHz• 20 MHz
1 instr. every 4 or 8 clock cycles
PIC 16F877
Memory Types
• ROM• PROM• EPROM (OTP)• EEPROM (Flash)• RAM
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PIC Programming
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EEPROM Programmer – interfaces with Microchip software
EPROM Eraser
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In Circuit Debugger: Olimex ICD 1
Available from Sparkfun
RS232 interfacePower supply required
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In-Circuit Debugger: PICkit 2
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Mirochip Inc.
USB interfacePower supply is not required
Lab Setup
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PC
ICD
Breadboard
PICPIC
powersupply(ICD1 only)
USB orRS232
6-pincable
powersupply
header
MPLAB
Microchip PIC Features
• High performance RISC CPU
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn
• 8K 14-bit words of FLASH Program Memory
• 368 bytes of general purpose data memory (RAM)
• 256 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
• Interrupt capability (14 sources)
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Watchdog timer ( will be discussed in lectures )
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode3232
Program Memory
• 8K words, 14 bits each
• 8K = 8 1024 = 8192 = 0x2000
• Addresses 0x0000–0x1FFF
• Addresses are 13 bits
3333
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Datasheet p. 136
35 instructions1 or 2 instr. cycles14 bits/instruction
Example:goto 0x3A2 =10 1011 1010 0010 =0x2BA2
Assembly code Assembler Machine code
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Datasheet p. 13
8-bit data words
368 bytes of data RAM, which is fast but volatile
256 bytes of data EEPROM,which is slow but nonvolatile(not shown on this page)
GPRs: 96+80+96+96 = 368 bytes
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Harvard Architecture
PIC16F877 bus widths
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Program Memory
CPUData
Memory
Instruction14 bits
Address13 bits
Data8 bits
Address9 bits
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The End