Prepared by:

Engr. Marie Luvett Interino-Goh, MIT

Topics Outline: Prelim

Define Computer

Data vs. Information

Types of Computer

Elements of Computer System

Number System

How is a computer defined?

p. 6

Computer is an electronic device

operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own

memory.

It accepts data and process it into

information.

It can store and retrieve data for

future use.

It can perform arithmetic and logical

operations

Data vs. Information

p. 6

INFORMATION

Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful

DATA

Raw facts, figures, and symbols

Types of Computer

According to its Purpose

According to its Type of Data Handled

According to its Size

According to Purpose

General

Special / Specific

ATM (Automated Teller Machine)

Personal Computer

According to Type of Data Handled

Analog

e.g. Speedometer

Digital

e.g. Desktop Computer

Hybrid

e.g. Pulse Monitor

According to Size

Supercomputer

Mainframe

Workstation

Desktop

Laptop

Notebook, Netbook

Tablet PC

PDA / Hand-held PC

(Personal Digital Assistant)

According to Size

Supercomputer

are used for highly

calculation-intensive tasks

such as problems

involving:

quantum physics

weather forecasting

climate research

molecular modeling

(computing the structures

simulation of the

detonation of nuclear

weapons, and research into

nuclear fusion).

According to Size

Mainframe

are powerful computers used

mainly by large organizations

for critical applications,

typically bulk data processing

such as:

census

industry and consumer

statistics

enterprise resource planning

financial transaction

processing.

According to Size

Workstation

is a high-end

microcomputer designed

for technical or scientific

applications.

Desktop

is a personal computer

(PC) in a form intended

for regular use at a

single location.

According to Size

Laptop

Portable, small enough to fit on

your lap.

Notebook / Netbook

Smaller than laptop.

According to Size

Tablet PC

Resembles a letter-sized

slate

Allows you to write on

the screen using a digital

pen

Especially useful for

taking notes

According to Size

PDA / Hand-held PC

(Personal Digital Assistant) Provides personal organizer

functions:

Calendar

Appointment book

Address book

Calculator

Notepad

According to Size

Smart Phones

Is an Internet-enabled

telephone that usually

provides PDA capabilities

Elements of Computer System

Hardware

Software

Peopleware

Dataware

Firmware

Netware

Hardware is the physical or tangible parts of the

computer system

Types: Input Devices

Output Devices

Processing Unit

Storage

Hardware What is an input device?

Hardware used

to enter data

and instructions

Examples:

Keyboard

Mouse

Microphone

Webcam

Digital camera

Scanners and Readers

Flatbed Scanner

Biometrics Scanner

Barcode Reader

OCR / OMR / MICR

RFID Reader

Magnetic Stripe Reader

Biometric Input What is biometrics?

p. 262 Fig. 5-42 and 5-43

Authenticates person’s identity by verifying personal characteristic

Fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of fingerprint

Hand geometry system measures shape and size of person’s hand

Biometric Input What are examples of biometric technology?

Voice verification system compares live

speech with stored voice pattern

Signature verification system recognizes shape of signature

Iris recognition system reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye

Hardware

p. 7 Fig. 1-3

What is an output device?

Hardware that

conveys / displays information to one or more people

Hardware Examples of output devices?

Monitors

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Plasma

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

DLP (Digital Light Processing) – Multimedia Projector

Printers

Types:

Impact (i.e. Dot Matrix, Line Printer)

Non-impact (i.e. Inkjet, Laser, Plotter, Thermal Printers, etc)

Hardware

p. 7 Fig. 1-3

Processing Unit

What is the system unit?

Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data

Sometimes called the chassis.

The System Unit What are common components inside the system unit?

Memory Expansion Bus Adapter cards Chipsets IDE Controllers/

Devices Ports Drive bays Power supply

power supply

ports

drive bays

processor

memory

sound card video card

Motherboard Processor

Motherboard

Main circuit board

in system unit

Considered to be

the physical

foundation of the

computer system

Also called

system board /

MOBO

Motherboard

Examples:

XT (Extended Technology)

AT (Advanced Technology)

ATX (Advanced Technology

Extended)

LPX (Low Profile Extended)

BTX (Balanced Technology

Extended)

Form Factors

Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers.

Processor

Control

Unit

Arithmetic

Logic Unit (ALU)

Arithmetic

Logic Unit (ALU)

Processor What is the central processing unit (CPU)?

Input

Devices

Storage

Devices

Output

Devices

Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer

Memory Data Information

Instructions

Data

Information

Instructions

Data

Information

Control

Unit

Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations

Also called the processor

Processor

Control Unit

Memory

ALU

Processor What is a machine cycle?

Step 1. Fetch Obtain program instruction

or data item from memory

Step 2.

Decode Translate

instruction into

commands

Step 4. Store Write result to memory

Step 3. Execute Carry out command

Four operations of the CPU comprise a

machine cycle

Processor What are heat sinks, cooling fans, heat

pipes, and liquid cooling?

Heat sink—component

with fins that absorbs heat

generated by the processor

Cooling fan - move air across

a heatsink to cool a particular

component.

Heat pipes —smaller device for notebook computers

Liquid cooling—uses a continuous flow of fluids to transfer heat away

Processor Types of Processor Slots PGA (Pin Grid Array)

SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge\

LGA ( Land Grid Array)

Processor Two leading manufacturers of processors for

desktop computers

INTEL

(Integrated Electronics)

AMD

(Advanced Micro Devices)

Memory Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data

that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile-type of memory that

act as the primary storage of computer.

Types of RAM

EDO ( Enhanced Data Output)

SRAM (Static RAM)

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)

SDR (Single Data Rate)

DDR (Double Data Rate)

RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)

Memory ROM (Read Only Memory) is a class of storage medium used

in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware.

Types of ROM

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

Flash Card

Flash Drive

Memory Cards

Expansion Bus An expansion bus It is a collection of wires and

protocols that allows for the expansion of a computer

Types :

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

EISA (Extended ISA)

VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)

Expansion Bus An opening, or socket,

on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card

With Plug and Play, the computer automatically configures cards and other devices as you install them

Expansion Bus

AGP

Expansion/Adapter Cards is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into

an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add functionality to a computer system. Types :

Sound Card

Video Card

TV Tuner

FM Tuner

NIC

(Network Interface Card)

Chipsets refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips,

that are designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product.

Types :

Northbridge

handles communications among the CPU, RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.

Southbridge

handles the communication between northbridge and Input/Output ports.

IDE Controllers IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) is a hardware interface

widely used to connect hard disks, optical discs and tape drives to a PC.

Types :

PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

Ports and Connectors What are ports and connectors? Port connects external devices to system unit

Connector joins cable to peripheral

Available in one of two genders: male and female

Ports and Connectors What are different types of connectors?

Storage What is storage? Holds data, instructions, and information for future use.

Types:

Primary Storage – volatile type of storage/memory

Examples:

Registers

Cache

RAMs

ROMs

Storage Secondary Storage – nonvolatile type of storage/memory

Types:

Magnetic Disks (i.e. Hard disk, Floppy disk, Zip disk, etc)

Optical Discs (i.e. Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), Blue ray disc, etc)

Tape

Microfilm and Microfiche

Storage What is capacity?

Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand

Megabyte (MB) 1 million

Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion

Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion

Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion

Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold

Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion

Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion

Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion

Storage/Memory Hierarchy

Storage How do life expectancies of various media compare?

Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media

Software is a collection of programs.

A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer.

Types of Software:

System Software

Application Software

System Software

System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware.

It consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices.

System Software Types of System software

Operating System

is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software.

Examples:

Windows, Linux, Mac OS

Utility Programs

is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer.

Examples:

Disk Defragmenter, Anti-virus, Screen Saver, etc

Application Software

a software that is designed and created to perform specific personal, business or scientific processing tasks.

Application Software is available in a variety of forms: packaged, custom, open source, shareware, freeware and public domain.

Packaged Software

- is mass-produced, copyrighted retail software.

Custom Software

- performs functions specific to a business or industry.

Various forms of Application Software

Shareware

- is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period.

Freeware

- is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost by an individual or a company that retains all rights to the software.

Open Source Software

- is software provided for use, modification, and redistribution.

- This software has no restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification of the software’s internal instructions and redistribution of the software.

Public-domain software

- it has been donated for public use and has no copy restrictions.

- Anyone can copy or distribute public-domain software to others at no cost.

Peopleware

Peopleware can refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of computer software and hardware systems.

Refers to the users of computers.

Dataware

is information in a form suitable for use with a computer.

is a collection of data.

Types:

Softcopy

is an electronic copy.

Hardcopy

refers to printed results.

Firmware is a combination of software and hardware

which is also known as chipset.

Computer chips (ROMs) that have data or programs recorded on them are firmware.

Netware

The term Netware used in this discussion refers to the Network Peripherals.

Examples:

Modem

Cables (UTP, Coaxial, Fiber Optics)

Hub

Router

RJ 45