Post on 21-Dec-2015
INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
DECISION - MAKINGStage 3 Physical Education
SOCIAL DIMENSIONSSOCIAL DIMENSIONS
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Contents Contents
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1. Leadership 2. Chelladurai's Multidimensional Model of Leadership3. Leadership Status for Sport (LSS)4. Sociograms5. Group dynamics - teams / groups6. Group Dynamics - stages of group development7. Group Dynamics – roles / norms8. Group cohesion9. Carron’s Model of Group Cohesion10. Factors affecting cohesion11. Measuring cohesiveness12. Developing cohesion13. Benefits of cohesion
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Contents Contents
13. Barriers to cohesion14. Social Loafing 15. Change management15. Resistance to change16. Managing change17. Ethics in sport18. Making ethical decisions19. Decision making20. Life coaching and change management21. Equity and social justice22. Barriers to, and promoting physical activity in different groups23. Solution focused decision making24. Appreciative enquiry 25. Critical thinking26. References
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Required behaviour
Actualbehaviour
Preferred behaviour
Situational characteristics
Leader characteristics
Member characteristics
Factors / Antecedents*Factors / Antecedents* Leader BehaviourLeader Behaviour ConsequencesConsequences
Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership
Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).
Diagram reproduced with permission from P Chelladurai
Member Satisfaction
Group Performance
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Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).
Chelladurai’s MDML states that a leader will be more effective if the team’s satisfaction with the leader is high. A team which is not satisfied with its leader will not demonstrate the same level of performance and satisfaction.
A leader’s behaviour is influenced by 3 factors (antecedents);
1.Situational CharacteristicsThe environment in which the leader is performing in, including whether the group is large or small, elite or social, a team or individual sport, and the game’s relative importance.
2.Leader (personal) characteristics including past experiences, temperament, personal qualities, skills, expected standards, decision making styles.
3.Group member characteristicsThe gender, age, skill level, cultural background, motivation and experience of the player group affects the manner in which the coach behaves.
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Group satisfaction
and performance at its highest
If a leader is required to behave in a specific manner (1) in a certain environment and does so (2), and if this behaviour is what is preferred by the group (3), then there is a high likelihood that the group will be satisfied with the leader and the way in which they are being led and a higher level of performance result.
Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).
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Green arrow from one player (represented by a circle) to another, indicates support for this person as a leader.
Red arrow indicates rejection as a leader
What can the coach learn? Well supported as leader. No rejections. Suitable vice captains. Less support but no rejections No support 2 rejections Avoid using as leader!
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Determining Leadership in a Netball TeamDetermining Leadership in a Netball Team
The number in circle shows the number of players who support her as a leader
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Leadership SociogramsLeadership Sociograms
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Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics• Group Dynamics refers to the interactive nature of individuals within the
contexts of a group.
• A group is a collection of at least two individuals who interact over a period of time, develop a collective identity and who have shared interests, norms and values eg weight watchers groups, study groups, social groups.
• A group can have common goals but the group does not depend on all members to perform in order to achieve these goals eg aerobics classes can achieve different results within the group.
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An aerobics class is a group because the members have common goals – fitness / weight loss - but do not depend on each other for success in achieving these goals.
One member could have great results whilst another could have poor results due to the effort they put in. One does not affect the other.
An aerobics class is a group because the members have common goals – fitness / weight loss - but do not depend on each other for success in achieving these goals.
One member could have great results whilst another could have poor results due to the effort they put in. One does not affect the other.
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Group Cohesion• Group cohesion is a term used to describe the extent to which a
group stays together and united in the pursuit of the common goals and objectives.
• Group cohesion has two components – task and social cohesion;
Group Cohesion
Task Cohesion - how committed are the team members to achieving their predetermined goal.
How much are group members prepared to put in and sacrifice to achieve their aim?
Task Cohesion - how committed are the team members to achieving their predetermined goal.
How much are group members prepared to put in and sacrifice to achieve their aim?
Social cohesion - the degree to which team members enjoy being together.
A socially cohesive group remain together regardless of the outcome of task outcomes
Social cohesion - the degree to which team members enjoy being together.
A socially cohesive group remain together regardless of the outcome of task outcomes
Group CohesionGroup Cohesion
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS•Contractual responsibility•Organisational orientation
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS•Contractual responsibility•Organisational orientation
PERSONAL FACTORS•Individual orientation•Satisfaction•Individual differences
PERSONAL FACTORS•Individual orientation•Satisfaction•Individual differences
LEADERSHIP FACTORS•Leadership behaviour•Leadership style•Coach-athlete personalities
LEADERSHIP FACTORS•Leadership behaviour•Leadership style•Coach-athlete personalities
TEAM FACTORS•Group task•Desire for group success•Group productivity norm•Team ability•Team stability
TEAM FACTORS•Group task•Desire for group success•Group productivity norm•Team ability•Team stability
COHESION•Task cohesion•Social cohesion
GROUP OUTCOMES•Team stability•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness
GROUP OUTCOMES•Team stability•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness
INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES•Behavioural consequences•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness•Satisfaction
INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES•Behavioural consequences•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness•Satisfaction
Diagram reproduced with permission from A Carron
Carron’s Model of Group Cohesion - 1982 Carron’s Model of Group Cohesion - 1982
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Measuring Cohesiveness In Sporting Teams
Cohesiveness in sporting teams can be measured using;
1. Sociograms The players are asked to describe their interpersonal relationships within thegroup – who they like, who they don’t like and a sociogram is developed fromthe responses (similar to leadership sociogram but the focus of the questionschanges). The coach can then use this information to try and improve cohesiveness within the team.• Who are the 2 players you like ?• Which player do you find it hard to get on with?
Group CohesionGroup Cohesion
FG
A
B
ED5
C
Identify: 2 personality clashes; Hardest player to get on with; Most popular player
Identify: 2 personality clashes; Hardest player to get on with; Most popular player
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• Pressure to win at any cost. Players, coaches and managers jobs rely on producing results, not on producing narrow defeats.
• Huge contracts and fame available to elite players• Unrealistic expectations from the fans, coaches and club owners put
added pressure onto the players to perform at a higher level.
What factors contribute towards a decline in ethical behaviour?
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Ethics In SportEthics In Sport
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Marion Jones – lost her Olympic gold medals after admitting to drug use
Marion Jones – lost her Olympic gold medals after admitting to drug use
Lance Armstrong has won the Tour De France on 7 occasions. He has never tested positive to drugs but many are suspicious about his level of excellence.
Lance Armstrong has won the Tour De France on 7 occasions. He has never tested positive to drugs but many are suspicious about his level of excellence.
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Equity and Social JusticeEquity and Social Justice
Strategies To Increase Female Participation
•Increase public awareness of female sport
•Increase opportunities for females to compete
•Increase prize money to make sport a viable profession – prize money is the
same for men and women at Wimbledon.
•Increase the number of female officials, coaches, managers.
•Increase levels of sponsorship and scholarships available to females
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Sunday Footy Show reporter Emily Barker doing what was once
considered to be a “male only” job.
Sunday Footy Show reporter Emily Barker doing what was once
considered to be a “male only” job.
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Melissa Yates officiating the
Bulldogs Vulcan's game at Crest
Stadium.
Melissa Yates officiating the
Bulldogs Vulcan's game at Crest
Stadium.
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Solution - Focused Decision MakingSolution - Focused Decision MakingStages of Appreciative Inquiry
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