Introduction to A&P

Bio 103

January 23, 2008

Martini Chapter 1

Today we will discuss

• The definitions of A&P

Today we will discuss

• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body

Today we will discuss

• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems

Today we will discuss

• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems• homeostasic regulation of the body

Today we will discuss

• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems• homeostasic regulation of the body• human body terminology

Today we will discuss

• The definitions of A&P• levels of organization of the human body• organ systems• homeostasic regulation of the body• human body terminology• human body cavities

Anatomy & Physiology

• Structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology)

"Proportions of the Human Figure" Leonardo da Vinci, 1485-1490

Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)

• surface anatomy

Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)

• surface anatomy

• regional anatomy

Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)

• surface anatomy

• regional anatomy

• systemic anatomy– organ systems

Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)

• surface anatomy

• regional anatomy

• systemic anatomy– organ systems

• developmental anatomy – embryology

Gross Anatomy(visible to the unaided eye)

• surface anatomy

• regional anatomy

• systemic anatomy– organ systems

• developmental anatomy – embryology

• clinical anatomy– for example radiology

Microscopic Anatomy(cannot be seen without magnification)

• cytology – looking at individual cells

• histology – looking at groups of

specialized cells called tissues

• tissues combine to form organs

Physiology

• The function of the anatomical structure– Cell physiology– Special physiology (i.e., cardiac)– Systemic physiology (i.e., cardiovascular)– Pathological physiology (Pathos = disease)

Levels of Organization

Tissues: Chapter 4

1. Epithelial tissue covers body surface and body cavities, forms glands

2. Connective tissue supports/protects organs, stores energy, transports

material throughout body

3. Muscle tissue allows movement and organ contraction

4. Neural tissue coordinates bodily activities by sending and receiving

information via electrical impulses

Organs: Chapters 5-18

• There are 11 independent, yet interconnected organ systems in the human body.

• In this class we will focus on 5 of these systems.

1. integumentary

2. skeletal

3. muscular

4. nervous

5. endocrine

The Integumentary System

The Skeletal System

The Muscular System

The Nervous System

The Endocrine System

Organs: Chapters 19-28

• In A&P II you will learn about the remaining organ systems

The Cardiovascular System

The Lymphatic System

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

The Urinary System

The Reproductive System

Homeostasis

• The cells, tissues, organs and organ systems of a body coexist in a shared environment, which must remain in homeostasis.– Homeo (unchanging) + stasis (standing)

• In other words, the environment must be regulated to stay within specific physiological set points.– e.g., internal body temperature is maintained at 98.6

degrees.

Homeostatic Regulation

• How does the body maintain its internal environment?– autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

• a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to a change in the environment.

– extrinsic regulation• when the nervous or endocrine system adjusts the activities

of the other systems simultaneously.– nervous system

» electrical signal, short term and fast– endocrine system

» hormonal signal, slow, but longer lasting changes

Homeostatic Regulation

3 necessary components:

1. a receptor/receiver to sense change in environment (i.e., stimulus)

2. a control center to receive and process the information and send out commands

3. an effector (usually a cell or organ) that responds to the command in order to keep the body in homeostasis

An analogy of homeostatic regulation

Negative Feedbacka common homeostatic mechanism• The effector activated by the control center opposes the

change or stimulus keeping the body within a certain physiological range.

set point

change sensed

control center sends command

effector opposes stimulus and brings physiological parameter back to set point

An Example of Negative Feedback

Positive Feedbacknot very common

• The effector activated by the control center exaggerates or enhances the change or stimulus.

• Some examples:– blood clotting– childbirth

If Homeostasis fails

• When this happens, organ systems can malfunction, putting the body into a state of illness or disease

State of Equilibrium

• opposing processes are in balance, and thus a physiological parameter appears to be in a steady state

The role of organ systems in homeostatic regulation

Frames of Anatomical Reference

• Anatomy uses a special language to describe body sections, regions and relative positions.

Anatomical Position

• hands at side, palms facing forward

– STANDING FRONT = ANTERIOR– STANDING BACK = POSTERIOR

– LYING FACE UP = SUPINE– LYING FACE DOWN = PRONE

Superficial Anatomy

• Anatomical Landmarks

– Anterior (front) View

– Figure 1-6

Superficial Anatomy

• Anatomical Landmarks

– Posterior (back) View

– Figure 1-6

Regions of the Human Body(Table 1-2, Figure 1-6)

Regions of the Human Body(Table 1-2, Figure 1-6)

Anatomical Regions

• Clinicians use:– abdominopelvic quadrants

Provides useful reference for description of pain/injury.

RLQ tenderness is a symptom of appendicitis

Figure 1-7a

Anatomical Regions

• Anatomist use:– 9 abdominopelvic regions

Figure 1-7

Anatomical Directional References

Figure 1-8

Fill in the blank

Sectional Anatomy

• 3 Sectional Planes– traverse– frontal– sagittal

Figure 1-9

Plane: a 3-dimensional axis

Section: a slice parallel to a plane

Body Cavities

• internal chambers that serve 2 functions

1. protect organs

2. permit change in size without distorting or disrupting surrounding tissues or adjacent organs

Ventral Body Cavity (coelom)

• Coelom:

– divided by the diaphragm into the

1. thoracic cavity

2. abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1–10b

Membranes Isolate the Organs

• Serous membranes: – parietal layer (next to wall of cavity)– visceral layer (next to organ)

Thoracic Cavity

• thoracic cavity

– pleural cavity • divided by the mediastinum• organs: lungs• membranes: visceral and

parietal pleura

– pericardial cavity • organs: heart• membranes: visceral and

parietal pericardium

Figure 1–10c

Mediastinum

• mediastinum divides thoracic cavity into 2 pleural cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• abdominopelvic cavity

– peritoneal cavity • membranes: visceral and parietal

peritoneum

– abdominal cavity

(superior peritoneal)• organs: liver, stomach, spleen,

intestine

– pelvic cavity

(inferior peritoneal)• organs: intestine, bladder,

reproductive organs.