Post on 18-Jan-2016
INFN High-Intensity Studies
Diego Bettoni ndash INFN FerraraFor the INFN Working Group
Proton Driver WorkshopFermilab 7 October 2004
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 2
Outline
bull The INFN working groupbull Physics cases
ndash kaons
ndash hadrons and QCD
ndash muons
ndash neutrinos
bull Outlook
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 3
The INFN Working Group - I
In early 2004 INFN established a working group (WG) to investigate physics
opportunities in the LHC era The WG addresses the following questionsbull What physics topics will need new experiments
ndash Kaons Muons Hadrons Neutrinos
bull How will these experiments be made ndash which accelerators
ndash which detectors
bull Where ndash In which lab should these experiments be carried out
In particular the Working Group was asked to investigate the physics
opportunities offered by high intensity hadron beams available atndash Upgrades of existing machines
ndash New machines
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 4
The INFN Working Group - II
bullHIF workshop at Elba (5-806)bullContribution to the SPSC meeting at Villars (22-2809)bullContribution to the Fermilab Proton Driver Workshop (6-910)
Final aim submit recommendationsto INFN (white book)
The workshop deals with medium and long termopportunities for particle and nuclear physics offered by high intensity proton sources
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 5
Kaons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 6
Why Study Rare Kaon Decays
bull Search for explicit violation of Standard Modelndash Lepton Flavour Violation
bull Probe the flavour sector of the Standard Modelndash FCNC
bull Test fundamental symmetriesndash CP CPT
bull Study the strong interaction at low energiesndash Chiral Perturbation Theory kaon structure
bullGood theoretical controlbullProvide Strong constraints on the CKM unitarity triangle independently from B measurements Strong consistency check of CKM picturebullK and B sectors are complementary for the precision study of flavour physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 2
Outline
bull The INFN working groupbull Physics cases
ndash kaons
ndash hadrons and QCD
ndash muons
ndash neutrinos
bull Outlook
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 3
The INFN Working Group - I
In early 2004 INFN established a working group (WG) to investigate physics
opportunities in the LHC era The WG addresses the following questionsbull What physics topics will need new experiments
ndash Kaons Muons Hadrons Neutrinos
bull How will these experiments be made ndash which accelerators
ndash which detectors
bull Where ndash In which lab should these experiments be carried out
In particular the Working Group was asked to investigate the physics
opportunities offered by high intensity hadron beams available atndash Upgrades of existing machines
ndash New machines
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 4
The INFN Working Group - II
bullHIF workshop at Elba (5-806)bullContribution to the SPSC meeting at Villars (22-2809)bullContribution to the Fermilab Proton Driver Workshop (6-910)
Final aim submit recommendationsto INFN (white book)
The workshop deals with medium and long termopportunities for particle and nuclear physics offered by high intensity proton sources
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 5
Kaons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 6
Why Study Rare Kaon Decays
bull Search for explicit violation of Standard Modelndash Lepton Flavour Violation
bull Probe the flavour sector of the Standard Modelndash FCNC
bull Test fundamental symmetriesndash CP CPT
bull Study the strong interaction at low energiesndash Chiral Perturbation Theory kaon structure
bullGood theoretical controlbullProvide Strong constraints on the CKM unitarity triangle independently from B measurements Strong consistency check of CKM picturebullK and B sectors are complementary for the precision study of flavour physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 3
The INFN Working Group - I
In early 2004 INFN established a working group (WG) to investigate physics
opportunities in the LHC era The WG addresses the following questionsbull What physics topics will need new experiments
ndash Kaons Muons Hadrons Neutrinos
bull How will these experiments be made ndash which accelerators
ndash which detectors
bull Where ndash In which lab should these experiments be carried out
In particular the Working Group was asked to investigate the physics
opportunities offered by high intensity hadron beams available atndash Upgrades of existing machines
ndash New machines
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 4
The INFN Working Group - II
bullHIF workshop at Elba (5-806)bullContribution to the SPSC meeting at Villars (22-2809)bullContribution to the Fermilab Proton Driver Workshop (6-910)
Final aim submit recommendationsto INFN (white book)
The workshop deals with medium and long termopportunities for particle and nuclear physics offered by high intensity proton sources
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 5
Kaons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 6
Why Study Rare Kaon Decays
bull Search for explicit violation of Standard Modelndash Lepton Flavour Violation
bull Probe the flavour sector of the Standard Modelndash FCNC
bull Test fundamental symmetriesndash CP CPT
bull Study the strong interaction at low energiesndash Chiral Perturbation Theory kaon structure
bullGood theoretical controlbullProvide Strong constraints on the CKM unitarity triangle independently from B measurements Strong consistency check of CKM picturebullK and B sectors are complementary for the precision study of flavour physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 4
The INFN Working Group - II
bullHIF workshop at Elba (5-806)bullContribution to the SPSC meeting at Villars (22-2809)bullContribution to the Fermilab Proton Driver Workshop (6-910)
Final aim submit recommendationsto INFN (white book)
The workshop deals with medium and long termopportunities for particle and nuclear physics offered by high intensity proton sources
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 5
Kaons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 6
Why Study Rare Kaon Decays
bull Search for explicit violation of Standard Modelndash Lepton Flavour Violation
bull Probe the flavour sector of the Standard Modelndash FCNC
bull Test fundamental symmetriesndash CP CPT
bull Study the strong interaction at low energiesndash Chiral Perturbation Theory kaon structure
bullGood theoretical controlbullProvide Strong constraints on the CKM unitarity triangle independently from B measurements Strong consistency check of CKM picturebullK and B sectors are complementary for the precision study of flavour physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 5
Kaons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 6
Why Study Rare Kaon Decays
bull Search for explicit violation of Standard Modelndash Lepton Flavour Violation
bull Probe the flavour sector of the Standard Modelndash FCNC
bull Test fundamental symmetriesndash CP CPT
bull Study the strong interaction at low energiesndash Chiral Perturbation Theory kaon structure
bullGood theoretical controlbullProvide Strong constraints on the CKM unitarity triangle independently from B measurements Strong consistency check of CKM picturebullK and B sectors are complementary for the precision study of flavour physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 6
Why Study Rare Kaon Decays
bull Search for explicit violation of Standard Modelndash Lepton Flavour Violation
bull Probe the flavour sector of the Standard Modelndash FCNC
bull Test fundamental symmetriesndash CP CPT
bull Study the strong interaction at low energiesndash Chiral Perturbation Theory kaon structure
bullGood theoretical controlbullProvide Strong constraints on the CKM unitarity triangle independently from B measurements Strong consistency check of CKM picturebullK and B sectors are complementary for the precision study of flavour physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 7
K ℓℓ
mode SM prediction Experiment Comments
KL 0e+e (37 plusmn 10) middot10-11 (CPVdir 1-2 middot10-11)
lt 28 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV eeγγ bkg3 ev (205 bkg)
KL 0μ+μ (15 plusmn 03) middot 10-11 (CPVdir 1-5middot10-12)
lt 38 middot10-10
(FNAL KTeV)CPC+CPV2 ev (087 bkg)
K+ + (80 plusmn 10) middot 10-11 (at 7) No CP
147+130ndash089 middot 10-
10 (BNL E787+E949)
Dedicated expt3 evt (bkg 045)
KL 0 (30 plusmn 06) middot 10-11 (at 2)
lt 59 middot10-7 (KTeV Dalitz decay)
Pure CPV dirldquoNothing to nothingrdquo
Experimental problemsBR 10-11 few (or no) kinematic constraints backgrounds with BR x 107
Phenomenological
advantageswell known
Dedicated experiments required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 80++ 2++
Direct CPV
Indirect CPV
CPC
K0Lrarr0ee and K0
Lrarr0
Study Direct CP-Violation
bullIndirect CP-Violating Contribution has been measured (NA481)bullConstructive Interference (theory)bullCP-Conserving Contributions are negligible
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 9
Isidori UnterdorferSmith
Fleisher et al
Ratios of B rarr modes could be explained by enhanced electroweak penguins
and enhance the BRrsquos
A J Buras R Fleischer S Recksiegel F Schwab hep-ph0402112
16 1116
07 1107
90 10
43 10
NP
e e
NP
B
B
0 12L(K ) 10Br
0 12L( ) 10Br e e
K0Lrarr0ee () Sensitivity to New Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 10
K+ +
BR(SM) ~ 10-10 (3 events)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 7(going down to 2 )
Background from K and beam no kinematic constraints Suppression 1011 limited by physical processes Redundancy particle ID kinematics vacuum live-time VETO
bullStopped K+ approach has limits (stop fraction slow PID solid angle π scatter vetoing)
bullIn-flight approach (new) needs pK measurement no scattering faster better vetoing)
CERN
J-PARCCKM-2
Will have some 10s of events
Proposed
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 11
KL 0
Model independent bound
ldquoDirectrdquo CP-violatingBR ~ 310-11 (or NP) (limit 59middot10-7 bound 17middot10-9)Theoretical uncertainty ~ 1-2
Background from 00γγ mode n flux hyperons vacuum material live-time Very few handles missing pT VETO
bullKOPIO approach (40 events) bullKAMI-(KEK)-JPARC approach large acceptance pencil beam (flux) rate (100-1000 events)Several options (DC energy barrel detectionhellip
Will have few 10s of events
KLOD (Protvino)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 12
A new proton driver
Assume 4 MW accelerator + stretcher ring
Unseparated (πK ~ 10) 30 GeV (75 GeV K) 133μA (830 Tps 20xAGS) 120 GeV (30 GeV K) 33μA (210 Tps 7xMI) 400 GeV (100 GeV K) 10μA (63 Tps 9xSPS)
RF-separated (pK lt 50 GeV O(70) purity)50 GeV machine maximum K+ yield at 12 GeV (048 K+pGeVsr)
Target efficiency 40
Beam momentum 12 GeVc plusmn 1
Beam acceptance 75 μsr
Separator acceptance 50
Duty cycle 30
K+year (107 s) 26 middot 1015
K+ decaysyear (in 30m) 6 middot 1014
3middot108 K+sWith 2 acceptanceeff
1000 K+ rarr πνν eventsyear
(BR at 3 ultimate)
with beam rate 12 GHz
O(few 1010) K+s
THz beams
Ballpark numbers
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 13
K Physics Summary
The information to be gained from rare K decays is not going to be exhausted with the arrival of LHC
Itrsquos not going to be complete by then either
The focus is on precision rare decays (experiments starting now) These experiments are hard enough that they will require double-checks and complementary approaches
The quality of the data is as important as the statistics higher fluxes are crucial for control of backgrounds and systematics
A high-intensity (MWs tens of GeV slow extracted) p machine would give an excellent (unique) opportunity to extract all the rich information available from K decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 14
Hadron Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 15
QCD and Strong Interactions
bull Strong interaction studies will play a crucial role QCD is ubiquitous in high-energy physics Once new particles are discovered at LHC it will be mandatory to explore parameters mixing patterns ie we need an unprecedented ability to interpret the strong interaction structure of final states Synergy kaon system heavy flavour spectroscopy pdfbull Many intellectual puzzles still open in QCD
ndash Confinement chiral symmetry breaking vacuum structure hadron masses origin of spin etc
bull Parton distribution functions (nucleon structure) a grand project of QCD over the last decades Complex enterprise involving theoretical and experimental challenges Validation of QCD input parameters (PDFrsquos as ) in view of the early stage of LHC
The boundary between QCD for its own sake and QCD as a servant for new physics is thinQCD is anyway challenging
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 16
- Antiproton beams (ldquolowrdquo energy high intensity good Δpp) -Hadron and photon beams (high energy high intensity)
hadroproduction with fixed target photoproduction with fixed target
Lepton beams
Light-State spectroscopyCharmonium BottomiumExotics (in a wide mass range)Mixing amp Rare decaysHeavy-Flavour Spectroscopy
G h1GPDrsquos
Possibilities to provide many different beams and to address many different physics topics advantages
FLEXIBILITY MODULARITY
Possibilities for Hadron Physics at a High-Intensity Facility
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 17
Search for foreseen states look for exotics (not yet established ) Light states Heavy states
QCD systems
Many different experimental approaches
Study of QCD Systems
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 18From Crystal Barrel
Structure Evolution versus Statistics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 19
bull Quarkonium c (Belle BaBar CLEO)
ndash X(3872) (Belle CDF D0 BaBar)
bull Narrow Charmed Statesndash DsJ (BaBar CLEO Belle)
ndash DsJ(2632) Ds+ (Selex )
cc (Selex )
bull Pentaquark candidates +(1540) --(1862) c
+(3100)
The Renaissance of Hadron Spectroscopy
M = 38720 06 05 MeV 23 MeV (90 CL)
X(3872)
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 20
(
)sD D h
h K
FOCUS improved results by a factor of 17 ndash14 approaching theoretical predictions for some of the modes but still far for the majority
CDF and D0 can trigger on dimuons promising
bulllepton number violating decaysbullinvestigation of long-range effects and SM extension
CDF Br(D0+-)lt24 10-6 90 CL (65 pb-1 data)Hera ndashB Br(D0+-)lt2 10-6 90 CL
CLEO-c sensitivity 10-6
Statistics is conditio sine qua non
Heavy Flavours and Physics Beyond SM
Forbidden and Rare Decays
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 21
Hadron Physics with Antiproton Beams
ldquoLowrdquo Energy s = 110 GeV
High Intensity L 2 1032cm-2s-1
Excellent beam definition pp 10-4
1 Light hadron spectroscopy and search for exotics
2 Charmonium Spectroscopyndash Precise measurement of singlet states scan region above open charm
threshold establish nature of X(3872)
3 Bottomonium Spectroscopy ndash Test QCD models complement e+e- data unique way to make precision
measurements on some states (b b )
ndash Scarce literature and data difficult to make numerical estimates
ndash Experimentally challenging (rates trigger narrow widths )
ndash Either 5Gev + 5 GeV pp collider or 50 GeV p on fixed target
1 and 2 are a major part of the experimental program of the PANDAexperiment at GSI Darmstadt
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 22
Fixed-target program of Fermilab with about 100x statistics
Photoproduction 100 x FOCUS ie 108 reconstructed charm in a very clean environment
mixingndashrare decays (cfrCLEO-c)
Hadroproduction 100 x SELEX
Help to confirm or not double-charm et al (analysis issues)
SELEX
cc c K
(2632)sJ sD D
0(2632)sJD D K
15 (1500)
15 (1500)
45 (4500)
what about background
Hadro- and Photoproduction
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 23
Parton Distributions and Structure Functions
bull Gluon helicity distribution By the end of the decade expect GG 01 from open charm Statistics limited Possible competition from RHIC (+jet jet+jet events similar or smaller error larger x range)
bull Transversityndash Great evolution of theoretical landscape in recent years many properties clarified
ndash Experimental effort is increasing exploratory measurements being carried by HERMES COMPASS and JLab
ndash Collins and Sivers asymmetries becoming more precise first indications on h1 soon
Asymmetry is small high intensity is a must higher luminosity DIS
and polarised pp collisions
bull Generalized parton distributions Novel unified framework for the description of hadron structure Accessible via Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DCVS) and Hard Exclusive Meson Production (HEMP)
HERMES will devote last year of data taking
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 24
bull Strong interaction effects have important (crucial) impact on many different measurements and New Physics searches
bull Many shortmedium term projects already plannedndash GSI-JLab-CLEO-c BTeVLHC-b
bull Where will we be in 10 years from now bull A vast program in the field of hadronic physics will be
possible with a diverse and flexible accelerator complex
Hadron Physics Summary
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 25
Muons
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 26
Physics motivations LFV
bull Lepton flavor violation processes (LFV) like e eee e conversion are negligibly small in the extended Standard Model (SM) with massive Dirac neutrinos (BR 10-50)
bull Super-Symmetric extensions of the SM (SUSY-GUTs) with right handed neutrinos and see-saw mechanism may produce LFV processes at significant rates
-LFV decays are therefore a clean (no SM contaminated) indication of New Physics
and
they are accessible experimentally
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 27
Physics motivations moments
1 Magnetic Dipole Moment (g-2) measured and predicted with very high accuracy (10 ppb in electron 05
ppm in muon) it represents the most precise test of QED most extensions of SM predict a contribution to g-2 a 27 discrepancy between theory and experiment has raised a lot of
interest (and publications)
2 Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) Like LFV processes a positive measurement of Electric Dipole Moment
(EDM) would be a signal of physics beyond the SM
Both experiments need a new high intensity muon source for the next generation of measurements
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 28
Connection between LFV and -moments
bull In SUSY g-2 and EDM probe the diagonal elements of the slepton mixing matrix while the LFV decay e probes the off-diagonal terms
bull In case SUSY particles are observed at LHC measurements of the LFV decays and of the -moments will provide one of the cleanest measarements of tan and of the new CP violating phase
~~~~
~~~~
VV
VV
e
eee
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 29
The Anomalous Magnetic Moment a
2a
iee q
m Schwinger 1948 (Nobel price 1965)QED Prediction
Computed up to 4th order [Kinoshita et al] (5th order estimated [Mohr Taylor])
QED 10
1
116140981 41321810
3014 3812 06
n
n
a
QED
QED Hadronic Weak SUSY or other new physics
00011612
a
corrected feb 04
Kinoshita-Nio hep-ph0402206
had
LBL
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 30
a exp ndash a
SM = (252 plusmn 92) 10 ndash10
27 rdquostandard deviationsldquo
(using e+e- data only)
a SM
[e+endash ] = (11 659 1828 plusmn 63had plusmn 35LBL plusmn 03QED+EW) 10 ndash10
BNL E821 (2004) aexp = (11 659 2080 58) 10 10
Including CMD2 and KLOE e+e- results Melnikov-Vainshtein hep-ph0312226
not yet published
not yet published
preliminary
Muon anomaly (from Hoeckerrsquos presentation at ICHEP04 - Beijing)
and data combined together (CPT)
Observed Difference with Experiment
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 31
Possible new physics contributionhellip
New physics contribution can affect
a through the muon coupling to
new particles In particular SUSY can easily
predict values which contribute to
a at the 1ppm level
data can be affected differently
than e+e- data by this new physics
In particular H- exchange is at the
same scale as W- exchange while
m(H0)gtgtm()
W
H
Marciano + others
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 32
New proposal - statistics
bull The new experiment aims to a precision of 01-005 ppm which
needs a factor of 25-100 more muons
bull This can be achieved by increasing the hellip
1 hellip number of primary protons on target target must be
redisigned
2 hellip number of bunches
3 hellip muon injection efficiency which at E821 was 7
4 hellip running time (it was 7months with - at BNL)
bull The J-PARC proposal is mostly working on items 2 (go from 12
90 bunches) and 3
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 33
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM)
bull The electromagnetic interaction Hamiltonian of a particle with both magnetic and electric dipole moment is
0
0
22
22 wheres
mc
edd
gs
mc
egd
EdBH
E
M
bull The existence of dE in SM is suppressed becausebull dE violates both P and T (and also CP in the CPT
hyp)bull only one weak phase exists in CKM
bull This is not the case for SUSY where many CP phases exist
g-2 term
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 34
New approach to EDMbull Muons in storage ring combination of E B that cancels out muon
spin (g-2) precession (electric field E must be radial and E=B=0) only
EDM precession left
rB
mc
eBE
mc
e
zEKBaEKBa
EDM
a
ˆ22
0ˆ)()(
sideview
NO out of plane precession
- precession due to a
- precession due to EDM
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 35
Present EDM Limits
Particle Present EDM limit
(e-cm)
SM value
(e-cm)
n
future exp 10-24 to 10-25
projected
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 36
Summary on muons Both g-2 and EDM are sensitive to new physics behind the
corner Unique opportunity of studying phases of mixing matrix for
SUSY particles Historically limits on dE have been strong tests for new
physics models EDM would be the first tight limit on dE from a second
generation particle The experiments are hard but in particular the EDM not
impossible A large muon polarized flux of energy 3GeV (g-2) or 05GeV
(EDM) is required
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 37
Neutrino Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 38
Physics
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 39
Neutrino physics case
bull Solar + Atmospheric suggest a quasi-bi-maximal mixing matrix (quite different from quark sector)
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
i
i
c s e c s
c s s c
s c s e c
130
U
If
the 3x3 matrix is just the product of two 2x2 matrices
13 drives the subleading transitionse
The necessary milestone for any subsequent searchCP search and mass hierarchy
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 40
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 41
Outlook
bull ldquoldquoTraditionalrdquo Neutrino Beams
( κ μ e)ndash Narrow beams (NNB)
ndash Wide Band (WNB)
bull Super Beamsndash Off-Axis
bull Neutrino ndashFactories (μ -gt μ e)
bull Beta Beams
WANF WANF CNGSCNGSNUMINUMI
K2KMiniboone
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 42
Timeline
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 43
Summary on Neutrinos
bull A huge work has been done in the last years to figure out which is the best facility for the neutrino sector but so far no full convergence obtained yet
bull The measurement of 13 is a very high priority
bull A high degree of flexibility is needed on the neutrino energybull It is necessary to evaluate carefully the costs vs physics priorities
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 44
What Next
So far the INFN WG has studied mainly the physics issues The next
step is to address the experimental questionsbull Beam quality energy intensity backgrounds accuracies bull Detector issues which are the conditions that will enable us to make
the experiments
The idea is to carry out these studies in the next few months identifying
the issues which are common to other study groups (eg at Fermilab)
and looking for synergies with these groups
At this point our attention is not focussed on a particular machine in a
particular lab but any solution is considered
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest
Diego Bettoni INFN High-Intensity Studies 45
Summary
A lot of exciting physics awaits us at the New High-Intensity Frontierbull experiments with kaons and muons
(CP violation Lepton Flavor Violation g-2 and muon EDM measurements)
bull neutrino beams (superbeam beta-beams and factories)bull hadron studies (spectroscopy DIS structure functions antiprotons)bull nuclear physics
We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the We look forward to a fruitful collaboration with Fermilab in studying the
issues of common interest issues of common interest