Post on 27-Dec-2015
Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland SecurityIntelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
Chapter 3
Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor
Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior
(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Response to 9/11– Need to re-evaluate and structure use of
intelligence in policing
• Problematic implementation– Shift in mindset
• Defining the role state and local law enforcement agencies play in homeland security
Terrorism, Intelligence, and ILP
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Data that has been evaluated, analyzed, and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations
• Intelligence is a product
• Differing perspectives on the role of intelligence– Identify patterns and provide analysis of past
events– Compel policy/decision makers to act– Prediction of future events
Defining “Intelligence”
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
The Intelligence Cycle
• National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan– Predictive analysis
derived from the discovery of hard facts, information, patterns, intelligence, and good crime analysis
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Clearinghouses for all potentially relevant homeland security information
• Acts as a centralized host for intelligence but also allows for efficient communications and operations between agencies and jurisdictions
Fusion Centers
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
1. Support the broad range of activities undertaken by a police department
2. Support operations that protect critical infrastructure and key resources in a given region
3. Help maintain public “tip lines”
4. Assist police executives in making better-informed decisions
Goals of Fusion Centers
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Problems relating to information-sharing between different (local, state, federal) agencies
• Expensive to operate and little tangible evidence of success
• Many centers have expanded their role to include crime fighting and reduction
• Violation of civil liberties
Criticisms of Fusion Centers and Law Enforcement Responses to
Terrorism
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• 2002: Largest structural change to the federal bureaucracy in 55 years
• Focuses on anti-terrorism efforts in the United States
• Integration of many agencies (U.S. Coast Guard, FEMA, U.S. Secret Service, Bureau of ATF, and others)
• Created a division to analyze intelligence gathered by FBI, CIA, and other police and military agencies
Department of Homeland Security
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
1. Border security and transportation
2. Emergency preparedness and response
3. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures
4. Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection
Four Areas of Responsibility for DHS
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• 9/11 was the first attack in the U.S. by an external enemy since WWII
• Created new challenges for police at all levels
• New responsibilities
• Federal policing came under scrutiny
Political Violence and Terrorism
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Defining “Terrorism”
Typologies of Terrorism
Typologies of Terrorism
InternationalTransnationalDom
estic
State
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Rooted in post-1948 Middle-East conflict
• Fundamental Islamic groups
• al-Qaeda– 1996: Osama bin Laden issues declaration of war
against the “Great Satan” (The United States)– 1998: Suicide bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya
and Tanzania kill 224 people– 2000: Suicide bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen kills
17 American sailors– 2001: Attacks on the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon kill more than 2,800– 2011: Osama bin Laden shot and killed in Abbottabad,
Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives
Radical Islamic Terrorism
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
“Homegrown” Islamic Terrorism
• U.S. citizens and residents convert to radical extremism, plot and commit terrorist acts, or fight for the jihadist movement both inside the U.S. and in foreign countries.
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Use of the Internet
• Method of Operation
• Common Motive
Recent Trends in Radical Islamic Terrorism
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Domestic, anti-federal government groups
• Also support violence against minorities, homosexuals, and members of the U.S. government (ATF, IRS)
Right-Wing Extremism
Aryan Nation Ku Klux Klan
Minutemen National Alliance
Posse Comitatus Skinheads
The Order White Aryan Resistance
White Revolution State Militias
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose motivation derives primarily from hatred directed at an actual or perceived characteristic of the victim
• Legal definitions vary– Federal statute: 18 U.S.C. section 245
• Race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation
Hate Crimes
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• “Single-issue” groups
• Earth Liberation Front (ELF)– Typically attacks “low-level” targets
• Farmers, bulldozers, ski lifts
• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)– Typically attacks more significant targets
• Breeding companies, universities
Ecoterrorist and Extremist Animal Rights Groups